the world’s 25 most endangered primates

7/31/2019 The Worlds 25 Most Endangered Primates

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Contents

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. ii

The Worlds 25 Most Endangered Primates: 201 2 2014 ................................................................. 1

Africa ................................................................................................................................................... 4

Rondo dwarf galago ( Galagoides rondoensis ) .................................................................................. 5

Roloway monkey ( Cercopithecus roloway ) ...................................................................................... 6

Bioko red colobus ( Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii ) ...................................................................... 7

Tana River red colobus ( Piliocolobus rufomitratus ) ......................................................................... 8

Grauers gorilla ( Gorilla beringei graueri ) ....................................................................................... 9

Madagascar ........................................................................................................................................10

Madame Berthes mouse lemur ( Microcebus berthae ) ....................................................................11

Sclaters black lemur or Blue -eyed black lemur ( Eulemur flavifrons ) .............................................12

Red ruffed lemur ( Varecia rubra ) ....................................................................................................13

Northern sportive lemur ( Lepilemur septentrionalis ) .......................................................................14

Silky sifaka ( Propithecus candidus ).................................................................................................15

Indri ( Indri indri ) .............................................................................................................................16

Asia .....................................................................................................................................................17

Pygmy tarsier ( Tarsius pumilus ) ......................................................................................................18Javan slow loris ( Nycticebus javanicus ) ...........................................................................................19

Simakobu or Pig-tailed snub-nosed langur ( Nasalis concolor ) ........................................................20

Delacour s l angur ( Trachypithecus delacouri ) .................................................................................21

Golden-headed langur or Cat Ba langur ( Trachypithecus poliocephalus poliocephalus ) .................22

Western purple-faced langur ( Semnopithecus vetulus nestor ) ..........................................................23

Grey-shanked douc monkey ( Pygathrix cinerea ) .............................................................................24

Tonkin snub-nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus avunculus ) ..................................................................25

Cao-Vit or Eastern black-crested gibbon ( Nomascus nasutus ) ............................. .......................... ..26

Neotropics ...........................................................................................................................................27

Variegated or Brown spider monkey ( Ateles hybridus ) ......................... ............................ ...............28

Ecuadorian brown-headed spider monkey ( Ateles fusciceps fusciceps ) ...........................................29

Kaapor capuchin monkey ( Cebus kaapori ) .....................................................................................30

San Martn titi monkey ( Callicebus oenanthe ) ............................. ........................... .........................31

Northern brown howler monkey ( Alouatta guariba guariba ) ..........................................................32

References........................................................................................................................................33Editors addresses ............................................................................................................................39


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Acknowledgements

The 2012 2014 edition of the Worlds 25 Most Endangered Primates is, for the second time,presented in the form of species fact sheets. For this edition, we have summarized and updated the

species profiles from the 2008 2010 and 2010 2012 editions of the Worlds 25 Most EndangeredPrimates for those species remaining on the list, and added additional profiles for the new species.

We would like to thank all of the contributing authors to the 2008 2010 version for their work, whichforms the basis of the fact sheets in the new edition. Each profile from the 2008 2010 edition is citedon the fact sheets:

Simon K. Bearder, Thomas M. Butynski, Liliana Corts Ortiz, Dong Thanh Hai, Jrg U. Ganzhorn,Ha Thang Long, Paul E. Honess, M. Ceclia M. Kierulff, Le Khac Quyet, Andrs Link, KarmeleLlano Sanchez, Long Yongcheng, David N. M. Mbora, W. Scott McGraw, Pierre Moisson, AlbaLucia Morales-Jimnez, Tilo Nadler, K. Anne-Isola Nekaris, Vincent Nijman, John F. Oates, Lisa M.Paciulli, Erwin Palacios, Erik R. Patel, Andrew Perkin, Phan Duy Thuc, Clment J. Rabarivola,Martina Raffel, Guy H. Randriatahina, Iary B. Ravaorimanana, Christian Roos, Rasanayagam Rudran,Yves Rumpler, Daniela Schrudde, Nora Schwitzer, James S. Thorn, Bernardo Urbani, Sylviane N. M.Volampeno, Janette Wallis, Ananda Wanasinghe, Kanchana Weerakoon, Indah Winarti and AlphonseZaramody.

We would also like to express our thanks for the additional contributions by Stuart Nixon, on Grauersgorilla, and Ross Fuller, for help with literature accumulation and proof reading.


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The Worlds 25 Most Endanger ed Primates: 2012 2014

Here we report the seventh iteration of the biennial listing of a consensus of the 25 primate speciesconsidered to be among the most endangered worldwide and the most in need of conservationmeasures. The 2012 2014 list was drawn up during an open meeting held during the XXIV Congress

of the International Primatological Society (IPS), Cancn, 14 August 2012. It is a joint effort by theIUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, the International Primatological Society, ConservationInternational, and the Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation.

The 2012 2014 list of the worlds 25 most endangered primates has five species from Africa, six fromMadagascar, nine from Asia, and five from the Neotropics (Table 1). In terms of individual countries,Madagascar tops the list with six species. Vietnam has five, Indonesia three, Brazil two, and China,Colombia, Cte dIvoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana,Kenya, Peru, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Venezuela each have one.

The changes made in this list compared to the previous iteration (2010 2012) were not because thesituation of the nine species that were dropped (Table 2) has improved. In some cases, such as, for

example, Varecia variegata , the situation has in fact worsened. By making these changes we intendrather to highlight other, closely related species enduring equally bleak prospects for their futuresurvival. An exception may be the greater bamboo lemur, Prolemur simus , for which recent studieshave confirmed a considerably larger distribution range and larger estimated population size thanpreviously assumed. The severe threats to this species in eastern Madagascar remain, though.

Table 1. The Worlds 25 Most Endangered Primates 201 2 2014Africa Galagoides rondoensis Rondo dwarf galago TanzaniaCercopithecus roloway Roloway monkey Cte dIvoire, Ghana Piliocolobus pennantii

pennantii Bioko red colobus Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.)

