the world justice project rule of law index iind eex 2012 -...

The World Justice ProjectRule of Law Index™

2010The World Justice Project | IIndIndee w exex Index®

Mark DDDavavavvidididi AAAAgrgrgrasasastJuan Carrrrlolololos s s BoBoBoBoottett roJoel Martititit nenenn zAlejandrooo PPPPoonoo ceChristine S. PrPrPrrattttt

2012 - 2013

The World Justice ProjectRule of Law Index™

2010

Mark David AgrastJuan Carlos BoteroJoel MartinezAlejandro PonceChristine S. Pratt

With the collaboration of: Kelly Roberts

2012-2013The World Justice Project | Rule of Law Index®

The World Justice Project

Board of Directors:

Officers:

Executive Director:

Chief Research Officer:

Rule of Law Index 2012-2013 Team:

ISBN (print version): 978-0-9882846-2-3 ISBN (online version): 978-0-9882846-3-0

Graphic design:

Suggested citation:

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Preface

“The rule of law is the foundation for communities of opportunity and equity—it is the predicate for the eradication of poverty, violence, corruption, pandemics, and other threats to civil society.”WILLIAM H. NEUKOM, FOUNDER, PRESIDENT AND CEO OF THE WORLD JUSTICE PROJECT

97countries covered

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97,000people and

2,500experts participated

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Executive Summary

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USES OF THE INDEX

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DEFINING THE RULE OF LAW

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THE WJP RULE OF LAW INDEX 2012-2013

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ABOUT THE WORLD JUSTICE PROJECT

» Comprehensiveness:

» New data:

» Rule of law in practice:

» Anchored in actual experiences:

» Action oriented:

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Part I: Constructing the WJP Rule of Law Index |

INTRODUCTION

Constructing the WJP Rule of Law Index

DEFINING THE RULE OF LAW

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Box 1 : The rule of law in everyday life

Suppose the owner of a small business has a dispute with a client over a large, unpaid bill. What if her only recourse to settle the dispute is through the threat of physical violence? Consider the bridges,roads, or runways we traverse daily—or the offices and buildings in which we live, work, and play. What if building codes governing their design and safety were not enforced? Or suppose someone broke intoyour home and stole your belongings, and there was no means to reclaim your property and bring the perpetrator to justice? Although we may not be aware of it, the rule of law is a profoundly important part of our lives. It is the foundation for a system of rules to keep us safe, resolve disputes, and enable us to prosper. Let’s consider a few examples:

a. Business environmentImagine an investor seeking to commit resources abroad. She would probably think twice before investing in a country where corruption is rampant, property rights are ill-defined,and contracts are difficult to enforce. Uneven enforcement of regulation, corruption,insecure property rights, and ineffective means to settle disputes undermine legitimatebusiness and drive away both domestic and foreign investment.

b. Public worksSafe and reliable physical structures are essential to a thriving economy and an efficientsociety. Yet corrupt practices in the construction process abound, discouraging honestpractitioners from entering the market through prohibitive bribery and kickback costs. Inmany cases, for instance, it has been alleged that government officials and contractors havebeen complicit in using low-quality materials in order to pocket the surplus. Transparency inthe procurement process and effectively enforced regulations and safety codes help curtailillegal practices and increase the reliability and security of physical infrastructure.

c. Public healthMaintaining the physical health of a society is hugely reliant on its health care deliverysystems. Absenteeism, mismanagement, bribes, and informal payments undermine healthcare delivery and waste scarce resources. Unfortunately, it is in poor countries that peopleare most likely to have to pay bribes to obtain medical attention. As a result, many people donot receive adequate medical care.

d. EnvironmentCountries around the world have laws to protect the environment. Unfortunately, theselaws are not always enforced. Weak enforcement of environmental laws can lead to major problems, including pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, natural disasters, and poorwaste management. Effective enforcement and appropriate management are useful toolsin protecting the environment and public health without unduly constraining economicdevelopment. Adherence to the rule of law is essential to hold the government, businesses,civil society organizations, and communities accountable for sound environmental policies.

The rule of law affects all of us in our everyday lives. It is not only important to lawyers and judges;it matters to businessmen, builders, consumers, doctors, and journalists. Every sector of society is a stakeholder in the rule of law.

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[T]he apartheid government, its offio cers and agents were accountable in accordance withthe laws; the laws were clear; publicized, and stable, and were upheld by law enforcementoffio cials and judges. What was missing was thesubstantive component of the rule of law. The process by which the laws were made was notfair (only whites, a minority of the population, had the vote). And the laws themselves were not fair. They institutionalized discrimination, vested broad discretionary powers in the executive, and failed to protect fundamental rights. Without a substantive content there would be no answer to the criticism, sometimes voiced, that the rule of law is ‘an empty vessel into which any law could be poured.’

Box 2 : Four Universal Principles of the Rule of Law

The WJP uses a working definition of the rule of law based on four universal principles:

> The government and its officials and agents areaccountable under the law.

> The laws are clear, publicized, stable and fair, and protect fundamental rights, including the securityof persons and property.

> The process by which the laws are enacted,administered and enforced is accessible, fair andefficient.

> Justice is delivered by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals who areof sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.

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THE 2012-2013 WJP RULE OF LAW INDEX

Limited Government Powers

Box 3 : Updates to the Conceptual Framework

The WJP Rule of Law Index 2012-2013 report introducesseveral conceptual changes. First, several sub-factorsfrom the Index 2011 report have been adjusted in theIndex 2012-2013 report: sub-factor 7.1 (people are awareof available remedies), sub-factor 7.2 (people can access and afford legal advice and representation),and sub-factor 7.3 (people can access and afford civil courts) from the Index 2011 report have been merged toform sub-factor 7.1 (people have access to affordable civil justice) of the current report. Second, sub-factor5.1 (the laws are comprehensible to the public) andsub-factor 5.2 (the laws are publicized and widely accessible) have been combined into sub-factor 5.1(the laws are publicized and accessible) of this year’s report. Similarly, sub-factor 5.5 (official drafts of laws are available to the public) and sub-factor 5.6 (official information is available to the public) have been merged into sub-factor 5.4 (official information is available on request). Third, for the first time data has beencollected on sub-factor 2.4 (government officials in the legislative branch do not use public office for private gain). Finally, in the measurement of Factor 2 (Absence of Corruption), several variables related to the crime of embezzlement have been incorporated into the Index.

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THE WORLD JUSTICE PROJECT RULE OF LAW INDEXThe rule of law is a system in which the following four universal principles are upheld:

> The government and its officials and agents are accountable under the law.

> The laws are clear, publicized, stable and fair, and protect fundamental rights, including the security of cleapersons and property.prop

> The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced is accessible, efficient, and fair.

> Justice is delivered by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals who are of sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.

These four universal principles which comprise the WJP’s notion of the rule of law are further developed inthe nine factors of the WJP Rule of Law Index.

Factors & Sub-FactorsFACTOR 6: Regulatory Enforcement

6.1 Government regulations are effectively enforced

6.2 Government regulations are applied and enforced without improperinfluence

6.3 Administrative proceedings are conducted without unreasonable delay

6.4 Due process is respected in administrative proceedings

6.5 The Government does not expropriate without adequatecompensation

FACTOR 7: Civil Justice7.1 People can access and afford civil justice7.2 Civil justice is free of discrimination7.3 Civil justice is free of corruption7.4 Civil justice is free of improper government influence7.5 Civil justice is not subject to unreasonable delays7.6 Civil justice is effectively enforced7.7 ADRs are accessible, impartial, and effective

FACTOR 8: Criminal Justice8.1 Criminal investigation system is effective8.2 Criminal adjudication system is timely and effective8.3 Correctional system is effective in reducing criminal behavior8.4 Criminal system is impartial8.5 Criminal system is free of corruption8.6 Criminal system is free of improper government influence8.7 Due process of law and rights of the accused

FACTOR 9: Informal Justice9.1 Informal justice is timely and effective9.2 Informal justice is impartial and free of improper influence9.3 Informal justice respects and protects fundamental rights

FACTOR 1: Limited Government Powers1.1 Government powers are defined in the fundamental law1.2 Government powers are effectively limited by the legislature1.3 Government powers are effectively limited by the judiciary

1.4 Government powers are effectively limited by independent auditingand review

1.5 Government officials are sanctioned for misconduct1.6 Government powers are subject to non-governmental checks1.7 Transition of power is subject to the law

FACTOR 2: Absence of Corruption2.1 Government officials in the executive branch do not use public office

for private gain

2.2 Government officials in the judicial branch do not use public office forprivate gain

2.3 Government officials in the police and the military do not use public office for private gain

2.4 Government officials in the legislative branch do not use public officefor private gain

FACTOR 3: Order and Security3.1 Crime is effectively controlled3.2 Civil conflict is effectively limited3.3 People do not resort to violence to redress personal grievances

FACTOR 4: Fundamental Rights4.1 Equal treatment and absence of discrimination4.2 The right to life and security of the person is effectively guaranteed4.3 Due process of law and rights of the accused4.4 Freedom of opinion and expression is effectively guaranteed4.5 Freedom of belief and religion is effectively guaranteed

4.6 Freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy is effectively guaranteed

4.7 Freedom of assembly and association is effectively guaranteed4.8 Fundamental labor rights are effectively guaranteed

FACTOR 5: Open Government5.1 The laws are publicized and accessible5.2 The laws are stable5.3 Right to petition the government and public participation5.4 Official information is available on request

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Box 4 : The WJP Rule of Law Index methodology in a nutshell

The production of the WJP Rule of Law Index may be summarized in ten steps:

1. The WJP developed the conceptual framework summarized in the Index’s 9 factors and 48 sub-factors, in consultation with academics, practitioners, and community leaders fromaround the world.

2. The Index team developed a set of five questionnaires based on the Index’s conceptualframework, to be administered to experts and the general public. Questionnaires weretranslated into several languages and adapted to reflect commonly used terms and expressions.

3. The team identified, on average, more than 300 potential local experts per country torespond to the qualified respondents’ questionnaires, and engaged the services of leading local polling companies.

4. Polling companies conducted pre-test pilot surveys of the general public in consultation withthe Index team, and launched the final survey.

5. The team sent the questionnaires to local experts and engaged in continual interaction withthem.

6. The Index team collected and mapped the data onto the 48 sub-factors.

7. The Index team constructed the final scores using a five-step process:

a. Codified the questionnaire items as numeric values.

b. Produced raw country scores by aggregating the responses from several individuals(experts or general public).

c. Normalized the raw scores.

d. Aggregated the normalized scores into sub-factors and factors using simple averages.

e. Produced the final rankings using the normalized scores.

8. The data were subject to a series of tests to identify possible biases and errors. For example,the Index team cross-checked all sub-factors against more than 60 third-party sources,including quantitative data and qualitative assessments drawn from local and international organizations.

9. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by the Econometrics and Applied Statistics Unit of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with the Index team, to assessthe statistical reliability of the results.

10. Finally, the data were organized into country reports, tables, and figures to facilitate theirpresentation and interpretation.

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Absence of Corruption

Order and Security

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Fundamental Rights

Open government

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Regulatory enforcement

Civil Justice

Criminal Justice

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Table 1: Countries Indexed in 2012-2013

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Informal Justice

Box 5 : Law in practice vs. law on books

In order to evaluate the rule of law in a given country, it is important to have an understanding of the country’s laws and institutions. However,this is not enough. It is necessary to look not only at the laws as written (de jure) but at how they are actually implemented in practice and experienced by those who are subject to them (de facto). The WJP’s Rule of Law Index methodology focuses entirely on adherence to the rule of lawin practice.

MEASURING THE RULE OF LAW

APPROACH

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DATA AND AGGREGATION

USING THE WJP RULE OF LAW INDEX

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COMPLEMENTARITY WITH OTHER WJP INITIATIVES

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Part II: The Rule of Law Around the World |

Regional Highlights

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AustriaBelgiumCanadaDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceItalyNetherlandsNorwayPortugalSpainSwedenUnited KingdomUnited States

COUNTRIES

AVERAGE RANKINGS FOR: WESTERN EUROPE & NORTH AMERICA

LIMITED GOVERNMENT POWERS

ABSENCE OF CORRUPTION

ORDER AND SECURITY

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

OPEN GOVERNMENT

REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT

CIVIL JUSTICE

CRIMINAL JUSTICE

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17/97

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14/97

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Western Europe & North AmericaCountries in Western Europe and North America tend to outperform most other countries in all dimensions. These countries are characterized by relatively low levels of corruption, open and accountable governments, and effective criminal justice systems. The greatest weakness in Western Europe and North America appears to be related to the accessibility of the civil justice system, especially for marginalized segments of the population. This is an area that requires attention from both policy makers and civil society. While protection of fundamental rights in this region is the highest in the world, police discrimination against foreigners and ethnic minorities is an issue of concern in most countries.

Austria ranks among the top 10 globally in five dimensions of the rule of law and among the top 20 in the remaining categories. The government is accountable and free of corruption, and fundamental rights are strongly protected. Although the country is very open, people in Austria face more difficulties in accessing official documentation than do individuals in most developed nations. The country’s courts are accessible and free of improper influence. However, discrimination by judicial personnel and law enforcement officers against disadvantaged groups is perceived to be a problem.

Belgium ranks in the top 20 worldwide in seven of the eight dimensions measured by the Index. The country scores well in government accountability (ranking sixteenth) and protection of fundamental rights (eleventh), although police discrimination against foreigners

is perceived to be a significant problem. The judicial system is relatively independent, accessible, and affordable. However, judicial delays in civil cases are a source of concern.

Canada performs well in all eight dimensions of the rule of law. The government is accountable (ranking fifteenth), corruption is minimal (ranking twelfth) and the country generally observes fundamental rights (ranking eighteenth), although discrimination against immigrants and the poor is a source of concern. The country is relatively safe from crime, civil courts are accessible and independent, and the criminal justice system is effective in bringing offenders to justice. However, delays in court processes are perceived to be a problem.

Denmark is the world leader in two dimensions—government accountability and criminal justice—and places in the top 10 in all dimensions. Denmark’s public institutions are transparent, efficient, and free of corruption. The

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Box 6 : Equal Access to Justice

As understood by the World Justice Project, access to justice refers to the ability of all peopleto seek and obtain effective remedies through accessible, affordable, impartial, efficient, effective, and culturally competent institutions of justice. Well-functioning dispute resolution systems enable people to protect their rights against infringement by others, including powerful parties and the state.

All around the world, people’s ability to uselegal channels to resolve their disputes is often impeded by obstacles such as financial barriers,language problems, complexity of procedures, or simply lack of knowledge, disempowerment,and exclusion. This problem is not restrictedto developing countries. In many developednations, the formal civil justice systems, althoughindependent and free of improper influence, remain largely inaccessible to disadvantagedgroups.

The cases of Finland and the United States provide an illustrative example. When facinga common civil dispute (in this case, an unpaid debt), most people in Finland, regardless of their socio-economic status, tend to use formaldispute-resolution channels, while only a few choose to take no action. The situation is quite

different in the United States. While high-incomeAmericans behave similarly to the Finnish, low-income people act very differently—only a fewuse the court system (including small-claimscourts), while many take no action to resolvetheir disputes. The variances between countriesmight be attributable to differences in attorney’sfees, availability of legal services, awareness of available remedies, disempowerment, differentinstitutional settings, or differences related tothe organization of the society, to mention justa few. For example, in the United States, amongthe low income litigants, 81% did not seek legal assistance because they felt that they could notafford the lawyer’s fees, compared to 48% of thehigh income litigants. In Finland, this differencebetween high and low income litigants is not aspronounced as in the United States. While thecauses of these patterns are subject to debate,few will disagree with the view that more workis needed to ensure that all people are able tobenefit from a functioning civil justice system.

Figure 2: Use of legal assistance in Finland and in the United States% of respondents who did not use legal assistance because they considered theycould not afford a lawyer’s fees

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Figure 3: Use of formal dispute mechanisms in Finland and the United States% of respondents who filed a lawsuit in court (including small claims court) to resolve a civil dispute vs. % who took no action to resolve the dispute, grouped by household income level

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Figure 1: Access to civil justice in high income countriesScore of factor 7, where 1 signifies higher adherence to the rule of law

NORWAYNETHERLANDS

GERMANYSINGAPORE

FINLANDDENMARK

SWEDENJAPAN

NEW ZEALANDAUSTRIA

AUSTRALIACANADA

REPUBLIC OF KOREAESTONIA

HONG KONG SAR, CHINA

BELGIUM

CZECH REPUBLICSPAIN

PORTUGALGREECE

UAESLOVENIA

POLAND

ITALYHUNGARY

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FRANCE

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COUNTRIESAustraliaCambodiaChinaHong Kong SAR, ChinaIndonesiaJapanRepublic of KoreaMalaysiaMongoliaNew ZealandPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

COUNTRIESAustraliaCambodiaChinaH K SAR Chi

AVERAGE RANKINGS FOR: EAST ASIA & PACIFIC

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

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ABSENCE OF CORRUPTION40/97

ORDER AND SECURITY31/97

OPEN GOVERNMENT42/97

REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT41/97

CIVIL JUSTICE

CRIMINAL JUSTICE

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East Asia & PacificThe East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region is one of the most diverse and complex regions in the world. Taken as a whole, the EAP region falls in the upper half of the global rankings in most categories; however, there are important differences in rule of law outcomes across countries encompassing the region. Wealthy nations, such as Australia, New Zealand, and Japan rank among the top 15 globally in nearly all categories measured by the Index, yet lag behind regional peers in guaranteeing equal treatment to disadvantaged groups. In contrast, middle income countries in the region face challenges in combating corruption, strengthening accountability, and improving how effectively and efficiently government agencies and courts function. In countries such as Malaysia, Vietnam, and China, judicial independence is an area in need of attention, as is the poor record on respect for fundamental rights, including labor rights, freedom of assembly, and freedom of opinion and expression. Accessibility of official information in East Asia and Pacific countries is lower than in other regions of the world.

Australia ranks among the top ten globally in five of the eight dimensions measured by the Index. The civil courts are efficient and independent, although access to affordable legal counsel remains limited, particularly for disadvantaged groups. The country ranks among the best in the world in protecting most fundamental rights, but lags behind most other high income countries in guaranteeing equal treatment and non-discrimination, especially for immigrants and low-income people.

Cambodia is ranked lower than most other countries in the region on all dimensions. The overall legal and institutional environment remains quite weak, which is highlighted by the low scores in key areas, including effective limits on government powers (ranking ninetieth); regulatory enforcement; access to civil justice; and absence of corruption (ranked eighty-fifth). Property rights are very weak, and police abuses remain a significant problem. On the other hand, Cambodia has lower crime rates than most countries in the low income group.

China scores well on public safety, ranking thirty-second overall and fourth among its income peers. The criminal justice system is relatively effective, but compromised by political interference and violations of due process of law. Administrative agencies are lax in enforcing regulations and vulnerable to improper influence (ranking eightieth). The civil court system is relatively speedy and accessible, but judicial

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SOUTH ASIA

LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN

EASTERN EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA

EAST ASIA & PACIFIC

WESTERN EUROPE & NORTH AMERICA

Figure 4: Impunity around the world Regional sub-factor 1.5 scores, where higher marks signify higher adherence to the rule of law

Box 7 : Impunity

The principle that no one is above the law is fundamental to the rule of law, which requires that all people, including government officials and agents, be subject to the same legal rules.In countries where the rule of law is strong,government officials are held accountable for official misconduct. In countries where the rule of law is weak, those who are politically connected are rarely called to account for their misdeeds.

