the weaknesses of indonesia’s counterterrorism: a …

i

THE WEAKNESSES OF INDONESIA’S COUNTERTERRORISM: A

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON THE REPRESENTATION OF

SOCIAL ACTORS IN THE JAKARTA POST AND TEMPO NEWS ABOUT

THE SIGI ATTACK

TITLE PAGE A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum) Degree

in English Language Studies

by

Yosephine Wastu Prajnaputri

Student Number: 176332023

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2021

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

ADVISOR APPROVAL PAGE A Thesis




SIGI ATTACK

by


Student Number:

176332023

Approved by

Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A.

Thesis Advisor

3 July 2021


iii

A THESIS

DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE THE WEAKNESSES OF INDONESIA’S COUNTERTERRORISM: A



THE SIGI ATTACK

Presented by


Student Number: 176332023

Was defended in front of the Thesis Committee

and Declared Acceptable

Thesis Committee

Chairperson : Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D.

Secretary : Dr B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A.

Members : 1. Dr Francis Borgias Alip, M. Pd., M.A.

2. Dr E. Sunarto, M. Hum.

Yogyakarta, 19 July 2021

The Graduate School Director

Sanata Dharma University

F.X. Mukarto, Ph.D.


iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that all the ideas, phrases, and sentences, unless otherwise

stated, are the ideas, phrases, sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands

the full consequences including degree cancellation if she took somebody else's

idea, phrase, or sentence without a proper reference.

Yogyakarta, July 3, 2021



v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Yosephine Wastu Prajnaputri

Nomor Mahasiswa : 176332023

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:




THE SIGI ATTACK

Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata

Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,

mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan

mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa

perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap

mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di : Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal : 3 Juli 2021

Yang menyatakan



vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my uttermost gratitude to Jesus Christ for His

opportunities for me to learn, love, and have faith. I would like to thank my dear

parents and brother for being my ceaseless rays of sunshine.

I thank my distinguished thesis advisor, Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., who

has supported me in conducting this study with patience and trust. My gratitude also

goes to Prof. Dra. Novita Dewi M.S., M.A. (Hons.), Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Soepomo

Poedjosoedarmo, M.A., FX. Mukarto, Ph. D., and Dr. J. Bismoko. I am grateful

to be guided by inspiring lecturers through my English Language Studies (ELS)

years at Sanata Dharma University. I would like to thank Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D.

as the examiner of this thesis, Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M. Pd., M.A., and Dr. E.

Sunarto, M. Hum. as reviewers of this thesis. I thank them for their inspiring

lectures at ELS and constructive feedback on this thesis.

I also would like to express my gratitude to mbak Marnie and all ELS staff,

fellow linguistics classmates, friends in ELS, and Sanata Dharma’s library staff. It

is an honour to have these impressive years of learning with you. My gratitude also

goes to Witta, Rere, mbak Vivy, mbak Anin, mbak Dinar, Restu, Gaby, Yudha, and

Habib for their terrific supports both academical and emotional. My thanks also go

to Hanni, Vila, mbak Eli, Resya, and mas Tola for constantly reminding me through

their presence that better days will come. I thank those particular fourteen for being

such generous friends, no matter how small I can give them back.



vii

MOTTO

“To everything there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the

heaven” (Ecclesiastes 3:1).


viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i

ADVISOR APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................... ii

DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................... iii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................... iv

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. vi

MOTTO ............................................................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xi

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... xiii

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ xiv

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1

A. Background of The Study................................................................................... 1

B. Research Questions ............................................................................................ 9

C. Objectives ........................................................................................................... 9

D. Benefits ............................................................................................................. 10

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................... 12

A. Review Of Related Theories ............................................................................ 12

1. Critical Discourse Analysis ......................................................................... 12


ix

2. Representation Of Social Actors ................................................................. 15

3. Critical Terrorism Studies ........................................................................... 31

4. Counterterrorism In Indonesia ..................................................................... 33

B. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................... 39

C. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................... 42

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ................................................................... 43

A. Type of Research .............................................................................................. 43

B. Source and Number of Data ............................................................................. 44

C. Data Collection ................................................................................................. 45

D. Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 46

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .............................................. 49

A. Representations of Social Actors ..................................................................... 49

1. Representation Strategies of Social Actors.................................................. 50

2. Role Allocations of Social Actors ............................................................... 87

3. The General Representations ..................................................................... 105

B. The Weaknesses of Indonesia’s Counterterrorism ......................................... 114

1. Coercive Versus Human Rights-Compliant Counterterrorism Measures . 116

2. The Authorities-Oriented Counterterrorism .............................................. 118

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................... 122

A. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 122

B. Suggestions ..................................................................................................... 126

REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 127

APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 131

Appendix 1. The Table of Data Analysis on the Representation of Social Actors in

The Jakarta Post dated on November 29, 2020: Four Killed in Alleged MIT

Attack in Sigi, Reigniting Concerns Over Sectarian Conflict............................. 131


The Jakarta Post dated on December 2, 2020: Rights Groups Urge Jokowi to

Rethink Perpres on Greater Military Role in Fight on Terror ............................. 145


x


The Jakarta Post dated on December 8, 2020: Reevaluate Operation Tinombala

after Sigi attack: Analysts ................................................................................... 164


TEMPO dated on November 30, 2020: Police Launch Tinombala Task Force after

Killings in Sigi .................................................................................................... 181


TEMPO dated on December 1, 2020: Jokowi Asked to Delay Issuance of Perpres

on TNI Against Terrorism ................................................................................... 187


TEMPO dated on December 11, 2020: Mujahidin is Not a Matter for the

Military………………………………………………………………………….197


xi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 The List of the Object of the Study ....................................................... 44

Table 3.2 The Total Number of Social Actors’ Representations ........................... 49

Table 4.2 The Total Number of Representation Modes’ Employment ................. 50

Table 4.3 The Number of Authorities’ Representation Modes in the Sigi Attack 53

Table 4.4 The Number of Authorities’ Representation Modes in the Issuance of

Perpres ................................................................................................................... 57

Table 4.5 The Number of Authorities’ Representation Modes in the Evaluation of

the Sigi Attack ........................................................................................................ 60

Table 4.6 The Number of MIT’s Representation Modes in the Sigi Attack .......... 64

Table 4.7 The Number of MIT’s Representation Modes in the Issuance of Perpres

................................................................................................................................ 67

Table 4.8 The Number of MIT’s Representation Modes in the Evaluation of the Sigi

Attack ..................................................................................................................... 70

Table 4.9 The Number of Non-State Bodies’ Representation Modes in the Issuance

of Perpres ............................................................................................................... 73

Table 4.10 The Number of Non-State Bodies’ Representation Modes in the

Evaluation of the Sigi Attack ................................................................................. 77

Table 4.11 The Number of Victims’ Representation Modes in the Sigi Attack .... 80

Table 4.12 The Number of Victims’ Representation Modes in the Evaluation of the

Sigi Attack .............................................................................................................. 83

Table 4.13 The Number of Authorities’ Role Allocation in the Sigi Attack ........ 88

Table 4.14 The Number of Authorities’ Role Allocation in the Issuance of Perpres

................................................................................................................................ 91

Table 4.15 The Number of Authorities’ Role Allocation in the Evaluation of Sigi

Attack ..................................................................................................................... 92

Table 4.16 The Number of MIT’s Role Allocation in the Sigi Attack .................. 93

Table 4.17 The Number of MIT’s Role Allocation in the Issuance of Perpres ..... 94

Table 4.18 The Number of MIT’s Role Allocation in the Evaluation of Sigi Attack

................................................................................................................................ 95


xii

Table 4.19 The Number of Non-State Bodies’ Role Allocation in the Sigi Attack

................................................................................................................................ 97

Table 4.20 The Number of Non-State Bodies’ Role Allocation in the Issuance of

Perpres ................................................................................................................... 98

Table 4.21 The Number of Non-State Bodies’ Role Allocation in the Evaluation of

Sigi Attack .............................................................................................................. 99

Table 4.22 The Number of Victims’ Role Allocation in the Sigi Attack ............ 100

Table 4.23 The Number of Victims’ Role Allocation in the Issuance of Perpres

.............................................................................................................................. 102

Table 4.24 The Number of Victims’ Role Allocation in the Evaluation of Sigi

Attack ................................................................................................................... 102


xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Fairclough’s Three-Dimensional Analysis (Fairclough, 1995, p. 98) .. 14

Figure 2.2 Social Actor Network (Leeuwen, 2008, p. 52) .................................... 18


xiv

ABSTRACT

Prajnaputri, Yosephine Wastu. (2021). The Weaknesses of Indonesia’s

Counterterrorism: A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Representation of

Social Actors in The Jakarta Post and Tempo News about the Sigi Attack.

Yogyakarta: English Language Studies. Sanata Dharma University.

Modern young people grow accustomed to engaging media in their lives as

technology advances and media thrive through times. One of the topics that are

often discussed by the media is terrorism. This topic is often in the spotlight because

it remains a problem for countries. Terrorism and media benefit from each other in

publicity as one is the medium of fear-spreading while the other receives the steady

stream of publicity material. On the other hand, media is one of the robust platforms

to be integrated into combating terrorism. This research aims to answer two

research questions: 1.) How do The Jakarta Post and Tempo represent social actors

in the Sigi attack? 2.) How does the representation of social actors portray the

weaknesses of Indonesia’s counterterrorism?

In order to pursue the aims, Fairclough’s theory of Critical Discourse

Analysis (CDA) was employed as the basis of this CDA research. Leeuwen’s

framework for the representation of social actors complemented Fairclough’s CDA

as the basis of the linguistic analysis of this research. In addition, the principles of

critical terrorism studies (CTS) and theories about Indonesia’s counterterrorism

(CT) aided the researcher in understanding how social actors’ representations

portray Indonesia’s counterterrorism.

This research took three online news articles from The Jakarta Post (JP) and

Tempo (TP) about the Sigi attack as the object of study. As CDA consists of the

analysis of textual, discursive, and sociocultural dimensions, this research included

linguistic analysis as a part of textual and discursive dimensions analysis. It also

included intertextual analysis as a part of sociocultural dimension analysis. Three

steps were taken in conducting the linguistic analysis of this research: 1)

identification of social actors in sentences, 2) identification of actors’ representation

modes and role allocation, 3) grouping of social actors into four categories

(authorities, MIT, non-state bodies, and victims). Each representation of social

actors was then analyzed within Fairclough’s four stages of discourse analysis as a

part of discursive dimension analysis. In addition, CTS principles and theories of

Indonesia’s CT were employed in the intertextual analysis to identify how the

representation portrays Indonesia’s CT as a part of the sociocultural dimension

analysis.

This research identifies that there are 373 representations of the four social

actors in JP and TP. All social actors are generally represented in 19 representation

modes and four role allocations. The most employed representation modes are

functionalization, collectivization, and abstraction modes while the most allocated

role is the passive-participation role. In addition, the representations of the four social actors in the Sigi attack portray two weaknesses of Indonesia’s CT, namely

the dispute over coercive and human rights-compliant CT measures and the

authorities-oriented CT measures.

Keywords: CDA, Representation of Social Actors, Counterterrorism.


xv

ABSTRAK

Prajnaputri, Yosephine Wastu. (2021). The Weaknesses of Indonesia’s

Counterterrorism: A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Representation of

Social Actors in The Jakarta Post and Tempo News about the Sigi Attack.

Yogyakarta: Kajian Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Masyarakat muda yang modern semakin terbiasa melibatkan media dalam

kehidupan seiring teknologi dan media yang berkembang bersama waktu. Salah

satu topik yang kerap dibahas oleh media adalah terorisme. Topik ini sering menjadi

sorotan karena merupakan masalah yang tak kunjung selesai bagi negara. Terorisme

dan media saling menguntungkan dalam publisitas sebab terorisme menggunakan

media sebgai perantara dalam menyebarkan ketakutan dan media menerima aliran

materi publisitas. Di sisi lain, media merupakan salah satu platform kuat dalam

usaha memerangi terorisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab dua

pertanyaan: 1.) Bagaimana The Jakarta Post dan Tempo merepresentasikan aktor

sosial dalam serangan Sigi? 2.) Bagaimana representasi aktor sosial

menggambarkan kelemahan kontraterorisme Indonesia?

Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, teori Analisis Wacana Kritis (AWK) milik

Fairclough digunakan sebagai dasar penelitian ini. Kerangka untuk representasi

aktor sosial milik Leeuwen digunakan sebagai dasar analisis linguistik penelitian

ini.Prinsip studi terorisme kritis (Critical Terrorism Studies/CTS) dan teori tentang

kontraterorisme (KT) Indonesia juga membantu peneliti dalam memahami

bagaimana representasi aktor sosial menggambarkan KT Indonesia.

Penelitian ini mengambil tiga artikel berita online dari The Jakarta Post (JP)

dan Tempo (TP) tentang serangan Sigi sebagai objek penelitian. Karena AWK

terdiri dari analisis dimensi tekstual, diskursif, dan sosiokultural, maka penelitian

ini memasukkan analisis linguistik sebagai bagian dari analisis dimensi tekstual dan

diskursif serta analisis intertekstual sebagai analisis dimensi sosiokultural. Tiga

langkah yang dilakukan dalam melakukan analisis linguistik penelitian ini: 1)

identifikasi aktor sosial dalam kalimat, 2) identifikasi mode representasi aktor dan

alokasi peran, 3) pengelompokan aktor sosial ke dalam empat kategori (otoritas,

MIT, badan non-negara, dan korban). Setiap representasi aktor sosial kemudian

dianalisis dalam empat tahap analisis wacana sebagai bagian dari analisis dimensi

kewacanaan. Selain itu, prinsip-prinsip CTS dan teori KT Indonesia digunakan

dalam analisis intertekstual untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana representasi

menggambarkan KT Indonesia sebagai bagian dari analisis dimensi sosiokultur.

Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat 373 representasi dari empat aktor

sosial di JP dan TP. Semua aktor sosial umumnya terwakili dalam 19 mode

representasi dan empat alokasi peran. Mode representasi yang paling banyak

digunakan adalah mode fungsionalisasi, kolektivisasi, dan abstraksi, sedangkan

peran yang paling banyak dialokasikan adalah peran partisipasi pasif. Selain itu,

representasi empat aktor sosial dalam serangan Sigi menggambarkan dua

kelemahan KT Indonesia, yaitu perselisihan tindakan KT yang koersif dan sesuai

hak asasi manusia serta tindakan KT yang berorientasi pada otoritas.

Kata Kunci: Analisa Wacana Kritis, Representasi Aktor Sosial, Kontraterorisme.


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes five sections, namely the background of the study,

research questions, objectives of the study, and benefits of the study.

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“Whatever we know about our society or about the world in which we live

we know through the media” (Luhmann, 2000, p. 1). The quotation opens up ample

room for questions and loopholes to refute. At the same time, it reflects the current

situation, particularly during the pandemic. People generally base their knowledge

of the world on their experiences. Their curiosity leads them to be brave in making

experiences to build their understanding. Still, people are bound to limitations that

it is unimaginable for them to experience everything they are curious about. Other

people are, subsequently, become their secondary source of knowledge. Media fills

a gap in this matter as a platform for their communication with others. As media

thrives through times, modern young people grow to be accustomed to engaging

media in their lives. Thomas (2012) even argues that their current culture is a

“media culture” given that technological advances are what they constantly pursue,

and media is a part of the advances (p. 30). Media is, consequently, an inseparable

aspect of their everyday lives.

Nevertheless, people might know so much about how the media frame their

reality, surrounding phenomena, or social issues that we can never straightly believe

in what is presented within. Such growing awareness can be beneficial for them. It


2

can motivate them to further shape their perspectives and understandings, albeit

how media represent our reality, surrounding phenomena, and social issues.

One of the social issues that have often been discussed through times is

terrorism. Mainly, terrorism is referred to as a “social problem” by Lauderdale and

Olivero (2018):

Terrorism is a perplexing social problem. Emerging from the Enlightenment

era, terrorism became an integral part of the state either to enforce obedience

or to challenge authority. Terrorism as a social problem must therefore be

examined within its political, social and economic contexts in order to explain

the relationship between those who participate in or respond to terrorism and

the world in which they live and act. (p. 155)

As one of the perplexing social problems people face these days, terrorism and

media are closely linked. Elshimi (2018) proposes that the link created between

terrorism and media reflects a symbiotic relationship. There are three aspects of

their relationship that are symbiosis: 1) the media is a “conduit” for terrorist

propaganda, 2) excessive media coverage of terrorism portrays a distorted

understanding of the terrorist threat, 3) media coverage of terrorism instigates “the

phenomenon of copy-cat terrorism” (p. 2). Terrorism and media benefit each other

in publicity as one is the “conduit” while the other receives the steady stream of

publicity material. Their symbiotic relationship, at the same time, also establishes

a parasitism relationship between media and its consumers. A parasitism

relationship is established, given that the media plays a crucial role in producing

the idea that terrorism is an “existential threat” to countries rather than a “security

threat” (pp. 4-5). When the notion of terrorism is narrowed to as a definite

existential threat to countries through surfeit media coverage on its violence,

consumers of media lose their chances to seek a better understanding of terrorism.


3

Motives, histories, struggles, and complexities of power play or power contests

behind the violent acts and the detrimental effects that the violence brings to victims

are shunned; the focus is on how to maintain the existence of countries.

On the other hand, media is one of the robust platforms to be integrated into

combating terrorism. Kustana (2017) even states that “the Indonesian media gives

indirect education to Indonesian people regarding methods to combat terrorism” (p.

89). Media is a vital platform for it embraces various parties through accessible and

structured promulgation of information. In this sense, pervasive counterterrorism

measures can be taken when the promulgated information is well-proportioned with

clear objectives. Misztal, Danforth, Hurley, & Michek (2018) reiterate that media

is a potential platform when integrated correctly in collective counterterrorism

attempts to prevent further proliferation of radical ideologies and violence.

Regarding terrorism and media, this research aims to identify how social

actors in the Sigi attack are represented by The Jakarta Post and Tempo to identify

further how their representations portray Indonesia’s counterterrorism. This issue

is worth studying given that the Sigi attack possesses a complex nature that may

contribute to the development of counterterrorism measures in Indonesia. The

attack was perpetrated by the East Indonesia Mujahideen or Mujahidin Indonesia

Timur (MIT) last November at Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. It posits

complexities provided that Sigi regency was once the “hotbed” of 1999-2000

sectarian conflict and the attack reignites concerns about the conflict. The Sigi

attack also exhibits the Indonesian government’s unsuccessful counterterrorism

measure because MIT was once announced to be dissolved after the Tinombala task


4

force shot its leader to death in 2016. Moreover, the attack brings about the

Presidential Regulation or Perpres, which perpetuates the Indonesian military’s role

in aggressive counterterrorism (Gayatri, 2020).

The presence of MIT accompanies such complex nature. The group is referred

to as “local extremists” by the Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC) in a

report published in 2020. Galamas (2015) states that MIT was established at the end

of 2012 after the Poso branch of Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT) allied with local

Muslim groups. The group pledged its support to IS in 2014, and it continues to

strive to destroy opponents of the Islamic State in eastern Indonesia (pp. 8-9). The

group was later announced to be dissolving after its leader, Santoso, was killed by

the Tinombala task force, yet it arises under Ali Kalora. MIT starts to continue its

terrorism commotions in 2020 as the group believes that Covid-19 is their acolyte

in defeating enemies, as IPAC reports:

The arrival of Covid-19 in Indonesia instilled a new optimism in MIT. Ali

Kalora and his fighters believed that the virus was the army of Allah that had

been sent down to destroy the enemies of Islamic State. They saw that not

only was it infecting and killing kafirs (non-believers) but it was also

weakening the economies of all the states engaged in the war against ISIS,

including America, Britain, Australia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran – and

Indonesia. This belief was enough to convince the tiny group of combatants

that they could eventually defeat the Indonesian state. (p. 5)

The Sigi attack and MIT’s presence are reflections of how Indonesia has yet to be

free from religious radicalism, leading to acts of terrorism.

Religious radicalism has long been a thorn in Indonesia as a culturally rich

secular country. Dwijatmoko (2020) argues that religious extremism reflects the

concept of God’s humanization in which religious extremists regard and treat God

equally to humans who feel anger, sadness, happiness, and other emotions. This


5

assumption underlies and justifies their acts of violence as efforts to quell God’s

anger. God’s humanization is apparent in MIT’s rationale for killing its enemies

whose attitudes/beliefs are regarded as unsupportive to the establishment of the

kingdom of God and the Islamic caliphate. Such rationale is based on problematic

religious doctrines, particularly on the notion that God needs supports to build His

kingdom on earth and that God wants humans to kill each other. Such doctrine is

precarious given that in a broader sense, it is God who created man; to assume that

God approves killings is contrary to the initial understanding of the creation of man.

However, the encounter between Indonesia and religious groups has not

always unpleasant. Zakiyah (2016) exemplifies that Islamic societies played an

essential role in mobilizing the mass and recruiting human resources to fight against

Dutch and Japanese colonialists (p. 24). Clerics provoked the early recorded

conflict in Indonesians' relationship with radical religious groups in Minangkabau.

It then resulted in the Padri war around the 1800s. Padri was a title for ulama or

religious clerics who had completed their pilgrimages to the sacred site. The war

was started when the Padri community urged for implementing religious law

widely, albeit Adat society held traditional Minangkabau culture tightly and resided

side by side with the community in the same region. Padri war was resolved in the

next thirty years and gave birth to Adat Basandi Syarak Syarak Basandi Kitabullah,

Syarak Mamato, and Adat Mamakai concepts as assimilation products between

Islamic and traditional Minangkabau principles (Asrinaldi & Yoserizal, 2020, pp.

163-164). Though the Padri war had an implicit economic motive related to the

struggle for dominance over coffee as the primary commodity (Indra, 2017, p. 80),


6

the community's urges for implementing religious law and dominating the

particular area are also shared, present radical religious groups. Vaughn, Chanlett-

Avery, Lum, Manyin, & Niksch (2008) note that the most active radical religious

group in current Indonesia, Jamaah Islamiyah (JI), is rooted in Darul Islam (DI).

This guerilla group once fought the Imperial Dutch Army and Sukarno's secularist

Indonesian forces back in the 1940s. DI was led by Kartosoewirjo, who prompted

violent revolt against the government. The group aimed at creating the Islamic State

of Indonesia along with Kartosoewirjo's Indonesian Islamic Army. After the

execution of Kartosoewirjo in 1962, Fragments of DI were what gave birth to JI

when the Republic of Indonesia was formed (Fenton, 2014, p. 11).

Autocratic leaderships performed by Sukarno and Suharto suppressed

activities of radical religious groups, which primarily derived from anti-colonialist

guerilla groups. Still, the suppression did not wipe radicalism out. Indonesians have

suffered from hundreds of terrorist attacks carried out by radical religious groups,

especially after the uncertainty of Indonesia's political transition in 1998 (Vaughn,

Chanlett-Avery, Lum, Manyin, & Niksch, 2008, p. 6). The new order regime's

downfall that followed by the start of the reformation era opened doors for

economic and people's welfare improvement, freedom of speech, increasing

opportunities for human rights struggles, and the potential for conflict and violence.

Sumarwoto, Mahmutarrom, & Ifrani (2020) evaluates two ways in combating

terrorism: 1) prevention, 2) eradication. The Indonesian government applies both,

yet they suggest that the latter is proven to be less effective since the number of

terrorist attacks in Indonesia keeps growing, notwithstanding eradication attempts


7

that include even death threats. In line with them, Damayanti (2012) has encouraged

a collective prevention attempt to combat terrorism among various parties. She

asserts that "the Indonesian government should activate all resources which

ultimately requires the involvement and coordination of security apparatus,

intelligent agency, military, ministries, local authorities as well as the public" (p.

37). Counterterrorism measures as methods of combating terrorism are incessantly

debated in Indonesia as Indonesians have not been freed from terrorist attacks.

Rucktaschel and Schuck (2019) discover that debates on Indonesia's

counterterrorism are prolonged because terrorist groups in Indonesia generally

employ the strategy of "categorical murders" in which victims were randomly

selected, providing they belonged to "unfaithful" groups no matter what beliefs they

hold. "Categorical murders" affect the development of structural counterterrorism

(CT) in Indonesia because terrorist groups' motives are varied, and they have "no

interest in finding compromises" (pp. 3-4).

