the world. africa (physical features) language groups of africa
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The World
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Africa(physical features)
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Language Groups of
Africa
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Bantu languages – Southern Africa(400 languages, 100 million speakers)
Language Approx. # of speakers Main geographic area
Fang 560 000 Cameroon, GabonBoulou CameroonEwondo CameroonDouala 400 000 CameroonBamileke 2 million CameroonLuva 6.3 million Congo-KinshasaTshiluba 6 million Congo-KinshasaLingala 8 million Central African Republic,
Congo-Brazzaville,Congo-Kinshasa
Kikongo 6 million Angola, Congo-Brazzaville,Congo-Kinshasa
Kituba 5 million Congo (South)Luganda 4 million UgandaMakoua UgandaKinyarwanda-Kirundi 15 million Rwanda, Burundi
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Bantu languages – Southern Africa(cont’d)
Language Approx. # of speakers Main geographic area
Swahili 30 million Tanzania, Kenya,Uganda, Congo DR,
Rwanda, BurundiKikouyou 4.6 million KenyaSukuma TanzaniaBemba ZambiaNyanja (chewa, chinyanja) 3.2 million Malawi, ZambiaKimbundu 3 million AngolaUmbundu 4 million AngolaShona 10 million Mozambique, Zambia,
ZimbabweSotho 3.5 million South AfricaTswana 3 million South Africa, BotswanaZulu 5 million South AfricaNdebele 1 million Zimbabwe, South AfricaXhosa 4 million South AfricaComorian languages 900 000 Comoros
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MAJOR TRIBES OF AFRICA (1)• Afar Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia• Amhara Central highland plateau of Ethiopia• Anlo-Ewe SE corner of Ghana• Ashanti Central Ghana• Bakongo Atlantic coast of Africa from Pointe-Noire,
Republic of Congo to Luanda, Angola• Bambara Mali• Bemba NE Zambia• Berber Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt• Bobo W Burkina Faso, Mali• Chewa Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi• Dogon SE Mali, Burkina Faso• Fon Benin• Fulani West Africa
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MAJOR TRIBES OF AFRICA (2)• Ibo Nigeria• Kikuyu Kenya• Mandinka Senegal, The Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau,
Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire• Masai East Africa• Pygmy Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon,
Gabon, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Republic of Congo
• Samburu Kenya• San Kalahari Desert in southern Africa• Senufo N Cote d’Ivoire, Mali• Tuareg N Mali• Wolof Senegal• Yoruba SW Nigeria, Benin • Zulu South Africa
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General African Music Traits
• Emphasis on Rhythm
• Use of Percussion
• Density of Timbre (“buzzy sound”)
• Use of Ostinato
• Use of interlocking parts
• Call and Response
• Controlled Improvisation
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Zimbabwe(formerly Rhodesia)
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A Shona Village
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Shona Farmlands
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Bira(ceremony for a dead ancestor)
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Mbira
• Plucked Idiophone
• Lamellaphone (Lamella = “Tongue”)
• Mbira – common name in Zimbabwe and most of Sub-Saharan Africa
• Called Kalimba in Kenya, Ikembe in Rwanda, Likembe in Congo
• Called “thumb piano,” “gourd piano,” “finger harp,” etc. in West
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Mbira
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Mbira
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Mbira on YouTube• YouTube - Lessons from the Mbira at Duke University• YouTube - KarigaMombe Improv Lesson• YouTube - Mbira Lesson One : KarigaMombe on Gwara Nya
maropa
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Ewe Tribal areas
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Drums from Eastern Ghana
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Gangkogui (timeline)
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Axatse (timeline)
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Atsimevu(leader)
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Sogo, Kidi, Kaganu(left to right)
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Anlo-Ewe Drum Ensemble
• Gangokui (clapperless double bell) -TIMELINE• Axatse (rattle – external beads on fishnet) - TIME• Atsimevu (largest drum, often on stand) - LEAD• Kaganu (medium small, semi-independent)• Sogo (small, 2-1/2 ft closed, hand, follower)• Kidi (small, 2 ft closed, sticks, follower)• See dancedrummer.com for examples• Also see Virtual Instrument Museum (Region: Africa)
for individual instruments
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African Drumming on YouTube
• YouTube - Akrowa Dance Ensemble, Drumming in Kokrobite Ghana
• YouTube - traditional Ewe drumming and singing
• YouTube - Ayan Bisi Adeleke - Master talking drummer - drum talks
• YouTube - Yoruba Bata Ensemble Drums for Orisa, volume 1
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Popular Music in Africa(mainly Nigeria)
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King Sunny Adé (b. 1946)“Minister of Enjoyment”
“Golden Mercury of Africa”
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King Sunny and his African Beats
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Jújú• Yoruba-based music (tribe of SW Nigeria)• Emerges in 1930s w/ trios
- a leader who sang and played the banjo- a shekere bottle-gourd rattle player- a jùjú (tambourine) drummer
• 1948 – addition of Yoruba talking drum• King Sunny’s Band (large lineup, up to 16+)
5-8 guitars, 2+ Talking drums, synthesizer(s), pedal steel guitar, miscellaneous percussion, 4 or more backup singers
• “Jújú Music” (Island Records, 1982) -200,000 copies sold [replacement for Bob Marley]
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Highlife, JuJu, Afrobeat(Nigerian Pop)
• YouTube - Taxi Driver - A Highlife Classic• YouTube - Classic Highlife• YouTube - West African Highlife Band & Nigerian Brothers d
rum & chants• YouTube - JUJU MUSIC - Performance Documentary Trailer• YouTube - Dele Abiodun- Juju music -Nigeria Yoruba• YouTube - Juju Tempo Tola Osumare• YouTube - I.K. Dairo - Salome (Audio)• YouTube - I.K. Dairo MBE• YouTube - King Sunny Ade (KSA@60)• YouTube - KING SUNNY ADE - JA FUNMI• YouTube - King Sunny Ade - Sunny Ti de Ariya (Audio)
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Fela Kuti (1938-1997)
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Fela’s life• Middle-Class Nigerian family
- Mother – Feminist & Anti-colonialist- Father – Minister & Teacher (Union Pres.)
• London (1958) to study medicine, then music
• Koola Lobitos (mixes jazz, funk, highlife)
• Nigeria (1963-69) radio producer
• United States (1969) – influenced by Black Power movement
• Bands: Nigeria ’70, Africa ‘70
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Fela’s life
• 1978 – marries 27 women (dancers in band)
• Accra concert in Ghana (riots after “Zombie”)
• 1979 – runs for president of Nigeria (“Movement of the People” Party)
• Band: Egypt ‘80
• 1980s – tours (US, Europe, etc.)
• 1984 – jailed (currency smuggling)
• 1997 – dies of complications of AIDS
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Fela’s Music
• Afro Beat (his term) – jazz, funk, highlife
• Large horn line, African percussion, etc.
• Long (10-minute songs) static dance grooves- ostinato patterns- call & response- improvisation
• Political lyrics (pan-Africanism)
• Sings in Pidgin English (why?)
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Fela on YouTube• YouTube - Lady/Water No Get Enemy by. Fela Kuti• YouTube - Zombie - The Fela Kuti Tribute Concert
2003 (performed by Fela’s son)• YouTube - Fela Kuti "Gentleman“
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General African Music Traits
• Emphasis on Rhythm
• Use of Percussion
• Density of Timbre (“buzzy sound”)
• Use of Ostinato
• Use of interlocking parts
• Call and Response
• Controlled Improvisation