Impunity means denial of justice for systematic human rights violations; it prevents corruptofficials from being disciplined; and it undermines public confidence in the rule of law. The WJPRule of Law Index addresses impunity in Factor 1 under sub-factor 1.5 “Government officialsare sanctioned for misconduct.” The sub-factorapplies to all government officials, whether theyserve in the executive branch, the legislative branch, the judiciary, the police or the military.

To varying degrees, all countries struggle withthe problem of impunity. Worldwide, only 37% of people surveyed by the WJP in 2012 believe

that a high-ranking government officer who isexposed for stealing government money would be prosecuted and punished. But the extent of the problem varies substantially by country and region. In general, Western European and NorthAmerican countries receive the highest scores,followed by East Asia and Pacific, the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Latin America and South Asia are in last place, with 12 of the 16 Latin American countries indexed by the World Justice Project in 2012 ranked in the 30% percentile or lower.

A culture of impunity undermines respect for fundamental rights, breeds corruption, and leadsto a vicious cycle of law-breaking, as it neutralizes the deterrent effect of punishment. Impunity alsoerodes public trust in state institutions, signalsto citizens that laws do not matter, and acts as a drag on development. With so much at risk, more needs be done in every country to hold officials accountable and build a culture that respects therule of law.

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Table 2: Rule of law rankings in Brazil, China, India, and Russia (BRIC Economies)

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COUNTRIES


AVERAGE RANKINGS FOR: EASTERN EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

57/97

52/97

37/97

45/97

51/97

51/97

49/97

50/97

ORDER AND SECURITY



CRIMINAL JUSTICE

CIVIL JUSTICE

OPEN GOVERNMENT

AlbaniaBelarusBosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaCroatiaCzech RepublicEstoniaGeorgiaHungaryKazakhstanKyrgyzstanMacedoniaMoldovaPolandRomaniaRussiaSerbiaSloveniaTurkeyUkraineUzbekistan

Eastern Europe & Central AsiaPerformances vary greatly amongst countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region covered by the Index, with some nations scoring nearly the same as the strongest performers in the world. Accountability remains a major challenge throughout the region, with many countries failing to consolidate adequate systems for curtailing abuse of power. In addition, regulatory agencies and courts are often inefficient and subject to undue influence. The region’s best scores are in the area of order and security, due to relatively low crime rates and limited outbreaks of violence.

Albania has significant problems in a number of rule of law dimensions. Checks on executive power are weak, (ranking seventy-first) and official corruption is pervasive (ranking eighty-fourth). Rules and regulations are difficult to enforce, and the judiciary is plagued by corruption and political interference. Police abuses and harsh conditions at correctional facilities are also significant problems. On the other hand, Albania ranks first among lower middle-income countries in protection of freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.

Belarus outperforms most of its income-level and regional peers in several rule of law dimensions, including order and security (ranking thirty-third globally), regulatory enforcement (ranking thirty-fifth), and civil and criminal justice (ranking twenty-sixth and thirty-fourth), respectively. On the other hand, the country shows severe deficiencies in government accountability (ranking ninety-first), very weak protection of fundamental rights (ranking eighty-fourth) and lack

of governmental openness (ranking eighty-seventh). Major problems include lack of independence of the judiciary and the legislature, severe restrictions on freedom of opinion and expression, privacy, and association, and limitations on citizens’ right to petition the government and to access official information.

Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks second among upper middle income countries in delivering effective criminal justice. The country ranks seventh among its income group in protecting fundamental rights and providing order and security. The country’s weakest performance is in the dimension of civil justice (ranking twentieth among upper middle income countries and sixty-fourth overall), mainly due to severe delays and ineffective enforcement mechanisms. Other areas of concern are official corruption, particularly among the executive and the legislature, lack of effective sanctions for official misconduct, and discrimination against ethnic minorities.

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Middle tercile

Bottom tercile

Not indexed

Factor 6: Effective Regulatory Enforcement

Top tercile

Modern societies use public enforcement of government regulations to ensure thatthe public interest is not subordinated to the private interests of regulated entities. Around the world, regulations vary widelydue to differences in policies, institutional environments, and political choices. Whatever those choices may be, regulations are futile if they are not properly enforced by authorities. Ensuring compliance with regulationsis thus a key feature of the rule of law.Effective regulatory enforcement depends, in turn, on accountability, independence, and transparency to ensure that regulatory institutions act within the limits authorizedby law.

The WJP Rule of Law Index addressesregulatory enforcement in Factor 6. This factor assesses the effectiveness of regulatory enforcement in practice; the absence of improper influence by public officials orprivate interests; adherence to due process in administrative procedures; and the absence of government expropriation of private property without adequate compensation. Rather than

analyzing specific statutes, the Index usessimple scenarios to explore the outcomesassociated with activities that are regulatedin all jurisdictions, such as environmentalstandards, public health, workplaceconditions, and permits and licenses.

Regulatory effectiveness varies greatly acrosscountries (see Figure 5). On a scale between0 and 1, where 1 signifies higher adherenceto the rule of law, the index of regulatoryenforcement has an average value of 0.72 inhigh-income countries, 0.51 in upper middleincome countries, 0.45 in lower-middle incomecountries, and 0.40 in low-income countries.In general, as economies develop, they findmore effective ways to implement existing regulations within the limits imposed by law,but this is not always the case. As countriesengage in regulatory reforms, special effortsshould be made to improve the mechanismsthat are used to guarantee that such laws are implemented and enforced in an efficient,effective, and accountable manner.

Box 8 : Regulatory compliance around the world

Figure 5: Regulatory enforcement around the worldCountries grouped in terciles according to their factor 6 score

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EgyptIranJordanLebanonMoroccoTunisiaUnited Arab Emirates

COUNTRIES

CRIMINAL JUSTICE 54/97

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

OPEN GOVERNMENT

AVERAGE RANKINGS FOR: MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA

53/97

46/97

48/97

76/97

57/97

49/97

46/97



ORDER AND SECURITY

CIVIL JUSTICE


Middle East & North AfricaThe WJP Rule of Law Index 2012-2013 report covers seven countries in the Middle East and North Africa region: Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates. Overall, the region receives middling scores for most factors, although the Arab Spring has put several countries on the road towards establishing governments which are more open and accountable, and functioning systems of checks and balances. Compared to the rest of the world, crime is low. The region’s lowest scores are in the area of fundamental rights due to restrictions on freedom of religion and free speech, and discrimination against women and minorities.

Egypt is in the process of establishing a functioning system of checks and balances (ranked fortieth overall and first in the region) and an open government (ranking fifty-first overall and second in the region). Administrative agencies are inefficient, lax in enforcing regulations, and affected by improper influence. The civil justice system is slow and subject to political pressure. Security is the lowest in the region and people frequently resort to violence to resolve grievances. Violations of fundamental rights, most notably freedom of religion, privacy, due process, and discrimination against women and minorities are also areas of concern.

Iran’s system of law enforcement is relatively strong but is often used as an instrument to perpetrate abuses. The country ranks last in the world on protection of fundamental rights. Government accountability is weak (ranking eighty-fifth globally and last

within the region), and corruption persists. Administrative agencies are relatively effective in enforcing regulations (ranking forty-first overall and eleventh among upper-middle income countries), and courts are accessible and relatively speedy, but subject to political interference.

Jordan is in the top half of the rankings among upper-middle income countries in most dimensions, with relatively high marks in the areas of security, civil and criminal justice, absence of corruption, and effective regulatory enforcement. Property rights are also well protected. Protection of fundamental rights is weak (ranking seventy-fifth), particularly with regard to discrimination and labor rights.

Lebanon ranks first in the region on protection of fundamental rights (ranked thirty-ninth globally), and has relatively effective checks on government power (ranking forty-fourth), including a vibrant civil society and a free media. The country ranks poorly on measures

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Box 9 : Value of Indicators

Indices and indicators are very useful tools. The systematic tracking of infant mortality rates, for instance, has greatly contributed to improving health outcomes around the globe. In a similar fashion, the WJP Rule of Law Index monitors the health of a country’s institutional environment—such as whether government officials are accountable under the law, andwhether legal institutions protect fundamental rights and provide ordinary people access tojustice. By producing independent, comprehensive, and policy-oriented rule of law indicatorsworldwide, the Index aims to be a reliable source of impartial data that can be used to measureand assess a nation’s adherence to the rule of law in practice, and help identify priorities forreform. In these ways, the Index can be a powerful tool for mobilizing efforts by policymakers and civil society to strengthen the rule of law.

One example of the usefulness of the Index in informing policy debates comes from thework of the WJP in Tunisia. In May 2012, the WJP hosted a small, country-level workshop inTunis, which convened more than two dozen well-placed representatives of Tunisia’s civilsociety, government, media, and business sectors to come together to assess rule of law challenges facing Tunisia and develop recommendations for the country’s ongoing reformprocess in the aftermath of the Tunisian revolution. At the meeting, new polling data fromthe WJP Rule of Law Index was used to help identify strengths and weaknesses of the rule of law in Tunisia. Workshop participants discussed the transition in Tunisia in light of the Index findings and international examples of constitutional transition processes in Afghanistan,Spain, Colombia, and South Africa. They developed a set of recommendations and presented them to the press and to Tunisian government leaders.

The outcome of this engagement was a document both produced and owned by Tunisians, which discussed the importance of the rule of law to Tunisia’s historic transition. This projectexemplifies the value of indices and indicators in informing policy discussions and the transformative power of multidisciplinary collaboration in strengthening the rule of law.

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ORDER AND SECURITY

OPEN GOVERNMENT


CIVIL JUSTICE

AVERAGE RANKINGS FOR: LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

56/97

57/97

72/97

49/97

52/97

54/97

63/97


COUNTRIESArgentinaBoliviaBrazilChileColombiaDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGuatemalaJamaicaMexicoNicaraguaPanamaPeruUruguayVenezuela

Latin America & the CaribbeanLatin America presents a picture of sharp contrasts. In spite of recent movements toward openness and political freedoms that have positioned many countries at the forefront of protecting basic rights and civil liberties, the region’s public institutions remain fragile. Corruption and a lack of government accountability are still prevalent, and the perception of impunity remains widespread. Furthermore, public institutions in Latin America are not as efficient as those of countries in other regions, and police forces struggle to provide protection from crime and to punish perpetrators for abuses. Crime rates in Latin American countries are the highest in the world and their criminal investigation and adjudication systems rank among the worst.

Argentina faces challenges in many dimensions of the rule of law. Government accountability is weak, partly because of the poor performance of government agencies in investigating allegations of misconduct, as well as political interference with law enforcement agencies and the judiciary. Regulatory agencies are perceived as ineffective (ranking seventy-fifth globally and fourth to last in the region) and property rights are weak. Another area of concern is the high incidence of crime. In contrast, Argentina performs well on protection of fundamental rights, including freedom of religion and freedom of assembly and association. The court system, although slow and not fully independent, is relatively accessible.

Bolivia is one of the weakest performers in the region in many dimensions

of the rule of law. The country faces challenges in terms of transparency and accountability of public institutions, reflecting a climate characterized by impunity, corruption, and political interference. The judicial system is inefficient and affected by corruption. The country performs poorly in the areas of discrimination and respect for fundamental rights, most notably freedom of opinion and expression. Property rights are weak, and police abuses are a significant problem. Bolivia’s best performance is in the area of order and security, where it ranks sixty-third globally, and fourth among its regional peers.

Brazil follows Chile and Uruguay as the third-best performer in the region and has the highest marks overall among the BRIC economies. The country has a good system of checks on executive power (ranked thirty-fifth), although a perceived culture of impunity among government officials is a source of concern. Fundamental rights are generally respected, with Brazil ranking

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Figure 6: Burglary rates in Latin America% of people who have experienced a burglary

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Figure 7: Conviction rates in Latin America% of perpetrators of burglaries who are captured, prosecuted, and punished

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PAN

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CH

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Crime rates in Latin America are among the highest in the world (Figure 6). Although there are many different contributing factors, one of the most important relates to deficiencies in the criminal justice system. A well-functioning criminal justice system serves to inhibit crime by providing strong disincentives to potential lawbreakers. An ineffective and corrupt system, on the otherhand, provides little deterrence to criminal behavior.

With high crime rates prevalent throughout Latin America, the state of the region’s criminal justice system is a cause for concern. Criminal investigations in much of the region are ineffective and criminal adjudications are often unreliable, resulting in low arrest and conviction rates (Figure 7). Systemic corruption among judges and law enforcement officials (second only to sub-Saharan Africa) adds to the problem. In manycountries, the possibility for offenders to buy

their way out of punishment renders theentire system toothless. Moreover, in manycountries, when perpetrators are caughtand imprisoned, they continue to engagein criminal activity from within the prisonsystem. Sub-factor 8.3 measures whether acountry’s correctional system is effective inreducing criminal behavior. Latin Americaranks last overall, and contains seven of the 13 weakest performers.

An ineffective criminal justice system undermines public confidence and canlead to the adoption of harsh measuresthat violate rights without enhancingpublic safety. Reducing crime rates in Latin America requires, among other things,comprehensive reform of the criminaljustice system that embraces all the actorsin order to build a system that deters crime and incapacitates offenders whilerespecting human rights.

Box 10 : Crime rates in Latin America

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ORDER AND SECURITY

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

OPEN GOVERNMENT


CIVIL JUSTICE

AVERAGE RANKINGS FOR: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

63/97

67/97

71/97

68/97

70/97

68/97

58/97


BotswanaBurkina FasoCameroonCôte d’IvoireEthiopiaGhanaKenyaLiberiaMadagascarMalawiNigeriaSenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaTanzaniaUgandaZambiaZimbabwe

COUNTRIES

Sub-Saharan AfricaWhen examined holistically as a region, Sub-Saharan Africa (AFR) lags behind other regions around the world in nearly all dimensions of the rule of law. Despite ongoing reforms, many countries lack adequate checks on executive authority, and government accountability is also weak. Many public institutions and courts throughout the region are inefficient and vulnerable to undue influence. Crime and vigilante justice also weigh heavily on the region. Although the region’s record on fundamental rights is mixed, most countries do relatively well in protecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, religion, and assembly. Top performers in the region include Botswana and Ghana, which have begun to outperform some higher income countries in several dimensions.

Botswana ranks first in the region in all dimensions of the rule of law but one. There is an effective system of checks and balances, including an independent judiciary and a free press. Corruption is minimal and all branches of government operate effectively. Fundamental rights are generally respected (ranking fifth in the region), although limitations on the right to privacy and discrimination against immigrants and ethnic minorities are areas of concern. Although the civil and criminal justice systems compare favorably to other countries in the region, delays and the poor condition of correctional facilities are areas in need of attention.

Burkina Faso outperforms most of its regional and income peers in all but one dimension of the rule of law. As compared to other countries in the region, the country scores well in the areas of

regulatory enforcement and civil justice, ranking third and fourth in the region, respectively. The country also performs relatively well in freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, and protection of fundamental labor rights. The country ranks seventy-ninth in government accountability due to the lack of rigorous checks on the executive and political interference among the different branches of government. Although not as pervasive as in other parts of Africa, corruption is commonplace, and crime and vigilante justice are significant challenges. The criminal justice system also requires attention (ranking sixty-third overall and ninth within the region), particularly as concerns the lack of due process and harsh conditions in correctional facilities.

Cameroon lags behind its regional and income peers in most categories. The country faces challenges in terms of accountability and the functioning of public institutions. Checks and balances are poor (ranking ninety-fourth overall

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Box 11 : Fundamental Rights

Upper quartile

Lower quartile

Bottom quartile

Not indexed

Factor 4: Fundamental Rights

Top quartile

Figure 8: Fundamental Rights around the worldCountries grouped in quartiles according to their Factor 4 score.

In 1948, the United Nations General Assemblyadopted the Universal Declaration of HumanRights. Its Preamble explicitly recognizes thecentrality of fundamental rights to the ruleof law, stating that “it is essential, if man isnot to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny andoppression, that human rights should beprotected by the rule of law.”

The WJP Rule of Law Index addresses protectionof fundamental rights in Factor 4, measuringhow effectively countries uphold and protecta menu of rights and freedoms that are firmlyestablished under international law. These include: the right to equal treatment and the

absence of discrimination, the right to life and security of the person, due process of law andrights of the accused, freedom of opinion andexpression, freedom of belief and religion, theabsence of arbitrary interference with privacy,freedom of assembly and association, and the protection of fundamental labor rights.

Figure 8 illustrates the wide variations from region to region in the extent to whichfundamental rights are given effectiveprotection.

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COUNTRIESBangladeshIndiaNepalPakistanSri Lanka



ORDER AND SECURITY

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

OPEN GOVERNMENT


CIVIL JUSTICE

AVERAGE RANKINGS FOR: SOUTH ASIA

60/97

75/97

82/97

69/97

75/97

81/97


71/97

South Asia

Although many countries in the region have made efforts to strengthen governance, South Asia, as a region, is the weakest performer overall in most dimensions of the rule of law. These countries are characterized by high levels of corruption and a lack of government accountability. Administrative agencies are inefficient and civil courts are slow. Civil conflict and insecurity are major threats to stability and progress. The region has relatively low crime rates. Criminal justice systems, although not without problems, perform slightly better than those in other regions of the world.

Bangladesh scores poorly in government accountability (ranking eighty-third globally and twelfth among low-income countries), and administrative agencies and courts are extremely inefficient and corrupt. The country faces serious challenges in the dimension of civil justice, in which it ranks last in the world, mainly because of the lengthy duration of cases and judicial corruption. Human rights violations and police abuses are also a significant problem. Bangladesh’s best performance is in the area of order and security, where it ranks seventy-second globally and ninth among low-income countries. The country has lower crime rates than many countries with higher levels of economic development, although mob justice is a persistent problem.

India has a robust system of checks and balances (ranked thirty-seventh worldwide and second among lower middle income countries), an independent judiciary, strong protections for freedom of speech, and a relatively open

government (ranking fiftieth globally and fourth among lower-middle income countries). Administrative agencies do not perform well (ranking seventy-ninth), and the civil court system ranks poorly (ranking seventy-eighth), mainly because of deficiencies in the areas of court congestion, enforcement, and delays in processing cases. Corruption is a significant problem (ranking eighty-third), and police discrimination and abuses are not unusual. Order and security — including crime, civil conflict, and political violence— is a serious concern (ranked second lowest in the world).

Nepal outperforms its regional peers and most other low income countries in several dimensions of the rule of law. The country’s best scores are in the areas of criminal justice (ranking first among low income countries and second in the region), protection of fundamental rights (ranking third among low income countries and second in the region), and absence of crime. Rule of law areas of particular concern in the c o u n t r y

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Country Profiles |

HOW TO READ THE COUNTRY PROFILES

1 Section 1—Scores for the Rule of Law Factors

2 Section 2— Disaggregated Scores

Country Profiles

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Highest possible score (1.00)Highest possible score (1.00)

A sub-factor is representedby a radius from the center of the circle to theperiphery

Lowest possible score (0.00)Lowest possible score (0.00)

Purple Line: Featured Country

Green Line: Regional Peers Regional Peers

Orange Line: Income level PeersIncome-level Peers

HOW TO READ THE COUNTRY PROFILES

2 Section 2

1 Section 1

CO

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59

1. WJP Rule of Law Index

53% Urban 19% in threelargest cities

3m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income

2. Scores for all WJP Rule of Law Index sub-factors In each graph, a sub-factor is represented by a radius from the center of the circle to the periphery. The center of each circle corresponds to the lowest possiblescore for each sub-factor (0.00); the outer edge of the circle marks the highest possible score (1.00).