On the other hand, the Indonesian government is considered progressive in

formulating a legal basis for counterterrorism measures. Maya (2018) points an

improvement in Law No. 5 of 2018 on Amendment of Law No. 15 of 2003 where

"several stipulations especially related with victim protection in the Amendment to

Terrorism Law should be appreciated for providing a clearer and more structured

protection mechanism." Prolonged debates on counterterrorism have constantly

followed the discussion of terrorism, be it religious-motivated terrorism or

separatist terrorism.


8

Parallel to the relationship between media and terrorism, religious-motivated

terrorism in Indonesia, and Indonesia's counterterrorism measures, this research is

worth studying for better handling terrorism in Indonesia. It offers an alternative

perspective involving actors of terrorist attacks, particularly the Sigi attack, under

scrutiny. The Sigi attack case has a high complexity related to segregation conflicts,

the issuance of the legal basis for counterterrorism, and the development of MIT as

a religious-motivated terror group. The high complexity of the Sigi attack case

makes every social actor involved in it have a significant role in the realm of

terrorism and counterterrorism in Indonesia. MIT, for example, is one of the major

terror groups in Indonesia whose existence reflects the successes and failures of

counterterrorism efforts carried out by the Indonesian military through Operation

Tinombala. In addition, the Sigi attack's victims also have a significant role in

terrorism and counterterrorism in Indonesia, given their history of segregation

indicates how important it is to handle terror cases in each region with specific

attention and in-depth research. Identifying the representation of the Sigi attack's

social actors in The Jakarta Post and Tempo and how the representation portrays

Indonesia's counterterrorism provide an alternative perspective in developing

terrorism and counterterrorism discourses in Indonesia.

The discussion about the abovementioned issues will be presented under the

three-dimensional analysis of the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) proposed by

Fairclough (1995). In addition to Fairclough's CDA principles, a framework for

representing social actors proposed by Leeuwen (2008) will be used to carry out the

textual dimension analysis. The other two dimensions of CDA will be carried out


9

by applying theories about Critical Terrorism Studies and the counterterrorism in

Indonesia. The subsequent chapters of this research will present the theoretical basis

of this research, methodological aspects, findings and discussion, and the

conclusion of this research in sequence.

B. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Two problems are formulated to be answered by this research:

1. How do The Jakarta Post and Tempo represent social actors in the Sigi attack?

2. How does the representation of social actors portray the weaknesses of

Indonesia’s counterterrorism?

C. OBJECTIVES

There were two objectives pursuant to the mentioned research questions in

this research. Firstly, this research aimed at identifying the representation strategies

and role allocations of social actors in The Jakarta Post and Tempo’s online news

about the Sigi attack. This identification was made by having Leeuwen’s

framework for the analysis of linguistic representations of social actors. Having this

framework, the identification of representation modes and the role allocations of

social actors were used as bases and the linguistic evidence to strengthen the

researcher's argument regarding the portrayal of Indonesia’s counterterrorism.

Identifying the portrayal of Indonesia’s counterterrorism, particularly its

weaknesses, was the subsequent second objective of this research. The

identification of the portrayal was expected to allow readers to take a closer look at

the Sigi attack and its vital position as the marker of the changing counterterrorism

measures in Indonesia. Furthermore, the identification was expected to contribute


10

to counterterrorism research in Indonesia as an alternative to detect changes in

Indonesia's counterterrorism measures. The identification of the portrayal was made

by explaining the relationship between the discursive and social practice of the

representation of social actors of the Sigi attack. The discursive practice of the

representation was identified by the help of Leeuwen’s framework. Furthermore,

theories related to the Critical Terrorism Studies and counterterrorism in Indonesia

were used as bases for the researcher’s understanding of the social practice of the

representation of social actors in the Sigi attack.

D. BENEFITS

This research offers benefits to readers, future CDA researchers, and parties

with an interest in or involvement with Indonesia’s counterterrorism. In general,

this research contributes to enriching readers’ understanding of counterterrorism in

Indonesia as reflected in the Sigi attack. The described findings and the raised

discussions in this research may provide additional understanding to readers

regarding how the Sigi attack was discussed by two Indonesian media: The Jakarta

Post and Tempo, who were the parties involved in the Sigi attack, and

counterterrorism efforts in Indonesia.

In particular, this research may benefit future CDA researchers and parties

who are interested or involved in Indonesia’s counterterrorism. Findings on

representation modes and role allocations of social actors in this research offer

future CDA researchers another reference to conduct critical analysis on discourses.

Specifically, findings on social actors’ representation modes and role allocation

may assist future CDA researchers to conduct critical analysis on the involvement


11

of social actors or parties in discourses. This research may also be beneficial for

those who share the same interests in Indonesia’s counterterrorism or even involve

in Indonesia’s counterterrorism measures.


12

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents three sections, namely review of the related theories,

review of related studies, and theoretical framework as elaborations of theoretical

basis and framework used in this research. The first section contains reviews of

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Representation of Social Actors (RSA), Critical

Terrorism Studies (CTS), and theories of Indonesia’s Counterterrorism (CT).

Subsequently, the other two sections proffer reviews of five studies that are related

to this research and the theoretical framework of this research.

A. REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES

This first section of the literature review chapter presents four reviews of

related theories. Principles of CDA were used as the main basis in conducting this

research. Complement to CDA, Van Leeuwen’s framework for the linguistics

representation of social actors was used to conduct the linguistic analysis and gather

the data for the subsequent intertextual analysis. Theories and principles of CTS

and Indonesia’s Counterterrorism were bases of the intertextual analysis.

Specifically, CTS provides principles to address the terrorism issue in the Sigi

attack critically. Theories of Indonesia’s CT, subsequently, was employed in

identifying the portrayal of the weaknesses of Indonesia’s counterterrorism.

1. Critical Discourse Analysis

Critical Discourse Analysis emerged in the early 1990s after a small

symposium in Amsterdam. It was initially characterized by some principles, such


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as problem-oriented, interdisciplinary, eclectic, and the interest in “de-mistifying”

ideologies and power through the systemic and “retroductable” investigation of

semiotic data (Wodak & Meyer, 2015). CDA research strives for concealing

implicit ideologies and power through transparent and in-depth analysis of

linguistics elements. This analytical framework offers critical commitment to

researchers of discourse analysis. CDA has grown widely and there are many

critical analysis frameworks that adopt the perspective and commitment of CDA to

be critical. Amongst the developers and CDA researchers, Fairclough is one of the

prominent figures in CDA given that he joined the small symposium which gave

birth to CDA in the 1990s.

a. The Principle of CDA

According to Fairclough (1995), CDA is a multidisciplinary study that seeks

to reveal hidden agenda of a discourse. It may be in form of ideologies or even a

disguised campaign imbued in the discourse. He argues that analysis of a discourse

can be categorized into two forms: “linguistic analysis and intertextual analysis” (p.

185). The linguistic analysis refers to the analysis of linguistic features within the

text. Meanwhile, the intertextual analysis denotes an intertextual relationship

between the text and other texts or concepts outside the discourse. Gee (2005),

specify the term discourse in its relation to CDA by presenting a division between

‘Discourse’ and ‘discourse’. The former denotes construction in which language

exists as a companion to an ideology. A “Discourse” may considerably be said as

an ideology delivered to others through language. On the other hand, the latter

“discourse” denotes a text in which “Discourse” is presented. Gee then asserts that


14

“language has a magical property: when we speak or write, we design what we have

to say to fit the situation in which we are communicating” (p. 10). It implies that

language used in text is a construction which carries implicit tendency or aim.

Language has its own function to construct the actual reality and present it to the

hearers or readers.

b. Fairclough’s CDA

In regards to Gee’s distinction and language’s construction, Fairclough

proffers detailed “diagrammatic representation of critical discourse analysis” where

language construction is being analyzed alongside its social practice (p. 98). Within

the diagram, three dimensions of critical discourse analysis are addressed. Those

dimensions are textual, discursive, and social as seen below.

Figure 2.1 Fairclough’s Three-Dimensional Analysis (Fairclough,

1995, p. 98)

Through the diagram, Fairclough proposes that a discourse analysis comprises

description (linguistic depiction of the text), interpretation (reading of the relations

between the broad discussion and text), and description (analysis of the correlation


15

between the “discursive processes” and “the social processes”) (p. 97-98).

Fairclough’s framework pinpoints the interdependency of textual and social

analysis. Thus, there is no necessity for the three dimensions to be applied orderly.

Whichever dimension to be analyzed first does not matter as long as the findings

uphold interactive aspect between textual analysis and social analysis.

Besides the three-dimensional analysis, Fairclough also proposes four

stages of discourse analysis. The four stages are designed to aide researchers in

identifying problems, formulating the analysis, and concluding the analysis. Unlike

the three-dimensional analysis which dan be disorderly applied, the four stages need

to be carried out sequentially. Those four stages are namely, 1) focus upon social

wrong(s), 2) identify obstacles, 3) identify the significance of the social wrong to

social order, and 4) identify possible ways to pass the obstacles. This research

adopts Fairclough’s three-dimensional analysis and the four stages. The application

of four stages of discourse analysis in this research will be further elaborated in

chapter III.

2. Representation of Social Actors

Representation of Social Actors (RSA) is a framework for linguistics

analysis that is commonly used in complement with various social theories to

conduct a CDA. This framework, as its name suggests, focuses on actors of social

practices. While the term “social actor” may be self-explanatory, Leeuwen (2008)

proposes a definition of “social practice” as “a set of actions” that offers many

presentation options to those who discuss or talk about it, “social practice is a set of

actions performed in a sequence, which may be fixed to a greater or lesser degree


16

and which may or may not allow for choice, that is, for alternatives with regard to

a greater or lesser number of the actions of some or all of the participants, and for

concurrence, that is, for the simultaneity of different actions during part or all of the

sequence.” (p. 8). His definition of social practice reflects Michel Foucault, Basil

Bernstein, and Max Weber’s views on discourse as semantic construction,

recontextualization, and rationalization process as Leeuwen believes that “doing”

is different from “talking about doing”. Particularly, Leeuwen’s emphasis on the

possibility to “fix” a social practice to “a greater or lesser degree” reflects one’s

preference in adjusting the social practice to particular contexts through

rationalization process. The process then manifests itself in semantic construction.

Leeuwen believes that “doing” something is different from “talking about the

doing” since the “talking” comprises processes of recontextualization,

rationalization, and semantic construction. Thus, Leeuwen asserts that discourse is

a product of recontextualization of social practice which underwent modification of

meaning as manifested in its choice of language.

In addition to the three figures, Leeuwen especially develops his RSA from

Halliday's definition of grammar as "potential meaning" with an emphasis on how

grammar provides choices of "what can be said". RSA is derived from Halliday’s

Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). Yet Leeuwen attempts to draw his

framework as a “sociosemantic inventory” though SFG is a linguistic inventory. A

sociosemantic inventory, as he states, is an alternative inventory in contrast to

linguistic inventory. It is a combination between linguistic and sociological

inventories which strives to present a more comprehensive perspective in seeing


17

how language functions as: a structure or system of communication and a medium

for building social relationships. Leeuwen’s framework comprises linguistic

realizations of how actors’ actions and identities in social practices are

recontextualized to be represented in discourses. Representation strategies and

detailed modes reveals writer’s preference behind social actors’ representation. The

strategies and modes, as a part of sociosemantic inventory, will in turn establish the

sociological and critical relevance of their products, or the “representation” (p. 23).

This analytical linguistic framework was first introduced in 1983 given

Leeuwen mentions that he has been working on and developing this framework for

15 years in 2008. Since its introduction, RSA has been used and developed not only

by Leeuwen. Eriyanto is one of the people who recontextualizes RSA. Eriyanto

(2009) asserts that representation of social actors aimed at identifying tendencies in

discourses to marginalize particular party or actor in certain issue. To do so,

Leeuwen’s dichotomy of discourse strategies about the representation of social

actors are offered: inclusion and exclusion. Each strategy has its own sub-categories

which show how the strategy works in discourse. Eriyanto (2009) further states that

inclusion’s sub-categories include three points, namely passivation, nominalization,

and the procurement of sub-ordinate clause (both in compound and complex

sentences). Sub-categorizations in exclusion include seven points, namely;

differentiation, indifferentiation, objectification, abstraction, nomination-

categorization, nomination-identification, determination, indetermination,

assimilation-individualization, and association-dissociation (pp. 171-175).