Piliocolobus rufomitratus Tana River red colobus KenyaGorilla beringei graueri Grauers gorilla DRCMadagascar

Microcebus berthae Madame Berthes mouse lemur Madagascar Eulemur flavifrons Sclaters black lemur MadagascarVarecia rubra Red ruffed lemur Madagascar

Lepilemur septentrionalis Northern sportive lemur MadagascarPropithecus candidus Silky sifaka Madagascar

Indri indri Indri MadagascarAsia Tarsius pumilus Pygmy tarsier Indonesia (Sulawesi)

Nycticebus javanicus Javan slow loris Indonesia (Java) Nasalis concolor Pig-tailed langur Indonesia (Mentawai Is.)Trachypithecus delacouri Delacours langur VietnamTrachypithecus poliocephalus Golden-headed or Cat Ba langur VietnamSemnopithecus vetulus nestor Western purple-faced langur Sri LankaPygathrix cinerea Grey-shanked douc monkey Vietnam

Rhinopithecus avunculus Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Vietnam Nomascus nasutus Cao-Vit or Eastern black-crested

gibbonChina, Vietnam

Neotropics Ateles hybridus Variegated spider monkey Colombia, Venezuela Ateles fusciceps fusciceps Ecuadorian brown-headed spider

monkeyEcuador

Cebus kaapori Kaapor capuchin monkey Brazil

Callicebus oenanthe San Martn titi monkey Peru Alouatta guariba guariba Northern brown howler monkey Brazil


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Nine primate species were added to the 2012 2014 list (Table 3). Seven of them were placed on thelist of the worlds 25 most endangered primates for the first time. The Tana River red colobus and theEcuadorian brown-headed spider monkey had already been on previous iterations of the list, but weresubsequently removed in favor of other highly threatened species of the same genera. The 2012 2014list now contains two members each of these genera, thus particularly highlighting the severe threatsthey are facing.

During the discussion of the 2012 2014 list at the XXIV Congress of IPS in Cancn in 2012, anumber of other highly threatened primate species were considered for inclusion (Table 4). For all of these, the situation in the wild is as precarious as it is for those species that finally made it on the list.

Table 2. Primate species included on the 2010 2012 list that were removed from the 2012 2014 list. AfricaPiliocolobus epieni Niger Delta red colobus Nigeria

Madagascar Prolemur simus Greater bamboo lemur MadagascarVarecia variegata Black-and-white ruffed lemur MadagascarAsia Tarsius tumpara Siau Island tarsier Indonesia (Siau Is.)

Macaca silenus Lion-tailed macaque IndiaPongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan Indonesia (West Kalimantan, Borneo),

Malaysia (Sarawak)Neotropics Cebus flavius Blond capuchin monkey BrazilCallicebus barbarabrownae Barbara B rowns titi monkey BrazilOreonax flavicauda Peruvian yellow-tailed woolly

monkeyPeru

Table 3. Primate species that were added to the 2012 2014 list. The Tana River red colobus and the Ecuadorian brown-headed spider monkey were added to the list after previously being removed, andthe other seven species are new to the list. AfricaPiliocolobus rufomitratus Tana River red colobus KenyaMadagascar

Microcebus berthae Madame Berthes mouse lemur MadagascarVarecia rubra Red ruffed lemur Madagascar

Indri indri Indri MadagascarAsia Tarsius pumilus Pygmy tarsier Indonesia (Sulawesi)Neotropics

Ateles fusciceps fusciceps Ecuadorian brown-headed spidermonkey

Ecuador

Cebus kaapori Kaapor capuchin mo nkey BrazilCallicebus oenanthe San Martin titi monkey Peru

Alouatta guariba guariba Northern brown howler monkey Brazil


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Table 4. Primate species considered during the discussion of the 2012 2014 list at the IPS Congressin Cancun that did not make it onto the list, but are equally highly threatened. AfricaPiliocolobus preussi Preuss's red colobus Cameroon, NigeriaGorilla gorilla diehli Cross River gorilla Nigeria, CameroonPan troglodytes ellioti Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee Nigeria, CameroonMadagascar Cheirogaleus sibreei Sibrees dwarf lemur Madagascar

Hapalemur alaotrensis Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur Madagascar Eulemur cinereiceps White-collared brown lemur MadagascarPropithecus perrieri Perriers sifaka MadagascarAsia

Nasalis larvatus Proboscis monkey Indonesia (Borneo)Presbytis comata Grizzled leaf monkey Indonesia

Rhinopithecus strykeri Myanmar snub-nosed monkey Myanmar, China Nomascus hainanus Hainan black-crested gibbon China (Hainan) Nomascus leucogenys Northern white-cheeked black-

crested gibbonLaos, Vietnam, China

Neotropics Chiropotes satanas Black bearded saki Brazil

Leontopithecus caissara Black-headed lion tamarin BrazilSaguinus bicolor Brazilian bare-faced tamarin BrazilCallicebus caquetensis Caquet titi monkey Colombia


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Rondo dwarf galago

Galagoides rondoensis (Honess in Kingdon, 1997)TanzaniaTop 25: 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012

Biology 1: Weighs ~60g 2 Distinct from other dwarf galagos in

its bottle-brush-shaped tail, itsreproductive anatomy, and itsdistinctive double unit rolling call 2-4

Mixed diet of insects and fruit Often feed close to the ground and

move by vertical clinging and leapingin the shrubby understory

Build daytime sleeping nests 5 Predation from owls and other

nocturnal predators 2 Emerging evidence that the northern

and southern populations may bephylogenetically distinct

Sympatric with a number of othergalagos

Range 1: Extremely limited and fragmented Range in a number of remnant patches

of Eastern African Coastal Dry Forestin Tanzania 2, 6

o Zaraninge forest (0608'S,3838'E) in Sadaani NationalPark

o Pande Game Reserve (GR)(0642'S, 3905'E),

o Pugu/Kazimzumbwi (0654'S,3905'E),

o Rondo (1008'S, 3912'E),o Litipo (1002'S, 3929'E)o Ziwani (1020'S, 4018'E)

forest reserves (FR)o Chitoa FR (0957'S, 3927'E)o Ruawa FR (0944'S, 3933'E)