WJP RULE OF LAW INDEX FACTORS SCOREGLOBAL

RANKINGREGIONALRANKING

INCOME GROUP RANKING

Factor 1: Limited Government Powers

Factor 2: Absence of Corruption

Factor 3: Order and Security


Factor 5: Open Government

Factor 6: Regulatory Enforcement

Factor 7: Civil Justice

Factor 8: Criminal Justice

Eastern Europe & Central Asia

Region

ALBANIA

Key Lower middle income Eastern Europe & Central AsiaTop Score

Accountable Government

Open Government and Regulatory Enforcement

Delivery of Justice

Albania

Tirana, Durres, Elbasan

5.1 Laws are publicized

5.2 The laws are stable

5.3 Right to petition and publicparticipation

5.4 Officialinformation is available

6.1 Governmentregulations effectivelyenforced

6.2 Government regulationsapplied without improperinfluence

6.3Administrativeproceedingsconductedwithoutunreasonabledelay

6.4 Due process inadministrative proceedings

6.5 The government does not expropriatewithout adequate compensation

0.0

1.0

0.5

8.4 Criminalsystem is free of discrimination

7.2 Civil justice is free of discrimination

7.3 Civil justice is free of corruption

7.4 Civil justice isfree of impropergovernmentinfluence

7.5 Civil justiceis not subject to unreasonable delays

7.6 Civil justice is effectively enforced

7.7 ADRs are accessible,impartial, and effective

8.1 Criminal investigation system is effective

8.2 Criminal adjudicationsystem is timely and effective

8.3 Correctionalsystem is effective

8.6 Criminal systemis free of improper governmentinfluence

8.5 Criminal system is free of corruption

8.7 Due process of law

4.4 Freedom of opinion and expression

4.6 Arbitrary interference of privacy

4.5 Freedom of belief and religion


4.2 Right to life and security of the person

4.1 Equal treatment and absence of discrimination

3.3 People do not resortto violenceto redresspersonalgrievances

3.2 Civil conflict iseffectively limited

3.1 Absence of crime

4.7 Freedom of assembly and association

4.8 Fundamental labor rights

Security and Fundamental Rights

0.0

1.0

0.5

2.1 Absence of corruption in theexecutive branch

2.3 Absence of corruption by the police andthe military

2.2 Absence of corruption in the judicial branch

1.7 Transition of power subject to the law

1.6 Government powersare subject to non-governmental checks

1.5 Government officialssanctioned for misconduct

1.4 Independentauditing andreview

1.3 Government powerslimited by the judiciary

1.2 Government powers limited by legislature

0.0

1.0

0.5

2.4 Absence of corruption in the legislative branch

7.1 People have access to affordable civil justice

0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

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93% Urban 13% in three largest cities

42m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome













Latin America & Caribbean

Region

ARGENTINA

Key Upper middle income Latin America & CaribbeanTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Argentina

Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Rosario










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

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61


89% Urban50% in threelargest cities

22m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













Pacific

Region

AUSTRALIA

Key High income East Asia & PacificTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Australia

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

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8m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













& North America

Region

AUSTRIA

Key High income Western Europe & North AmericaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Austria

Vienna, Graz, Linz










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

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PR

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USTR

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63



161m (2012)

Population

Low Income













South AsiaRegion

BANGLADESH

Key Low income South AsiaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Bangladesh

Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

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9m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

BELARUS

Key Upper middle income Eastern Europe & Central AsiaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Belarus

Minsk, Gomel, Mogilev










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

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TRY

PR

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ELARU

S

65


97% Urban18% in three largest cities

10m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













& North America

Region

BELGIUM




Delivery of Justice

Belgium

Brussels, Antwerp, Gent










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

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10m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income














Region

BOLIVIA

Key Lower middle income Latin America & CaribbeanTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Bolivia

La Paz, Santa Cruz, Cochabamba










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | B

OLIV

IA

67



4m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA




Delivery of Justice

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Tuzla










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

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2m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

BOTSWANA

Key Upper middle income Sub-Saharan AfricaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Botswana

Gaborone, Francistown, Molepolole










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | B

OTSW

AN

A

69



199m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

BRAZIL




Delivery of Justice

Brazil

São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

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7m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

BULGARIA




Delivery of Justice

Bulgaria

Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | B

ULG

AR

IA

71



17m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

BURKINA FASO

Key Low income Sub-Saharan AfricaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Burkina Faso

Ouagadougou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Dedougou










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

72



15m (2012)

Population

Low Income













East Asia & Pacific

Region

CAMBODIA

Key Low income East Asia & PacificTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Cambodia

Phnom Penh, Battambang, Kampong Cham










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | C

AM

BO

DIA

73



20m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

CAMEROON

Key Lower middle income Sub-Saharan AfricaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Cameroon

Douala, Yaoundé, Bamenda










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

74



34m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













Western Europe & North America

Region

CANADA




Delivery of Justice

Canada

Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | C

AN

AD

A

75



17m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

CHILE




Delivery of Justice

Chile

Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepcion










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

76



1343m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome













East Asia & Pacific

Region

CHINA

Key Upper middle income East Asia & PacificTop Score



Delivery of Justice

China

Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | C

HIN

A

77



45m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

COLOMBIA




Delivery of Justice

Colombia

Bogota, Medellin, Cali










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

78



22m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

COTE D’IVOIRE




Delivery of Justice

Cote d’Ivoire

Abidjan, Bouake, San Pedro










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | C

OTE D

’IVO

IRE

79



4m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

CROATIA

Key High income Eastern Europe & Central AsiaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Croatia

Zagreb, Split, Rijeka










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

80



10m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

CZECH REPUBLIC




Delivery of Justice

Czech Republic

Prague, Brno, Ostrava










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | C

ZEC

H R

EPUB

LIC

81



6m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

DENMARK




Delivery of Justice

Denmark

Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

82



10m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC




Delivery of Justice

Dominican Republic

Gran Santo Domingo, Santiago de los Caballeros, San Cristobal










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | D

OM

INIC

AN

REPU

BLIC

83



15m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

ECUADOR




Delivery of Justice

Ecuador

Quito, Cuenca, Guayaquil










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

84



84m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













Middle East &North Africa

Region

EGYPT

Key Lower middle income Middle East & North AfricaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Egypt

Cairo, Alexandria, Giza










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | EG

YPT

85



6m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income














Region

EL SALVADOR




Delivery of Justice

El Salvador

San Salvador, Soyapango, Santa Ana










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

86



1m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

ESTONIA




Delivery of Justice

Estonia

Tallinn, Tartu, Narva










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | ESTO

NIA

87



91m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

ETHIOPIA




Delivery of Justice

Ethiopia

Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Mek’ele










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

88



5m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

FINLAND




Delivery of Justice

Finland

Helsinki, Tempere, Turku










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | FIN

LAN

D

89



65m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

FRANCE




Delivery of Justice

France

Paris, Marseille, Lyon










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

90



5m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income














Region

GEORGIA




Delivery of Justice

Georgia

Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | G

EOR

GIA

91



81m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













& North America

Region

GERMANY




Delivery of Justice

Germany

Berlin, Hamburg, Munich










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

92



25m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

GHANA




Delivery of Justice

Ghana

Accra, Kumasi, Tamale










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | G

HA

NA

93



11m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

GREECE




Delivery of Justice

Greece

Athens, Salonica, Patras










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

94



14m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income














Region

GUATEMALA




Delivery of Justice

Guatemala

Guatemala City, Villa Nueva, Mixco










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | G

UA

TEMA

LA

95



7m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













East Asia & Pacific

Region

HONG KONG SAR, CHINA




Delivery of Justice

Hong Kong SAR, China

Hong Kong










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

96



10m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

HUNGARY




Delivery of Justice

Hungary

Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | H

UN

GA

RY

97



1205m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













South AsiaRegion

INDIA

Key Lower middle income South AsiaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

India

Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

98



249m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













East Asia & Pacific

Region

INDONESIA

Key Lower middle income East Asia & PacificTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Indonesia

Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | IN

DO

NESIA

99



78m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

IRAN

Key Upper middle income Middle East & North AfricaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Iran

Teheran, Mashad, Isfahan










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

100



61m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

ITALY




Delivery of Justice

Italy

Rome, Milan, Naples










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | ITA

LY

101



3m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

JAMAICA




Delivery of Justice

Jamaica

Kingston, Portmore, Spanish Town










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

102



127m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













East Asia & Pacific

Region

JAPAN




Delivery of Justice

Japan

Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | JA

PAN

103



7m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

JORDAN




Delivery of Justice

Jordan

Amman, Irbid, Zarqa










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

104



17m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

KAZAKHSTAN




Delivery of Justice

Kazakhstan

Almaty, Astana, Shymkent










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | KA

ZA

KHSTA

N

105



43m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

KENYA




Delivery of Justice

Kenya

Nairobi, Mombasa, Nakuru










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

106



5m (2012)

Population

Low Income














Region

KYRGYZSTAN

Key Low income Eastern Europe & Central AsiaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Kyrgyzstan

Bishkek, Osh, Jalalabad










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | KYR

GYZ

STAN

107



4m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

LEBANON




Delivery of Justice

Lebanon

Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

108



4m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

LIBERIA




Delivery of Justice

Liberia

Monrovia










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | LIB

ERIA

109



2m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

MACEDONIA




Delivery of Justice

Macedonia

Skopje, Bitola, Kumanovo,










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

110



22m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

MADAGASCAR




Delivery of Justice

Madagascar

Antananarivo, Antsirabe, Toamasina










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | M

AD

AG

ASC

AR

111



16m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

MALAWI




Delivery of Justice

Malawi

Lilongwe, Blantyre, Mzuzu










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

112



29m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome













East Asia & Pacific

Region

MALAYSIA




Delivery of Justice

Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Johor Bahru










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | M

ALA

YSIA

113



115m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

MEXICO




Delivery of Justice

Mexico

Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

114



4m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income














Region

MOLDOVA




Delivery of Justice

Moldova

Chisinau, Balti, Cahul










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | M

OLD

OV

A

115



3m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













East Asia & Pacific

Region

MONGOLIA




Delivery of Justice

Mongolia

Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, Darkhan










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

116



32m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income














Region

MOROCCO

Key Lower middle income Middle East & North AfricaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Morocco

Casablanca, Rabat, Fes










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | M

ORO

CC

O

117



30m (2012)

Population

Low Income













South AsiaRegion

NEPAL

Key Low income South AsiaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

Nepal

Kathmandu, Morang, Rupandehi










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

118



17m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

NETHERLANDS




Delivery of Justice

Netherlands

Amsterdam, s’Gravenhage, Rotterdam










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | N

ETHER

LAN

DS

119



4m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













East Asia & Pacific

Region

NEW ZEALAND




Delivery of Justice

New Zealand

Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

120



6m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income














Region

NICARAGUA




Delivery of Justice

Nicaragua

Managua, León, Esteli










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | N

ICA

RA

GU

A

121



170m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

NIGERIA




Delivery of Justice

Nigeria

Lagos, Kano, Ibadan










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

122



5m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

NORWAY




Delivery of Justice

Norway

Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | N

OR

WA

Y

123



190m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













South AsiaRegion

PAKISTAN




Delivery of Justice

Pakistan

Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

124



4m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

PANAMA




Delivery of Justice

Panama

Panama City, Colón, David Chiriquí










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | PA

NA

MA

125



30m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

PERU




Delivery of Justice

Peru

Lima, Trujillo, Arequipa










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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ULE

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LAW

IND

EX

126



104m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













East Asia & Pacific

Region

PHILIPPINES




Delivery of Justice

Philippines

Manila, Davao, Cebu










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | PH

ILIPPINES

127



38m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

POLAND




Delivery of Justice

Poland

Warsaw, Lodz, Cracow










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

128



11m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

PORTUGAL




Delivery of Justice

Portugal

Lisbon, Porto, Braga










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | PO

RTUG

AL

129



49m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













East Asia & Pacific

Region

REPUBLIC OF KOREA




Delivery of Justice

Republic of Korea

Seoul, Busan, Incheon










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

130



22m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

ROMANIA




Delivery of Justice

Romania

Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Iasi










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | RO

MA

NIA

131



142m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

RUSSIA




Delivery of Justice

Russia

Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

132



13m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

SENEGAL




Delivery of Justice

Senegal

Dakar, Thies, Diourbel










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | SEN

EGA

L

133



7m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

SERBIA




Delivery of Justice

Serbia

Belgrade, Novi Sad,Nis










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

134



5m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

SIERRA LEONE




Delivery of Justice

Sierra Leone

Freetown, Kenema, Makeni










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | SIER

RA

LEON

E

135



5m (2012)

Population

HighIncome













East Asia & Pacific

Region

SINGAPORE




Delivery of Justice

Singapore

Singapore










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

136



2m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

SLOVENIA




Delivery of Justice

Slovenia

Ljubljana, Maribor, Celje










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | SLO

VEN

IA

137



49m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

SOUTH AFRICA

Key Upper middle income Sub-Saharan AfricaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

South Africa

Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

138



47m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

SPAIN




Delivery of Justice

Spain

Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0 1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | SPA

IN

139



21m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













South AsiaRegion

SRI LANKA




Delivery of Justice

Sri Lanka

Colombo, Negombo, Kandy










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

140



9m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

SWEDEN




Delivery of Justice

Sweden

Stockholm, Goteborg, Malmo










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | SW

EDEN

141



43m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

TANZANIA




Delivery of Justice

Tanzania

Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Shinyanga










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

142



67m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome













East Asia & Pacific

Region

THAILAND




Delivery of Justice

Thailand

Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pak Kret










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | TH

AILA

ND

143



11m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

TUNISIA




Delivery of Justice

Tunisia

Tunis, Sfax, Sousse










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

144



80m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

TURKEY




Delivery of Justice

Turkey

Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | TU

RKEY

145



5m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Key High income Middle East & North AfricaTop Score



Delivery of Justice

United Arab Emirates

Dubai, Sharjah, Abu-Dhabi










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

146



34m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

UGANDA




Delivery of Justice

Uganda

Kampala, Mukono, Wakiso










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | U

GA

ND

A

147



45m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income














Region

UKRAINE




Delivery of Justice

Ukraine

Kiev, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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OF

LAW

IND

EX

148



63m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

UNITED KINGDOM




Delivery of Justice

United Kingdom

London, Birmingham, Glasgow










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | U

NITED

KING

DO

M

149



314m (2012)

Population

HighIncome














Region

UNITED STATES




Delivery of Justice

United States

New York, Los Angeles, Chicago










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

150



3m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

URUGUAY




Delivery of Justice

Uruguay

Montevideo, Salto, Paysandu










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | U

RUG

UA

Y

151



28m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income














Region

UZBEKISTAN




Delivery of Justice

Uzbekistan

Fergana, Samarkand, Tashkent










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

E W

JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

152



28m (2012)

Population

Upper middleIncome














Region

VENEZUELA




Delivery of Justice

Venezuela

Caracas, Maracaibo, Barquisimeto










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | V

ENEZ

UELA

153



92m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













East Asia & Pacific

Region

VIETNAM




Delivery of Justice

Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Noi, Hai Phong










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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JP R

ULE

OF

LAW

IND

EX

154



14m (2012)

Population

Lower middle Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

ZAMBIA




Delivery of Justice

Zambia

Lusaka, Kitwe, Ndola










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

CO

UN

TRY

PR

OFILES | Z

AM

BIA

155



13m (2012)

Population

Low Income













Sub-SaharanAfrica

Region

ZIMBABWE




Delivery of Justice

Zimbabwe

Harare, Bulawayo, Chitungwiza










0.0

1.0

0.5


























0.0

1.0

0.5










0.0

1.0

0.5



0.5

1.0

0.0

0.5

| TH

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LAW

IND

EX

156

Data Tables |

Countries Ranked by FactorFACTOR 1: LIMITED GOVERNMENT POWERS FACTOR 2: ABSENCE OF CORRUPTION

| Th

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dex

158

FACTOR 3: ORDER AND SECURITY FACTOR 4: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| CO

UN

TR

IES

RA

NK

ED

BY

FA

CT

OR

159

FACTOR 5:OPEN GOVERNMENT FACTOR 6: REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT

| Th

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dex

160

FACTOR 7: CIVIL JUSTICE FACTOR 8: CRIMINAL JUSTICE

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| CO

UN

TR

IES

RA

NK

ED

BY

FA

CT

OR

161

FA

CT

OR

1:

LIM

ITE

D G

OV

ER

NM

EN

T P

OW

ER

S

Factors & Subfactors

| Th

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dex

162

FA

CT

OR

1:

LIM

ITE

D G

OV

ER

NM

EN

T P

OW

ER

S

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| FA

CT

OR

S &

SU

BF

AC

TO

RS

163

FA

CT

OR

2:

AB

SE

NC

E O

F C

OR

RU

PT

ION

| Th

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dex

164

FA

CT

OR

2:

AB

SE

NC

E O

F C

OR

RU

PT

ION D

AT

A T

AB

LE

S | F

AC

TO

RS

& S

UB

FA

CT

OR

S

165

FA

CT

OR

3:

OR

DE

R A

ND

SE

CU

RIT

Y

| Th

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dex

166

FA

CT

OR

3:

OR

DE

R A

ND

SE

CU

RIT

Y

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| FA

CT

OR

S &

SU

BF

AC

TO

RS

167

FA

CT

OR

4:

FU

ND

AM

EN

TA

L R

IGH

TS

| Th

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dex

168

FA

CT

OR

4:

FU

ND

AM

EN

TA

L R

IGH

TS

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| FA

CT

OR

S &

SU

BF

AC

TO

RS

169

FA

CT

OR

5:O

PE

N G

OV

ER

NM

EN

T

| Th

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ule

of L

aw In

dex

170

FA

CT

OR

5:O

PE

N G

OV

ER

NM

EN

T

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| FA

CT

OR

S &

SU

BF

AC

TO

RS

171

FA

CT

OR

6: R

EG

UL

AT

OR

Y E

NF

OR

CE

ME

NT

| Th

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dex

172

FA

CT

OR

6: R

EG

UL

AT

OR

Y E

NF

OR

CE

ME

NT D

AT

A T

AB

LE

S | F

AC

TO

RS

& S

UB

FA

CT

OR

S

173

FA

CT

OR

7:

CIV

IL J

US

TIC

E

| Th

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JP R

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of L

aw In

dex

174

FA

CT

OR

7:

CIV

IL J

US

TIC

E

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| FA

CT

OR

S &

SU

BF

AC

TO

RS

175

FA

CT

OR

8:

CR

IMIN

AL

JU

ST

ICE

FA

CT

OR

8:

CR

IMIN

AL

JU

ST

ICE

| Th

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dex

176

FA

CT

OR

8:

CR

IMIN

AL

JU

ST

ICE

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| FA

CT

OR

S &

SU

BF

AC

TO

RS

177

Rankings by Income

Upper Middle Income

High Income

The following tables include countries and their ranking for their specific income group.

| Th

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178

Low Income

Lower Middle Income

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| RA

NK

ING

S B

Y IN

CO

ME

179

Rankings by Region

East Asia & Pacific



The following tables include countries and their ranking for their specific region.

| Th

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dex

180

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America & the Caribbean

Middle East & North Africa

South Asia

DA

TA

TA

BL

ES

| RA

NK

ING

S B

Y R

EG

ION

181

Data Notes |

OUTCOMES VS. INPUTS

Data Notes

DA

TA

NO

TE

S |

185

LAW IN PRACTICE VS. LAW ON THE BOOKS

A NEW DATA SET

»

»

| Th

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186

Table 3: City Coverage and polling methodology in the 97 indexed countries

DA

TA

NO

TE

S |

187

COMBINING SEVERAL QUESTIONS TO MEASURE A COMPLEX CONCEPT

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188

BUILDING INDICATORS

DATA VALIDATION AND CROSS-CHECKS

LIMITATIONS

DA

TA

NO

TE

S |

189

OTHER METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

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190

Part III: JRC audit on the WJP Rule of Law Index 2012-2013 |

SUMMARY

CONCEPTUAL AND STATISTICAL COHERENCE IN THE WJP RULE OF LAW FRAMEWORK

Statistical AuditMICHAELA SAISANA AND ANDREA SALTELLI

European Commission Joint Research Centre (Ispra, Italy)

PA

RT

III: JRC

AU

DIT

ON

TH

E W

JP R

UL

E O

F L

AW

IND

EX

20

12-2

013 | S

TA

TIS

TIC

AL

AU

DIT

193

| Th

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dex

194

IMPACT OF MODELING ASSUMPTIONS ON THE WJP RULE OF LAW INDEX RESULTS

Source: Saisana and Saltelli, European Commission Joint Research Centre; WJP Rule of Law 2012-2013.Notes: (1) Numbers represent the kernel estimates of the Pearson correlation ratio (n2), as in Paruolo et al., 2012. Min-max estimates for the n2 derive from the choice of the smoothing parameter. (2) Sub-factors that have much lower contribution to the variance of the relevant Dimension scores thanthe equal weighting expectation are marked with an asterisk. (3) D1: Limited Government Powers, D2: Absence of Corruption, D3: Order and Security,D4: Fundamental Rights, D5: Open Government, D6: Regulatory Enforcement, D7: Civil Justice, D8: Criminal Justice.

