1

The Working Year of English Day Labourer, c. 1300-1830

Robert C. Allen† Jacob L. Weisdorf‡

Abstract

It is conventionally assumed that the pre-modern working year was fixed and that

consumption varied with changes in wages and prices. This is challenged by the twin theories

of the consumer revolution and the ‘industrious’ revolution, positing a longer working year as

people earned surplus money to buy novel goods. We assume that workers stabilized

consumption and compute for England 1310-1830 annual working days needed to achieve

that. Compared with independent work-estimates, we find no consumer revolution among

rural workers; their labour-supply curve was backward-bending, and their ‘industrious

revolutions’ came from economic hardship. Urban workers, by contrast, suffered little

hardship and displayed great scope for a consumer revolution.

JEL Codes: J22, J43, N30

Keywords: Consumer Revolution, Cost-of-Living Index, Day Wages, ‘Industrious’

Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Labour Supply, Standard of Living

† Nuffield College, University of Oxford; e-mail: bob.allen@nuffield.ox.ac.uk. ‡ Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen; e-mail: jacob.weisdorf@econ.ku.dk (corresponding author).

2

INTRODUCTION

The length of the working year touches many themes in early modern economic history.

One is the standard of living. This is often measured by dividing an annual time series of

daily wage rates by a cost of living index. That quotient tracks changes in material

consumption from year to year only if the number of days worked per year remains the same,

and that is the usual assumption ― implicitly or explicitly. An invariant working year,

however, is called into question by a second theme ― the twin theories of the consumer

revolution and the ‘industrious’ revolution, which posit an increase in the number of days

worked per year as people earned surplus money to buy novel consumer goods like tea,

sugar, books, and clocks. If the working year increased in this way, then labour inputs

increased more rapidly than the population, and that rise may have had macroeconomic

implications in boosting the rate of economic growth and stimulate the industrial revolution.

There are scattered estimates of the length of the working year, which we will discuss

shortly, but they do not provide enough information to pin the matter down on their own. In

this paper, therefore, we take a different approach using existing time series of wages and

prices. In contrast to the usual approach in the real wage literature, which assumes that the

working year was constant and then computes how much annual consumption changed as

wages and prices varied, we assume that workers acted to stabilize consumption over time

and compute how much the working year had to change in order to achieve that. The

assumption is unusual, but it turns out to be consistent with many existing estimates of the

length of the working year.

We perform these calculations for the period circa 1310-1830 for two groups of day

labourers ― farm workers in Southern England and London building workers. For farm

labourers, our numbers agree reasonably well with independent estimates. Since the

consumption basket we use contains no novelties (no sugar, tobacco, tea, coffee etc), but only

daily consumption goods that were readily available in pre-modern England, this suggests

that something like a consumer revolution did not take place among pre-industrial farm

workers. For London building workers, on the other hand, a large and widening gap between

ours and independent estimates points to a massive consumer revolution going on among

more well-off labourers in the run up to the industrial revolution, harmonious to de Vries’

(1994; 2008) hypothesis.

For farm labourers, moreover, we detect a steep increase in work-requirements over

the periods 1540-1616 and 1750-1818. Remarkably, the initial upsurge in working days

3

required per year coincides with the removal of 49 holy days in England, conducted in 1536

as part of the Protestant Reformation. If this abolition of holy days was intended to help the

poor maintaining their consumption by allowing them to work more days throughout the

year, then it might have helped also more affluent groups of workers, such as urban labourers,

to realize a higher desired consumption level, thereby encouraging the industrial revolution.

As regards the work-load of farm labourers during the industrial revolution, we closely match

Voth’s (2000; 2001) profound increase in labour input between 1750 and 1800. However,

this ‘industrious revolution’ of farm labourers at the height of the industrial revolution was

not a consumer revolution, but came out of economic hardship.