Total area known to occur does notexceed 101.6 km 1, 7, 8

o Pande GR: 2.4 km,o Rondo FR: 25 km,o Ziwani FR: 7.7 km,o Pugu/Kazimzumbwi FR: 33.5

km,o Litipo FR: 4 kmo Zaraninge forest: 20 km,

Chitoa FR: 5 km

o Ruawa FR 4

k m

Estimated population 1: Unknown Estimated density:

o 3 6/ha at Pande GameReserve 9

o 8/ha at Pugu Forest Reserve 10 Relative abundance from encounter

rateso 3 10/hr at Pande Game

Reserve and Pugu/ Kazimzumbwi ForestReserve 9, 10

o 3.94/hr at Rondo ForestReserve 2

Threats1

: Very small and fragmented range inremnant forest patches

Forest losso Agricultural encroachmento Charcoal productiono Logging

Justification for the Top 25: Highly threatened by the logging of

remaining small forest fragments


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Roloway monkey Cercopithecus roloway (Schreber,1774)Ghana and Cte dIvoire Top 25: 2002, 2006, 2010, 2012

Biology 11: Closely related to

Cercophithecus diana 12 Distinguished from C.

diana by its broad whitebrow line, long white beardand yellow thighs

C. roloway is more seriouslythreatened with extinction

Largely arboreal species 13 Occurs in canopy of primary and old

secondary lowland moist forest, andriverine and gallery forest 13

Rare in degraded forest, but cansurvive in lightly logged forest wherethe canopy remains 13

Range 11 : Found to the east of the Sassandra

River in Cte dIvoire to the Pra Riverin Ghana 13

Considerable amount of primaryhabitat loss over the past ~30 years 14

Ghana o Steadily extirpated from both

protected and unprotectedareas and is nearing extinction

o Several surveys have failed tofind this species in anywestern reserves

o Possibly exists in the AnkasaConservation area 15

Cte dIvoire o Not known in any protected

areas

o 14 years ago found in the

Yaya Forest Reserve, theTano Forest adjacent to theEhy Lagoon and the ParcNational des Iles Ehotil 16-18

o Now only found in the Tanoforest 18, 19

Estimated population 11: Unknown Decline exceeding 50% (potentially

exceeding 80%) 14

Numerous local extinctions

Threats 11 : Hunting for the bushmeat trade

o Relatively large size and valueof its meat and skin makes it apreferred game species 13

Forest losso Loggingo Agricultureo Charcoal production 20

Population fragmentation and isolation

Justification for the Top 25 : Extirpation and continuing decline


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Tana River red colobusPiliocolobus rufomitratus (Peters, 1879)KenyaTop 25: 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2012

Biology 30, 31 : Previously Procolobus rufomitratus

rufomitratus Piliocolobus separated from

Procolobus 32 Elevated to species level 32 Inhabits gallery forest dominated by

Pachystela and Barringtonia Not observed moving between habitat

patches during the day Some movement at night which

appears to be helping to ensure thecontinued survival of the groups in theseemingly isolated patches

Broadly sympatric with Cercocebusgaleritus and Cercopithecus mitisalbotorquatus , and narrowlysympatric on the forest edges withPapio cynocephalus ibeanus andCercopithecus pygerythrus

Range 30, 31 : Found only on the levees of the lower

Tana River in Kenya Total known range is 60 km from

Kipende in the north to Mitipani in thesouth, where the Lamu Garsen roadenters the Tana River floodplain

Restricted to ca. 34 patches of fragmented gallery forest, notablyGuru South, Sifa East, Baomo South,Mnazini East, Bubesa West 1, HewaniSouth 2 forests 33

All of these forests are small, rangingin size from


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Madame Berthes mouse lemur Microcebus berthae (Rasoloarison, Goodman& Ganzhorn, 2000)MadagascarTop 25: 2012

Biology 53: Worlds sm allest primate (average

31g 54) Inhabits dry deciduous forest 0 150m asl Solitary forager characterized by

extensively overlapping ranges 55 Male ranges larger than females and

more prone to seasonal fluctuation 55 Daily torpor, but no prolonged torpor

during the dry season Sympatric with the larger Microcebus

murinus across some of the range 56, 57 Avoids interspecific competition by

spatial segregation, makingdistributions of both species patchy 57

Feeds on fruit and gum 58 Relies on sugary excretions from

insects during the harsh dry season 58

Range 53: Menabe region in southwest

Madagascar, south of the TsiribihinaRiver 56, 57

Area 900km 2 Kirindy/CFPF forests and Ambadira Believed to also occur in the forests of

Analabe, but the forest has beenheavily degraded, so it is uncertain if it still occurs there 59

Formerly occurred in theAndranomena Special Reserve, but itis not known if it still occurs there 57

Range is severely fragmented Decline in the area and quality of

habitat

Estimated population53

:


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Sclaters black lemur orBlue-eyed black lemur

Eulemur flavifrons (Gray, 1867)MadagascarTop 25: 2008, 2010, 2012

Biology 60: Rediscovered in 1983 61, 62 Initially regarded as a subspecies

of E. macaco Elevated to species level because

of consistent morphologicaldifferences and pairwise geneticdistances comparable to other

Eulemur species pairs 63, 64 Inhabits primary and secondary

forest fragments 61, 65-67 Home range size and use differs

between primary and secondary forestfragments, indicating secondary forestis less suitable 68

E. flavifrons has been recorded toconsume 72 different plant speciesfrom 35 families, of which 52.3%were fruits and 47.7% were leaves

Also feeds on flowers, insects, insectexudates and fungi 69

Bimodal activity pattern 70 Multi-male multi-female groups,

ranging in size from 6 to 10individuals, including 4 to 7 adults

Both sexes disperse, but only maleshave been seen moving into a foreignsocial group

The sex ratio at birth varies stronglybetween years and could be male-biased

Births occur between late August andOctober, at the end of the dry season.

During two successive birth seasons,infant mortality was 22.7%.