Table 4: Importance measures (variance-based) for the 44 sub-factors in the eight dimensions of the WJP Rule of Law Index 2012-2013

PA

RT

III: JRC

AU

DIT

ON

TH

E W

JP R

UL

E O

F L

AW

IND

EX

20

12-2

013 | S

TA

TIS

TIC

AL

AU

DIT

195

Source: Saisana and Saltelli, European Commission Joint Research Centre; WJP Rule of Law 2012-2013.

Table 5: Uncertainty parameters (missing values, weights and aggregation function)

| Th

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196

Figure 9: Uncertainty analysis(WJP dimension ranks vs. median rank, 90% intervals)

OR

DER

AN

D S

ECU

RIT

Y (

D3)

— WJP D3 RANK

JORDAN

INDONESIA

IRAN

JAMAICA

PHILIPPINESETHIOPIAETHIOPIA

SRI LANKA

COUNTRIES

AB

SEN

CE

OF

CO

RR

UP

TIO

N(D

2)

— WJP D2 RANK

COUNTRIES

THAILAND

Source: Saisana and Saltelli, European Commission Joint Research Centre; WJP Rule of Law 2012-2013.Notes: Countries with wide intervals –more than 15 positions– across 4,000 simulations related to estimation of missing data, weighting and aggregation formula are flagged.

PA

RT

III: JRC

AU

DIT

ON

TH

E W

JP R

UL

E O

F L

AW

IND

EX

20

12-2

013 | S

TA

TIS

TIC

AL

AU

DIT

197

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

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dex

198

PA

RT

III: JRC

AU

DIT

ON

TH

E W

JP R

UL

E O

F L

AW

IND

EX

20

12-2

013 | S

TA

TIS

TIC

AL

AU

DIT

199

Part IV: Contributing Experts |

Contributing Experts

PA

RT

IV: C

ON

TR

IBU

TIN

G E

XP

ER

TS

|

203

ALBANIA

Ervin BanoTonucci & Partners

Jona BicaKalo & Associates

Raimonda BozoTirana Legal Aid Society (TLAS)

Jonida BrajaWolf Theiss

Dorant EkmekaçiuHoxha, Memi & Hoxha

Sokol ElmazajBoga & Associates

Valbona GjoncariBoga & Associates

Shirli Gorenca GorencaKalo & Associates

Emel HaxhillariKalo & Associates

Eris HoxhaHoxha, Memi & Hoxha

Ilir JohollariHoxha, Memi & Hoxha

Andi MemiHoxha, Memi & Hoxha

Blerta NeshoWolf Theiss

Anteo PapaOptima Legal & Financial

Artila RamaBoga & Associates

Klodian RjepajMinistry of Health

Genci Terpo

Gerhard VelajBoga & Associates

Anonymous Contributors

ARGENTINA

Valeria AmelongSanatorio de Niños

Alejo Baca CastexG. Breuer

Fernando BaschGuillermo Jorge & Asociados

Paola BergalloUniversidad de San Andrés

Marcelo Bombau

Federico A. Borzi CirilliDefensas Penales

Diego CarboneAlesina Gatti Taubas Bellani Carbone Vibes Abogados

Hernán Jorge DanziEstudio Juridico Penal Danzi

Roberto DurrieuEstudio Durrieu Abogados

Alberto Justo GilesColegio de Abogadosde la Provincia de Buenos Aires

Adrián GoldinSociedad Internacional de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social

Gonzalo HernándezM. & M. Bomchil

Santiago LegarrePontificia Universidad Católica Argentina

Jorge Luis LeguizaUniversidad ISALUD

Monica LupiSanchez Lupi & Assoc.

Gabriel Alejandro Martoglio

Pablo MazzaMinisterio de Salud de la Nacion

Rosa María OllerEstudio Jurídico Oller López & Asoc.

Claudio J. SantagatiPontificia Universidad Católica Argentina

Diego Silva OrtizSilva Ortiz, Alfonso, Pavic & Louge

Santiago Gerardo SpadaforaUniversidad ISALUD

Adrián R. Tellas

Maria Paola TrigianiAlfaro Abogados

Mariano Vaquero


AUSTRALIA

Lee Ann BasserLa Trobe University

Peter CashmanUniversity of Sydney

Joseph CatanzaritiClayton Utz

Sean CooneyMelbourne Law School, University of Melbourne

Nicholas Cowdery AM QCSydney Institute of Criminology, University of Sydney

Breen CreightonRMIT University

Carol DalglishQueensland University of Technology

Evelyne de LeeuwDeakin University

Michael DodsonNational Centre for Indigenous Studies, Australian National University

Shelley DunstoneLegal Circles

Patrick EmertonFaculty of Law, Monash University

Thomas FaunceAustralian National University

James Fitz SimmonsClayton Utz

Andrew FrazerUniversity of Wollongong

Jeffrey FullerSchool of Nursing & Midwifery, Flinders University

Chunchai GiugniRoyal Thai Government

Paghona Peggy KerdoLa Trobe University

Vivian LinLa Trobe University

Fiona McDonaldSchool of Law, Queensland University of Technology

Mary Anne NooneSchool of Law, La Trobe University

Simon RiceAustralian National University

Esther SternFlinders University of South Australia

Greg TaylorMonash University

Penelope WellerMonash University

Daniel WilliamsMinter Ellison


AUSTRIA

Franz Amler

Julian FeichtingerCHSH Partnerschaft von Rechtsanwälten

Arpad GeredMaybach Görg Lenneis Gered Zacherl Rechtsanwälte GmbH

C. HablAustrian Health Institute ÖBIG

Thomas HofmannPALLAS Rechtsanwaelte Partnerschaft

Robert KertCriminal Law Department, University of Vienna

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Manfred KetzerHausmaninger Kletter Rechtsanwälte GmbH

Andreas LehnerConstitutional Court of Austria

ÖGB

Isabelle PellechMag. Isabelle Pellech LL.M. Rechtsanwältin

Martin ReinischBrauneis Klauser Prändl Attorneys-at-Law

Martin RisakDepartment of Labour Law and Law of Social Security, University of Vienna

David Schnaiter

Jernej SekolecLondon Court of International Arbitration

Karl StoegerUniversity of Graz

Doris WydraSalzburg Centre of European Union Studies

Stefan ZleptnigUniversity of Vienna


BANGLADESH

ASM AlamgirWorld Health Organisation (WHO)

Bilqis Amin HoqueEnvironment and Population Research Centre (EPRC)

Abdul AwalNRDS

M. R. I. ChowdhuryM. R. I. Chowdhury & Associates

Mirza Farzana Iqbal ChowdhuryDaffodil International University

A.B.M. Nasirud DoulahDoulah & Doulah

Debra EfroymsonHealthBridge

S M Shajedul HaqueEminence

Arif ImtiazFox Mandal

Saira Rahman KhanBRAC University

Shusmita KhanEminence

Ashiquddin Mohammad MarufNorthern University Bangladesh

Mahbub ParvezDaffodil International University

Sheikh Abdur RahimDaffodil International University

Abu Sayeed M. M. RahmanUnited Hospital Limited

Mir Shamsur RahmanDepartment of Law and Human Rights, University of Asia Pacific

Mohammad Mostafizur RahmanHeidelbergCement Bangladesh Limited

S. A. RazzakAMDA Bangladesh

K.A.R. SayeedUnited Hospital Limited


BELARUS

Alexandr BondarSysouev, Bondar, Khrapoutski Law Firm

Antonina IvanovaDICSA Law Firm

Vitaly KachelyaGLIMSTEDT Law Firm

Sergey KalininBelarussian State University

Nina KnyazevaBusinessconsult Law Firm

Anastasiya MalakhovaSysouev, Bondar, Khrapoutski Law Firm

Valentina OgarkovaStepanovski, Papakul & Partners LLC

Elena SelivanovaSysouev, Bondar, Khrapoutski Law Firm

Artsemyeu SiarheiBelarussian State University

Olga ZdobnovaVlasova Mikhel and Partners Law Firm


BELGIUM

Jean-Pascal AbayoCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège

J. AcoltyPhilippe & Partners

Alexia AutenneUniversité Catholique de Louvain

A. ClaesDe Broeck Van Laere & Partners

Michel CornetteElegis Advocaten

Daniël CuypersUniversité d’Anvers

Jan De Greef

Olivier De WitteUniversité Libre de Bruxelles

Michel De WolfUniversité Catholique de Louvain

Elise DermineUniversité Catholique de Louvain

Ledoux DidierCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège

Jean-François GerkensUniversité de Liége

Séverine LauwickCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège

Jacques LiboutonGérard & Associés

Etienne MonteroUniversité de Namur

Karel MulMul Law Offices

Sakalihasan NatziCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège

Emmanuel Plasschaert

Pieter Vandekerckhove

Patrick WauteletFaculté de droit - Université de Liège

Christian WillemsLoyens & Loeff


BOLIVIA

Maria Eugenia AntezanaCriales, Urcullo & Antezana - Abogados

Pedro BarrientosCayo Salinas & Asociados

Cesar Burgoa RodriguezBufete Burgoa

Cristian BustosFerrere Abogados

Rosario Baptista CanedoComisión Andina de Juristas - Asociación Americana de Juristas, rama Bolivia

Carlos Derpic SalazarGarrón Bozo Abogados

Arturo GerenteAlpha SG.Consultores Legales

Carlos L. GerkeEstudio Jurídico Gerke, Soc. Civ.

Primitivo Gutiérrez SanchezGuevara & Gutiérrez S.C.

Carlos Ibañez GuzmanCNS - UMSA

Jorge Luis InchausteGuevara & Gutierrez S.C.

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Ricardo IndacocheaIndacochea & Asociados, Abogados

Ivan Lima MagneCEJIP INECIP

Ernesto Marcelo Malaga VasquezONG Kurt Godel

Javier Mir PeñaMir & Asoc.

Ariel Morales VasquezCRF Rojas Abogados

Josè Marcelo Ortuste GonzalesEstudio Jurìdico Ortuste & Asociados

Sergio ReynoldsBufete Reynolds Legal Advice

Hugo RiveraOPS/OMS

Jose Luis Rosas SalazarFiscalía Departamental la Paz - Bolivia

Maria Salete TejerinaClínica del Sur

Cayo SalinasCayo Salinas & Asociados

Miguel Ángel Sandoval ParadaIndacochea & Asociados, Abogados

Carola SerrateSerrate Paz & Asociados

Rene Soria SaucedoBoston University

Magdalena Vilte FernandezHospital Regional “San Juan de Dios”


BOSNIA AND

HERZEGOVINAAdis ArapovicCCI

Adisa Omerbegovic ArapovicSarajevo School of Science and Technology

Alisa Bergovic

Darko BrkanUG Zasto ne / CA Why not

Zoran DakicHealth Center Bijeljina

Vjekoslav DomljanCentre for Regional Economic Studies (CRES)

Adnan DurakovicFaculty of Law, University of Zenica

Mehmed GanicInternational University of Sarajevo

Adis GazibegovicCMS Reich-Rohrwig Hainz

Hana KoraaUniversity of Travnik

Esad OrucInternational Burch University

Danijela Saller Osenk

Denis Pajic

Lejla SijercicLejla Sijercic Law Firm

Osman SinanovicDepartment of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla

Nedzad SmailagicUniversity of Sarajevo

Mehmed SpahoLaw Office Spaho

Boris StojanovicBoris Stojanovic Law Office

Milos TrifkovicUniversity Vitez

Meškic Zlatan


BOTSWANA

M. Buhle

Tatenda DumbaArmstrongs Attorneys

Lethogonolo Innocent MakganeYS Moncho Attorneys

Doreen KhamaDoreen Khama Attorneys

Rekha A. KumarUniversity of Botswana

Motsomi Ndala MarobelaUniversity of Botswana

John McAllisterUniversity of Botswana

Kiven MvududuArmstrongs Attorneys

Abdoul RahimRahim Khan & Company

Joanne RobinsonRahim Khan & Company

Naomi SeboniSchool of Nursing, University of Botswana

Dorothy Tafadzwa MatizaRahim Khan & Company

Marvin T. TortoSalbany & Torto Attorneys


BRAZIL

Gabriel Alves da CostaShell Brasil Petróleo Ltda.

Abel S. AmaroVeirano Advogados

Sergio C. ArenhartMinistério Público Federal

Ordélio Azevedo SetteAzevedo Sette Advogados

Rogerio Carmona BiancoLilla Huck Otranto Camargo Advogados

Maria Celina Bodin de MoraesUERJ & PUC-Rio

Thiago BottinoFundação Getúlio Vargas - Direito GV

Nancy CardiaCenter for the Study of Violence - University of São Paulo

Rodrigo CastroPeixoto e Cury Advogados

Carlos Henrique da Silva AyresTrench, Rossi e Watanabe Advogados

Elival da Silva RamosSão Paulo University

João Carlos A.C. de MendonçaVeirano Advogados

Rodrigo de Souza CostaUniversidade Federal Fluminense

Mario B. Duarte GarciaDuarte Garcia, Caselli Guimaraes e Terra Advogados

Heloisa EstellitaFundação Getúlio Vargas - Direito GV

Fernando Smith FabrisAdvocacia Smith Fabris

Joaquim FalcãoFundação Getúlio Vargas - Direito GV

Mauricio FaragoneFaragone Advogados

Luciano FeldensPontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul

Boriska Ferreira RochaCFA Advogados

Tiago FigueiroVeirano Advogados

Alexandre Fragoso SilvestreMiguel Neto Advogados

Isabel FrancoKLA - Koury Lopes Advogados

Pedro FreitasVeirano Advogados

Werner GrauPinheiro Neto Advogados

Ludmila GrochIDDD - Instituto de Defesa do Direito de Defesa

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HP Legal

Maria-Valeria Junho PennaFederal University of Rio de Janeiro

Carolina Korbage

Rosa Lima2nd Judicial District Attorney’s Office

Adelmo MachadoVeirano Advogados

Jorge MagalhãesFIOCRUZ

Estêvão MalletUniversity of São Paulo

Sergio MannheimerAndrade & Fichtner Advogados

Luiz Guilherme MarinoniMarinoni Advocacia

Daniela Muradas ReisFederal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG)

Fabio Martins Di JorgePeixoto e Cury Advogados

Anna Thereza Monteiro de BarrosPinheiro Neto Advogados

Adriano A.S. PedrosaUniversidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL)

Luiz Paulo Pieruccetti MarquesVieira, Rezende, Barbosa e Guerreiro Advogados

João Otavio Pinheiro OliverioCampos Mello Advogados

Claudio A. PinhoInstituto Belo Horizonte de Ensino Superior

Angela Pires PintoUniversity of Brasilia

Victor PolizelliKLA - Koury Lopes Advogados

Luiz Guilherme PrimosPrimos e Primos Advocacia

Jose Ricardo dos Santos Luz JúniorDuarte Garcia, Caselli Guimaraes e Terra Advogados

Eduardo SotoVeirano Advogados

Mariana Tavares de AraujoLevy & Salomão Advogados

Mauricio VedovatoLilla Huck Otranto Camargo Advogados

Oscar Vilhena VieiraFundação Getúlio Vargas - Direito GV

Rafael Villac Vicente de CarvalhoPeixoto e Cury Advogados

Teresa WambierPUC/SP


BULGARIA

J. CromboisAmerican University in Bulgaria

Nikolai HristovMedical University - Sofia

Stanislav HristovLegal Office Slavi Slavov

Gergana IlievaNovel Consult Law Firm

Dimitar IvanovDimitrov Ivanov & Partners, Attorneys-at-Law

Vladimir NatchevArsov Natchev Ganeva Attorneys and Counsellors at Law

Marina Nenova-PopovaDepartment of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital

Lachezar RaichevPenkov, Markov & Partners

Jenia RusanovaCMS Cameron McKenna LLP

Elina RusevaTsvetkova, Bebov & Partners Attorneys-at-Law

Petko SalchevNational Center of Public Health and Analyses

Christian Schrobsdorff, Esq.NBLO Law

Atanas SlavovUniversity of Sofia


BURKINA FASO

Norbert Enoch DabireBarreau du Burkina Faso

Julien LalogoEtude de Maitre Julien Lalogo Avocat a la Cour

Ali NeyaCabinet d’Avocats Ali Neya

Amadou Sagnon

Paulin SalambereSCPA Ouattara-Sory & Salambere

Moussa Sogodogo

Georges SomeCabinet d’avocats Abdoul Ouedraogo

Marcellin SomeBarreau du Burkina-Faso

Richard Traore

Amado YoniSCPA Legalis

Sosthene Adrien M. ZongoCabinet d’Avocats Sostene A.M. Zongo


CAMBODIA

Narin ChumCommunity Legal Education Center

Nhim DalenAdvanced Research Consultant Team (ART)

Antoine FontaineBun & Associates

Teilee KuongNagoya University

Kem LeyAdvanced Research Consultant Team (ART)

Sia PhearumHousing Rights Task Force

Fil B. Tabayoyong, Jr.BMAP


CAMEROON

Roland AbengThe ABENG Law Firm

Tazoacha AsonganyiUniversité de Yaounde I

Charles-Olivier Boum-BissaÏ

Epee EmilieneCHU

José EssiFaculté de Médecine et de Sciences Biomédicales - UYI

Marie-José EssiFaculté de Médecine et de Sciences Biomédicales - UYI

Philip Forsnang NdikumNdikum Law Offices

Benjamin Fomba KamgaUniversité de Yaoundé II-SOA

Cecile H. NantchouangNantch & Associates, LLP.