Nevertheless, Eriyanto’s RSA is slightly different from Leeuwen’s RSA in a way


18

that Leeuwen focuses more on the inclusion strategies while Eriyanto does the

contrary. Eriyanto offers numerous sub-categories of exclusion strategy while

Leeuwen offers abounding sub-categories of inclusion strategy. In this sense,

Eriyanto pinpoints how actors are excluded while Leeuwen strives to reveal how

actors are included in the discourse. This research adopts Leeuwen’s RSA in

conducting the linguistic analysis of social actors’ representation.

The scope of Leeuwen’s RSA analysis is specified to sentences as parts of

linguistic structure in discourses which represent specified social practices. Below

is the illustration of Leeuwen’s categorization of RSA strategies.

Figure 2.2 Social Actor Network (Leeuwen, 2008, p. 52)

Exclusion/inclusion strategies and role allocations are two main classifications of

social actors’ representation strategies. Role allocation revolves around the

passive/active roles of actors in social practices. Exclusion or inclusion strategies

revolve around actors’ explicit/implicit involvement in social practices.


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a. Representation Strategies

Representation strategies consist of inclusion and exclusion strategies which

are realized in complementary distribution. When a social actor embodies exclusion

strategy or one of its categories, it does not embody inclusion strategy and vice

versa. Each strategy embodies several sub-categories and representation modes.

Below is the detailed explanation of the two strategies along with their sub-

categories and modes.

1) Exclusion Strategy

Exclusion strategies are realized when social actors seem to be omitted in the

discourse. It is different from inclusion strategy in a sense that exclusion is designed

to conceal the implicit references of social actors. This strategy comprises two

categories, namely suppression and backgrounding. The first category is realized

when the implicit reference of social actors is never mentioned in the discourse.

The second category, on the contrary, is realized when social actors’ implicit

reference is mentioned somewhere in the discourse. Suppresion’s linguistic

realizations are nonfinite clause, passive agent deletion, infinitival clause while

backgrounding is realized through nonfinite clauses with –ing and –ed participle

(e.g.: the door opened), infinitival clauses with to (e.g.: to maintain policy is hard),

paratactic clauses (e.g.: pork, the white meat). In addition, both categories of

exclusion strategy can also be realized in metonymical reference as they are parts

of the sociosemantic inventory (pp. 28-32).


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2) Inclusion Strategy

There are two categories of inclusion strategy, namely personalization and

impersonalization categories. Each category comprises two to four sub-categories

and more than ten detailed representation modes. Elaborations of inclusion’s sub-

categories and detailed representation modes will be briefly explained with

examples of their linguistic realizations.

a) Personalization

Personalization category of inclusion strategy is realized when social actors

are represented as humans rather than abstract notions or objects. This category has

three sub-categories which each comprises several detailed representation modes,

namely determination, genericization, and specification. Determination is the sub-

category which signifies social actors’ specific identities regarding their numbers,

relations to other actors, names, titles, and their involvements in social practices.

Genericization, on the other hand, deals with how the reality is shaped as

“elaborated codes” which gives access to the universalistic orders of meaning.

Determination contains several representation modes such as association-

dissociation, differentiation-indifferentiation, categorization nomination,

overdetermination, individualization, and assimilation. Association refers to groups

formed by social actors/groups of social actors which are never labelled in the text.

It is commonly realized through parataxis, i.e.: They believed that the immigration

program existed for the benefit of politicians, bureaucrats, and the ethnic minorities,

not for Australians as a whole. The word “politicians, bureaucrats, and the ethnic

minorities” are associated to form a group opposed to the “Australian as a whole”


21

but rather than represented as a group, it is represented in relation to a specific

activity or set of activities. In this case, it is represented in their beneficiary role in

immigration. Besides, association is realized through “circumstances of

accompaniment” (e.g.: They played higher and higher “with the other children”),

possessive pronouns, and possessive attributive clauses with verbs like “have” or

“belong”. Dissociation, then, is the unformed association. It occurs when the

previously formed groups of social actors are unformed or disbanded. In addition

to association, dissociation, differentiation denotes that the social actor is

differentiated either as an individual or a group, as “other”, “self”, “them”, etc. This

mode is realized in many linguistic features which imply that a social actor is

represented as distinctive. Indifferentiation, like dissociation to association, is the

contrary of differentiation. Both modes show the comparison of class or the

categorization highlighted by the writer as realized through comparative words like

“other, another, else”, and more (pp. 39-40).

Besides the abovementioned modes, social actors can be represented through

nomination and categorization. In nomination, the specific identity of the social

actor is represented through names, kinship labels, and titles. Categorization implies

that social actors’ identities are realized in their functions and interpersonal labels.

Nomination is realized by proper nouns which can be formal (surname only without

honorifics), semiformal (given names and surname), or informal (given name only).

It can also be realized in name obscuration by using letters or numbers to replace

names. Nomination is classified into four representation modes, namely

formalization-semiformalization-informalization and titulation. The first class


22

comprises of three detailed modes: 1) Formalization is realized by the use of

surname without honorific, 2) Semiformalization is realized by the use of given

name and surname, 3) Informalization is realized in given name without surname

or honorifics. The next class has two modes, namely honorification and affiliation.

Honorification is realized when proper nouns are used as standard titles or ranks

(e.g.: Prof., Dr, etc.) while affiliation is realized in the addition of personal or

kinship relation terms such as “aunt Tina”, “brother Sisco”, and more. In addition

to that, detitulation is realized when there is no use of title in representing the

commonly titled social actors (pp. 41-42). Categorization, compared to nomination,

is a sub-category that focuses in lexical choices in representing social actors. It

comprises modifiers, inflectional, and derivational suffixes. This sub-category

consists of functionalization, appraisement, and identification. As a part of

categorization, functionalization occurs when social actors are represented by what

they do and realized through derivational suffixes “–er, -ant, -ent, -ian, -ee.”

Appraisement as the next detailed mode is employed when social actors are referred

to in interpersonal, rather than the experiential terms: when they are referred to in

terms which evaluate them as good or bad, loved or hated, admired or pitied. It is

realized by the set of nouns and idioms that denote appraisement such as the word

“thugs” in “Young thugs attacked African street vendors”. The next sub-category,

identification, occurs when social actors are defined, not in terms of what they do,

but in terms of what they, more or less permanently, or unavoidably, are. There are

three different categories of identification. They are classification, relational

identification and physical identification. Classification happens when social actors


23

are referred to in items of the major categories by means of which a given society

or institution differentiates between classes of people. These may include gender,

age, origin, class, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and so on. Relational

identification represents social actors in terms of their personal, kinship, or work

relations to each other. It is realized by a closed set of nouns denoting such relations

such as “friend”, “aunt”, “colleague”. Besides, it is realized in “possessivated”

relation that signifies the “belonging together”, or the “relationality” of the

possessivated and possessing social actors e.g.: “my” mother. In physical

identification, social actors are represented based on their physical traits but this

mode is actually overlapped with one of instrumentalization category’s mode. The

overlapping of both modes will be elaborated in detail in the next impersonalization

category (pp. 42-45).

Overdetermination, compared to the abovementioned determination

category, is special in a way that this category signifies writer’s attempts in thrusting

certain actors into the limelight by showing their involvements in more than one

social practices. The category is realized when social actors are represented as

participating in more than one social practice at once. Modes of this category cannot

be identified in isolation because they are realized in metonymical expression most

of the times. The overdetermination of social actors is specified in four modes. They

are inversion, symbolization, connotation, and distillation. Inversion is a form of

overdetermination in which social actors are connected to two practices, which are,

in a sense, each other’s opposite. It is realized through the transformation phase/side

of a story. For instance, characters of the Flintstone are represented as the


24

prehistoric people yet they are living a modern life and using tools like cars, phone,

etc at the same time. The characters, therefore, have been “transformed from

+conTemporary to –conTemporary—while still involved in conTemporary

activities”. Inversion can be categorized into two detailed modes: anachronism and

deviation. Anachronism is realized when inversion is employed to conceal things

that cannot be said straightforwardly, such as the social or political criticism in

circumstances where this is proscribed by official or commercial censorship or to

naturalize ideological discourses. Meanwhile, deviation is particularly realized

when social actors are represented by means of reference to social actors who would

not normally be eligible (pp. 50-51). This mode lies in the transgression of the

certain rule. For instance, a rule that animals cannot go to the school in this excerpt

of a short story:

“Yes!” said the lion.

He sat next to the little girl, as good as gold (p. 48).

“The lion” embodies deviation mode of inversion category since it is represented

as both talking and going to the school. At the same time, it is also represented both

as animals and human-like creature because animals do not talk and go to school.

This mode almost always serves the purpose of legitimation: the failure of the

deviant social actor to confirm the norms is concealed through deviation mode (pp.

47-51). Symbolization mode is relatively different from inversion since it occurs

when a fictional social actor or group of social actors stands for actors or groups in

nonfictional social practices. The fictional actor often belongs to a mythical/distant

past. This gap created by symbolization mode allows the actors and the activities in

which they engage to refer to several nonfictional actors and practices (p. 48). The


25

third category of overdetermination is the connotation. Connotation occurs when a

unique determination (either a nomination or physical identification) stands for

classification or functionalization modes. For instance, the phrase “a man with large

moustache” embodies physical identification mode in the way that “large

moustache” signifies the man’s identity through its physical traits. At the same time,

the physical identification stands for classification mode since “the large

moustache” denotes that the man belongs to the Prussian military. Connotation

mode of overdetermination category is decipherable for readers who are aware of

how the representation symbolizes an association to other issues. The mode, vice

versa, will not be effective when readers are not fully aware of the association.

Connotation mode denotes that the writer makes an attempt to provide an implicit

clue about the social actor’s identity (pp. 48-49). Distillation, on the other hand, is

a form of overdetermination which shows the connection between social actors to

social practices by inserting a particular feature from the actors to a number of social

practices. It is realized in the combined usage of generalization and abstraction

modes such as in hyponym and hypernym relations. For example, a social actor is

represented as a “psychiatrist” in a social practice and a “therapist” in another social

practice. In this case, the actor’s two representations as a “therapist” and a

“psychiatrist” reflect the hyponym relations and the distillation mode. A social actor

then embodies distillation when they are represented as a hyponym which adopts

values and manners of its hypernym (pp. 49-51).

Indetermination is another representation category besides determination

and overdetermination categories. This category does not have any sub-category or


26

detailed mode. Thus, indetermination is both a representation category and

representation mode. This mode is a reverse of determination’ modes.

Indetermination denotes that the writer does not do any effort to determine the

social actor’s identities, except that the social actor is a person/human being. Social

actors may be represented as anonyms, unspecified individuals, or groups through

interdetermination mode. The mode manifests itself mainly in: 1) a generalized

exophoric reference where phrases refer to objects in the extralinguistic

environment, and 2) an aggregated entity where pronouns like “someone, they,

some”, or “many” are used (pp. 39-40). The mode considers social actors either as

irrelevant to readers or too relevant to some readers and interests that their identity

is protected.

Genericization and specification are the next categories in the personalization

strategy after the determination category. Genericization is a representation mode

that signifies the writer’s attempt to generalize social actors. It is realized in plural

nouns without articles, mass nouns without articles, and singulars with

definite/indefinite articles such as the word “immigrants” in “The non-European

immigrants make up 6,5 percent of the population” (pp. 35-36). Specification,

contrastingly, specifies social actors’ identities based on their number. This

category is further categorized into individualization and assimilation modes. The

prior mode denotes that social actor is represented as an individual while the latter

mode shows actors’ representations as groups. Individualization and assimilation

may indicate which side the writer takes. For an example, a newspaper made for

the ordinary and middle-class working people tends to represent elites as


27

individuals and assimilates the ordinary people (p. 37). In that sense,

individualization and assimilation modes show newspaper’s tendency to emphasis

elites’ representations. Nonetheless, such tendency cannot be analysed separately

from the context of the given event. Individualization is realized in singular and

proper nouns which shows the individuality of social actors. Assimilation mode,

oppositely, is realized in plural nouns and numeric modifiers. Assimilation is

divided into two detailed modes, namely aggregation and collectivization.