DATA AND METHODOLOGY

The basic idea is to calculate the number of days of work necessary per year to buy a fixed

consumption basket. To account for the fact that a labourer would typically provide not only

for himself but for an entire family, we compute the annual days of work required to support

a representative household. For this, we need two components: annual expenditures of the

household and the day wages of workers. Since we focus on two different groups of workers

― farm labourers and urban builders ― we need the wage rates of each group. In the case of

farm labourers, we use Southern England day wages for the period 1271-1830. These

numbers are provided by Allen (1992) and Beveridge (1936). For urban builders, we use

London day wages for the period 1301-1830. These come from Boulton (1996), Phelps

Brown and Hopkins (1955), Rappaport (1989) and Schwartz (1985).

As regards consumption expenditures, these depend on how the consumption basket is

designed. Because we want to inquire into de Vries (1994; 2008) hypothesis ― that a

consumer revolution took place in the century leading up to the industrial revolution ― we

rely on a very pre-modern basket comprising daily goods, such as foods, clothing, housing

and heating, but no novelties or imported items, like sugar, tobacco, potatoes, tea, coffee,

books or clocks. The items of the basket, as well as the annual amounts likely to have been

consumed by a representative adult individual, are detailed in Table 1.1

1 For a discussion of the design of the basket, see Allen (2001).

Total consumption

expenditures are obtained by multiply the quantities of Table 1 by the unit price of each item.

Prices come from four sources: Allen (1992), Beveridge (1936), Mitchell and Deane (1971)

and Rogers (1866-1892). Five percent is added to the total expenses to account for the cost of

housing. Finally, consisting with the existing literature, we assume that a representative

4

household consist of 3.25 adult individuals, wherefore we multiply the costs of the basket by

3.25.2 A largely similar methodology is used by Allen (2001).3

The annual number of days of work necessary per household to obtain the

consumption basket specified above is then calculated using the following formula:

days per year = annual costs of basket / day wage

Figure 1 show the annual number of days of work required by a Southern England farm

labourer over the period 1310-1830 to provide for his family. Figure 2 report comparable

estimates for London builders for the period 1310-1830. The dashed lines in the Figures show

the number of working days required per year in order to buy the basket, while solid line is

the 10-years moving average. All estimates are reported in Table A1 in the Appendix.

Also added to the Figures are the scattered, independent estimates of days of work per

year found in the literature. These come from three sources. Firstly, Blanchard’s (1974)

detailed study of farming miners of Mendip in Somerset offers five observations of annual

days of work for the years 1433, 1538, 1578, 1584 and 1598. In Figures 1 and 2, Blanchard’s

estimates are marked by blank squares. Secondly, comparing payments by the day and the

piece made to pre-industrial sawyers and threshers, Clark and Van Der Werf (1998) are able

to extract five estimates of annual working days for England covering the period 1560-1771.

These are represented in Figures 1 and 2 by vertical, dashed lines. Finally, based on

witnesses’ accounts, Voth (2001) makes available three estimates for the years 1750, 1800,

and 1830 for London and Northern England. Voth’s numbers concern annual working hours,

but can be transformed into days of work per year under the conventional assumption that

workers toiled in the neighbourhood of ten hours per day during the industrial revolution.

Since Voth provides labour estimates for both farmers and manufacturers, we assume that

manufacturers compare with building workers in terms of labour input. This explains why the

grey squares, representing Voth’s estimates, are not identical in Figures 1 and 2. The

independent estimates from all three sources are detailed in Table 2.

2 Specifically, we assume that a household consists of two adults and two and a half children, and that children consume half as much as adults. Using two plus the net rate of reproduction instead of 3.25 does not have any significant impact on the qualitative results presented below. 3 Data used to calculate days per year are available at http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/General/Members/allen.aspx. Sources for the data are detailed there.