Fansi NgamouSCP Ngassam Njike & Associés

Ngassam Njike VirgileSCP Ngassam Njike & Associés

Nana Philip NjotangMaternite Principale, Hopital Central Yaounde

Samuel Nko’o AmveneCHU

Samuel TakongmoCHU

I. TakougangUniversité de Yaounde I

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Nzectchie Alain Bruno WoumbouCabinet d’avocats Josette Kadji

Njoumemi ZakariaouFaculté de Médecine et de Sciences Biomédicales - UYI


CANADA

Zayid Al-BaghdadiZayid Al-Baghdadi, Avocat - Lawyer

Bruce P. ArchibaldDalhousie University

Carol AylwardSchulich School of Law, Dalhousie University

Charlyn BlackUniversity of British Columbia

Sarah P. BradleySchulich School of Law, Dalhousie University

Karen BusbyFaculty of Law, University of Manitoba

Karen A. CampbellCox & Palmer

Daniel M. Campbell QCCox & Palmer

Christian DroletHeenan Blaikie

Brenda EliasUniversity of Manitoba

Patrick EssiminyStrikeman Elliott LLP

Jabeur FathallyUniversity of Ottawa

Fabien GelinasFaculty of Law, McGill University

H. Patrick GlennFaculty of Law, McGill University

Sonny GoldsteinGoldstein Financial Consultants

Elise Groulx DiggsInternational Criminal Defence Attorneys Association

Charles G. HarrisonFasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP

Clyde HertzmanUniversity of British Columbia

Elizabeth HughesSchulich School of Law, Dalhousie University

Jula HughesUniversity of New Brunswick

Michelle KellyCox & Palmer

Brian LangilleUniversity of Toronto

Katherine LippelUniversity of Ottawa

Vanessa MacDonnellFaculty of Law, University of Ottawa

Constance MacIntoshDalhousie Health Law Institute

Finn MakelaFaculty of Law, University of Sherbrooke

Anne McGillivrayFaculty of Law, University of Manitoba

Bradley MitchellMcDougall Gauley LLP

Rick MolzConcordia University

Ronalda M. MurphySchulich School of Law

Orie NiedzvieckiEllyn Law LLP

Darrel PinkNoava Scotia Barristers’ Society

Nicolas PlourdeBarreau du Québec

Heather RavenFaculty of Law, University of Victoria

Graham ReynoldsSchulich School of Law, Dalhousie University

George S. RigakosCarlton University

Colin L. SoskolneUniversity of Alberta

Maxime St-HilaireUniversity of Sherbrooke’s Law Faculty

France M. TenailleCassels Brock & Blackwell LLP

Barbara Von TigerstromUniversity of Saskatchewan


CHILE

Alberto AlcaldePuga Ortiz Abogados

Luis Alberto AninatAninat Schwencke y Cia

Gustavo Balmaceda HoyosUniversidad de los Andes

Jorge Baraona GonzalezFacultad de Derecho, Universidad de los Andes

Jorge BofillBofill Mir & Alvarez Jana Abogados

Miguel Ángel Chaves PérezChaves Awad Contreras Schürmann Abogados

Alexandra de Grenade ErrázurizEyzaguirre & Cía

Gabriel del RíoAninat Schwencke y Cia

Cristián FabresGuerrero, Olivos, Novoa y Errázuriz

Ruth Gabriela Lanata FuenzalidaUniversidad de Concepcion

Sergio Gamonal ContrerasUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez

Davor HarasicUniversidad de Chile

Manuel Jimenez PfingsthornJara Del Favero

Beatriz LarrainUniversidad de Concepcion

Juan Pablo Cox LeixelardUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez

Fernando Lolas StepkeUniversidad de Chile

José Ignacio MartínezFacultad de Derecho, Universidad de los Andes

Omar MoralesMontt & Cía. S.A.

Carlos OssandonEluchans & Cia.

Germán OvalleUniversidad de Chile

Gonzalo Pantoja AckermannBiomer

Luis ParadaBahamondez, Álvarez & Zegers

Pablo ParedesAlbagli Zaliasnik

Daniela Pérez

Carmenmaría PobleteCarey y Cía Ltda.

Jaime Portales Y.Universidad de Concepción

Carla Robledo M.

Juan Manuel Rodríguez

Pablo Ruiz-TagleFacultad de Derecho, Universidad de Chile

Marcelo SanfeliuCarey y Cía Ltda.

Luis A. SilvaUniversidad de los Andes

Cristóbal Silva BengoleaBahamondez, Alvarez & Zegers Ltda.

Cristóbal SmytheBahamondez, Alvarez & Zegers Ltda.

Carlos Stevenson

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Luis Eugenio Ubilla GrandiUniversidad Católica de la Ssma Concepción

Oscar Gajardo UribeEyzaguirre & Cía

Juan Enrique VargasFacultad de Derecho, Universidad Diego Portales

Jorge S. WahlLarrain & Asociados


CHINA

David C. BuxbaumAnderson & Anderson LLP

Ming DongJunhe Law Offices

Yu DuMMLC Group

Xiao Gong

Liu KaimingThe Institute of Contemporary Observation

Jia PingChina Global Fund Watch

Wei ShenLaw School, Shanghai Jiao Tong University


COLOMBIA

Felipe AristizabalNieto & Chalela Abogados

Guillermo Hernando Bayona Combariza

Mauricio A. Bello GalindoBaker & McKenzie Colombia

Eduardo CardenasCardenas y Cardenas Abogados

Marcela CastroFacultad de Derecho, Universidad de Los Andes

Camilo CortesCardenas y Cardenas Abogados

Jorge Diaz-CardenasDiaz Cardenas Abogados

Lucas Fajardo GutierrezBrigard & Urrutia Abogados S.A.

Carlos Andreas Gomez GonzalezUniversidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano

Nancy Gore SaraviaCIDEIM

Mildred HartmannUniversidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano

Fredy Andrei Herrera OsorioUniversidad Nacional de Colombia

Isabel Cristina Jaramillo SierraFacultad de Derecho, Universidad de los Andes

Monica LombanaBaker & McKenzie Colombia

Gloria Patricia Lopera MesaUniversidad Eafit

Blanca Patricia Mantilla UribeUniversidad Industrial de Santander

Santiago Martínez MéndezGodoy Córdoba

Manuel Mejia

Juan Mendoza

Tatiana Molina VelasquezUniversidad CES

Carlos Molina-ArrublaMolina Diaz y Cïa

Patricia Moncada RoaFacultad de Derecho, Universidad de los Andes

Maria Fernanda Navas-HerreraNavasherrera & Associated Legal Consultants

Luis NietoNieto & Chalela Abogados

Julian OsorioUniversidad CES

Martha PeñuelaUniversidad del Norte

Carolina PosadaPosse Herrera & Ruiz

Ricardo Posada MayaUniversidad de los Andes

Gustavo Quintero Navas

Luis Fernando Ramirez ContrerasRama Judicial

Gabriel SanchezPosse Herrera & Ruiz

Fredy A. SandovalFredy A. Sandoval Abogados

Juan Oberto Sotomayor AcostaUniversidad Eafit

Raúl Alberto Suárez ArcilaSuárez Arcila & Abogados Asociados

Carlos Arturo Toro Lopez

Rafael Tuesca MolinaUniversidad del Norte

Carlos UmañaBrigard & Urrutia Abogados S.A.

Jorge Lara UrbanejaLara Consultores

Diego Felipe Valdivieso Rueda

Universidad de los Andes


COTE D’IVOIRE

Raphaël Abauleth

Alexandre BairoKSK Société d’Avocats

Vanie Bi TaCabinet Medical Le Belier

Arsene DableSCPA Dogue Abbe Yao et Associes

M. Fadika DelafosseCabinet FDKA

K. FadikaCabinet FDKA

C. KacoutiéCabinet FDKA

Hermann KouaoIKT Law Firm

Mohamed Lamine FayeCabinet Faye

M. SoroUniversité Montesquieu Bordeaux IV

Adama YeoUniversité de Bouaké


CROATIA

Bruno Barsic

Bojan BiocinaSchool of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Clinical Hospital Center

Bozidar FeldmanLaw Firm Matic & Feldman

Marijana JelicLaw Office Jelic

Darko JurisicCounty Hospital “Dr.J.Bencevic”

Ivan KosPETOŠEVIC

Luka KovacicAndrija Stampar School of Public Health, Medical School, University of Zagreb

Boris KozjakLaw Office Kozjak

Anita KrizmanicLaw Offices Macesic & Partners

Natasa NovakovicCroatian Employer Association

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Matko PajcicFaculty of Law, Split

Aleksandra PirjavecUniversity Hospital Center Rijeka

Dalida RittossaFaculty of Law, University of Rijeka

Boris SavoricSavoric & Partners

Alan SoricAttorneys Soric & Tomekovic Dunda

Zvonko SosicAndrija Stampar School of Public Health, Medical School, University of Zagreb

Ana Stavljenic-Rukavina

Jelena ZjacicMacesic & Partners Law Firm


CZECH REPUBLIC

Tomas CihulaKinstellar

Jan FilipFaculty of Law, Masaryk University

Pavel HolecHolec, Zuska & Partners, Attorneys-at-Law

Marie JanšováGlatzova & Co., s.r.o.

Tomas MatejovskyCMS Cameron McKenna LLP

Radek MatousBalcar Polansky Eversheds

Robert NerudaHavel, Holásek & Partners

Lukáš Prudil

Nataša RandlováRandl Partners

Nadezda RozehnalovaFaculty of Law, Masaryk University

Ladislav SmejkalWhite & Case (Europe) LLP

Simona StocesovaFaculty of Law, University of West Bohemia

Martin StrnadHavel, Holásek & Partners

Pavel UrbanNational Institute of Public Health

Zilvarová Ctibor Hladký v.o.s.


DENMARK

Per AndersenDepartment of Law, Aarhus University

Lars Bracht AndersenAarhus University

Morten BrobergFaculty of Law, University of Copenhagen

Ole HammerslevDepartment of Law, University of Southern Denmark

Renao Franz HenschelDepartment of Law, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University

Poul HvilstedHorten Law Firm

Paul Kruger AndersenAarhus University

Lars Lindencrone PetersenBech-Bruun Law Firm

Thomas NeumannDepartment of Law, Aarhus University

Jesper NoergaardDahl Lawfirm Copenhagen

Dr. OleAarhus University

Henrik Aasted PaulsenClemens Advokater

Arja R.University of Southern Denmark

Jens Rye-AndersenJens Rye Andersen

Jacob SandGorrissen Federspiel

Klaus SogaardGorrissen Federspiel

Henning Fuglsang SorensenAarhus University

Anette StorgaardAarhus University

Tina SvanbergDelacourdania

Kim TranskowKromann Reumert

Jørn VestergaardFaculty of Law, University of Copenhagen


DOMINICAN

REPUBLICJesus R. AlmanzarDMK - Central Law

Carla AlsinaBiaggi & Messina

Ana Isabel CaceresTroncoso y Caceres

Dalia Castillo SanchezOrganizacion Panamericana de la Salud

Ismael ComprésOrtiz & Comprés

Alberto E. S. FialloFiallo-Billini Scanlon Associates

Virgilio Bello GonzálezBello Rosa & Bello González, Abogados

Nestor Julio VictorinoNJ Victorino & Associates

Virgilio A. Méndez AmaroMendez & Asociados, Abogados y Consultores

Enmanuel MontasMS Consultores

Maria Elena Moreno GraterauxGratereaux Delva & Asoc.

Jose ML. G. PaezBufete Paez-Mueses-Castillo

Rafael Antonio Santana GoicoHeadrick, Rizik, Alvarez & Fernandez

Georges Santoni RecioRussin, Vecchi & Heredia Bonetti

Angeanette Tejeda GarciaOMG

Pedro TroncosoTroncoso y Caceres


ECUADOR

Vanesa Aguirre GuzmánUniversidad Andina Simón Bolívar

Xavier AndradeAbogado Profesor Juez

Rommel M. ArtiedaINSCORA S. A.

Rodrigo Bermeo-AndradeBermeo & Bermeo Law Firm

Jorge Cevallos-JacomePerez Bustamente Y Ponce Abogados

Maria Rosa Fabara VeraFabara & Compañía Abogados

Juan Carlos GallegosGallegos, Valarezo & Neira

Caesar Molina NovilloMolina & Compañía Abogados S.A.

Ximena Moreno EcheverriaPontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador

Jorge Vicente PaladinesCentro de Política Criminal y Estudios Socio-jurídicos

Patricio Peña RomeroEstudio Noboa, Peña, Larrea & Torres Abogados

Marcelo ProañoRomero Arteta Ponce Abogados

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Gladis Proaño ReyesComandancia General de Policia

Verónica RegaladoEstudio Juridico Vivanco & Vivanco

Juan Carlos RiofríoCoronel y Pérez Abogados

Raul Riquelme CardenasHerrera, Olalla & Riquelme Abogados

Leonardo Sempértegui VallejoSempértegui Ontaneda Abogados

Rafael SerranoSerrano Puig Abogados

Farith SimonUniversidad San Francisco de Quito


EGYPT

Mohamed AbdelaalFaculty of Law, Alexandria University

Haytham AliHafez

Ibrahim AwadSchool of Global Affairs and Public Policy (GAPP), American University in Cairo (AUC)

Kilian BaelzAmereller - Mena Associates

Ghada BarsoumAmerican University in Cairo

Khaled El ShalakanyShalakany Law Office

Habiba Hassan Hassan-WassefWorld Health Organization

Somaya HosnyFaculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University

Ibrahim KharboushHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University

Mohamed Hanafi MahmoudEgyptian Ministry of Justice

Ibrahim SalehUniversity of Cape Town

Ahmed TawfikEl Gamal & Tawfik International Law Firm

Bassem S. WadieUrology and Nephrology Center

Hossam YounesEgyptian International Trade Point

Ayman ZohryEgyptian Society for Migration Studies


EL SALVADOR

Rebecca Atanacio de BasagoitiaAsesores Legales

Ana Yesenia Granillo de TobarEscuela Superior de Economía y Negocios

David GruterArias & Muñoz - El Salvador

Roberto Enrique HernándezValenciaLatinalliance

Yudy Aracely Jiménez de GuerreroGold Service S.A.

Diego Martín-MenjivarConsortium Centro América Abogados

Juan Jose Planas CariasBanco Agrícola

Juan Jose Rodriguez FloresUniversidad Católica de El Salvador

Rommell Ismael Sandoval RosalesSBA Legal Firm & Consulting

José Freddy Zometa Segovia


ESTONIA

Urmas ArumäeEstonian Business School

Tiit ElenurmEstonian Business School

Carri GinterUniversity of Tartu

Maksim GreinomanAdvokaadibüroo Greinoman & Co.

Helen HäälConcordia Attorneys at Law

Pirkko-Liis HarkmaaLAWIN Attorneys at Law

Triinu HiobLAWIN Attorneys at Law

Kari KasperTallinn University of Technology

Tanel KerikmäeTallinn University of Technology

Liisa LinnaHedman Partners

Valdo LipsBorenius Attorneys at Law

Aare MartsonTartu University Hospital, University of Tartu

Marianne MeiorgEstonian Human Rights Centre

Merle MudaUniversity of Tartu

Senny PelloAdvokaadibüroo Concordia

Mari Ann SimovartInstitute of Private Law, University of Tartu

Gabriel TavitsUniversity of Tartu

Paul VarulUniversity of Tartu

Andres VuttUniversity of Tartu


ETHIOPIA

Tameru Wondm AgegnehuTameru Wondm Agegnehu, Law Offices

M. AmanHaramaya University

Sileshi BedasieHaramaya University

Aberra DegefaAddis Ababa University

Tilahun EsmaelCollege of Law, Haramaya University

Abrham Yohannes HailuAbrham Law Office

Wondwossen Kassa

Lubo Teferi KerorsaAdama Science and Technology University

Alemu MeheretuJimma University

Eyoel Berhan MekonenMekelle University

Mehari RedaeAddis Ababa University

Yordanos SeifuAddis Ababa University

Seyoum Y. TesfayAddis Ababa University

Wondimu Shanko YirgaCollege of Health Sciences, Haramaya University


FINLAND

HP Legal

Nina IsokorpiRoschier, Attorneys Ltd.

Jussi JärvensivuJusteria Attorneys Ltd

Mike J. LehtimäkiAttorneys-at-Law TRUST

Ari MiettinenFimlab Laboratories Ltd.

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Johanna NiemiUniversity of Helsinki

Jukka PeltonenPeltonen LMR Attorneys Ltd.

Iikka SainioAttorneys-at-Law Juridia Ltd.