Aggregation and Collectivization modes as sub-types of assimilation differ in a way

that social actors are treated as statistics in aggregation. Simultaneously, the

assimilated social actors are represented as groups of people in collectivization

mode; the phrase “1000-strong Sikh community” embodies aggregation mode,

while the phrase “the people” denotes collectivization mode. Aggregation is

realized in the presence of definite or indefinite quantifiers that serve as numeric

modifiers or heads of nominal groups. Collectivization is realized in mass and

collective nouns (pp. 37-38).

b) Impersonalization

Impersonalization category, as the contrary of personalization, indicates that

social actors are represented as non-humans such as abstract notions or objects. This

category has two sub-categories. The first sub-category of impersonalization is the

abstraction. This sub-category functions as detailed representation mode as well.

Abstraction occurs when social actors are represented by means of quality assigned

to them such as poor, black, illegal, etc. For instance, the phrase “unwanted

problems” is the realization of abstraction mode in the sentence “Government is in


28

danger of saddling itself up with a lot of unwanted problems” given that the phrase

represents immigrants as an abstract notion “unwanted problems.” Abstraction

mode complements connotative meanings of social actors’ representations. It

presents an abstract value extracted from their bearers to give a reference to the

bearers and evaluate the bearers (pp. 46-47). Subsequent to abstraction mode,

objectivication occurs when social actors are represented by means of reference to

a place or an object. The two references are closely associated either with persons

or actions in which their representations are being engaged to by metonymical

reference. There are four detailed modes which can be categorized as sub-types of

objectivication: spatialization, utterance autonomization, instrumentalization, and

somatization. Spatialization is realized when social actors are represented by means

of reference to a place while utterance autonomization is apparent when social

actors are represented by means of reference to statements of human actors. In

addition, instrumentalization is realized by the use of nouns as the representation

of instruments that are used by human social actors to carry out their activities.

Somatization, the last mode, is realized when actors are represented by means of

reference to a part of social actors’ body. (pp. 46-47)

b. Role Allocation

The division of roles in social actors’ representations is the supplement to the

representation strategy of social actors. In contrast to the representation strategy,

the role allocation focuses on the representation of roles that social actors play. This

role analysis complements the representation strategy analysis because the

active/passive roles assigned to actors will illustrate the relationship amongst actors


29

and fortify the results of the representation strategy analysis. There are two

categories of role allocation strategy, namely activation and passivation. The first

category is commonly realized in the active voice where social actors are

represented either to be the actor of a material process, the senser of a mental

process, or the sayer of a verbal process. The second category is realized when

social actors are placed at the “receiving end” of process through linguistic elements

such as adjunct, prepositional phrases, and more. Passivation is categorized into

two: subjection and beneficialization. The two role allocations denote the writer’s

preference where social actors are represented whether as the second or the third

party of social practices. Subjection has three detailed roles as its sub-types while

beneficialization does not. (pp. 32-35)

1) Beneficialization

Beneficialization role is realized when actors perform as the third party who

positively or negatively benefited from the social action. For instance, in “Australia

was bringing in about 70,000 migrants per year”, the role of “migrants” is both

passive-participation and passive-beneficialization roles. The roles are realized

concurrently because “migrants” is represented both as the benefited party and the

goal of a material process.

2) Subjection

In subjection role allocation, social actors are treated as objects in their

representations. For example, the word “immigrants” in “Immigrants are taken in

return for the skill or money they bring” has a passive-subjection role allocation

because it is an object of exchange between “the skill or money they bring”.


30

Subjection role allocation is divided into three detailed roles, namely participation,

circumstantialization, and possessivation. In participation role allocation, the

passivated social actors are goals in a material process, the phenomenon in a mental

process, or the carrier in an effective attributive process. The word “African street

vendor”, for example, performs a passive-participation role in “Young white thugs

attacked African street vendors” because it is the goal of a material process

“attacked”. Circumstantialization role allocation, on the other hand, is realized

through prepositional phrases with adjuncts such as “against” in “A racist backlash

against ethnic Asians has been unleashed”. Prepositional phrases denote that the

following social actor performs a passive-circumstantialization role because it

places the social actor as the third party who provides an additional information

about the background setting. The social actor “ethnic Asians” performs a

circumstantialization role because it provides an additional information about the

racist backlash without putting the actor under the spotlight. The possesivation role

allocation is rellatively different compared to the previous two detailed roles. As its

name suggests, the possessivation role allocation is realized when social actors

perform passive roles as possessions of other actors. The role is commonly realized

in prepositional phrases with “of” or in possessive pronouns. For an example, the

word “some 54,000 skilled immigrants” in “an intake of some 54,000 skilled

immigrants is expected this year” performs the passive-possesivation role because

it is the possession of “an intake”.

The basic point of Leeuwen’s framework highlights and seeks the

involvement of humans as prime social actors in every phenomenon in discourse.


31

For instance, in the common verbal clause “the report says that…”, Leeuwen strives

to unveil who the reporter or the “sayer” of the report. He believes that the reveal

may contribute to the understanding of power relation in the discourse-making-

process. When the “sayer” is a journalist then the report may show the journalist’s

preference in representing certain phenomena. At the same time, if the report was

stated by the authority, it brings further questions such as “why the name of the

authority is not mentioned?”, “What is implied by the report? which side is glorified

or marginalized? why so?”, and so on.

This study adopts Leeuwen’s framework for RSA to answer the first research

question about the linguistic representations of social actors. There will be two

sections of the answer, namely the representation strategies of social actors and the

role allocations of social actors. The two sections are presented to give a

comprehensive answer to the first research question. The further elaborations of the

answer are presented in chapter IV.

3. Critical Terrorism Studies

Critical terrorism (CTS) studies are often defined in comparison with

traditional terrorism studies (TTS). This study of terrorism is different to TTS in

the way that CTS focuses on the broad pattern and multidisciplinary approach in

studying terrorism while TTS studies terrorism in seclusion.

a. The Principle of CTS

CTS converges around dissatisfaction with and skepticism about the field of

terrorism studies. In the 'War on Terror,' CTS played a role in reviewing the

argument that the study of terrorism was politically biased and served an ideological


32

function in favor of Western countries. Heath-Kelly (2010) notes that CTS

considers existing terrorism studies as having a shortfall such as the repeated use of

examples of empirical information, minimal historical investigations, and the

author's tendency to only contribute to terrorism studies once. Based on this deficit,

CTS proponents then concludes that there is stagnation in the field of terrorism

studies (pp. 236-237).

b. Key Concerns of CTS

Baker-Beall (2018) further mentions that there are several key concerns and

commitments that are upheld by CTS scholars. The four key concerns of CTS are:

1) general discontent with certain aspects of conventional studies, 2) agreement that

terrorism can be understood as a derivative concept which implies that all

knowledge is contested and that CTS will always carry an element of bias, 3)

agreement that a substantial amount of research of terrorism retains a state-centric

perspective which tends to reproduce a limited set of assumptions that is a

“conventional wisdom” or “accepted knowledge”, 4) CTS scholars reject the

tendency of conTemporary terrorism studies towards treating terrorism as a “new

phenomenon” since CTS regards terrorism studies as containing historical aspect

(pp. 29-30). In addition to the key concerns, CTS has four commitments. First, CTS

regards terrorism as a social instead of material fact. It means that CTS scholars

acknowledge that labelling an act of political violence as terrorism is a naturally

subjective process, since determining upon whether an act of violence represents an

“act of terrorism” dangles upon series of judgements about the context,

characteristics, and objective of the violence rather than an unprejudiced


33

characteristic inherent to it (p. 30). Second, all knowledge about terrorism is

embedded in the social or cultural context within which emerges. Third, CTS

commits to transparent research and contains insight or viewpoints of several

different approaches including discourse analysis, post-structuralism,

constructivism, and many others. Fourth, CTS avoids harming actors and commits

to place involving individuals and communities at the heart of CTS (pp. 30-31).

This research takes principles of CTS in answering the second research

question about how the social actors’ representations portray the weaknesses of

Indonesia’s CT. As an attempt to answer it, the researcher will relate theories and

findings of studies about terrorism and CT measures in Indonesia with the linguistic

representations of social actors. The answer is elaborated in chapter V.

4. Counterterrorism in Indonesia

Terrorism is a debatable term that is often worn by default to refer to political

violence. Bryan (2018), Nacos (2016), and Richards (2018) are few of many who

debate the use of the term. Bryan (2018) problematizes the use of “terrorism”

because he sees the term as pejorative and overly used to the point that it may not

necessarily signifies terrorism.

It is my contention that in using the label ‘terrorist’ or ‘terrorism’, we

immediately make assumptions about the acts of violence, as well as their

reception by victims, witnesses and the wider society. And, of course, we

differentiate those acts of violence labelled terrorism from those acts of

violence that are not given that label, thus sometimes excluding reasonable

comparisons (p. 20).

Nacos (2016) joins the debate by offering an illustration of how terrorism can be

used to refer to various notions. She specifically argues that all “terrorism is

political” thus it is considerably acceptable to refer to any political violence as


34

terrorism: there is need to specify the notion of terrorism. Nacos argues that even

religious-based terrorism is similar to separatist-based terrorism since both have

political aspects (pp. 27-28). Richards (2018) then tries to conclude by pinpointing

the effect of terrorism, “all acts of political violence are intended to have some

degree of psychological impact, to send a message of sorts” yet in terrorism, “fear

is the objective” (pp. 16-17).

a. The Overview of Terrorism in Indonesia

In Indonesia, terrorism is commonly understood as the radical religious-

motivated violence although in several areas it may be understood as the separatist-

motivated violence. The common and diverse notions may result in

misunderstandings yet the term has never been formally defined by the Indonesian

government until the amendment of terrorism law is stipulated in 2018. Maya

(2018) notes that the newest amendment of Indonesian terrorism law contains

definition of terrorism. It is defined as “an act which uses violence or threat of

violence which causes a wide spread atmosphere of terror or fear, which can cause

mass victims, and/or creates damages or destructions to strategic vital object,

environment, public facility, or international facility with a motif of ideology,

politic, security disturbance” (p. 4). There are three elements in the amendment’s

definition of terrorism. The first element discusses the definition of violent acts in

terrorism as: 1) an act which contains violence or “threat of violence”, 2) an act that

comprises “every act of abuse of physical power with or without the use of a tool

unlawfully and causes danger to a person’s body, life, and freedom”, 3) unlawful

acts which are realized in “spoken, written, drawing, symbol, or gesture”. The


35

second element specifies that violent act in terrorism creates a “wide spread

atmosphere of terror or fear” that triggers many victims and/or cause damages or

destructions to strategic vital object, environment, public facility, or international

facility. Subsequently, the third element gives limitation to motives of the violent

act: ideology, politic, or security disturbance (pp. 4-5). The formal definition of

terrorism in Indonesia according the Terrorism law, then, denotes that terrorism is

political violent act which claims victims and causes fears.

While the definition of terrorism in Indonesia was just outlined in

Indonesia’s latest amendment of terrorism law, Abuza (2019) states that terrorism

is a continuing but manageable threat in Southeast Asia (p. 22). He identifies that

current terrorist groups have a little to no cooperation between them: terrorists

groups remain dissented in their objectives and beliefs. They are also divided by

“personal rivalries and egos” which makes their violent acts appear to be

manageable (p. 23). Notwithstanding, the Indonesia’s counterterrorism (CT) thrives

through time as responses to terrorist attacks in Indonesia.

b. CT Measures in Indonesia

Rucktaschel & Schuck (2019), Abuza (2018), and Lamchek (2020) are three

of many figures who proffer overviews of Indonesia’s CT. Abuza (2018) states that

the new terrorism law of 2018 reflects the decisiveness in Indonesia’s CT as it

stipulates criminalization of joint terrorist groups and longer jail sentences.