5

RESULTS AND INTREPRETATION

Four observations can be made with regards to days of work per year required by farm

labourers (Figure 1). The first thing to note is that our estimates agree reasonably well with

the scattered, independent estimates of days worked per year presented in the existing

literature. This suggests that the working year of farm labourers during the Industrial

Revolution was extraordinary long by pre-industrial standards, a conclusion also reach by

Voth (2000). More specifically, between the Great Famine of the 14th century (circa 1315-

1317) and the ending of the Early Modern era (circa 1750), a work-load of more than 300

days per year per family was rarely required, except for a brief period around 1600 and

during years of severe misery (the spikes in the dashed line of Figure 1). In fact, the work-

requirements of Late Medieval farm labourers were fairly modest, even by modern standards,

involving less than 200 days of work per year to provide for an entire family. Putting the

matter this way is the flip side of the usual interpretation in real wage studies, which find that

the fifteenth century was the ‘golden age of labour’ (Postan 1972, Hatcher 1977, pp. 47-54,

Dyer 1989, pp. 211-33, Hatcher and Bailey 2001, pp. 47-9). For instance, Phelps Brown and

Hopkins (1956) concluded that the high real wage between the ending of the Black Death

(circa 1350) and the beginning of the Early Modern era (circa 1500) was not regained until

the nineteenth century, and subsequent studies have confirmed that view.

The second observation to be made relates to a long-standing debate about the

existence of agrarian labour surplus in pre-industrial England. The estimates of Figure 1 show

that the main component of Lewis’ (1954) labour surplus theory (i.e. the surplus labour) was

certainly present, at least in principle, particularly by the beginning of the Early Modern era.

Indeed, by the middle of the fifteenth century, it needed less than half a labourer’s full

capacity, or around 150 working days per year, to provide for a representative household. If

at this point farm labourers were induced to double their labour input, then this would release

fifty percent of all farm workers for industrial purposes.

This conclusion is different from that usually found in medieval economic histories,

which see the pre-plague period as one of overpopulation and surplus labour, while the

fifteenth century is regarded as an era of full-employment in view of the lower population.

Another interpretation, however, is summarized in Dyer’s (1989, p. 224) observation that “a

plausible reconstruction of workers attitudes in the period 1349-1520 is that they set

themselves goals in cash or consumption needs, and worked until they had achieved their

6

aims. Then they ceased to work.” This observation is not consistent with full-time, full-year

work. Our calculations give numerical expression to Dyer’s observation and show that it

implies idle labour in the countryside in the fifteenth century.

The third observation concerns developments in standards of living. It has long been

recognized that well into the Industrial Revolution, wage rates, particularly those of farm

labourers, barely changed (Hatcher 1977, p. 49, Clark 2001). Voth’s (2001) account of rising

labour input between 1750 and 1800 reinforces the pessimistic interpretation of standards of

living, since leisure declined while material standards of living hardly rose. The present

estimates for farm labourers are very supportive of Voth’s findings. Since our estimates of

labour input agree reasonable well with existing ones, also in the centuries leading up to the

industrial revolution, Voth’s gloomy conclusion appears to extend all the way back to the

beginning of the Early Modern era (circa 1500) from when the working year of farm

labourers began to increase. This inference, however, does not apply to the London builders,

who will be discussed shortly.

The fourth observation concerns de Vries’ concept of an industrious revolution,

according to which ‘a broad range of households made decisions that increased both the

supply of marketed commodities and labour and the demand for goods offered in the

marketplace’ (de Vries, 2008, p. 249). The implied work-intensification among farm

labourers in the present study, though supporting the idea of households supplying more

labour over time, does not derive from a consumer revolution marked by more and new

goods entering the consumption basket. Rather, it stems from the fact that daily consumption

goods becomes harder to obtain economically. If expansion in the household’s demand did

indeed occur, as hypothesized by de Vries, then the increase in labour supply among farm

workers would have to be even greater than what Figures 1 suggests. Again, this conclusion

applies to farm labourers only, and does not extent to London builders.

The rise in implied work-loads observed among farm labourers took place over two

distinct periods, 1500-1616 and 1750-1818. Between 1500 and 1616, days of work required

per year increased from around 160 to slightly more than 300.4

4 The numbers reported in this and subsequent paragraphs are taken from the 10-years moving average series (Table 1, Column 4), so as to avoid confusing them with year-by-year variation in prices and wages (Column 3).