Matti TolvanenUniversity of Eastern Finland


FRANCE

M. Augier

Bruno BarralHospices Civils de Lyon

M. BerlandSCP Berland/Sevin

M. BoicheCBBC

M. CastetsHospices Civils de Lyon

Catherine CathiardJeantet et Associés

M. CesariniAss. Sécurité Solaire

M. ChassangInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale

Veronique ChauveauCBBC

Marie-Christine CimadevillaCimadevilla Avocats

Olivier de BoutinyBBG Associés

Francois-Paul DebionneCommunaute Urbaine de Strasbourg

Jacques DelgaESSEC

Halley des FontainesFaculta de Medecine Pierre et Marie Curie

Yann DuboisCHRU Brest

S. DucampWinston & Strawn Selarl

Patrick DunaudWinston & Strawn Selarl

Nataline FleuryAshurst

Elisabeth GrabliElisabeth Grabli

J. HerbetWinston & Strawn Selarl

Dr. HerreraUniversité de Cergy-Pontoise

M. KempfHospices Civils de Lyon

Mathieu NicolasSkadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP

Jacques-Antoine RobertSimmons & Simmons LLP

M. RoosProskauer Rose LLP

M. SamsonHospices Civils de Lyon

Nicole StolowyHEC Paris

M. Tartour

Pr. ValetteHospices Civils de Lyon

Anicee Van EngelandSOAS - University of London


GEORGIA

Revaz BeridzeEristavi Law Group

Ketevan ChkhatarashviliCuratio International Foundation

Ketevan DadianiIv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

George GotsadzeCuratio International Foundation

David ImnadzeCaucasus School of Law

Ted JonasDLA Piper Georgia

Nata KazakhashviliIv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Mr. KetevanEPEC

Julieta MukhadzeUniversiti Iveria

Giorgi NanobashviliUNDP

Mikheil VashakidzeVBAT Law Firm

Akaki ZoidzeConsulting Group Curatio


GERMANY

Cornelius AntorBridgehouseLaw

Alexander Baron von Engelhardt

Oliver BolthausenBridgehouseLaw

Thomas F. FeltesRuhr-University Bochum

Wolfgang HauUniversity of Passau

Burkhard HessUniversity Heidelberg

HP Legal

Jessica JacobiKliemt & Vollstaedt

Christof KerwerWürzburg University

Thomas MelletatMelletat - Rechtsanwalte

Andreas Meyer-LindenbergZentralinstitut für seelische Gesundheit

Andreas MichaeliBORN Rechtsanwaltssozietã

Carsten MomsenLeibniz Universitaet Hannover

Dr. OppermannLeibniz Universität Hannover

Stefanie PrehmLuther Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft mbH

Martin ReufelsHeuking Kühn Lüer Wojtek

Henning RosenauLaw Faculty, University of Augsburg

Stephan SanderTerhedebrügge Heyn Sander

Stefan SasseGöhmann Rechtsanwälte

MIchael StaudenmayerStaudenmayer Fachanwalts- u. Steuerkanzlei

Ms. Sachsenberg

M. TraberAhlers & Vogel

Manfred WeissGoethe University

Bernd WellerHeuking Kühn Lüer Wojtek

Peter ZurielStrafrechtskanzlei


GHANA

Azanne Kofi AkainyahA & A Law Consult

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Franklin CudjoeIMANI Center for Policy & Education

Nii Nortey Hanson-NorteyGhana Health Service

Constant K. HometowuUN - International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

Sam PokuBusiness Council for Africa (GH)

Araba Sefa-DedehUniversity of Ghana Medical School


GREECE

Ilias AnagnostopoulosAnagnostopoulos

Ioanna Chryssiis ArgyrakiI.K. Rokas & Partners Law Firm

Costas BakourisTransparency International Greece

Antonis BavasStephenson Harwood

Nigel Bowen-MorrisStephenson Harwood

Andreas DelopoulosDNP Law

Stephanos DiamandisForest Research Institute

Passas DimitrisMoratis-Passas

Panagiotis Gioulakos

HP Legal

Konstantinos Kanellakis

Athanasios KikisKikis & Partners Law Office

Nikolaos KondylisN.M. Kondylis & Partners Law Office

Stratos KonstandinidisKonstandinidis & Associates

Apostolopoulos KonstantinosApostolopoulosPatrasLaw

Pandora Manolidi

Anthony MavridesBallas, Pelecanos & Associates

Victoria MoutzouridouMoutzouridou - Sakellariou & Associates Law Firm

Kanakis NikitasDoctors of the World

Christina PapadopoulouGreek National Human Rights Commission

Fotini N. SkopouliHarokopio University

Anastasia TsakatouraKTlegal Law Office

E. TsangalidouE.Tsangalidou & Co Law Company


GUATEMALA

Mario Augusto Alcántara VelásquezCarrillo & Associates

Mario ArchilaConsortium Centro America Abogados

Elias José Arriaza SáenzConsortium Centro America Abogados

Emanuel Callejas

Alvaro CordonCordón, Ovalle y Asociados

Angel Estuardo de Leon MonroyADSS

David Erales JopConsortium Centro America Abogados

Julio Roberto Garia MerlosUniversidad Francisco Marroquin

Liz GordilloArias & Muñoz

Kristine KlanderudUniversidad Francisco Marroquín

Guillermo Lopez DavisBufete Lopez Cordero

Jose E. QuiñonesQuiñones, Ibargüen, Lujan & Mata, S.C.

Evelyn RebuliQuiñones, Ibargüen, Lujan & Mata, S.C.

Mario Roberto Guadron RouanetPalomo & Porras

Saravia y Muñoz

Erick WongCordón, Ovalle y Asociados

Fernando ZeladaArias & Muñoz


HONG KONG SAR,

CHINAShahla F. AliFaculty of Law, University of Hong Kong

Patricia E. AlvaHong Kong Bar Association

Ruy Barretto

Danny ChanCentury Chambers

Jessica W. Y. ChanBernacchi Chambers

Kay K.W. ChanAdmiralty Chambers

Anne S.Y. CheungThe University of Hong Kong

Diana Cheung

Rick GlofcheskiFaculty of Law, University of Hong Kong

Lok Sang HoLingnan University

Christopher HooleyOdham, Li & Nie

A. K. C. KooFaculty of Law, University of Hong Kong

Yue MaDepartment of Economics, Lingnan University

Rebecca OngCity University of Hong Kong

John Kong ShanSchool of Law, City University of Hong Kong

Benny Y. T. TaiFaculty of Law, University of Hong Kong

Yun ZhaoUniversity of Hong Kong


HUNGARY

Katalin Barta

Gábor BaruchBaruch Law Office

Barnabas BuzasiWolf Theiss

Laszlo HajduHajdu and Pazsitka Law Office

Judit KapasUniversity of Debrecen

Verónika MoraHungarian Environmental Partnership Foundation

Tamas L. PaalInstitute of Drug Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged


INDIA

B.V. BabuICMR

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Shivani BhardwajSathi All for Partnerships

Lalit BhasinBhasin & Co., Advocates

Subhash BhatnagarIndian Institute of Management

N.K. ChakrabartiKIIT University

Jhelum ChowdhuryCrystal Research and Consulting Pvt. Ltd.

S.M.S. DevadossKochhar & Co., Advocates and Legal Consultants

E.N. Thambi DuraiDurai Group Companies

Yashomati GhoshNational Law School of India University

Arundhuti GuptaMentor Together

Pankaj Jain

Srilatha JuvvaTata Institute of Social Sciences

Sachidananda KannarnujiLEXPROFICIENCY

Rajas KasbekarLittle & Co., Advocates and Solicitors

Shomona KhannaSupreme Court of India

Uday Khare

P.R. Krishnan

Yadlapalli S. KusumaAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)

Vipender MannKNM & Partners, Law Offices

Puneet MisraAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)

Saurabh MisraSaurabh Misra & Associates, Advocates & International Legal Consultants

Shantanu Mohan PuriSMA Legal

J. L. N. MurthyJonnalagadda LLP

A. NagarathnaNational Law School of India University

PM NairGovernment of India

Anil Paleri

Eugene PereiraMigrant Forum

Sushil Raj

Sankaran Ramakrishnan

Jegan Rupa Subramanian

Prakash Singh

Ruchi SinhaTata Institute of Social Sciences

Suhas SrinivasiahKochhar & Co., Advocates and Legal Consultants

S.R. SubramanianIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur


INDONESIA

Karen MillsKarimSyah Law Firm

Rahayu Ningsih HoedMakarim & Taira S. Counsellors at Law

Mardjono ReksodiputroUniversity of Indonesia

Rully SandraHRRC

M. SartonoLaw Firm Hanafiah Ponggawa & Partners

Frans H. WinartaFrans Winarta & Partners


IRAN

Ardeshir AtaiAtai & Associates Law Firm

Mohammad BadamchiHAMI Legal Services

Amir Karbasi MilaniMilani Law Firm

Seyed Mahmoud KashaniShahid Beheshty University

Dr. MajidNational Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute of Iran (NNFTRI)

Yahya RayeganiFarjam Law Office

M. Ebrahim Tavakoli


ITALY

Antonella AntonucciUniversity of Bari

Monica BarbieriPirola Pennuto Zei & Association

Gianantonio BarelliCaffi Maroncelli Law Firm

Paola BilanciaUniversitry of Milano

Roberto BinUniversity of Ferrara

Sabrina BrunoUniversity of Calabria

Carlo CasonatoUniversity of Trento

Antonio CassatellaUniversity of Trento

Mariano CingolaniUniversity of Macerata

Emanuele CortesiCaffi Maroncelli e Associati

Corrado De MartiniUnion Internationale des Avocats

Alessio Di AmatoUniversity of Salerno

Astolfo Di AmatoUniversity of Naples

Serena ForlatiUniversity of Ferrara

Mitja GialuzUniversity of Trieste

Ajani GianmariaDepartment of Law, University of Turin

Francesco GongoloDirezione Centrale Salute Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia

Paolo GrecoUniversity of Salerno

Alberto LamaAncarani Studio Legale

Giuseppe Lorenzo RosaGiuseppe L Rosa, Esq. & Associated Counsels

Paola LucarelliUniversity of Florence

Pierpaolo MartucciUniversity of Trieste

Marco OrofinoUniversity of Milan

Fulvio Maria PalombinoFaculty of Law, University of Naples

Roberto RosapepeUniversity of Salerno

Riccardo SalomoneUniversity of Trento

Emanuele ScafatoSocieta’ Italiana di Alcologia SIA

M. ScarponiUniversity of Trento

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Giuseppe Scassellati-SforzoliniCleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP

Annita Larissa SciacovelliUniversity of Bari

Anna SimonatiUniversity of Trento

Roberto ToniattiLaw School, University of Trento

Francesca ValentDirezione Centrale Salute Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia

Domenico VitaleStudio Associato Paulli-Pironti-Laratro

Alberto ZucconiIstituto dell’Approccio Centrato sulla Persona


JAMAICA

Sylvia Adjoa MitchellUniversity of the West Indies

Anthony ClaytonUniversity of the West Indies

Colette Cunninghom-MyrieUniversity of the West Indies

Pauline E. DawkinsUniversity of the West Indies

Paula DawsonUniversity of the West Indies

J. Peter FigueroaUniversity of the West Indies

Horace FletcherUniversity of the West Indies

Damian K. FrancisUniversity of the West Indies

Marie FreckletonUniversity of the West Indies

Carron GordonUniversity of the West Indies

Linton GordonFrater Ennis & Gordon

Verona Henry-FergusonUniversity of the West Indies

Rachael IrvingUniversity of the West Indies

Shelly McFarlaneUniversity of the West Indies

Donovan McGrowderUniversity of the West Indies

Aisha Mulendwe

Cynthia PitterUniversity of the West Indies

Dalip RagoobirsinghUniversity of the West Indies

Tana Ricketts-RoomesUniversity of the West Indies

Eris SchoburghUniversity of the West Indies

Lester ShieldsUniversity of the West Indies Health Centre

Norman WaldronUniversity of the West Indies

Lloyd WallerUniversity of the West Indies

Steve WeaverUniversity of the West Indies

Sharon WhiteUniversity of the West Indies

Allan S. Wood


JAPAN

Yasuhiro FujiiBaker & McKenzie

Kaoru HaraguchiHaraguchi International Law Office

Yasushi HigashizawaKasumigaseki Sogo Law Offices

HP Legal

Shigetoshi (Toshi) HiranoOh-Ebashi LPC & Partners

Shigeji IshiguroOguri & Ishiguro Law Offices

Masakazu IwakuraNishimura & Asahi

Nobuo KoinumaTohoku University

Mark NakamuaInt’l Education Information Centre

Hiroshi NishiharaWaseda-University


JORDAN

Hazar Saleh Al KhasawnehInstitute for Leadership Excellence (ILE)

Tarik AridaArida Law Firm

Abatah D. DaherJordan University

Ms. IhssanJudiciary Court of Appeals

Firas Yosef KasassbehYarmouk University

Nisreen MahasnehYarmouk University

Dr. MushashaAl-Albyte University

Mahmoud N. Quteishat

Dima Yousef


KAZAKHSTAN

Valery ChechulinMichael Wilson & Partners Ltd.

Roman NurpeissovKIMEP University

Alida TuyebekovaMichael Wilson and Partners, Ltd.

Timur YerjanovKazakh National University

Arlan YerzhanovGRATA Law Firm


KENYA

Yaw AfraneKenya Medical Research Institute

L. Obura AlooMwaura & Wachira Advocates

Peter GachuhiKaplan and Stratton Advocates

Anthony GrossA. F. Gross Advocate

Nigel V. JeremyDaly & Figgis Advocates

Jacqueline KamauLaibuta, Kamau & Co Advocates

Mugambi LaibutaES-EA

Thomas N. MaosaMaosa & Company Advocates

Aisha Maulana

John Mudegu VululeKEMRI

Dennis Mung’ataGichimu Mung’ata & Co Advocates

Martin MunyuIseme Kamau & Maema Advocates

Rachel MuthogaPhysicians for Human Rights

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Kiingati NdiranguKairu Mbuthia & Kiingati Advocates

Anthony NjoguDaly & Figgis Advocates

Angela OchumbaNew York University School of Law

Leonard Samson OpundoOpundo & Associates Advocates

James Otieno OdekSchool of Law, University of Nairobi

Sonal SejpalAnjarwalla & Khanna Advocates


KYRGYZSTAN

Albanova Aizhan

Valentin Chernyshev

Asel DzhamankulovaABA Rule of Law Initiative

Guljan EsenalievaAmerican University in Central Asia

Begaiym EsenkulovaAmerican University of Central Asia

Azamat KerimbaevABA Rule of Law Initiative

Saltanat MoldoisaevaNGO “For Rational and Safety Use of Medicines”

Gulnaz NaamatovaAmerican University in Central Asia

Nazik SatkeyevaARTE Law Firm

Akbar SuvanbekovRepublican Center for Health System Development and IT


LEBANON

Charbel DagherBaroudi & Associates Law Firm

Khatoun HaidarSynergy-Takamol

Joelle KhaterBadri and Salim El Meouchi Law Firm

Souraya MachnoukAbou Jaoude & Associates

Elias MattarAJA Law Firm

Hikmat RizkLebanese American University

Georges SaadFaculty of Law, Lebanese University

Joseph SaaibyHMB & Partners Law Firm

Rany SaderSADER & Associates (Advocates & Legal Consultants)

Ramy TorbeyAziz Torbey Law Firm

Hafez ZakhourZakhour Ali & Partner

Tony ZreikLebanese American University


LIBERIA

Sam M. AdorowaChildFund - Liberia

Luke L. BawoMinistry of Health and Social Welfare

F. Augustus CaesarCaesar Architects Inc.

Mohamedu F. JonesMohamedu F. Jones, Esq

Hannan Karnley-BestmanIMaD/MCDI - Liberia


MACEDONIA

Besa ArifiFaculty of Law, South East European University

Aleksandra BalevaAdvokatsko drustvo Godzo, Kiceec i Novakovski Ohrid

Doncho DonevFaculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University

Dennis FarringtonSEE University

Shterjovski GoceShterjovski

Aleksandar GodzoGodzo, Kiceec & Novakovski

Marija GulijaAD Dr. Panovski

Dr. JadrankaUniversity “Goce Delcev” Stip

Maja JakimovskaCAKMAKOVA Advocates

Adnan JashariSouth East European University

Deljo KadievKadiev Law Office

Trajce KitanovskiLaw Firm Kitanovski

Sami MehmetiSouth East European University

Neda Milevska-KostovaCentre for Regional Policy Research and Cooperation ‘Studiorum’

Svetlana NecevaLaw Office Pepeljugoski

Ilija NedelkoskiCAKMAKOVA Advocates

Aleksandar PulejkovAleksandar Pulejkov Judgments Law Enforcement Office

Dr. StarskoUniversity “Goce Delcev” Stip

Aleksandar TrajkovskiLaw Office Pepeljugoski

Leonid TrpenoskiLaw Firm Trpenoski

Svetlana VeljanovskaFaculty of Law UKLO Bitola, Kichevo


MADAGASCAR

Andrianjaka AdriamanalinaOffice Notarial de Tamatave

M. Andriamadison

Jacques RakotomalalaCabinet d’Avocats Rakotomalala

Rija RakotomalalaCabinet d’Avocats Rakotomalala

Mamison RakotondramananaJurisConsult Madagascar Law Firm

M. RazaiarisoloCabinet d’Avocats Razaiarisolo Rakotomalala


MALAWI

Justin Goodwin Kusamba DzonziKainja & Dzonzi

Victor Makhubalo JereChurchill, Norris & Foster

Gabriel KambaleGK Associates

Andrews Dowell KatuyaDowell & Jones, Attorneys-at-Law

Kenneth Mphatso MaletaUniversity of Malawi, College of Medicine

Charles MhangoMalawi Human Rights Commission

Allan Hans MuhomeMalawi Law Society

Adamson S. MuulaUniversity of Malawi, College of Medicine

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Jack NrivaMalawi Judiciary


MALAYSIA

Azmi Mohd AliAzmi & Associates

Ashgar Ali bin Ali MohamedInternational Islamic University Malaysia

Aishah BidinNational University of Malaysia

HP Legal

Ashran bin Haji IdrisUniversiti Teknologi Mara Malaysia

S.B. CheahS.B.Cheah & Associates

Sharon KaurFaculty of Law, University of Malaysia

Rooshida Merican

Chew Phye KeatRaja, Darryl & Loh

Rizal RahmanNational University of Malaysia


MEXICO

Ma Guadalupe Alvear-GalindoFacultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Iker ArriolaWhite & Case LLP

L. Alberto BalderasJauregui y Navarrete, S.C.

Esteban Maqueo BarnetcheMaqueo Abogados, S.C.

Jose Alberto Campos VargasSánchez de Vanny Eseverri, S.C.

Maria Teresa Cantú ReusCantúReus Abogados, S.C.

Teresa Carmona ArcosConsultores Jurídicos

Daniel Carrancia de la MoraCarranca, Araujo, Acosta y Riquelme Abogados

Jorge A. de RegilBaker & McKenzie

Aldo González MeloCarranca, Araujo, Acosta y Riquelme Abogados

Alonso Gonzalez-Villalobos

Yves Hayaux-du-TillyNader, Hayaux & Goebel

Michel Hernández

Julio Hernández BarrosBufete Hernández Pliego Abogados A.C.

Julio Hernández PliegoBufete Hernández Pliego Abogados A.C.

Hugo Hernández-Ojeda AlvírezBarrera, Siqueiros y Torres Landa, S.C.

HP Legal

Juan Manuel Juarez MezaR&N Abogados

Angel M. JunqueraJunqueray Forcada

David Gustavo LamoyiAeromexico

Olivia Lopez-ArellanoUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco

Luciano Mendoza CruzFacultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Sergio Lopez MorenoUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco

Guillermo Piecarchic CohenPMC LAW, S.C.

Carlos RiquelmeCarranca, Araujo, Acosta y Riquelme Abogados

David Arturo Rocha GarciaFIMPE

Bernardo Rodriguez

César RojasBasham, Ringe y Correa, S.C.

Ivonne M. RojasPMC LAW, S.C.

Fabian Sanchez Matusi(dh)eas, Litigio Estratégico en Derechos Humanos, A.C.

Pietro StraulinoSanchez DeVanny Eseverri, S.C

Juan Francisco Torres Landa R.Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres Landa, S.C.