Range 60: Very small area of 2,700km in

northwest Madagascar, south of theAndranomalaza, north of theMaevarano, and west of theSandrakota rivers 61, 65-67

Transition zone between the humidSambirano region in the north and the

western dry deciduous forest region inthe south

Largest remaining population in forestfragments on and adjacent to theSahamalaza Peninsula 71

Estimated population 60: In 1999, the estimated population of

the Sahamalaza Peninsula was 450 2,300 wild individuals and haddeclined by 35.3% in three years 72

Estimated total population,extrapolated from density 73, 74 and areaestimates, of 2,780 6,950 severelyfragmented wild individuals

80% wild population reductionestimated and predicted over 35 years

30 captive individuals 75

Threats 60: Very small range Forest loss

o Slash-and-burn agricultureo Selective logging Hunting and trappingo Bushmeato Live capture for the pet

trade 72, 76 o Trap density of up to 570

traps/ km 2 73

Justification for the Top 25 : Highly fragmented population in very

small range that is almost totallydeforested


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Red ruffed lemurVarecia rubra (E. Geoffroy, 1812)MadagascarTop 25: 2012

Biology 59, 77 : Diurnal Inhabits tropical moist lowland forests Apparent need for tall primary forest

o Primarily inhabiting primaryforest

o Prefers high forest and is oftenobserved in the crowns of large feeding trees

Sea level to 1,200m asl Moves quadrupedally through the

canopy, leaping occasionally Largely frugivorous (75 90%), with

flowers, nectar and leaves Home range size: 23 58ha 78 Multi-male, multi-female communities

of 5 31 individuals 78 Mating season May July Births from September early

November Gestation period: 102 days

Inter-birth interval: 2 years Mean litter size:o Wild: 2.11 79 o Captivity: 2.22 80

Range 77: Very restricted range Masoala Peninsula and the region

immediately north of the Bay of Antongil in northeastern Madagascar 81

4000km 2 Antainambalana River appears to

separate this species from V.variegata , but the western andnorthern limits of the red ruffedlemurs range remain unclear 59

Westernmost distribution near theconfluence of the Antainambalana andSahantaha rivers 82

Estimated population 59, 77 : Density estimates:

o 31 53 individuals/km 2 inAndranobe 83

o 21 23 individuals/km

2

inAmbatonakolahy 84 Captive population of 590 in 2009

Threats 77: Habitat loss

o Slash-and-burn agricultureo Human encroachmento Illegal loggingo First lemur to disappear from

degraded forest Hunting

o Heavily hunted in its entirerange

Justification for the Top 25 : Small distribution range that is under

severe threats of hunting and habitatloss


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Northern sportive lemur

Lepilemur septentrionalis (Rumpler and Albignac, 1975)Madagascar Top 25: 2008, 2010, 2012

Biology 85: Originally described based on

cytogenetic and morphometriccharacteristics 86

Supported by more detailed studiessince, especially molecular data 87-89

Small grayish-brown sportive lemurwith not very prominent ears 90

Nocturnal Sleeps in tree holes during the day Little known about its ecology and

behavior

Range 59, 85 : Strictly limited to a few small patches

of dry forest in extreme northeasternMadagascar, just to the south of Antsiranana on the east coast

Very small remnant forest patches:o Near the villages of Madirobe

and Ankarongana in theSahafary regiono In the immediate vicinity of

Andrahona, a small mountainabout 30 km south of Antsiranana, east of RouteNationale 6

Estimated population 59, 85 : Total population unknown, but very

small

A survey in 2007 provided thefollowing estimates:

o Andrahona (forest patches andgallery forests of Andrahona,Analajanana, andAnalanjavavy) - 20individuals

o Ankarakataova (forests of Ankarakataova Be andAnkarakataova kely) - nonefound

o Sahafary (degraded forest patchesin Western Sahafary, SahafaryEast, Sahafary North, Andravina,Sahandrano, Andranomadiro, andAnalalava) - about 100 individuals

In 2012 probably only 19 individualsremaining in total

Threats 59, 85 : Very small fragmented range

o Most habitat already goneo Does not occur in protected

areaso Uncertain if remaining

fragments are of sufficientsize to warrant protection

Habitat destructiono For Eucalyptus plantations

o Firewood collectiono Charcoal burning

Hunting Most restricted and least protected

lemur

Justification for the Top 25 : Combination of small population,

small range and rapidly decreasingsuitable habitat, with high pressurefrom hunting


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Silky sifaka Propithecus candidus (Grandidier, 1871)MadagascarTop 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012

Biology 91: Large, white sifaka from northeastern

Madagascar Recently raised to full species level 59,

92, 93 This species does not occur with other

sifakas and cannot be confused withother lemurs

Found mainly in tropical montaneforest

Group size: 2 9 Home ranges 34 47ha 94, 95 Quarter of time travelling between

foraging sites Folivorous and granivorous,

consuming fruits, seeds and leavesfrom a large number of plant groups

Mating occurs just a few days a yearin November and January

Young born in June or July 94 Well-developed olfactory

communication

Scent-marking of territory Males gouge trees prior to scent-marking

Range 91: Restricted range in northeastern

Madagascar Includes the humid forest belt

extending from Maroantsetra to theAndapa Basin and the MarojejyMassif

Precise limits unknown Marojejy National Park is the northern

limit of its known distribution and theforests of Makira and theAntainambalana River are regarded asthe southern limit 96

300 1,875m elevation Patchy distribution and low densities Majority of the remaining population

found in two protected areas: MarojejyNational Park and Anjanaharibe-Sud

Special Reserve

A few groups have been found in theMakira Forest Protected Area at twosites: Andaparaty (central-eastMakira) and Manandriana, 44 km tothe northwest, adjacent to theAnjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve).