Rucktaschel & Schuck (2019) then adds that “the Amendment of Terorism Law in

2018 seems to side with the military’s wishes” (p. 8). Abuza’s point about the

decisiveness of Indonesia’s CT in the new law is mainly because Tentara Negara


36

Indonesia (TNI) or the Indonesian National Armed Forces’ role in CT is expanded

in the new law. This signifies transformation of Indonesia’s CT towards coercive

CT. Indonesia’s CT measures has previously fit into the category coercive

counterterrorism within the framework of the ‘criminal justice model’ (Rucktaschel

& Schuck, 2019, pp. 7-8). It implies that CT in Indonesia conforms with below

definition.

The battle against terrorism takes place within the existing legal framework

as a kind of anti-crime measure. The actions taken against those suspected of

being terrorists are conducted by authorized executive bodies, while judicial

bodies are responsible for evaluating the criminal intent of attacks planned or

carried out by terrorists and determining the appropriate punishment for

convicted offenders (Rucktaschel & Schuck, 2019, p. 8)

Indonesia’s CT measures, be it coercive or preventive CT measures, have been

conducted and planned according to the legal framework. However, the new law

ignites concern over possible implications of the coercive measures’ affirmation.

One of the implications of the coercive measures in Indonesia CT is that it

may inadvertently justify ‘defensive jihad’ (Abuza, 2018, p. 22). The coercive

measures of CT equal the repressive means of combating terrorism. Such

counterterrorism strategy is seen to have contrast effects. The web of terrorism may

be wiped out when the strategy is succeeded. Contrastingly, it may grow sentiments,

perpetuate violence, and cause blowback. Abuza (2018) underlines that the coercive

means may also abuse military’s new legal power and unintentionally support the

narrative of terrorist groups that the Indonesian government is anti-Islamist and

repressive (p. 25). The new stipulations in Indonesia’s counterterrorism law pose

challenge in the future of CT measures in Indonesia as it may turn into perpetuating

coercive means and violence. Nonetheless, the existing CT measures in Indonesia


37

deserve appreciation in a way that they reflect the institutional integrated approach

where various state institutions suchlike BNPT or National Counter Terrorism

Agency and Densus 88 work together to combat terrorism.

c. Human Rights-Compliant CT in Indonesia

Lamchek (2020), apart from the two abovementioned figures, proposes a

different approach in his research about Indonesia’s CT measures. Lamchek

analyzes Indonesia’s CT in its relation to human rights values, especially the rights

to life and the equal treatment under the law. He is fully aware that it is tricky to

talk about CT with a human rights-based approach. The approach can easily result

in mere discussions that revolve around proving whether CT measures are

congruous to the values contained in the human rights charter or not. Discussions

about the proof system are alarming provided that it overlooks the historical side,

characteristics, and the public acceptance of the CT measures into consideration. It

generalizes terrorism and simplifies human rights values to the point that the CT

measures are in uniformity. He presents an example about the “charter-proof CT

measures” system to illustrate the alarming proof system. In the system, parameters

of the decision-making regarding CT measures are only based on the human rights

charter. The practice regard human rights as a theory to be employed and interpreted

as needed. As long as CT measures can be interpreted and proven appropriate,

measures will be considered as upholding human rights. Lamchek then says that

CT measures tend to be less reflective of human rights without a solid basis, as was

the case with the charter-proof CT measures (pp. 1-4).


38

On the basis of such an understanding, Lamchek pinpoints two lacks of

Indonesia’s version of human rights-compliant CT measures. The reason behind his

points is that he sees Indonesia as a country which frail “constitutional mechanism

of judicial review” may subvert the application of the human rights values in CT

measures (p. 4). The first lack of Indonesia’s human rights-compliant CT is that

Indonesia forsakes “a restrictive and dualist view” of terrorism by limiting the use

of the label “terrorists” to “non-state” actors only. The second lack is that there is

no balance between the human rights values and the security interests in Indonesia’s

CT (pp. 7-13). Compared to the charter-proof system mentioned above, the two

shortcomings of the CT that fulfill the Indonesian version of human rights have not

succeeded in considering human rights values in practice. Human rights still apply

like a checklist that must be obeyed in Indonesia's human rights-compliant CT

version. The CT measures in Indonesia have been trapped in a prolonged debate

about how human rights values are implemented while these values should be

practiced. The role of the government as the one to guarantee the practice of human

rights through legislation has not been played well so that the practice of

implementing human rights values is minimalistic.

The term “terrorism” in Indonesia is closely related to violence with radical

religious motives. In contrast, the latest amendment to the Terrorism Law stipulates

that violence and threats of violence are defined as terrorism. Indonesia’s CT

measures continue to be debated given that they have not yet reached a state of

balance. The debate regarding CT measures that are coercive, preventive, and in

line with human rights continues. Furthermore, the presented elaborations about


39

Indonesia’s CT overviews will become the basis for researchers to see how the

representation of social actors in JP and TP portrays the weaknesses of

counterterrorism in Indonesia.

B. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

There are five studies to be reviewed in this section. Three reviews of studies

that adopted Leeuwen’s RSA and two reviews of studies about terrorism and

counterterrorism will be presented in this section. Subsequently, the researcher will

compare the reviewed studies with this research. Discourses in news or mass

media’s articles were selected as the object of study by most of the following CDA

researchers. Nonetheless, their topics of study are varied.

Osisnawa & Iyoha (2020) adopted the representation of social actors

alongside Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by using SFL’s processes to

strengthen the representation of protesters as the social actors in the Pro-Biafra

protest reported by selected Nigerian newspapers. They found that protesters in

were represented as “freedom fighters, economic saboteurs and law-abiding

citizens”. The representations were explicated by material, verbal, relational and

behavioural processes. Besides, they were also realized in representation modes

suchlike passivisation, nomination, association, disassociation, exclusion,

aggregation, functionalisation, differentiation, indetermination, collectivization

modes (pp. 646-647). Contrarywise, Surjowati (2020) and Mursida & Ermanto

(2018) adopted the representation of social actors as the only framework for

linguistic analysis in their studies. Surjowati (2020) adopted the framework to

classify which social actors belong to the “in/peacemaker” and “out/agitator” group


40

in Australian newspapers’ discourses about Papuan conflict. The classification is

based on Leeuwen’s differentiation strategies: two actors may be represented in

comparison thus their representations highlight the concept of “us” and “them”. She

found that Australia and Indonesia have opposite ideologies regarding freedom. The

opposite ideologies result in their findings that Papuan activists, Australian, and

supporters of the activists are represented as “in” group while Indonesian

government, army, and military officers are “out” group. Mursida & Ermanto

(2018), in contrast, focused only on the exclusion representation strategies proposed

by Leeuwen as cited in Eriyanto (2009). They argued that there are three

representation modes of exclusion strategy in the news about terrorist attack in Riau

Police Headquarter. The three modes are passivation, nominalization, and

substitution of clauses.

In addition to the three figures, Abozaid (2020) and Andan (2016) are two

figures who conducted a CDA studies about counterterrorism. Abozaid (2020)

conducted his CDA study alongside Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS) approach to

analyze the counterterrorism (CT) discourse in Egypt since the start of the Arab

Uprising of 2011. He found that several terrorism and anti-terrorism laws in Egypt

neglected human rights values as they normalize the use of coercive and repressive

means. Abozaid (2020) proposed that the real objectives of Egyptian regime’s CT

discourse after 2013 are 1) creating “an atmosphere where the state's violations of

human rights are not only normalized or legitimize but also justifiable, uncritically

and unaccountable”, 2) forming “a new legal and political legitimacy for the post

30 of June 2013 regime”, 3) suppressing “all critics and corrective attempts that


41

pursue to constrain authoritarianism and terrorism temptations to risk vulnerable

individuals”, and 4) stopping efforts of finding “a solution to terrorism away from

military and coercive intervention” (pp. 12-13). Andan (2016), compared to

Abozaid (2020), conducted a CDA study to analyze the war of discourse between

the Indonesian government and radical groups. Several discourses and counter-

discourses about thaghut, kafir, and jihad issued by the government and the radical

groups are analyzed to see how the Indonesian government conducted CT

measures. Andan (2016) found that the Indonesian government, through BNPT, had

been very careful in issuing counter discourse about radical ideologies especially

because the government needed to find the equilibrium between appeasing the

Muslim community in Indonesia and maintaining the unity of Indonesia through

Pancasila. In addition, he identified that “the Indonesian radicals are much more

aggressive in their discourse attacks against the creators of the dominant discourse

despite their minority status”. The radical groups even delegitimized the Indonesian

government and labelled them as thaghut and kafir (pp. 141-142).

This research, as to abovementioned studies, adopts Leeuwen’s framework

for the representation of social actors as the only framework of the linguistic

analysis. The findings on the linguistic analysis will then be correlated to CT in

Indonesia through CTS to identify how they portray the weaknesses of Indonesia’s

CT. Both findings are expected to contribute to Indonesia’s counterterrorism

research by offering new perspectives in overviewing the Indonesia’s CT measures.


42

C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Presented theories and studies were used by the researcher in conducting

this research. Fairclough’s theory of CDA was the basis of this Critical Discourse

Analysis research while Leeuwen’s RSA was the framework for the linguistic

analysis of this research. In addition to that, both CTS and theories about

Indonesia’s CT were bases for the sociocultural analysis of this research.

Fairclough’s three-dimensional analysis was used to identify findings of this

research. The principles of textual and discursive dimensions analysis were used to

identify findings on the representation of the social actors’ representations while

the principle of sociocultural dimension analysis was used to identify the portrayal

of the weaknesses of Indonesia’s CT. In addition to the principle of the sociocultural

analysis, Fairclough’s four stages of discourse analysis were applied in identifying

the relationship between the representation of social actors and the weaknesses of

Indonesia’s CT.

Leeuwen’s RSA was used as framework for the linguistic analysis in the

textual dimension analysis. His framework for social actors’ representation modes

and role allocations were used to identify the representation of social actors in The

Jakarta Post and Tempo’s news about the Sigi attack as the textual and discursive

dimensions analysis of this research. Furthermore, the principles of CTS and

theories of Indonesia’s CT were used to aid the researcher in understanding the

nature of Indonesia’s terrorism and counterterrorism as the sociocultural dimension

analysis of this research.


43

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter aims to ensure that the study is valid by providing details about the

data, how the study was conducted, and how results or findings were identified. It

is divided into six sections, namely type of research, source and number of data,

data collection, data analysis, data presentation, and result validation.

A. TYPE OF RESEARCH

This research was a CDA which aimed at revealing the portrayal of hidden

issue in discourses. Specifically, this CDA aimed at identifying how the social

actors’ representations portrayed Indonesia’s counterterrorism. As Fairclough

(1995) formulates CDA to be a multidisciplinary approach which sought for

revealing hidden issues, he states that CDA is categorized in two forms: “linguistic

and intertextual analysis” (p. 185). This research performed linguistic and

intertextual analysis as parts of the three-dimensional analysis proposed by

Fairclough. The linguistic analysis of this research was based on the framework for

social actors’ representation by Van Leeuwen to reveal The Jakarta Post and

Tempo’s preferences in representing social actors of the Sigi attack. Subsequent to

that, the intertextual analysis of this research was performed by the help of CTS

principles and theories about Indonesia’s CT. The linguistic analysis was a part of

the textual and discursive dimensions analysis while the intertextual analysis was a

part of the sociocultural dimension analysis.


44

B. SOURCE AND NUMBER OF DATA

This research takes three online news articles from The Jakarta Post and

Tempo published in the end of November 2020 and in December 2020 as the object

of study. The two media are selected as the source of the data given that The Jakarta

Post is the leading English-language media in Indonesia and Tempo has been the

commonly recognized and consumed in Indonesia. Below is the primary data of

this research.