Most of the rise in labour-

requirements occurred between 1535 and 1616. Over this period, the number of working days

per year increased from 191 to 307, a 60 percent expansion in just 80 years. Remarkably, this

upsurge in days of work required coincides with the removal of 49 holy days in England,

7

carried out in 1536 as part of the Protestant Reformation.5 If the abolition of holy days was

intended to help the poor maintain their consumption by allowing them to work more days

per year, then the industrial revolution might also have been encouraged by allowing higher

paid workers ― urban building workers among them ― to realize a higher level of

consumption along the lines proposed by de Vries.6

In the century after circa 1616, there was a modest decrease in work days required for

farm workers to purchase the consumption basket. This trend reversed in the eighteenth

century. From 1750 onwards, the required number of days grew by nearly 60 percent, from

around 250 working days per year to a staggering 400 just before 1820.

7 At this point, a

single worker was no longer able to support an entire family on his own, not even toiling

every day of the year. This could explain why the work of women and children appears to

have increased during the Industrial Revolution8

Turning now to the labour-requirements of London building workers, as illustrated in

Figure 2, this provides a picture quite different from that of farm labourers, at least from 1600

on. That is, from the ending of the fourteenth century and up until the beginning of the

seventeenth century, the implied working year of rural and urban labourers is more or less the

same. But then the two start to diverge. While the work-requirements of farm labourers

continue to rise well into the seventeenth century, the labour input required by London

builders drop dramatically between 1600 and 1750, from around 275 days per year to a mere

140 annual days of work. Remarkable, the independent estimates suggest the opposite,

namely a steady growth of labour input between 1600 and 1750 up till a point where urban

labourers toiled more than 300 days per year (Table 2). If we take the independent estimates

to be a good proxy for the actual labour supply, and since they rise steadily between 1600 and

1750, Figure 2 offers great support in favour of de Vries’ hypothesis of a consumer

― they were forced to in order to maintain

the household’s standard of living. However, from 1818 onwards, and over little more than a

decade, work-requirements plummet from around 400 days of work per year to a manageable

275. The fact that the drop in days of work required closely matches Voth’s (2001) estimates

of labour input during the industrial revolution again suggests that the labour supply curve of

farm workers could have been almost perfectly backward-bending.

5 See de Vries (2008, p. 87). 6 This practise was later followed by other countries, such as the Netherlands in 1574, France in 1666, and Austria in 1754 (de Vries, 2008, p. 88). 7 By comparison, Voth (2001) observes a 48 percent increase of annual hours worked between 1750 and 1800. 8 E.g. Horrell, S. and J. Humphries (1995); Thompson, E.P. (1967).

8

revolution preceding the industrial revolution: a large and widening gap in the run up to the

Industrial Revolution between our estimates and independent numbers indicates a work-year

far in excess of what was required to cover the costs of a basket of daily pre-modern

consumption goods.

CONSUMER REVOLUTION OR BACKWARD-BENDING LABOUR SUPPLY CURVE?

The contrasting experiences of farm workers and urban labourers show how important it is to

distinguish between different groups of workers when analysing labour inputs and patterns of

consumption in pre-industrial times. By comparison with independent estimates, our numbers

show no notable sign of a consumer revolution among farm labourers. By contrast, there was

great scope for a consumer revolution among urban ― or, more generally, well-off ―

workers. The exercise also suggests that farm workers had a largely backward-bending

supply curve, whereas urban labourers did not. If we accept that the labour supply curves of

farm workers was, in fact, backward-bending, then our estimates can be used as a proxy for

the days worked per year among farming day labourers from the Late Middle Ages through

the Industrial Revolution.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This paper has benefitted from comments and suggests made at the Final Conference of the

RTN ‘Unifying the European Experience’, the Strasbourg FRESH Meeting, as well as

research seminars at University of Oxford and University of Tubingen. We particularly

acknowledge the feedback from Joerg Baten, Steve Broadberry, Bruce Campbell, Giovanni

Federico, Karl Gunnar Persson, Albrecht Ritschl and Joachim Voth.

9

References

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Phelps Brown, E.H. and S.V. Hopkins (1956), ‘Seven Centuries of the Prices of

Consummables, Compared with Builders’ Wage-Rates, Economica.