Also found in the Betaolana Corridorthat connects Anjanaharibe-Sud andMarojejy, and the unprotectedTsaratanana Corridor to the northwest

Estimated population 91: Less than 250 individuals 96 Marojejy: 40 inidviduals/km 2 and 90

individuals/km 2 97

Threats 91: Habitat destruction

o Slash-and-burn agricultureo Illegal logging of preciouswoods, including rosewood 96 o Firewoodo Occurs in and adjacent to

protected areas they are foundin98-100

Hunted throughout range

Justification for the Top 25 : Small fragmented population under

extensive pressure from habitatdestruction and hunting


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Indri Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788)MadagascarTop 25: 2012

Biology 59, 101 : Largest extant species of lemur Vertical clinger and leaper, with

long hind limbs Identified by its eerie wailing

song Male indri are slightly larger than

females Males and females can also be

distinguished by song Inhabits tropical moist lowland

and montane forests Usually found at low elevations,

but ranges up to 1,800m 102 Lives in groups of 2 6

individuals, usually consisting of a monogamous adult pair

Groups in fragmented habitats tend tobe larger 103, 104

Primarily feeds on immature leaves,with flowers, fruit, seeds and bark alsoconsumed 105

Descends from canopy every day toconsume soil, which may helpdetoxify seeds consumed 105, 106

Home range size 18ha in fragmentedforest, up to ~40ha in pristine forest

Reproduction is highly seasonal, witha single offspring born in May or June

Birth interval: 2 3 years Reproductive maturity: 7 9 years 107

Range 59, 101 : Eastern rainforests from

Anjanaharibe-Sud in the north toAnosibe Anala Classified Forest inthe south

Not found on the Masoala Peninsulaor in the Marojejy National Park

Subfossil evidence indicates that indriwere once widespread acrossMadagascar

Estimated population 101: Low population density 5.2 22.9 individuals/km 2 106 50% reduction over the past 36 years

Threats 101 : Habitat loss

o Forest loss for fuel and timbero Slash-and-burn agriculture

Huntingo Previously considered a taboo,

but now significant in someareas

o Hunted for skins and meato Unsustainable 108

Justification for the Top 25 : High rate of habitat destruction and

unsustainable hunting


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Pygmy tarsierTarsius pumilus (Miller and Hollister, 1921)Indonesia (Sulawesi)Top 25: 2012

Biology 109, 110 : Largely data-deficient Prior to 2008, known only from three

specimens from 1916, 1930 and2000 111, 112

Thought to be extinct until the 2000specimen was found dead in a rat trap

In 2008, 3 individuals were capturedand 1 additional individual wasobserved 110

Mean body mass: 50g, less than half of adult lowland tarsiers 110

Nocturnal Largely arboreal Lives in small groups Returns to the same sleeping tree each

morning 110 Unlike lowland tarsiers, pygmy tarsier

groups contain multiple adult males,and they rarely vocalize or scent-mark 110

Found at high altitudes (~1,800

2,200m asl) Adapted to colder, montane cloudforests 112

Arthropod based insectivorous diet

Range 109: Southern and central Sulawesi,

Indonesia Specimen 1 (1916): 1,800 m from

Rano Rano, in the mountains betweenPalu and Poso

Specimen 2 (1930): 2,200 m on MountRantemario in South Sulawesi

Specimen 3 (2000): 2,200 m on theflank of Mount Rorekatimbu 111

2008 capture: Lore Lindu NationalPark, Central Sulawesi 110

Estimated population 109: Unknown 3 museum specimens 3 captured and 1 additional

observation in 2008 110

Threats 109 : Habitat encroachment and destruction

o Expanding human population Human conflict

o Some areas of CentralSulawesi near known sites are

conflict zoneso Factional fighting has seen the

dislocation of large humanpopulations that are thenresettled in refugee camps

Justification for the Top 25 : Highly fragmented and isolated

populations threatened by humanencroachment and conflict


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Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus (Geoffroy, 1812) Indonesia Top 25: 2008, 2010, 2012

Biology 113 : Recognized as a species in 2006 Nocturnal and arboreal Found in both primary and secondary

forest 114 Requires arboreal connectivity

between trees, via vines and lianas Feeds on sap, floral florescence, gum

and insects 114 Found at elevations of 0 1,600m but

more common at higher elevations 114

Range 113 : Western and central Java, Indonesia Less than 10% of the original forest

remains, most covering the higher

slopes of the central mountains Less than 20% of suitable habitatremains

17% of the potential distribution isprotected

Estimated population 113 : Unknown Very low population densities (0.02

0.20 animals/km 2 113 5 10 km must be walked to see a

single loris Small population of confiscated

animals in rescue centers but 95% 100% mortality has been reported dueto health conditions associated withcaptivity


o Deforestationo After an area is cleared,

lorises are collected as theyremain clinging to the trees 115

Huntingo Traditional medicineso Pet trade 116, 117 o Not always the intended target

but are picked up when foundo Numbers in animal markets

exceed the ability forpopulation numbers to recover

o Front teeth removed atmarkets

o Most lorises die of dentalabscesses, pneumonia ormalnutrition

o Unable to eat preferred gumand exhibit important socialbehavior 118

o Confiscated animals unlikelyto survive in the wild

Roads and human disturbance 119, 120 Intrinsic risk: slow-reproducing 121

Justification for the Top 25 : Intensive hunting pressure


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Simakobu or Pig-tailedsnub-nosed langur

Nasalis concolor (Miller, 1903) IndonesiaTop 25: 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008,

2010, 2012

Biology 122: Two subspecies:

o Nasalis concolor concolor (Millar,1903)

o Nasalis c. siberu (Chasen and Kloss,1927)

Very little published on behavior andecology

Found in swamp forests and lowlandrainforests and primary forests onhillsides 123-125

Diurnal 124 Semi-terrestrial 124 Almost equal time resting (46%) and

feeding (44%) and less time moving(7%) 126

Primarily folivorous 124 Birth season from June to July 125

Range 122: Endemic to Indonesia Confined to the Mentawai Islands off

the western coast of Sumatra 124 N. c. concolor

o Inhabits Sipora, North Pagai,and South Pagai Islands andseveral small islets off SouthPagai

o Remaining forest cover on the

Pagai islands ~826km2

127

N. c. siberu o Only on Siberut Islando 190,500ha Siberut National

Park covers 47% of SiberutIsland

o Remaining 53% outside of protected areas

Estimated population 122: N. c. concolor two estimates: ~3,347

individuals on the Pagai islands127

and700 1,800 total population 128

N. c. siberu ~6,000 15,000 in SiberutNational Park

Total population down from 26,000 in1980

Maximum decline of 75% in 20years 124

Population densities also reduced,indicating a 73 90% decline in 10years 128-130

Threats 122 : Hunting

o

Preferred game species insome areas 130, 131 o Hunting pressure increased

with improved access andreplacement of bows with airrifles 128

o In 1987, estimated that twiceas many individuals werehunted as were born in thePagai islands 123

o Pet trade Forest loss

o Commercial logging 124, 128 particularly sensitive 130

o Conversion to palm oilplantations and cash crops 124,128

o Human encroachmento Forest clearing and extraction

by local people 124, 128

Justification for the Top 25 : Heavy hunting and commercial

logging


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Delacours l angurTrachypithecus delacouri (Osgood,1932) VietnamTop 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006,

