the working cell. what is work? – anything that requires energy what is energy? – the ability to...
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THE WORKING CELL
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THE WORKING CELL
• WHAT IS WORK?– ANYTHING THAT REQUIRES ENERGY
• WHAT IS ENERGY?– THE ABILITY TO DO WORK
• HUH??• WORK IS REALLY DEFINED AS???
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THE WORKING CELL
• ENERGY– TWO TYPES• KINETIC VS POTENTIAL• CHEMICAL ENERGY?
– THE POTENTIALENERGY OFMOLECULES
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THE WORKING CELL
• UNDERSTANDING ENERGY HELPS US UNDERSTAND WORK– ENERGY IS GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS• THE STUDY OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS THAT
OCCUR IN COLLECTIONS OF MATTER
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THE WORKING CELL
• THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS– THE ENERGY IN THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANT;
ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY CHANGE FORMS
• THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS– ALL REACTIONS INCREASE ENTROPY!!
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THE WORKING CELL
• CHEMICAL REACTIONS EITHER STORE OR RELEASE ENERGY– TWO TYPES• EXERGONIC• ENDERGONIC
• CELLULARMETABOLISM??
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THE WORKING CELL
• ATP SHUTTLES ENERGY WITHIN THE CELL– WHAT IS ATP??• 3 PHOSPHATES + RIBOSE + ADENINE (N.B.)
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THE WORKING CELL
• HYDROLYZING ATP RELEASES ENERGY
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THE WORKING CELL
• PHOSPHORYLATION– HELPS RECYCLE ATP!!!
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THE WORKING CELL
• ENZYMES HELP CELL’S TO DO WORK– ALL REACTIONS REQUIRE SOME AMOUNT OF
ENERGY TO GET STARTED• EVEN A BOULDER AT THE TOP OF A MOUNTAIN WON’T
JUST ROLL DOWN THE HILL WITHOUT AN INITIAL PUSH!!!!!
– ENZYMES WORK BY LOWERING THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY NECESSARY TO START A REACTION• ACTIVATION ENERGY!!
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THE WORKING CELL
• WHAT ARE ENZYMES?– CHEMICAL CATALYSTS!!– ENZYME VS SUBSTRATE VS ACTIVE SITE??– INDUCED FIT VS LOCK AND KEY MODELS??– ENZYME NAMES??
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THE WORKING CELL
• WHAT CLASS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND ARE ENZYMES??– WHAT CONTROLS THEIR FUNCTION?– WHAT CAN ALTER THEIR SHAPE?• DENATURATION??• PH• TEMPERATURE• SALT CONCENTRATION• CO-FACTORS
– COENZYMES (VITAMINS)
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THE WORKING CELL
• ENZYME FUNCTION CAN BE BLOCKED BY INHIBITORS– INHIBITOR DEFINITION??– TWO TYPES• COMPETITIVE• NON-COMPETITIVE
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THE WORKING CELL
• WHY WOULD YOUR CELL WANT TO INHIBIT ENZYME ACTION?– NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IS
A TYPE OF INHIBITION– WE USE INHIBITORS TO
CREATE PESTICIDES ANDANTIBIOTICS
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THE WORKING CELL
• MEMBRANES ORGANIZE THE CHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF CELLS– CELL MEMBRANE• DEFINITION?
– SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY• DEFINITION?
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THE WORKING CELL
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THE WORKING CELL
• MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS FORM A BILAYER– WHY ARE PHOSPHOLIPIDS GREAT AS BARRIERS?– HOW DO SUBSTANCES GET THROUGH THE
BARRIER?• NON-POLAR SUBSTANCES• POLAR SUBSTANCES
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THE WORKING CELL
• MEMBRANES ARE A MOSAIC OF FUNCTION
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THE WORKING CELL
• FLUID MOSAIC MODEL– MOST COMMON DESCRIPTION OF THE
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE– WHY FLUID?• BENT TAILS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
– WHY MOSAIC?
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THE WORKING CELL
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THE WORKING CELL
• PROTEINS ARE WHAT MAKE THE MEMBRANE A MOSAIC OF FUNCTION– ATTACH MEMBRANE TO CYTOSKELETON– ID’S CELL– FORMS JUNCTIONS BETWEEN CELLS– CHEMICAL RECEPTORS• SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
– HELP MOVE SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE MEMBRANE
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THE WORKING CELL
• HOW DO SUBSTANCES PASS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE?– PASSIVE TRANSPORT• DIFFUSION ACROSS A MEMBRANE
– WHAT IS DIFFUSION??
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THE WORKING CELL
• DOES NOT REQUIREENERGY!!!
• REQUIRES ACONCENTRATIONGRADIENT
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THE WORKING CELL
• WATER IS SPECIAL, SO IT GETS ITS OWN NAME!!– OSMOSIS• THE PASSIVE TRANSPORT (DIFFUSION) OF WATER
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THE WORKING CELL
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THE WORKING CELL
• PAYING ATTENTION TO THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR CELL SURVIVAL!!!– HYPERTONIC– HYPOTONIC– ISOTONIC
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THE WORKING CELL
• WHAT HAPPENS TO CELLS PLACED IN THESE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS?
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THE WORKING CELL
CELLS INHYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC
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THE WORKING CELL
• FACILITATED DIFFUSION– A SPECIFIC TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT
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THE WORKING CELL
• FACILITATED DIFFUSION– DEFINITION??
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THE WORKING CELL
• WHAT ABOUT WHEN THE SUBSTANCE DESIRED BY THE CELL IS IN GREATER CONCENTRATION INSIDE THE CELL??– ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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THE WORKING CELL
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT– WHY ACTIVE??– DEFINITION??– WHERE DOES THE ENERGY TO DO THIS COME
FROM?– SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP (MOST IMPORTANT
EXAMPLE IN THE HUMAN BODY)
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THE WORKING CELL
• WHAT ABOUT LARGE MOLECULES?– ENDOCYTOSIS VS EXOCYTOSIS– DEFINTIONS??
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THE WORKING CELL
• ENDOCYTOSIS– THREE TYPES• PHAGOCYTOSIS• PINOCYTOSIS• RECEPTER-MEDIATEDENDOCYTOSIS
• EXOCYTOSIS
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THE WORKING CELL
• “WAIT…MR. KRAUZ, WHERE DOES THE ENERGY COME FROM FOR THE CELL TO DO ALL THIS WORK??”
• STAY SAFE, AND COME BACK TO CLASS, AND YOU JUST MAY GET TO FIND OUT!!!