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Rogers, J.E.T. (1866-1892), A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 7 vols. Oxford:

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TABLE 1:

BASKET OF GOODS

Items Quantity/Person/year

Bread 182 kg

Beans/peas 52 liter

Meat 26 kg

Butter 5.2 kg

Cheese 5.2 kg

Eggs 52 each

Beer 182 liter

Soap 2.6 kg

Linen 5.0 meter

Candles 2.6 kg

Lamp oil 2.6 liter

Fuel 5.0 millions BTU*

Source: Allen (2001). *One BTU is the amount of

energy required to raise the temperature of one

pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

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TABLE 2:

INDEPENDENT ESTIMATES OF

DAYS OF WORK

Places/Years Days/Year

Mendip1

1433 171

1536 220

1578 262

1584 264

1598 270

England2

1560-1599 257

1600-1649 266

1650-1699 276

1700-1732 286

1771 280

London3

1750 231/301

1800 343/286

1830 276/343

Sources: 1Estimates from Blanchard (1978, Table C2). 2Estimates from Clark and Van Der Werf (1998, Table

1).3 Estimates from Voth (2001, Table 7) assuming a 10-

hours working day in 1800 and 1830, and 12 hours in

1750; the first number is days per year for farmers, the

second for manufacturers.

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APPENDIX

Not for Publication

TABLE A1:

ESTIMATES OF DAYS OF WORK PER YEAR

Southern England

Farm Labourers

London Building

Labourers

Years Work-Days 10-Years M.A. Work- Days

10-Years M.A.