2008, 2010. 2012

Biology 132: Restricted to limestone

karst forest habitat, withadditional records of secondary forest inlimestone areas 133, 134

Up to 1,000m asl 135 Caves thought to offer protection from

predators and temperature extremes 136 Diurnal and crepuscular Degree of terrestriality is habitat-

dependent 135 60 80% of the diet consists of leaves,

with 20 40% shoots, fruit, flowers andbark 135

Range 132: Very restricted area in north Vietnam 5,000km between 20 21N and

105 106E

Distribution closely related to thelimestone mountain ranges in theprovinces Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa, HoaBinh, and Ha Nam 133

17 isolated locations totaling less than400 450km (size estimates from 18locations) 136, 137

Estimated population 132: 1999/2000 estimated 281 317 136 320 hunted individuals over 10 years,

but actual number undoubtedly higher 60% of total population in isolated

subpopulations with less than 20individuals 133

Largest subpopulation, in the onlywell guarded forest, has increased andtotals ~68 70 individuals 133, 138, 139

Two protected areas with importantsubpopulations showed a decline of 20% in 5 years from 2000 to 2004

Four protected areas showed adramatic decline during 2009 137

Approximately 6 locations extirpated Current total population unknown, but

likely to be a maximum of 250 wildindividuals

Threats 132 : Small population size Hunting

o Traditional medicineso Meat

Fragmentationo Only the largest population of 68 70 individuals is thoughtlikely to survive 136, 137

o Inbreeding may result in lossof genetic viability

Minor threat: Forest loss anddegradation

o Illegal grazing of goatso Limestone quarrying 138, 139

Potential threat: Tourism andassociated development 135

Justification for the Top 25 : Critically small, fragmented

population under hunting pressure


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Golden-headed langur orCat Ba langurTrachypithecus poliocephalus

poliocephalus (Trouessart, 1911)Vietnam

Top 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006,2008, 2010, 2012

Biology 140: Inhabits tropical moist

forest on limestone karsthills

70 100m asl, possibly 0 200m 141 Six to seven taxa of the T. francoisi

group share range Caves thought to offer protection from

predators and temperature extremes,but are accessible by human hunters 136

Diurnal Arboreal and terrestrial 142 60 80% of the diet consists of leaves,

with 20 40% shoots, fruit, flowers andbark 135

Range140

: Confined to the island of Cat Ba in theGulf of Tonkin, northeastern Vietnam

Further restricted to ~100km 2 area of occupancy 143

Mostly in Cat Ba National Park, whichcovers more than half of the mainisland 143

Wildlife protection deficient Divided into seven isolated

subpopulations due to habitatfragmentation 143

Estimated population 140: 60 70 individuals (64 in 2006 142) 3 4 all-female, non-reproducing

groups 143 Reproductive output low Stagnated at 1 2 offspring per year 143

Threats 140 : Small population size

o Fragmentation resulting ininbreeding in subpopulations,which could compromisegenetic viability

o Limited mate choiceo Susceptible to natural or

human disaster causing totalextinction 142, 143

Huntingo Traditional medicineso Bushmeato Driven by increasingly

attractive commercial gains Habitat disturbance and fragmentation

o Increasing human populationo Tourism and associated

developmento Rampant fires due to honey

collectors 142 144

Justification for the Top 25 : Critically low population size and low

reproductive output, with threats fromhunting


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Western purple-facedlangur Semnopithecus vetulus nestor (Bennett, 1833) Sri LankaTop 25: 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010,2012

Biology 145: Inhabits lowland tropical

rainforest Refugee populations

presently inhabit semi-urban and rural home

gardens, rubber plantations and areaswith adequate canopy cover 146 Highly arboreal Fragmentation forces this species to

the ground for which it is ill-adapted 147

Folivorous Fragmentation and urbanization in

most of this species range hasresulted in a diet mainly consisting of fruits from residential gardens 148

Nutritional consequences of urban dietunclear, but feeding on fruits long-term may be detrimental as they arenot adapted to a frugivorous diet andfruits tend to occur seasonally

Range 145: Western Sri Lanka, from the north of

the Kalu Ganga as far north as therainforest limit 149

Ranges up to 1,000m asl 146

Inhabits an area of high human density 81 90% of the entire historic rangedeforested and urbanized 147, 150

Only recorded as present in 43% of eastern (n=23) and 78% in the western(n=27) halves of the historical range 147

Population fragmentation and isolation Largest inhabited forests, with a total

area of 21km 2, surround two reservoirs(Kalatuwawa and Labugama) 147

Estimated population 145: Unknown Believed to have undergone a decline

of more than 80% over threegenerations 151

Extirpation 151

Threats 145 : Habitat loss and fragmentation 152, 153

o Urbanization, includinghuman settlement andinfrastructure and industry

o Agriculture, particularly cropplantations

o Deforestation Dependent on gardens for survival Dangers from power lines and

roads 147, 151, 152 Dogs 147 Occasional hunting

o Pet tradeo

Persecution for crop-raiding154

o Local trade for meat, but notsignificant 152

o Becoming more tolerant tohumans which is putting themat increased risk 153

Justification for the Top 25 : Habitat loss, fragmentation and

urbanization


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Grey-shanked douc monkeyPygathrix cinerea (Nadler, 1997)VietnamTop 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010,2012

Biology 155: Mostly found in primary mountain

evergreen forest 156 Altitude of 900 1,400m asl Canopy cover of 80 90% 156

Range 155: Central Vietnam between 1330' and

16N Recorded in five provinces: Quang

Nam, Quang Ngai, Kon Tum, Gia Lai,and Binh Dinh 136, 156

Occurrence confirmed in eightprotected sites: Song Thanh NatureReserve, Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve,Ba To Cultural and Historical Site, AnToan Nature Reserve, Kon Cha RangNature Reserve, Kon Ka Kinh