MOLDOVA

Octavian CazacTurcan Cazac Law Firm

Alexei CroitorAlexei Croitor Law Firm

Marica DumitrascoAcadamy of Sciencies of Moldova

Victor DurlesteanuDurlesteanu & Partners

Iulia FortunaTurcan Cazac Law Firm

Ana GalusTurcan Cazac Law Firm

HP Legal

Cristina MartinACI Partner

Daniel MartinBAA Avornic & Partners

Alexandru SavvaTurcan Cazac Law Firm


MONGOLIA

Enkhbat BatsukhKhan Lex Partners

Volodya BolormaaGRATA Law Firm

Bayar BudragchaaELC

M. GankhuyagGN & Co., Ltd.

Darin HoffmanMahoneyLiotta

Luke LkhaasurenLogos Avocates

Erdenejargal PerenleiOpen Society Forum

Badamragchaa PurevdorjOpen Society Forum

Batragchaa RagchaaA & A Global Law Firm

Gerelmaa SanduiUmug Kholch LLC


MOROCCO

Sion AssidonTransparency MAROC

M. Boukasri

M. Briou

Richard D. CantinJuristructures LLP

Mimoun CharqiJURISPOL

Kenza CherifCabinet D’Avocats Cherif

Amin HajjiHajji & Associés

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Zineb Idrissia HamziHamzi Law Firm

Nassri IlhamInstitut National de Santé Publique

Mehdi KettaniKettani Associés

Anis MahfoudAB Avocats & Associés

Tarik MossadekUniversité Hassan I

Saâd Moummi

Driss MoussaouiCentre Psychiatrique Universitaire Ibn Rochd

Mohamed NakhliCabinet Maitre Nakhli

Adbdelaziz NouyadiAdala Association

Soulaymani RachidaCentre Anti Poison et de Pharmacovigilance du Maroc

Houcine SefriouiEtude de Notariat Moderne

Fenjiro Soulaimane, Esq


NEPAL

Sangha R. BajracharyaNational Centre for Health Professions’ Education

Damodar GajurelNepal Medical Council

Bishwa Nath KhanalShrestha Legal Service Center

Gourish K. KharelKto Inc.

Bishnu LuitelBG Law Foundation

Bijaya Prasad MishraNepal Bar Association

Balkrishna NeupaneNeupane Law Associates

Paras K. PokharelBP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences

Rudra Prasad PokhrelR.P. Pokhrel & Associates

Rudra SharmaPradhan & Associates

Narayan ShresthaShrestha Legal Service Center

Nil Mani UpadhyayNepal Medical Council


NETHERLANDS

W.H.E. BuntinxBuntinx Training & Consultancy

Duco de BoerStibbe

Daan de LangeBrinkhof

Mark GoversMaastricht University

HP Legal

Hans J. Hoegen DijkhofHoegen Dijkhof Attorneys & Tax Counsellors

Joost ItalianerNautaDutilh

Frans SijbersWladimiroff

Carel StolkerLeiden University

Sjef van ErpMaastricht University

Anton van KalmthoutTilburg University

Lars van VlietMaastricht University

Arnold VersteegBrinkhof


NEW ZEALAND

Philip AhernMorrison Kent

William AkelSimpson Grierson

Gordon AndersonVictoria University

Denise ArnoldLyon O’Neale Arnold

Sylvia BellHuman Rights Commission

Mark BennettVictoria University of Wellington, Faculty of Law

Matthew BerkahnMassey University

Michael BottMichael Bott Barrister

David BromellInstitute for Governance and Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington

WJ BrookbanksUniversity of Auckland

Sonja CooperCooper Legal, Barristers and Solicitors

Alberto CostiVictoria University of Wellington

Nicholas CrangBuddle Findlay

Francisc DeliuAmicus Barristers Chambers

Tony Ellis

James Gardner-HopkinsRussell McVeagh

D J GatesDJ Gates

Andrew GeddisFaculty of Law, University of Otago

Kris GledhillFaculty of Law, University of Auckland

Paul GoobyCavell-Leitch Law

Earl GraySimpson Grierson

Kathryn GuiseHesketh Henry

Geoff HallffUniversity of Otago

Nigel Hampton Q CNigel Hampton Q C

Christopher HareFaculty of Law, University of Auckland

Dan Harrison

Donald HarrisonHaigh Lyon

Colin HenryC.S. Henry, Barrister, and Associates

Robert HeskethOffice of Human Rights Proceedings

Brian KeeneBrian Keene Queens Counsel

Dean KilpatrickAnthon Harper

Alan KnowsleyRainey Collins Lawyers

Simon LaddBell Gully

Paul Michalik

Simon Moore QCMeredith Connell

Joanna MossopVictoria University of Wellington

Pam NuttallAUT University Law School

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Evgeny OrlovEquity Law

Michael QuiggQuigg Partners

Kevin RiordanNew Zealand Defence Force

Paul RothUniversity of Otago

Mary-Rose RussellLaw School, Auckland University of Technology

Feona SaylesMassey University

Stephen Eliot SmithUniversity of Otago

W. Murray ThomsonUniversity of Otago

Rob TownerBell Gully

David Underwood

Peter WattsFaculty of Law, University of Auckland

Nicola WheenUniversity of Otago

David V. WilliamsUniversity of Auckland

Kim WorkmanRobson Hanan Trust

Steven ZindelZindels


NICARAGUA

Marco Antonio Benavente GómezGarcía & Bodán

Luis Manuel Canales PerezJarquin Garcia

Gerardo Martín HernándezConsortium Centro America Abogados

Andre Herrera RodriguezCIDS, UNAN-Leon

Roberto JoseArias & Muñoz

Angelica Maria Toruno GarciaUniversidad Evangelica Nicaraguense Martin Luther King Jr.

Edgard Torres MendietaArias & Muñoz

Soraya Montoya HerreraMolina & Asociados, S.A.

Luis Manuel Perezalonso LanzasOficina de Leyes

Ramiro RodriguezGarcia & Bodan

Christian Alemán SotomayorAlemán Abogados y Notarios


NIGERIA

Abdulhamid Abdullahi BagaraCommunity Health and Research Initiative

Joseph E.O. AbuguAbugu & Co., Solicitors

Wale-Adewale AdelekeOndo State Government

Onjefu AdogaBrooke Chambers

Chioma Kanu AgomoDepartment of Commercial and Industrial Law, University of Lagos

Olumide O. AjuF.O.Akinrele & Co.

Seyi AkinwunmiAkinwunmi & Busari, Legal Practitioners

Yomi AlliyuChief Yomi Alliyu & Co.

Nonye AniebueUniversity of Nigeria, Nsukka

Ige AsemudaraPUNUKA Attorneys & Solictors

Yomi DareYomi Dare and Company

Idowu Durosinmi-EttiAdepetun Caxton-Martins Agbor & Segun

Efena EfetieNational Hospital

Olumide EkisolaAdejumo Ekisola & Ezeani

Godwin EtimAELEX Legal Practitioners & Arbitrators

Joy Ngozi EzeiloWomenAid Collective (WACOL)

Anse Agu EzetahLaw Agu Ezetah & Co.

Vitalis Chukwunalu IhedigboPUNUKA Attorneys & Solicitors

Ayo KusamotuKusamotu & Kusamotu

Emmanuel Amaechi NwobiUniversity of Nigeria

Chinyere NwokoroLegal Luminaries Solicitors

Godwin OblaObla and Co, Barristers and Solicitors

Gbenga OdusolaGbenga Odusola & Co., LP

Nelson OgbuanyaNocs Consults

Chudi Nelson OjukwuNigerian Law School

Patrick OkonjoOkonjo, Odiawa & Ebie

Ndubuisi OkontaPunuka Attorneys & Solictors

Olasupo OlaibiSupo Olaibi & Company

Bolaji OlaniranJustice Group of Nigeria

Ayotunde OlogeSYNERGY Legal Practitioners and Consultants

Ehijeagbon OseroghoOserogho & Associates

Akin OsinbajoAbdulai, Taiwo & Co., Solicitors

Gbenga OyebodeAluko & Oyebode

Festus Okechukwu UkwuezeFaculty of Law, University of Nigeria


NORWAY

Carl A. ChristiansenRaeder DA

Terje EinarsenGulating High Court

Birthe EriksenFaculty of Law, University of Bergen

Jan Fridthjof BerntFaculty of Law, University of Bergen

Eirik HolmøyvikFaculty of Law, University of Bergen

Erling Johannes HusabøUniversity of Bergen

Erling LindWiersholm

Eivind SmithUniversity of Oslo

Tina SøreideFaculty of Law, University of Bergen

Karl Harald SovigFaculty of Law, University of Bergen

Ulf StridbeckFaculty of Law, University of Oslo

Stella TuftMicrosoft

Arild VaktskjoldIHA, Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap

Tor ValeAdvokatfirmaet Hartsang DA

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PAKISTAN

Mohammad Akram SheikhSupreme Court of Pakistan

Zia Ahmed AwanLawyers for Human Rights & Legal Aid

Rai Muhammad Saleh AzamAzam & Rai Advocates & Legal Consultants

Shahbaz Ahmad CheemaUniversity of the Punjab

Umer FarooqAyub Medical College

Shams ul Haque JoiyaRight Law Company

Parvez HassanHassan and Hassan Advocates

Muzaffar IslamLahore Waste Management Company

Anees JillaniJillani & Hassan

Muhammad KhanLahore General Hospital

Shereen MasoudMasud Law Associates

Nasir Ul MulkSupreme Court of Pakistan

Muhammad MunirInternational Islamic University, Islamabad

Faiza MuzaffarLegis Inn Attorneys & Corporate Consultants

Adnan Aslam QureshiQureshi Law Associates

Tariq RahimTariq Rahim Law Associates

Salman SafdarChamber of Barrister Salman Safdar

Fatima Sajjad

Shahzadi Samreen TariqSociety for Enforcement of Rule of Law

Muhammad Irfanullah SiddiquiUmm Al-Qura University

Iftikhar Ahmad TararPunjab University

S.M.Farhad TirmaziTirmazi & Associates

Mohammad Zakaria


PANAMA

Víctor DelgadoUniversidad Católica Santa María La Antigua

Carlos Ernesto González RamírezFundación Libertad

Gisela JuliaoLegal Invest Solutions

Ivette MartinezPatton Moreno & Asvat

Mario RognoniArosemena, Noriega & Contreras

Raul SotoANORCO


PERU

Marco AlarconEstudio Echecopar

Eduardo BenavidesBerninzon & Benavides

Raquel CancinoUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia

Cecilia Melba Ma CardenasConsult Salud

Shirley CárdenasGarcía Sayán Abogados

Dino Carlos Caro CoriaCaro & Asociados, Especialistas en Derecho Penal Económico y de la Empresa

Maria Sofia Cuba FuentesSociedad Peruana de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria

Jaime DurandGarcía Sayán Abogados

Martin Gavidia

Carmen Heck FrancoSociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental

David LiraClinica Internacional

Rossana Maccera

Elfren MoralesHospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue

Evan E. MorganEvan Morgan & Asociados Abogados

Yesenia NuñezInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas (INCN)

Gabriel Ortiz de ZevallosAPOYO Comunicación Corporativa S.A.

Jorge Martín Paredes PérezParedes & Asociados

Ricardo M. Pauli

Miguel Angel Porras CarriónInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas (INCN)

César PuntrianoEstudio Muñiz

Marcos Ricardo Revatta SalasUnica Universidad Nacional San Lus Gonzaga De Ica Peru

Miguel Rubio AyllonMuñiz, Ramirez, Perez - Taiman & Olaya

Alberto VarillasGarcía Sayán Abogados

Jose Luis Velarde LazarteEstudio Olaechea


PHILIPPINES

Luther Z. CalderonKabalikat ng Migranteng Pilipino Inc. (KAMPI)

Hilario G. Davide, Jr.

Jelson GarciaBank Information Center

Karen S. Gomez DumpitCommission on Human Rights of the Philippines

Nancy Joan M. JavierIntegrated Bar of the Philippines

Carmelita G. NuquiDevelopment Action for Women Network (DAWN)

Olivier L. Pantaleon

Jeanie S. PulidoLaw Office of Jeanie S. Pulido

Mary Grace R. QuintanaDepartment of Justice

Ramon G. Samson

Isagani R. SerranoPhilippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM)

Reginald A. Tongol

Ma. Louisa M. Viloria-YapLaw Firm of Garcia Inigo & Partners


POLAND

Katarzyna Batko-TolucThe Association of Leaders of Local Civic Groups

Andrzej BrodziakInstitute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

Joanna KobzaSilesian Medical University

Agnieszka LisieckaWardynski and Partners sp. k.

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Piotr MajerAaszczuk & Partners Sp.k.

Andrzej MichalowskiMichalowski Stefanski Adwokaci Spólka Komandytowa

Malgorzata Muc-WierzgonSilesian Medical University

Jerzy Naumann

Michal RaczkowskiFaculty of Law and Administration, University of Warsaw

Krzysztof RastawickiRMS Rastawicki Sawicki Sp.K.

Lechoslaw StepniakDomanski Zakrzewski Palinka sp.k.

Tomasz TrojanowskiIFMSA

Jerzy WolinskiLaw Office JW


PORTUGAL

Luis Miguel AmaralLuis Miguel Amaral - Advogados

Fernando Antas da CunhaACFA

Joana Barrilaro Ruas

Anja BotheUniversidade Atlântica

Eduardo J. Buisson VB LoureiroLegal Affairs Bureau (Macau)

Octavio Castelo PauloSRS Advogados

Pedro Rodrigues de MataPRM & Associados

Henrique DoroteiaHenrique Doroteia Advogados

Andre Lamas LeiteFaculty of Law, University of Porto

Sandrine Bisson Marvao

Pedro PintoPBBR

Goncalo Pinto FerreiraAlbuquerque & Associates

Teresa Pizarro BelezaLaw School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Carlos Lopes Ribeiro

Isabel RochaRMV & Associates Law Firm

Libertário TeixeiraLTCF Sociedade de Advogados RL


ROMANIA

Cristina AlexePopovici Nitu & Asociatii Attorneys at Law

Marius-Nicolae BalanThe Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi

Cristian BogaruHammond, Bogaru & Associates

Anca Lulia CimpeanuRubin Meyer Doru & Trandafir LPC

Miloiu CiprianMiloiu Ciprian Private Law Office

Valeriu CiucaThe Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi

Madalina ConstantinVoicu & Filipescu SCA

Dariescu CosminThe Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi

Cosmin Flavius CostasFaculty of Law, Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca

Andrei DanciuSCA Cataniciu & Asociatii

Daghie DragosDaghie & Asociatii

Ioana DumitruSCA Popovici Nitu & Asociatii

Diana Maria IonescuBabes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca

HP Legal

Ioan LazarAlba County Bar Association

Raul MihuVoicu & Filipescu SCA

Flaviu NanuWhite & Case

Vlad NeacsuSCA Popovici Nitu & Asociatii

George NedelcuNedelcu George - Law Office

Daniel NituBabes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca

Dan Oancea

Septimiu PanainteLaw Faculty, The Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi

Gavrila Simona PetrinaUniversity Dunarea de Jos Galati

Radu RizoiuRizoiu & Asociatii

Mihail Romeo NicolescuRomeo Nicolescu Law Office

Felicia RosioruFaculty of Law, Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca

Bogdan Sergiu

Florin StreteanuFaculty of Law, Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca

Simina TanasescuUniversity of Bucharest

Andrei ZamfirescuGilescu & Partenerii CHSH


RUSSIA

Sergey AlexeevInstitute of Private Law

HP Legal

Nikolai KostenkoMoscow Helsinki Group

Eduard MargulyanMargulyan & Kovalev

Andrey NeznamovThe Ural State Law Academy

Alexander RomanovThe Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

Elena SapeginaBeiten Burkhardt

Vladimir ShoukhovMoscow State Medico-Stomatological University


SENEGAL

Mbaye DieneConsortium pour la Recherche Economique et Sociale(CRES)

Diene Ousseynou DioufUniversité de Ziguinchor

Elhadji Mame Gning

Serigne Magueye GueyeUniversité Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar

Mamadou MbayaSCP Mame Adama Gueye & Associés

Moustapha Ndoye

Moustapha NgaidoUniversité Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar

Dr. SarrMinistere de la Santé

El Hadji Omar YoumSCP Mame Adama Gueye & Associés

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SERBIA

Vera Bajic

Dusan S. Dimitrijevic

Djordje DjurisicLaw Office of Djordje Djurisic

Veljko GuberinaGuberina-Marinkov Law Office

Valentina KrkovicLaw office Valentina Krkovic

Zach KuvizicKuvizic & Tadic Law Office

Jane PaunkovicFaculty of Management Zajeccar

Vladan SimeunovicLaw Office Simeunovic-Ikonovic-Isailovic

Petar StojanovicJoksovic, Stojanovic & Partners, Attorneys at Law

Nenad VujicVujic Law Office


SIERRA LEONE

Anthony BrewahBrewah and Co.

Michael Imran KanuStreamline Consultancy

Simeon KoromaTIMAP for Justice

Ady MacauleyAnti-Corruption Commission

Editayo Pabs-GarnonRenner-Thomas & Co.

Nancy SesayOpen Society Initiative for West Africa

Rowland WrightWright& Co.


SINGAPORE

Simon ChestermanFaculty of Law, National University of Singapore

Kelvin ChiaKelvin Chia Partnership

Harry EliasHarry Elias Partnership LLP

HP Legal

Tan Cheng HanNational University of Singapore

Koon-Hou Mak

Dan W. PuchniakFaculty of Law, National University of Singapore

Elizabeth Siew-Kuan NgFaculty of Law, National University of Singapore

Josephus TanPatrick Tan LLC

Patrick TanPatrick Tan LLC

Chia Boon TeckChia Wong LLP

Jack Tsen-Ta LeeSchool of Law, Singapore Management University

Stanley YeoNational University of Singapore


SLOVENIA

Bojko BucarUniversity of Ljubljana

Ales GalicUniversity of Ljubljana

Erik KersevanUniversity of Ljubljana

Andrej KirmAvbreht, Zajc & Partners, Ltd.

Rajko KnezFaculty of Law, University of Maribor

Suzana KraljicFaculty of Law, University of Maribor

Matija RepoluskRepolusk Law Firm

Primoz RozmanBlood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia

Josip Sever

Peter StanovnikInstitute for Economic Research

Grega StrbanFaculty of Law, University of Ljubljana

Luka TicarFaculty of Law, University of Ljubljana


SOUTH AFRICA

Johan Beukes

Victoria BronsteinSchool of Law, University of the Witwatersrand

Fawzia CassimUniversity of South Africa

Tamara CohenUniversity of KwaZulu Natal

Daphney Nozizwe ConcoDENOSA Professional Institute

Hugh CorderUniversity of Cape Town

Pieter du ToitNorth-West University

Sieg EiselenUniversity of South Africa

Chantelle FeldhausNorth-West University

Henri FoucheUniversity of South Africa

Wilhelmina GermishuysUniversity of South Africa

Susan GoldsteinSoul City

James GrantSchool of Law, University of the Witwatersrand

Jacqueline HeatonUniversity of South Africa

Derek HellenbergUniversity of Cape Town

Paul HoffmanThe Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa

Rene KoraanNorth-West University, Potchefstroom

Johann KrieglerFreedom Under Law

Johan KrugerCentre for Constitutional Rights

Peter LeonWebber Wentzel

A. LeonardUniversity of South Africa

Leon LouwLaw Review Project

J. Mahler-CoetzeeNelson Mandela School of Law

Vuyokazi MatshayaAfrican Medical & Research Foundation

Stephen MonyeUniversity of South Africa

Kasturi MoodaliyarUniversity of Witwatersrand

Budeli MpfariseniUniversity of South Africa

Dejo OlowuNorth-West University

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Matome M. RatibaUniversity of South Africa

Altair RichardsEdward Nathan Sonnenbergs Inc.