1310 367 393 348 305

1311 310 388 295 306

1312 326 383 310 309

1313 338 381 321 314

1314 391 381 371 322

1315 553 397 525 345

1316 555 417 527 370

1317 406 419 386 380

1318 336 408 319 378

1319 324 391 308 371

1320 363 390 339 370

1321 458 405 428 384

1322 431 416 403 393

1323 382 420 357 396

1324 375 418 350 394

1325 339 397 317 374

1326 298 371 279 349

1327 292 360 273 337

1328 348 361 325 338

1329 355 364 332 340

1330 409 369 370 344

1331 384 361 347 335

1332 318 350 287 324

1333 320 344 289 317

1334 319 338 289 311

15

1335 345 339 312 310

1336 328 342 297 312

1337 297 342 268 312

1338 265 334 239 303

1339 320 331 289 299

1340 249 314 248 287

1341 249 301 248 277

1342 247 294 246 273

1343 280 290 279 271

1344 258 284 257 268

1345 260 275 259 263

1346 316 274 315 265

1347 305 275 304 268

1348 274 276 273 272

1349 296 274 295 272

1350 238 272 344 282

1351 280 276 355 293

1352 255 276 324 300

1353 210 269 266 299

1354 220 266 278 301

1355 225 262 286 304

1356 238 254 302 303

1357 236 247 299 302

1358 219 242 278 303

1359 241 236 305 304

1360 213 234 308 300

1361 221 228 319 297

1362 230 225 332 297

1363 229 227 331 304

1364 224 228 323 308

1365 200 225 289 309

1366 218 223 315 310

1367 232 223 336 314

1368 224 223 323 318

1369 280 227 405 328

1370 256 231 362 334

1371 221 231 313 333

1372 225 231 212 321

1373 209 229 198 308

1374 228 229 215 297

16

1375 225 232 212 289

1376 200 230 189 277

1377 183 225 173 260

1378 185 221 175 246

1379 206 214 195 225

1380 201 208 199 208

1381 197 206 196 197

1382 194 203 193 195

1383 193 201 192 194

1384 199 198 197 192

1385 193 195 192 190

1386 178 193 177 189

1387 171 192 170 189

1388 170 190 168 188

1389 190 189 189 187

1390 220 191 216 189

1391 195 190 190 188

1392 176 188 172 186

1393 185 188 181 185

1394 172 185 169 182

1395 184 184 180 181

1396 199 186 195 183

1397 195 189 191 185

1398 194 191 189 187

1399 186 191 182 186

1400 198 188 207 185

1401 194 188 203 187

1402 188 190 197 189

1403 168 188 151 186

1404 170 188 152 185

1405 160 185 143 181

1406 172 183 154 177

1407 177 181 159 174

1408 205 182 183 173

1409 211 184 189 174

1410 172 182 161 169

1411 166 179 156 165

1412 180 178 169 162

1413 178 179 146 161

1414 180 180 148 161

17

1415 192 183 157 162

1416 203 186 166 163

1417 179 187 147 162

1418 186 185 153 159

1419 172 181 141 154

1420 170 181 145 153

1421 167 181 142 151

1422 164 179 139 148

1423 161 177 137 148

1424 175 177 149 148

1425 161 174 137 146

1426 157 169 134 142

1427 159 167 136 141

1428 206 169 175 143

1429 204 172 174 147

1430 182 174 157 148

1431 173 174 149 149

1432 192 177 166 151

1433 182 179 157 153

1434 176 179 151 153

1435 175 181 150 155

1436 177 183 152 157

1437 207 187 178 161

1438 251 192 216 165

1439 200 192 172 165

1440 157 189 143 163

1441 157 187 144 163

1442 161 184 147 161

1443 159 182 146 160

1444 152 179 138 158

1445 177 180 162 160

1446 164 178 150 159

1447 164 174 149 157

1448 163 165 149 150

1449 159 161 146 147

1450 180 164 160 149

1451 173 165 154 150

1452 167 166 148 150

1453 166 167 147 150

1454 156 167 138 150

18

1455 163 165 145 149

1456 162 165 144 148

1457 169 166 151 148

1458 166 166 147 148

1459 163 166 145 148

1460 179 166 159 148

1461 182 167 162 149

1462 152 166 135 147

1463 152 164 135 146

1464 160 165 142 147

1465 165 165 146 147

1466 167 166 148 147

1467 167 165 149 147

1468 167 166 149 147

1469 173 167 153 148

1470 173 166 154 147

1471 172 165 153 147

1472 155 165 138 147

1473 156 166 138 147

1474 161 166 143 147

1475 164 166 146 147

1476 161 165 143 147

1477 174 166 154 147

1478 179 167 159 148

1479 171 167 152 148

1480 177 167 157 149

1481 198 170 176 151

1482 213 175 190 156

1483 184 178 164 159

1484 166 179 147 159

1485 159 178 141 158