National Park, Mom Ray NationalPark and A Yun Pa Nature Reserve

Estimated population 155: 600 700 individuals 156 Fragmented Some areas with assumed occurrence

not yet surveyed 156 Endangered Primate Rescue Center

has begun a breeding program withconfiscated animals

Threats 155 : Hunting

o Meato Traditional medicineo Pets 156 o Problem inside protected areaso Response to hunting is to hide

motionless rather than fleeing,which makes them moresusceptible 136

o Snares commono Degraded habitats increase the

risk of being caught in snareswhilst travelling

o Hundreds of traps installed intrees frequently used bymonkey groups

o Trapped animals are oftenseverely injured or mutilated

o Less than one quarter of hunted animals areconfiscated alive 155

Forest losso Agricultural expansiono Illegal loggingo

Firewood collectiono Almost 10,000ha of forest areselectively logged every yearin the central highlands 156

Justification for the Top 25 : Intensive logging and hunting


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Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus avunculus (Dollman,1912)VietnamTop 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008,

2010, 2012

Biology 157: Described in 1912 Collected on no more than two

occasions over the next 50 60years

Presumed extinct Rediscovered in 1989 Tropical evergreen forests

associated with karstlimestone hills andmountains 158, 159

Largely restricted to primary forest 160 200 1,200m asl 158 Selective feeder consuming young

leaves, unripe fruits and seeds 159, 160 Diurnal 161 Arboreal and terrestrial 159

Range 157: Northeastern Vietnam 149 Historically occurred east of the Red

River136

Due to widespread deforestation andintensive hunting, its distribution hasbecome severely restricted 136

Currently, five completely isolatedlocalities known

Small forest patches in Tuyen Quang,Bac Kan, Ha Giang and Thai NguyenProvinces 136

Estimated population 157: Tat Ke sector 158

o 1993: 72 individualsobserved, 80 estimated 160

o 2005: far lower densities, 17 22 estimated 158

Ban Bung sector 158 o 1993: 23 observed, 50

estimated 160 o No verifiable information for

2005 158 Cham Chu Nature Reserve

o 1992: survey with locals

estimated 20 40 individuals162

o 2001: 70 estimated 163

o 2006: No evidence, but localreports suggested 8 12

TSM conservation area, Ha GiangProvince

o 2001: estimated 30 40 basedon interviews 164

o 2006: observed about 81animals; estimated 90 158

Tung Vai Commune of Quan BaDistrict close to the border with China

o 60 individuals Total population: estimated around

200 250+ individuals throughoutrange 157, 159

Threats 157 : Hunting pressure 159

o Traditional medicines 136, 158 o High pressure 158 o Hydroelectric power project

increases number of peopleand demand for meat 136, 158

o Not shy and do not necessarily

flee when encountered161

Habitat degradationo Firewoodo Timber exploitationo Shifting cultivationo Collection of non-timber

forest products forcommercial purposes

o Roads 159

Justification for the Top 25 : Critically small fragmented population

under hunting pressure


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Gibbons in Peril: Three species of gibbon were considered for this edition: Nomascus hainanus, N. leucogenys

and N. nasutus N. hainanus was recently listed on the ZSL/IUCN list of 100 most threatened species

(Priceless or Worthless), with just 23 25 individuals remaining

For the Worlds 25 Most Endangered P rimates 2012 2014, we have selected N. nasutus as a flagship species to highlight the plight of other gibbons

Cao-Vit or Eastern black-crestedgibbon

Nomascus nasutus (Kunkel d'Herculais, 1884)China, VietnamTop 25: 2008, 2010, 2012

Biology 165: Historically one of two subspecies, but

both elevated to species level166, 167

Inhabits montane and limestoneforests in a wet tropical monsoonclimate 168

500 900m asl 168 Primarily fruivorous (86.6%), but also

consumes leaves (4.7%), animalmatter (0.5%) and undetermined foodclass (8.2%) 169, 170

Range 165: Historical range was east of the Red

River in China and Vietnam Current range very restricted Sino-Vietnam border, northeastern

Vietnam 167, 171, 172 o 48km o 2255'N 10630'E o Includes the northern Phong

Nam-Ngoc Khe forests (about30km) of Trung KhanhDistrict, Cao Bang Province,Vietnam

Jingxi County, Guangxi ZhuangAutonomous Region, southeasternChina 167, 171, 172

o Area immediately adjacent toVietnam

o ~18km

Estimated population 165: Feared extinct until a survey

rediscovered a population in thelimestone forest of Phong Nam-Ngoc

Khe Communes 171, 172

2002: estimated 26 individuals in fivegroups 171, 172

2004: 37 individuals in eight groups 173 Total population estimated at 110

individuals living in 18 groups 173

Threats 165 : Habitat loss and disturbance

o Cleared for cultivationo Pasture for livestock o Firewood collectiono Charcoal productiono Already restricted range 170

Small populationo Inbreeding effectso Poor mate choiceo Human or natural disaster 167,

170 Hunting 170

Justification for the Top 25 : Small range and population size, with

a large threat from habitat loss anddisturbance


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Variegated or Brown spidermonkey

Ateles hybridus (I. Geoffroy, 1829)Colombia, VenezuelaTop 25: 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012

Biology 174: Two subspecies:

o Ateles hybridus brunneus o A. h. hybridus 175

Large size Slow reproductive rate of a single

offspring at 3 4-year intervals Spider monkeys are generally

highly frugivorous (83%), but alsoeat young leaves and flowers 176

They form groups of up to 20 30individuals 176

Range 174: A. h. brunneus

o Restricted to Colombiao Between the lower Ros Cauca

and Magdalena in theDepartments of Bolvar,Antioquia and Caldas 177

o Small geographic range where

forest loss, degradation andfragmentation are widespread

o Surrounded by humanpopulations

o 9% of potential range remainscontinuous forest

A. h. hybridus o Right bank of the Ro

Magdalena extending intowestern Venezuela 175, 178

o Extremely fragmented, withsmall populations

Estimated population 174: Unknown Low population densities A. h. hybridus extremely fragmented

and there may be few populations of an adequate size to be viable in themid- to long-term 175, 177

Potential extirpation Held in captivity in zoos and rescue

centers in Colombia

Threats 174 :