Milton SeligsonSouth African Bar

Sandhiya SinghUniversity of KwaZulu Natal

Elizabeth Snyman-Van DeventerUniversity of the Free State

Philip StoopUniversity of South Africa

Clarence I. TshooseUniversity of South Africa

Andreas van WykStellenbosch University

Jeannie van WykUniversity of South Africa

Francois VenterFaculty of Law, North-West University, Potchefstroom

Tania VergnaniUniversity of the Western Cape

R. ZinnUniversity of South Africa


REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Woo Young ChoiHwang Mok Park

HP Legal

Haksoo KoSchool of Law, Seoul National University

Hwang LeeKorea University School of Law

Sang Won LeeSchool of Law, Seoul National University

YangHee LeeSungyunkwan University

Jaeseop SongShin & Kim

Junsok YangCatholic University of Korea

Michael YuKim & Chang

Sung Whan LeeAhnse Law Offices


SPAIN

Maria Acale SanchezUniversidad de Cádiz

Caesar Aguado RenedoUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid

Juan Francisco Aguiar RodriguezServicio Canario de Salud - Gobierno de Canarias

Maraa Jose Aguilar IdañezUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha

Carlos Alvarez-DardetUniversidad de Alicante

Josefa Cantero MartínezUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha

Montserrat CasamitjanaSociedad Salud Pública de Catalunya i Baleares

Xavier Castells OliveresHospital del Mar

Charles C. Coward BatesUria Menéndez

Paz M. de la CuestaUniversidad de Cantabria

Francisco Javier Dávila GonzálezUniversidad de Cantabria

HP Legal

Gustavo de las HerasUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha

Manuel Angel de las Heras GarciaFacultad de Derecho, Universidad de Alicante

Federico Durán LópezGarrigues Abogados

Santiago Fernández RedondoHospital Universitario La Princesa

Antonio Fernández RodríguezGarrigues Abogados

Jose Fernandez-RanadaGarrigues Abogados

Luis GaiteHospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla

Roman Gil AlburquerqueJunta de Gobierno del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid

Martin Godino ReyesSagardoy Abogados

Carlos Gómez-JaraUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid

Pablo Guárez TricaricoDepartamento de Derecho Penal, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

Ana GutiérrezUniversidad de Cantabria

María Gutiérrez RodríguezUniversidad Carlos III

Juan Antonio Lascuraín SánchezUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid

Josep Lluís de PerayDepartament de Salut

Maria del Mar Carrasco AndrinoUniversidad de Alicante

Jose Martí BoscàUniversitat de Valencia

Juan Oliva-MorenaAsociación de Economía de la Salud

José María Ordóñez IriarteComunidad de Madrid

Rafael Ortiz CervelloGarrigues Abogados

Rocio Ortiz MoncadaUniversidad de Alicante

Jesús Padilla GálvezUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha

Vicente Pastor y AldeguerHospital Universitario La Princesa

Manuel PorteroUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha

Felipe Renart GarciaUniversidad de Alicante

Jose Ignacio RodriguezUniversidad de Alcala

Federico Rodríguez MorataUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha

August Torà Barnadas

Yolanda ValdeolivasUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid

Rosario Vicente MartínezUniversidad Castilla-La Mancha


SRI LANKA

Chrishantha AbeysenaUniversity of Kelaniya

A. PathmeswaranUniversity of Kelaniya

Gamini PereraSupreme Court of Sri Lanka

Dr. RajendiraFaculty of Medicine Jaffna

Asoka SilvaDepartment of Legal Studies, The Open University of Sri Lanka

Manuj WeerasingheFaculty of Medicine, University of Colombo

Anusha WickramasingheThe Open University of Sri Lanka


SWEDEN

Jack ÅgrenStockholm University

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Bengt AhgrenNordic School of Public Health

Carl-Olof BouvengAdvokatfirman Lindahl

Laura CarlsonFaculty of Law, Stockholm University

Daniel DrottAdvokatfirman Delphi

Reinhold FahlbeckLund University

Boel FlodgrenLund University

Peder GrandinsonHammarskiöld & Co.

HP Legal

Peder HammarskiöldHammarskiöld & Co.

Petter HolmGärde Wesslau Advokatbyrå

Mikael JohanssonRaoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

Lennart KahlerNordic School of Public Health

Gunilla LindmarkUppsala University

Bengt LundellLund University

Olov MarsaterFaculty of Law, Uppsala University

Ulf MaunsbachFaculty of Law, Lund University

Christoffer MonellMannheimer Swartling Advokatbyrå

Karol NowakFaculty of Law, Lund University

Birgitta NyströmFaculty of Law, Lund University

Bjorn OhdeAdvokataktiebolaget Roslagen

Karl-Arne OlssonGärde Wesslau Advokatbyrå

Johan SangbornThe Swedish Bar Association

Gustaf SjöbergStockholm University

Dennis TöllborgUniversity of Gothenburg

Mauro ZamboniFaculty of Law, Stockholm University

Ola ZetterquistGothenburg University


TANZANIA

Salim AbubakarBLC Advocates

Grace KazobaIFM

Francis KiwangaMatrix Consulting Advocates

Melkizedeck LeshabariUniversity of Health and Allied Sciences

Florens LuogaFK Law Chambers

Fadhili Nathan LwendoZenith Attorneys

Samwel Gard MadulangaMrosso & Associates Advocate

Annmarie Mavenjina NkelameActionAid Tanzania

Cheggy C. MzirayBrickHouse Law Associates

Eustard Athanace NgatalePrime Ministers Office Regional Administration and Local Government

Juvenalis NgowiEast African Law Chambers

Eliud WandwaloManagement Sciences for Health


THAILAND

Paul ConnellyInternational Legal Counsellors Thailand Limited

Wonpen KeawpanFaculty of Public Health

Jeeranun KlaewklaFaculty of Public Health, Mahidol University

Usa Lek-UthaiMahidol University

Siriporn SkrobanekFoundation for Women

Chanvit TharathepMinistry of Public Health


TUNISIA

Hamdi AmineZaanouni Law Firm

Ben AmmarBen Ammar Law Firm

Amel BchiniBchini Avocat Conseil

Nadhir Ben AmmouCabinet Nadhir Ben Ammou

Kais Ben BrahimTunisia Legal

Elies Ben LetaifaJuris International Lawyers

Bessem Ben SalemBSLF

Elyes ChafterChafter Raoudi Law Firm

Mohammed EnnaceurAssociation Tunisienne de Droit Social

Zied GallalaGallala Law Firm

Zouhaier GhediraOrdre National des Avocats de Tunisie

Amel Gorbej

Donia Hedda EllouzeCabinet Maitre Donia Hedda Ellouze

Hedio KedadiHedio Kedadi Legal

Kouki KhaledKBN Avocats

Brahim LatrechDr. Brahim Latrech Law Office

Hechmi LouzirInstitut Pasteur de Tunis

Amin MahfoudhBarreau de Tunisie

Ridha Mezghani

Asma NouiraFaculté de Droit et de Sciences Politiques

Nizar SdiriNizar Sdiri Law Firm


TURKEY

Ufuk AydinFaculty of Law, Anadolu University

Cem BeharBogaziçi University

Bahir BozcaliBozcali Law Offices

Gökçe ÇelenÇelen Law Office

Murat Volkan DülgerDulger Law Firm

Ece GöztepeBilkent University

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Osman HayranYeditepe University

Nuray Galkasek KaracaAnadolu University

Orhan YavuzADMD Law Firm


UGANDA

Patrick A. AlungaBarugahare & Co. Advocates

D.J. BakibingaMakerere University

Eva BerindaFIDA Uganda

Jude ByamukamaTwesigye, Namanya & Co. Advocates

Brigitte Byarugaba KusiimaShonubi, Musoke & Co. Advocates

Ahumuza CharityRefugee Law Project, School of Law, Makerere University

Adrian JjuukoHuman Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum (HRAPF)

Peter KabatsiKampala Associated Advocates

David KaggwaKaggwa & Kaggwa Advocates

Brian KaluleNsubuga & Co. Advocates

Kakembo KatendeJN Kirkland & Associates

Regina Kawooya-JunjuKawwoya Junju & Co. Avocate

Emmanuel Meta AloroLex Uganda Advocates & Solicitors

Damalie Naggita-MusokeMakerere University

Salima NamusobyaRefugee Law Project, School of Law, Makerere University

Laura NyirinkindiUganda Association of Women Lawyers (FIDA Uganda)

George OmunyokolOmunyokol And Company Advocates

Arthur K. SsempebwaKatende, Sssempebwa and Company Advocates

Mpiima Jamir SsenogaKiwanuka, Lubega, Mpiima & Co. Advocates

Winifred Tarinyeba KiryabwireSchool of Law, Makerere University

Ronald TusingwireM/S Synergy Solicitors and Advocates


UKRAINE

Alexander BodnarukYuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University

Timur BondaryevArzinger Law Firm

Zoryana Chernenko

HP Legal

Nick V. KarchevskiyLugansk State University

Julia KondratskaMoskalenko & Partners Law Firm

Oleksandr KostenkoNational University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy

Andrey KubkoSalkom Law Firm

Pavlo LukomskyiSalkom Law Firm

Andrii MisiatsNGO “Podilska Legal League”

Yaroslav OgnevyukDoubinsky & Osharova Law Firm

Alexandr SubbotinTarasov & Partners

Anna TyshchenkoIntegrites

Vladimir N. ZakhvataevSalans


UNITED ARAB

EMIRATESCamille ChamounBSA LLP

Ibrahim ElsadigSNR Denton

Oliver HarrisonHealth Authority Abu Dhabi

Abhimanyu JalanClyde and Co.

Jennifer PageAl Tamimi & Company

Kavitha S. PanickerPanicker Partners

Abdul Karim PharaonCourt of Cassation

Amer SaadeddinDubai Community Health Center

Mohammed ZaheeruddinUnited Arab Emirates University


UNITED KINGDOM

Khadija AliTooks Chambers

Richard E. AshcroftQueen Mary, University of London

James BellSlater and Gordon UK LLP

David CabrelliSchool of Law, University of Edinburgh

Nigel DuncanCity University London

Julio FaundezUniversity of Warwick

Sara FovargueLancaster University

Jeffrey GoldenLondon School of Economics and Political Science

Richard GriffithSwansea University

Samantha HallidayUniversity of Liverpool

Simon HoneyballUniversity of Exeter

Peter Hungerford-WelchCity Law School, City University London

Alan J. MassonAnderson Strathern LLP

Gerard McCormackUniversity of Leeds

Peter McTigueNottingham Trent University

Tonia NovitzUniversity of Bristol

Hannah QuirkUniversity of Manchester

Kiron ReidUniversity of Liverpool

Katja SamuelHuman Rights Law Centre, Nottingham University

Keith SyrettCardiff University

Cassam TengnahSwansea University

Steve UglowKent Law School, University of Kent

Samantha VellutiSchool of Law, University of Lincoln

Tony WardUniversity of Hull

Richard WhitecrossEdinburgh Napier University

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UNITED STATES

Jane AikenGeorgetown Law

David E. BirenbaumFried Frank Harris Shriver & Jacobson

Robert A. BurtYale University

Sara Elizabeth DillLaw Offices of Sara Elizabeth Dill

Timothy DolanAmerican University in Cairo

Anjali Bajaj DooleyLaw Office of Anjali B. Dooley, LLC

Addisu DubaleUniversity of Washington School of Law

Steven EckhausKatten Muchin Rosenman LLP

Barbara J. FickUniversity of Notre Dame Law School

M. FitzgeraldAttorney Johnson-Reynolds-Fitzgerald

Michele ForzleyGeorgetown Law

Ricks Frazier

Norman M. GleichmanService Employees International Union

Thomas L. HafemeisterUniversity of Virginia School of Law

Charles HarrellDuane Morris LLP

Alan W. HousemanCenter for Law & Social Policy

Arthur Hunter Jr.Orleans Parish Criminal District Court

Earl Johnson Jr.California Court of Appeal

Theodore A. KittilaElliott Greenleaf

Frederick KrimgoldVirginia Tech

Sherman L. CohnGeorgetown University

John R. LaBarHenry, McCord, Bean, Miller, Gabriel & LaBar, P.L.L.C.

Renee M. LandersSuffolk University Law School

M. LevineAttorney Johnson-Reynolds-Fitzgerald

Michael W. McConnellStanford University

Frank MichelmanHarvard University

Elizabeth PendoSaint Louis University School of Law

Li QiangChina Labor Watch

David RanneyVitalize Consulting Solutions

Maryellen ReynoldsAttorney Johnson-Reynolds-Fitzgerald

Christopher David Ruiz CameronSouthwestern Law School

Lois ShepherdUniversity of Virginia

Toan Foeng ThamGlobal Oral, Legal and Dental(GOLD) Foundation

David UdellNational Center for Access to Justice

John L. WilkersonArkansas Municipal League


URUGUAY

Maria DuránHughes & Hughes

Escandor El Ters

Haroldo EspalterHughes & Hughes

Horacio FernándezBado, Kuster, Zerbino & Rachetti

Martín FridmanFerrere Abogados

Juan Andrés FuentesArcia Storace Fuentes Medina Abogados

Diego GamarraPosadas, Posadas & Vecino

Gabriel GariQueen Mary University of London

Andrés HessdörferArcia Storace Fuentes Medina Abogados

Camilo MartínezUniversidad de Montevideo

Ricardo MezzeraEstudio Dr. Mezzera

Cristina MuñozFerrere Abogados

Santiago Pereira CamposRueda Abadi Pereira

Martin ThomassetGalante & Martins


UZBEKISTAN

Shukhrat KhudayshukurovAdvokat-Himoya Law Firm

Akmaljon A. UmirzakovWestminster International University in Tashkent


VENEZUELA

Jorge Acedo

Pablo BenaventeEscritorio Jurídico Mangieri Benavente & Asociados

Dorelys CoraspeDLA Interjuris

Ricardo J. Cruz RincónEscritorio Chumaceiro-Gonzalez Rubio

Rafael de LemosRaffalli de Lemos Halvorssen Ortega y Ortíz

Jesus E. EscuderoTorrez, Plaz & Araujo

Juan C. GarantonUniversidad Católica Andrés Bello

Andrés L. HalvorssenRDHOO

Andrés Hernández Lossada

Luis Eduardo López DuránHoet Peláez Castillo & Duque

Jaime Martínez EstévezRodner, Martínez & Asociados

Mark A. Melilli S.Mangieri Benavente & Asociados

Gregory Odreman OrdozgoittyOdreman & Associates

Irene Rivas Gómez


VIETNAM

Nguyen Gia Huy ChuongPhuoc & Partners Law Firm

Kevin HawkinsMayer Brown JSM

Nguyen Thanh HuongHanoi School of Public Health

Ngo Huu NhiThienan Law Office

Loc LeYKVN Lawyers

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Tung NgoVILAF - Hong Duc

Pham Van PhatAnphat Pham Law Firm

Nguyen Huu PhuocPhuoc & Partners Law Firm

Ngoc TranIndochine Counsel


ZAMBIA

Chifumu K. Banda S.C.Chifumu Banda and Associates

Lizzy Nkole ChandaAfya Mzuri

Ernest KakomaMinistry of Health

Masaiti KatebeCommunity Markets for Conservation Limited

Michael Munalula LiweleyaMML Legal Practitioners


ZIMBABWE

Simplicio BhebheKantor and Immerman

Reginald ChidawanyikaMessrs Chitere Chidawanyika & Partners

Paul FraserLofty & Fraser

Adam Kara

Andrew MakoniZimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights

Christopher MhikeAtherstone & Cook Legal Practitioners

Tarisai MutangiDonsa-Nkomo & Mutangi Attorneys

Archford RutanhiraScanlen & Holderness

John Tawanda BuromboInternational Bridges to Justice


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Part V: Acknowledgments |

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About the WJP |

GOALS AND PROGRAM AREAS

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About The World Justice Project

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Strategic Partners

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“Laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise king, established… That the strong might not injure the weak, in order to protect the widows and orphans..., in order to declare justice in the land, to settle all disputes, and heal all injuries.”

CODEX HAMMURABI

“I could adjudicate lawsuits as well as anyone. But I would prefer to make lawsuits unnecessary.”

ANALECTS OF CONFUCIUS

“The Law of Nations, however, is common to the entire human race, for all nations have established for themselves certain regulations exacted by custom and human necessity.”

CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS

“Treat the people equally in your court and give them equal attention, so that the noble shall not aspire to your partiality, nor the humble despair of your justice.”

JUDICIAL GUIDELINES FROM ‘UMAR BIN AL-KHATTAB, THE SECOND KHALIFA OF ISLAM

“No freeman is to be taken or imprisoned or disseised of his free tenement or of his liberties or free customs, or outlawed or exiled or in any way ruined, nor will we go against such a man or send against him save by lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land. To no-one will we sell or deny or delay right or justice.”

MAGNA CARTA

“Good civil laws are the greatest good that men can give and receive. They are the source of morals, the palladium of property, and the guarantee of all public and private peace. If they are not the foundation of government, they are its supports; they moderate power and help ensure respect for it, as though power were justice itself. They affect every individual; they mingle with the primary activities of his life; they follow him everywhere. They are often the sole moral code of a people, and they are always part of its freedom. Finally, good civil laws are the consolation of every citizen for the sacrifices that political law demands of him for the city, protecting, when necessary, his person and his property as though he alone were the whole city.”

JEAN-ÉTIENNE-MARIE PORTALIS. DISCOURS PRÉLIMINAIRE DU PREMIER PROJET DE CODE CIVIL

“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights… Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.”

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

“The rule of law is the foundation for communities of opportunity and equity—it is the predicate for the eradication of poverty, violence, corruption, pandemics, and other threats to civil society.”

WILLIAM H. NEUKOM, FOUNDER, PRESIDENT AND CEO OF THE WORLD JUSTICE PROJECT

“The Rule of Law Index provides an unparalleled mechanism to help understand how law functions in countries around the world and assess where there are areas for improvement or praise. It is ripe with original, independent, and interesting data – some surprising and some that finally confirms what societies have known intuitively for a long time. In all cases, I am optimistic that the Index will advance necessary debates to improve the policies, procedures, and practices that shape rule of law around the world.”

BILL GATES SR., CO-CHAIR, BILL & MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION

“As the most comprehensive measurement tool currently available to legal and judicial reformers, the Rule of Law Index highlights the strengths and weaknesses of national systems, thereby enabling comparisons among countries within a region or of similar GDP and, hopefully, will be widely accepted as a means of improving judicial services.”

ELLEN GRACIE NORTHFLEET, FORMER CHIEF JUSTICE OF BRAZIL

“When we talk about the rule of law, we mean more than adherence to the laws of the country whatever they may be. There has to be a substantial content to the law itself. If the rule of law is to have any meaning at all, as a constitutional principle, it must have a substantial element of protection of fundamental rights. And that is one of the great values, I believe, of the WJP Rule of Law Index. Where there’s a culture of respect for the rule of law, it is a bulwark against injustice.”

ARTHUR CHASKALSON, FORMER CHIEF JUSTICE OF SOUTH AFRICA

“As an educator, I’m convinced that access and equity in higher education isn’t possible in regions where a cogent Rule of Law is absent; as an epidemiologist, I have been most sensitive to the Index’s development as a statistical tool which will have a wide ranging impact.”

HARRIS PASTIDES, PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

Law

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