1486 167 179 148 159

1487 169 178 150 159

1488 168 177 149 157

1489 170 177 151 157

1490 167 176 149 157

1491 170 173 152 154

1492 156 168 138 149

1493 153 164 136 146

1494 156 164 139 145

19

1495 158 163 141 145

1496 166 163 148 145

1497 161 163 143 145

1498 167 163 149 144

1499 161 162 143 144

1500 175 162 155 144

1501 191 164 170 146

1502 188 168 167 149

1503 177 170 158 151

1504 169 171 150 152

1505 163 172 145 153

1506 164 172 146 153

1507 167 172 148 153

1508 162 172 144 153

1509 151 171 134 152

1510 155 169 138 150

1511 171 167 152 148

1512 196 168 174 149

1513 176 167 156 149

1514 172 168 153 149

1515 181 170 161 151

1516 179 171 159 152

1517 184 173 164 154

1518 181 175 161 155

1519 197 179 175 159

1520 197 183 182 164

1521 183 185 169 165

1522 169 182 157 164

1523 163 181 151 163

1524 168 180 156 163

1525 170 179 158 163

1526 183 179 169 164

1527 233 184 216 169

1528 195 186 181 171

1529 193 185 179 172

1530 183 184 176 171

1531 192 185 185 173

1532 183 186 176 175

1533 180 188 173 177

1534 169 188 163 178

20

1535 202 191 194 181

1536 205 194 197 184

1537 176 188 169 179

1538 183 187 176 179

1539 171 184 165 177

1540 158 182 163 176

1541 189 182 195 177

1542 189 182 195 179

1543 194 184 201 182

1544 197 186 204 186

1545 232 189 218 189

1546 206 189 177 186

1547 189 191 163 186

1548 216 194 186 187

1549 276 205 220 192

1550 218 210 219 198

1551 196 211 184 197

1552 193 212 170 194

1553 196 212 172 191

1554 221 214 194 190

1555 282 219 248 193

1556 270 226 237 199

1557 197 226 173 200

1558 197 225 173 199

1559 225 219 176 195

1560 228 221 177 191

1561 212 222 165 189

1562 279 231 217 193

1563 210 232 163 192

1564 209 231 163 189

1565 231 226 180 182

1566 207 220 161 175

1567 206 220 160 174

1568 223 223 173 174

1569 204 221 159 172

1570 176 216 160 170

1571 187 213 170 171

1572 199 205 181 167

1573 258 210 234 174

1574 202 209 184 176

21

1575 195 206 177 176

1576 219 207 199 180

1577 208 207 188 182

1578 191 204 173 182

1579 191 203 174 184

1580 204 205 181 186

1581 201 207 179 187

1582 201 207 179 187

1583 199 201 177 181

1584 200 201 178 180

1585 252 207 224 185

1586 307 215 273 193

1587 204 215 182 192

1588 199 216 177 192

1589 229 220 203 195

1590 229 222 220 199

1591 194 221 186 200

1592 201 221 193 201

1593 209 222 191 203

1594 295 232 258 211

1595 303 237 253 214

1596 370 243 297 216

1597 335 256 269 225

1598 264 263 211 228

1599 278 268 223 230

1600 284 273 227 231

1601 257 280 206 233

1602 234 283 188 232

1603 240 286 192 232

1604 261 283 209 228

1605 252 277 202 222

1606 260 266 208 214

1607 314 264 233 210

1608 322 270 222 211

1609 279 270 192 208

1610 273 269 195 205

1611 316 275 226 207

1612 313 283 223 210

1613 320 291 228 214

1614 305 295 218 215

22

1615 319 302 228 217

1616 313 307 223 219

1617 318 308 227 218

1618 277 303 198 216

1619 267 302 191 216

1620 244 299 169 213

1621 284 296 197 210

1622 306 295 212 209

1623 293 293 203 207

1624 304 292 211 206

1625 294 290 204 204

1626 255 284 177 199

1627 235 276 163 193

1628 266 275 184 191

1629 316 280 219 194

1630 310 286 244 202

1631 271 285 213 203

1632 281 282 221 204

1633 275 281 216 205

1634 274 278 215 206

1635 281 276 221 207

1636 275 278 216 211

1637 310 286 244 219

1638 259 285 204 221

1639 239 277 188 218

1640 261 273 193 213

1641 245 270 181 210

1642 246 266 182 206

1643 240 263 178 202

1644 237 259 176 198

1645 257 257 190 195

1646 284 258 211 195

1647 350 262 259 196

1648 347 271 257 201

1649 360 283 267 209

1650 314 288 210 211

1651 281 292 187 212

1652 244 292 163 210

1653 223 290 149 207

1654 219 288 146 204

23

1655 253 288 169 202

1656 266 286 177 198

1657 308 282 205 193

1658 309 278 206 188

1659 302 272 201 181

1660 302 271 201 181

1661 353 278 235 185

1662 274 281 182 187