Habitat loss and increasingfragmentationo Agriculture and cattleo Human expansiono Land clearingo Loggingo Conversion to secondary

foresto Potential corridors at risk

Huntingo A. h. hybridus a favourite

game species in the Perij

Mountains179

Pet trade

Justification for the Top 25 : High rate of habitat loss and hunting


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Ecuadorian brown-headedspider monkey

Ateles fusciceps fusciceps (Gray, 1866)EcuadorTop 25: 2006, 2012

Biology 180: Tropical and subtropical human

forests from 100 to 1,700masl181

Diurnal Strictly arboreal, preferring the

uppermost levels of the canopy Group size of up to 35

individuals Diet consists mainly of ripe fruit

(83%), but also flowers and anumber of species of leaves 182

Slow reproductive rate of oneoffspring at up to 3-yearintervals 183

Range 22, 180 : Endemic to Ecuador in the north, west

of the Andes, in the Province of Esmeraldas, and, at least historically itwould seem, south as far as theCordillera de Colonche

Very small distribution, which ishighly fragmented

Two populations remaining:o North of the Rio Mira, in the

Reserva Etnica Aw closeto the Colombian border 22

o To the south, largely withinthe limits of the ReservaEcolgica Cotacachi-Cayapas and theneighbouring forest (north),mainly in a private reserve:Reserva Biolgica LosCedros 22

It has been suggested that A. f. fusciceps may be found in southernColombia, continuous with thepopulations in Ecuador 178, but there isstill no evidence to support this

Estimated population 22, 180 : Unknown

Population density of 1.2individuals/km 2 in Cotacachi-Cayapas 184

80% decline due to habitat loss 185

Threats 22, 180 : Habitat loss and fragmentation

o High rate due todeforestation 185

Huntingo Strong pressure 185

Justification for the Top 25 : Restricted distribution with high

fragmentation, and small populationsize


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Kaapor capuchinmonkeyCebus kaapori (Queiroz, 1992)Brazil

Top 25: 2012

Biology 186: Arboreal quadrupeds,

typically found in thelower to mid-canopy andunderstorey 187-189

Undisturbed and slightlydisturbed dense lowlandAmazonian high forest

Altitudes of 200m or less 190 Can also be found in edge habitat in

the transition with the Zona dosCocais

Frugivorous and insectivorous diet,they are manipulative and extractivescavengers

Groups observed to be 1 7individuals 191

Males disperse Both sexes take up linear hierarchies,

the top ranking male being dominant

over the top ranking female 187 Sympatric with Cebus apella, causinginter-species competition 192

Range 186: Northwest Maranho and northeast

Par in the Brazilian Amazon 190 Ranging from east of the lower Rio

Tocantins to the bank of the RioGraja where it enters the Zona dosCocais 190, 191, 193-196

Now absent east of the Rio Graja 193

Estimated population 186: Unknown Drastic decline of at least 80% over

the past three generations

Estimated density:o 0.98 individuals/km in the

Gurup Biological Reserve 192 o 0.99 groups/10 km in the

Fazenda Cauaxi inParagominas 191

Three groups in 480km walked in theGurup Biological Reserve 197


o Forests in southern Par andMaranho have beenextensively destroyed

o Region with the highesthuman population density andthe highest level of deforestation and habitatdegradation in the entireBrazilian Amazon 191

o Occurs in only one protectedarea, which has lost half of itsforest

o Selective logging of trees

providing fruit that are asignificant part of the diet 197 Hunting Pet trade 190

Justification for the Top 25 : Extreme threat from deforestation and

hunting causing drastic populationdecline


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San Martn titi monkeyCallicebus oenanthe (Thomas, 1924)PeruTop 25: 2012

Biology 198: Able to survive in a wide variety of

habitats including, at least in the shortterm, in forest fragments 199, 200

Monogamous Found in small family groups of two

to six Females usually give birth to one

offspring per year Diet consists primarily of insects and

fruito Liana species and fruits from

the mistletoe family areparticularly important

o Insects form a larger portionof the diet than in most othertiti monkey species 201

Range 198: Found in the upper Rio Mayo Valley,

extending to the south into the BajoMayo and Huallaga central At least 60% of the original habitat

has been lost 202 Additional surveys are required in all

potential habitats in San Martin Not found in any protected areas

Estimated population 198: Estimated density of 1.4 individuals

/ha

Remaining populations extremelyfragmented and in small groups

Groups observed in fragments as smallas 2ha 199

Estimated decline of 80% over the last25 years

Threats 198 : Habitat loss and fragmentation 200, 203

o Major agrarian program has

attracted huge numbers of immigrants to the area

o This is largely the cultivationof rice and coffee

o Cattle ranching and selectivelogging also occur

o Rapid rates of deforestationhave caused the loss of 40%of the forest over the last 20years

o Construction of a two-laneasphalt road has furtherincreased human activity inthe area

Also hunted for bushmeat 200, 202, 203 ,with pressure likely to increase asother game becomes scarce and forestfragmentation increases access.

Popular as pets 200, 202-204

Justification for the Top 25 : Massive deforestation of this species

preferred habitat resulting in a drastic

population decline


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Northern brown howlermonkey

Alouatta guariba guariba(Humboldt, 1812)Brazil

Top 25: 2012

Biology 205, 206 : Validity as a subspecies in

question Inhabits lowland,

submontane and montaneforest

Prehensile tail Communicates with howls which can

be heard up to 2km away 207 Group size is usually four or five, but

can be up to eleven Usually only one dominant male,

occasionally two Quite small and broadly overlapping

home ranges, of 5ha up to 45ha,depending on the type of habitat 208

Leaf-based diet The only New World primates to

regularly include mature leaves intheir diet, though younger leaves arepreferred

Molar teeth are particularly adaptedfor chewing leaves through shearing

Mature fruit is also an important partof the diet

Range 205, 206 : Restricted to a small area north of the

Rio Jequitinhonha

Estimated population 205, 206 : Unlikely to be more than 250 mature

individuals No subpopulation above 50 mature

individuals is thought to exist

Threats 205, 206 : Hunting Deforestation

o Hunting is a larger threat asgroups can survive in smallforest fragments if they arenot hunted

o Selective logging Disease epidemics

Justification for the Top 25 :

Very small population under a numberof threats


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