Table 3.1 The List of the Object of Study from The Jakarta Post and

Tempo

No Date The Jakarta Post Date Tempo

1 November 29,

2020

Four Killed in

Alleged MIT

Attack in Sigi,

Reigniting

Concerns over

Sectarian

Conflicts

November 30,

2020

Police Launch

Tinombala Task

Force after

Killings in Sigi

2 December 2,

2020

Right Groups

Urge Jokowi to

Rethink Perpres

on Greater

Military Role in

Fight on Terror

December 1,

2020

Jokowi Asked to

Delay Issuance of

Perpres on TNI

against Terrorism

3 December 8,

2020

Reevaluate

Operation

Tinombala after

Sigi Attack:

Analysts

December 11,

2020

Mujahidin is not a

Matter for the

Military

The two Indonesian media is chosen to be sources of data in this research because

of their popularity as English-language media in Indonesia. Tempo, particularly, is

a media that has planted its roots in Indonesia for more than 40 years while the The

Jakarta Post is Indonesia’s current leading English-language media which

“generally permitted greater leeway when commenting on sensitive political issues


45

than its Indonesian counterparts” (Eklof, 2003, p. 14). Both media’s popularities

are indisputable thus their ways of representing actors in the Sigi attack may affect

abounding media consumers.

Table 3.2 The Total Number of Social Actors’ Representations

In the linguistic analysis, there were 373 representations of social actors analyzed

in this research as illustrated by the presented table. The number consists of 233

representations of social actors in The Jakarta Post and 140 representations in

Tempo.

C. DATA COLLECTION

The data of this research is obtained in third steps. On the first step, the data

was collected from The Jakarta Post and Tempo’s official websites. There was

numerous news about the Sigi attack that were published by the two media in each

official website. The researcher then took the second step of this data collection

which was the data selection. In doing the data selection step, the researcher

selected three online news published in November to December 2020. Afterwards,

the third step was taken by analyzing the samples of the data in order to answer the

two problem formulations of this research.

No Social Actors JP TP Total

Number Percentage

1 Authorities 124 63 187 50.1

2 MIT 62 37 99 26.5

3 Non-State Bodies 32 13 45 12

4 Victims 15 27 42 11.3

Total 233 140 373 100


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D. DATA ANALYSIS

There were three steps taken in doing the linguistic analysis in the textual and

discursive dimensions analysis of this research: 1) identification of social actors in

sentences, 2) identification of actors’ representation modes and role allocation, 3)

grouping of social actors to four categories. The identification of social actors, their

representation modes, and their role allocations were made by applying Leeuwen’s

framework for the representation of social actors. Afterwards, social actors were

categorized in four groups: authorities, MIT, non-state bodies, and victims. Groups’

naming and the grouping of social actors were categorized by how both media

addressed them. Both media, for instance, addressed actors who perpetrated the Sigi

attack as; MIT, terrorists, and members of MIT, while state institutions involved in

handling the Sigi attack were; authorities, police, and special units for terrorism.

Each group of social actors, subsequently, was correlated to critical terrorism

studies’ principles and theories of Indonesia’s counterterrorism on the basis of their

role allocations, exclusion/inclusion, and detailed representations’ modes. The

identification of the correlation was used to draw a conclusion regarding how The

Jakarta Post and Tempo’s preferences on representing social actors portrayed

Indonesia’s counterterrorism.

In addition to the three steps, Fairclough’s four stages of discourse analysis

were employed to aid the researcher in analyzing the portrayal of Indonesia’s

counterterrorism. His stages were employed to help the researcher in understanding

the way the representation of social actors portrays Indonesia’s CT through The

Jakarta Post and Tempo’s news about the Sigi attack. The researcher identified that


47

there were three different topics in the two media’s news about the Sigi attack. The

first topic was identified in their news that were published in the end of November

2020. The first topic is the early investigation into the Sigi attack given that the

news was published close to the attack date. The second topic is the issuance of the

Perpres or the Presidential Regulation and it was identified in both media’s news

that were published in the beginning of December 2020. The topic does not focus

on the Sigi attack since both The Jakarta Post and Tempo discussed about the

Perpres as the government’s response to terrorist attacks in Indonesia. The third

and last topic is the evaluation of the Sigi attack. This topic was identified in the

two media’s news published in the middle of December 2020. It was raised by both

media as their responses to the government’s agenda on the issuance of the Perpres.

In this last topic, The Jakarta Post and Tempo discussed whether terrorist attacks,

especially the Sigi attack, required more coercive measures and the consequences

of the measures.

Afterwards, the researcher employed Fairclough’s four stages of discourse

analysis to further relate how the overall representation of social actors in each topic

portray Indonesia’s CT. They were used in the sociocultural dimension analysis of

this research. Firstly, the researcher fulfilled the “focus upon social wrong” stage

by identifying authorities’ dominant representation. The dominant representation

was identified as “wrong” or inappropriate because authorities’ representation

portrays the coercive counterterrorism. When authorities’ representation is

dominant, it perpetuates the coercive counterterrorism even more and break the

balance between coercive and humane CT measures in Indonesia. It costs the


48

victims’ rights and welfare. Instead of focusing on fulfilling victims’ right and

providing safety for them, authorities’ dominant representation perpetuates the

military’s aggressive role in Indonesia’s counterterrorism. Secondly, the

identification of a factor which gave rise to the dominant representation were made.

as there was no absolute solution in countering terrorism. It implied that there was

no definite strategy which can stop terrorism at once. Yet the non-coercive

counterterrorism portrayed by the representation of non-state bodies was urgently

needed to be fought for because it prioritized victims and civilians’ rights. Another

obstacle relied on the fact that Indonesians were already adjusted to eradication

strategy which paid the least attention to human rights. It complicated the prior

obstacle as aggressive counterterrorism was not regarded as the weakness of

Indonesia’s counterterrorism. Thirdly, the researcher argued that the coercive

counterterrorism was not needed by Indonesians since it put civilians in tight spots

where their roles remained as victims of both Indonesian coercive unit of

counterterrorism and terror groups. Fourth, some possible ways to past the obstacles

could be achieved by collecting non-state bodies to observe and analyze the

military’s act in counterterrorism while kept voicing the preventive type of

counterterrorism.


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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The findings and discussion in this chapter are answers to the first and

second research questions about the representations of social actors and the

portrayal of the weaknesses of Indonesia’s counterterrorism. There are two sections

to be presented in this chapter, namely the representation of social actors and the

weaknesses of the Indonesia’s counterterrorism.

A. REPRESENTATIONS OF SOCIAL ACTORS

A CDA research consists of three-dimensional analysis, namely textual,

discursive, and sociocultural. The textual and discursive dimensions of analysis are

performed by the help of a framework of linguistic analysis. The sociocultural

dimension analysis is performed by the help of social theories. This section presents

findings on the linguistic analysis and its interpretation as the answer of the first

question research of this research. The findings are also the result of the textual and

discursive dimensions analysis. There are three parts of this findings section,

namely the representation strategies of social actors, the role allocation of the social

actors, and the general representations. The representation modes and role

allocations present the findings on the linguistics analysis as the result of the textual

dimension analysis. Subsequent to that, the general representations present the

interpretation of the findings on the linguistic analysis as the discursive dimension

analysis.


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1. REPRESENTATION STRATEGIES OF SOCIAL ACTORS

The researcher will present findings on the linguistics analysis of social

actors’ representation strategies’ detailed modes pursuant to Van Leeuwen’s

framework for the representation of social actors in this first section. Objects of the

aforementioned analysis are four common denominators which are vital for

analyzing representation of social actors, as Leeuwen (2008) states, “common

denominators serve as an anchor for the analysis, a kind of calibration” (p. 31).

Common denominators evince the researcher’s comprehension of social actors’

relations and their commonalities; roles and identities. Four common

denominators/groups of social actors in this analysis are authorities, MIT, victims,

and non-state bodies. Authorities encompass social actors who have legal liability

for managing the Sigi attack as bodies of the Indonesian government. MIT is a

group of social actors who are related to the East Indonesian Mujahidin or

Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT). Victims, as the name suggests, are social actors

who feel the damaging impact of the Sigi attack. Non-state bodies are members of

non-governmental organizations such as researchers, analysts, and human-rights

activists.

The detailed elaborations of the findings will be presented in the order of

topics raised by both media regarding the Sigi attack. The order is essential as the

researcher identifies that six online news as sources of data in this research, three

from each of The Jakarta Post (JP) and Tempo (TP), raised three different topics.

The two media raised the topic of early investigation into the Sigi attack under

different news titles; “Four Killed in Alleged MIT Attack in Sigi, Reigniting


51

Concerns over Sectarian Conflict” (JP) and “Police Launch Tinombala Task Force

after Killings in Sigi” (TP) in the end of November 2020. In addition to that, the

next two topics regarding the Perpres (Peraturan Presiden or Presidential

Regulation) on counterterrorism and the evaluation of the Sigi Attack are evident

in other two online news from each media which were published in the beginning

and middle of December 2020. Each topic represents social actors differently given

it puts social actors under the spotlight in turn. For instance, the Presidential

Regulation topic highlights non-state bodies as critics of the issuance of

counterterrorism law. The early investigation topic, on the other hand, emphasizes

MIT as alleged perpetrators and represent non-state bodies in low frequency.

The Sigi attack part will elaborate findings on the four social actors’

representation modes in the early investigation into the attack. The issuance of

Perpres part will demonstrate authorities, MIT, and non-state bodies’

representation modes in JP and TP’s online news entitled “Rights Groups Urge

Jokowi to Rethink Perpres on Greater Military Role in Fight on Terror” (JP) and

“Jokowi Asked to Delay Issuance of Perpres on TNI Against Terrorism” (TP). The

evaluation of the Sigi attack, lastly, presents findings on authorities, MIT, victims,

and non-state bodies in TP’s “Reevaluate Operation Tinombala after Sigi attack:

Analysts” and TP’s “Mujahidin is Not a Matter for the Military”. As an introduction

to the elaborations, the following tables present numbers of overall social actors’

representation modes’ employments in JP and TP’s selected online news about the

Sigi attack.


52

The 373 total representations of social actors in TP and JP are represented

through 19 representation modes. The modes consist of 18 detailed modes of

inclusion strategy and one mode of exclusion strategy. Each representation of a

social actor embodies two representation modes on average, provided that some

modes complement each other—for instance, the individualization and

informalization modes. The prior mode implies that a social actor is represented as

an individual through singular nouns. At the same time, the latter specifies that the

individual actor is represented in proper nouns. Some modes are reliant on other

modes, just as informalization mode on individualization mode. The

interdependence then enables many representation modes to be identified in one

social actor’s representation. Consequently, the number of representation modes’

employment in the two media is almost double the total number of social actors’

representations.

The total number of modes’ employment in both TP and JP is 646

employments. The most employed representation mode is the functionalization

mode of the categorization category. Detitulation is the representation mode with

the smallest frequency of employment in TP and JP. In addition to the most and

least employed modes, backgrounding mode as the only employed mode of

exclusion strategy is employed 6.8% of the total number of representation modes’

employment in TP and JP. Elaborations of below findings are ordered conforming

to numbers of social actors’ representation modes. However, given that most modes

are employed more than once by the same or different actors, the elaboration will


53

focus on presenting highlighted representation modes along with their examples to

avoid unnecessary repetition.

Table 4.2 The Total Number of Representation Modes’ Employment

A number of modes will also be elaborated simultaneously under one section when

employed concurrently, are from a similar category, or their employments are

relatively low.

a. Representation Modes of Authorities

JP and TP represent authorities in an akin manner. Both media represent

authorities as a dominant group of social actors given, for instance, its number of

representations is the highest amongst all social actors. The actors’ dominant

representation is actually reflected in the title of TP’s report on the early

investigation into the Sigi attack. The media issued its report entitled “Police

No Representation Modes JP TP Total

Number Percentage

1 Functionalization 87 59 146 22.6

2 Collectivization 58 54 112 17.3

3 Abstraction 56 21 77 11.9

4 Individualization 33 17 50 7.7

5 Exclusion: Backgrounding 28 16 44 6.8

6 Classification 29 13 42 6.5

7 Instrumentalization 20 10 30 4.6

8 Relational-Identification 18 8 26 4.0

9 Informalization 13 9 22 3.4

10 Semiformalization 13 7 20 3.1

11 Spatialization 9 6 17 2.6

12 Honorification 10 4 14 2.2

13 Association 7 6 13 2.0

14 Aggregation 8 3 11 1.7

15 Utterance Autonomization 2 7 9 1.4

16 Distillation 4 1 5 0.8

17 Appraisement 1 3 4 0.6

18 Differentiation 3 0 3 0.5

19 Detitulation 1 0 1 0.1

Total 402 244 646 100


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Launch Tinombala Task Force after Killings in Sigi”. It highlights authorities,

represented by “police” and “Tinombala Task Force”, given that other actors are

excluded in the prepositional phrase “after killings in Sigi”. Authorities are largely

represented through functionalization mode on all topics. The mode implies that a

social actor is represented based on its occupational identity and that the media

prefers to perpetuate specific function of a social actor. In addition to the most-

employed-mode, authorities are represented through 15 other representation modes

as elaborated in subsequent sections. Those additional representation modes are

what differs JP and TP in representing authorities because some additional modes’

number of employments has only 1-2 digits different to the mostly-employed mode.