1663 270 286 180 190

1664 264 290 176 193

1665 249 290 166 193

1666 230 286 153 191

1667 237 279 158 186

1668 265 275 176 183

1669 254 270 169 180

1670 257 265 172 177

1671 257 256 172 170

1672 263 255 175 170

1673 307 258 205 172

1674 301 262 201 175

1675 256 263 171 175

1676 252 265 168 177

1677 290 270 193 180

1678 304 274 202 183

1679 269 276 179 184

1680 275 277 183 185

1681 261 278 174 185

1682 265 278 177 185

1683 261 273 174 182

1684 286 272 190 181

1685 245 271 164 180

1686 254 271 169 181

1687 240 266 160 177

1688 236 259 157 173

1689 256 258 171 172

1690 246 255 137 167

1691 274 256 152 165

1692 309 261 171 165

1693 331 268 184 166

1694 269 266 150 161

24

1695 302 272 168 162

1696 302 277 168 162

1697 322 285 179 164

1698 305 292 169 165

1699 270 293 150 163

1700 251 293 152 164

1701 246 291 149 164

1702 242 284 147 162

1703 267 278 162 159

1704 245 275 136 158

1705 235 269 143 155

1706 233 262 141 153

1707 244 254 148 150

1708 297 253 180 151

1709 335 259 203 156

1710 290 263 176 158

1711 278 266 168 160

1712 266 269 161 162

1713 279 270 169 162

1714 252 271 153 164

1715 267 274 162 166

1716 264 277 160 168

1717 250 278 151 168

1718 237 272 143 165

1719 250 263 151 159

1720 253 260 153 157

1721 246 256 149 155

1722 250 255 151 154

1723 253 252 153 153

1724 265 253 161 154

1725 279 255 169 154

1726 261 254 158 154

1727 291 258 177 157

1728 285 263 173 160

1729 251 263 152 160

1730 243 262 147 159

1731 232 261 140 158

1732 233 259 141 157

1733 245 259 149 157

1734 253 257 153 156

25

1735 256 255 142 153

1736 258 255 144 152

1737 247 250 137 148

1738 254 247 141 145

1739 285 251 159 145

1740 296 256 165 147

1741 259 259 144 147

1742 243 260 135 147

1743 239 259 145 146

1744 239 258 133 144

1745 259 258 144 145

1746 260 258 144 145

1747 257 259 143 145

1748 260 260 144 145

1749 258 257 143 144

1750 252 253 129 140

1751 264 253 147 141

1752 267 256 149 142

1753 264 258 146 142

1754 251 259 140 143

1755 266 260 148 143

1756 320 266 178 147

1757 297 270 165 149

1758 276 272 154 150

1759 262 272 146 150

1760 261 273 145 152

1761 247 271 137 151

1762 260 270 144 150

1763 265 271 147 150

1764 283 274 157 152

1765 308 278 171 154

1766 300 276 167 153

1767 333 280 185 155

1768 324 284 180 158

1769 294 287 163 160

1770 299 291 166 162

1771 321 299 178 166

1772 350 308 194 171

1773 350 316 194 176

1774 343 322 190 179

26

1775 341 325 189 181

1776 317 327 176 182

1777 341 328 189 182

1778 331 329 184 183

1779 312 330 173 183

1780 307 331 170 184

1781 330 332 184 184

1782 332 330 185 183

1783 341 329 189 183

1784 334 329 186 183

1785 323 327 179 182

1786 313 326 174 181

1787 317 324 176 180

1788 326 324 181 180

1789 342 327 190 181

1790 347 331 193 184

1791 334 331 186 184

1792 330 331 183 184

1793 354 332 181 183

1794 268 325 195 184

1795 315 325 213 187

1796 321 326 202 190

1797 293 323 178 190

1798 293 320 173 189

1799 338 319 178 188

1800 449 330 236 193

1801 452 341 237 198

1802 308 339 181 197

1803 299 334 175 197

1804 317 339 186 196

1805 365 344 203 195

1806 343 346 186 193

1807 337 350 182 194

1808 356 356 209 197

1809 376 360 204 200

1810 398 355 200 196

1811 402 350 202 193

1812 447 364 225 197

1813 455 380 213 201

1814 381 386 179 200

27

1815 330 382 155 195

1816 407 389 204 197

1817 379 393 200 199

1818 367 394 184 197

1819 355 392 208 197

1820 322 384 189 196

1821 285 373 167 192

1822 268 355 157 186

1823 284 338 167 181

1824 301 330 177 181

1825 317 328 186 184

1826 302 318 177 181

1827 284 309 167 178

1828 277 300 162 176

1829 286 293 167 172

1830 273 288 160 169

Sources: All sources, as well as data used to calculate days of work, are available at

http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/General/Members/allen.aspx.