The below parts will present more detailed examples and explanations of the

employment of representation modes in representing authorities on three topics.

1) Representation Modes of Authorities in the Sigi Attack

The findings on authorities’ representation modes illustrate the akin and

contrasting preferences of JP and TP. The following table will present a brief

illustration of both media’s preferences. There are 13 modes employed by JP and 9

modes by TP to include authorities. At the same time, TP did not employ any mode

of exclusion strategy while JP employs 1 mode to exclude authorities from the early

investigation into the Sigi attack for three times.

All modes are employed 85 times, as illustrated by the following table, to

represent authorities. The number of representation modes’ employments and the

number of representations of authorities are imbalanced since two or more

representation modes may be identified in one representation of social actor. For


55

instance, National Police Head of Public Relations Divisions Insp. Gen. Argo

Yuwono (TP/P/L1/1A) is represented through four representation modes. Those

modes are realized in various elements of TP/P/L1/1A; honorification mode in the

mention of the title (National Police Head and Insp. Gen.), individualization mode

in the sense that the social actor is represented as an individual, semiformalization

mode for the actor’s full name is mentioned, and functionalization mode as the actor

is mentioned in accordance with his occupational identity.

Table 4.3 The Number of Authorities’ Representation Modes in the

Sigi Attack

Authorities are mainly represented through functionalization mode in both

media as the number says. Nevertheless, the number of representation modes in

Tempo, unlike The Jakarta Post, only differs by 1-2 digits that authorities are also

largely represented through individualization, utterance autonomization, and

informalization modes in Tempo. This is because numerous modes in Tempo are

used in complement such as individualization and informalization modes or

No Representation Modes JP TP

Total Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1 Functionalization 13 20 6 30 19

2 Individualization 10 15.3 5 25 15

3 Collectivization 7 11.1 2 10 9

4 Informalization 4 6.15 4 20 8

5 Utterance

Autonomization 2 3.07 4

20 6

6 Honorification 4 6.15 1 5 5

7 Association 2 3.07 3 15 5

8 Semiformalization 3 4.61 1 5 4

9 Abstraction 4 6.15 0 0 4

10 Classification 3 4.61 0 0 3

11 Instrumentalization 1 1.5 1 5 2

12 Spatialization 1 1.5 0 0 1

13 Relational Identification 1 1.5 0 0 1

14 Exclusion:

Backgrounding 3 1.5 0 0 3

Total 65 100 20 100 85


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informalization and utterance autonomization modes. Detailed explanation for

them will be presented below.

a) Functionalization

The employments of functionalization mode are identified in most of

authorities’ representations in both media equivalently.

(1) National Police Head of Public Relations Division Insp. Gen. Argo Yuwono said

that the Tinombala Task Force had been launched to investigate the killings of a family

in Lemban Tongoa Village, Palolo District, Sigi, Central Sulawesi. (TP/P/L1/1A)

(2) The government and civil society groups have condemned the killing and urged a

thorough investigation of the alleged terror attack. (JP/F/L9/1A)

(3) “The government will get tough and hunt down the perpetrators through the

Tinombala joint [police-military] operation for their senseless violence against a

family that led to the deaths of four people in Sigi,” the minister said. (JP/F/L11/1A)

Funtionalization mode is realized in proper nouns, derivational suffixes, and noun

modifiers which give reference to actor’s occupational or impermanent identity. In

example (1), attached titles of “Argo Yuwono” are noun modifiers which give

reference to his occupational identity: officers of the Indonesian National Police

and the Indonesian Military. Meanwhile, examples (2) and (3) represent social

actors in accordance with its function through derivational suffixes: the government

(-ment) and the minister (-er).

b) Individualization

Individualization mode, similar to the functionalization, is high in its total

number of employments in both media. It has 15.3% employments in JP and 25%

employments in TP amongst other representation modes. Further explanation about

this mode will be based on below exemplars.

(4) Argo appealed to residents to not panic and carry out their daily activities as usual.

(TP/P/L2/1A)


57

(5) Coordinating Political, Legal and Security Minister Mahfud MD said in a

statement on Sunday that the government was committed to tracking down those

responsible for the murders and the accompanying destruction. (JP/F/L10/1A)

(6) Acting on President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo’s orders, Mahfud said, his office had

taken steps to conduct police and military raids at locations thought to be connected

to the extremist group. (JP/F/L12/1A)

As its name suggests, individualization mode is identified when a social actor is

represented as singular nouns. It is clearly shown in all six exemplars above.

Example (4) bespeaks individualization mode given that authorities are represented

through a proper noun as the actor’s nickname: “Argo”. Examples (5) and (6)

exemplify how JP and TP represent authorities through individuals such as Minister

Mahfud MD and President Joko Widodo.

c) Collectivization

Collectivization mode is highly employed in JP only. Unlike previous two

modes, this representation mode is high in its total number of employments yet low

in its number of employments in TP. Authorities are represented through

collectivization mode seven times out of total 65 times of 13 representation modes’

employments in JP while TP employs this mode for only two times out of total 20

times of all nine modes’ employments. Examples of the collectivization mode in

authorities’ representations can be seen below.

(7) “Joint investigators and the anti-terror squad Densus 88 are conducting

investigations.” (TP/P/L7/1A)

(8) The operation is itself a continuation of the 2015 Operation Camar Maleo.

(JP/F/L16/2A)

Collectivization mode is the opposite of individualization mode. It is realized when

authorities are represented as collective, mass nouns, or noun/noun phrases that

denote plural notion. In this case, all representations in above examples suggest that

authorities are represented as groups. Example (7) represents authorities as “squad”


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which signifies authorities as a group through the collective noun. In examples (8),

authorities are represented as an “operation”. While the noun actually refers to

concerted activity, it is used to name a special joint unit between Indonesian police

and the military. Thus, “the 2015 Operation Camar Maleo” represents authorities

as a group or special joint unit.

d) Semiformalization, Informalization, Honorification, Utterance

Autonomization

Semiformalization, honorification, informalization, and utterance

autonomization modes are often employed concurrently in authorities’

representations by JP and TP. These modes are interdependent to individualization

mode as they imply that a social actor is an individual. Semiformalization mode is

employed three times by JP and only once by TP, honorification is employed four

times by JP and once by TP. Informalization mode, on the other hand, is always

identified after the semiformalization mode as it is realized in the mention of actors’

nicknames. Below are samples of their employments:

(9) National Police Head of Public Relations Division Insp. Gen. Argo Yuwono said that

the Tinombala Task Force had been launched to investigate the killings of a family in

Lemban Tongoa Village, Palolo District, Sigi, Central Sulawesi. (TP/P/L1/1A)

(10) “Please carry out activities as usual.” (TP/P/L4/1A)

(11) “The event had nothing to do with SARA [ethnicity, religion and race],” Farid said.

(JP/F/L6/1A)

Example (9) shows how semiformalization and honorification modes are used

concurrently as social actors’ full names (semiformalization mode) and titles

(honorification mode) are mentioned. The two modes are realized in proper nouns

and noun modifiers. On the other hand, direct quotations of actors’ statements in

example (10) illustrate the utterance autonomization mode. Subsequently,


59

informalization mode is realized in proper nouns which refer to a social actor’s

nickname as illustrated by example (11).

2) Representation Modes of Authorities in the Issuance of Perpres

Authorities are represented through functionalization mode for a percentage

rate of more than 30% on this topic, considering that it focuses on the legal aspects

of Indonesian counterterrorism. Instrumentalization mode is also frequently

employed as words like “Perpres” or the Presidential Regulation and other law-

related-words themselves embody instrumentalization mode.

Table 4.4 The Number of Authorities’ Representation Modes in the Issuance

of Perpres

As illustrated by the table, abstraction, collectivization, functionalization, and

instrumentalization modes have high number of employments on this topic.

Interestingly, backgrounding mode of exclusion strategy has fairly high frequency

in its employment. Further parts will explain the employment of

instrumentalization, abstraction, and backgrounding modes along with examples of

their employments. Functionalization and collectivization modes will not be



1 Functionalization 23 31.1 12 42.8 35

2 Instrumentalization 15 20.3 3 10.7 18

3 Abstraction 12 16.2 2 7.1 14

4 Collectivization 9 12.2 3 10.7 12

5 Exclusion:

Backgrounding 8 10.1 1 3.6 9

6 Individualization 2 2.7 2 7.1 4

7 Honorification 1 1.3 2 7.1 3

8 Informalization 1 1.3 1 3.6 2

9 Relational Identification 1 1.3 1 3.6 2

10 Differentiation 1 1.3 0 0 1

11 Detitulation 1 1.3 0 0 1

12 Association 0 0 1 3.6 1

Total 74 100 28 100 103


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elaborated in this section although their number of employments are high because

they had already been elaborated and exemplified in previous section.

a) Instrumentalization

Instrumentalization belongs to the impersonalization category of

representational modes. The category comprises two sub-categories, namely

abstraction and objectivication. The latter sub-category is where

instrumentalization mode belongs. Impersonalization category is a category for

modes which represent social actors as non-humans. Non-human actors are objects

which have relations to the human social actors in objectivication sub-category.

Conversely, non-human actors are abstract nouns which portray values of the

human actors in abstraction sub-category. Below exemplars show how non-human

actors are instruments of human social actors in carrying out their activities.

(12) The Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS) asked

President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo to postpone the enactment of the Presidential

Regulation Draft on the military or TNI task in countering terrorism acts.

(TP/J/L1/3A)

(13) Formulating a Perpres to specify a counterterrorism role for the military is permitted

under the 2018 Terrorism Law. (JP/RI/L12/2A)

The two examples contain proper nouns like “the Presidential Regulation Draft”

and “the 2018 Terrorism Law”. Both nouns function as instruments used by

authorities in carrying out their duties as legislature.

b) Abstraction

Related to the previous mode, abstraction mode is a part of

impersonalization category of inclusion strategy. The employment of this mode

signifies how social actors are represented by means of values or qualities assigned

to them.


61




(TP/J/L1/4A)

(15) Rights groups are urging President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo to postpone the issuance

of a presidential regulation (Perpres) that allows for greater military involvement in

curbing terrorism, but lacks clear accountability. (JP/RI/L1/3A)

In the presented exemplars, abstraction mode is realized in the head noun of

phrases: “task” of “the military or TNI task in countering terrorism” and

“involvement” of “the greater military involvement”. “Task” is the work assigned

to the military which fulfill its qualification as a body of authorities in

counterterrorism. On the other hand, “involvement” signifies the Indonesian

military’s participation in curbing terrorism.

c) Exclusion: Backgrounding

Backgrounding is the only exclusion strategy employed to represent social

actors in this research. This mode is only employed by JP as there is no authorities

are excluded by TP particularly on the early investigation into the Sigi attack topic.

While exclusion strategy is embodied in implicit representation of a social actor,

backgrounding mode is evident when elements of the actor’s implicit mention is

related to the actor’s explicit representations. For instance, in (TP/J/L7/4A), “the

draft deliberation” refers to the deliberation of the Presidential draft.

(16) “If the draft deliberation is resumed, the room for handling terror acts by the TNI

through the function of deterrence, suppression, and recovery will be similar as giving

the military a blank and dangerous check,” said Rivanlee. (TP/J/L7/4A)

The noun phrase is not explicitly related to “the President” as “the President” is not

mentioned in the sentence or in previous sentences. Nevertheless, “the draft”

embodies implicit mention of the Presidential draft since it talks about TNI’s


62

function in handling terrorism. Thus, “the draft deliberation” is an excluded

representation of authorities through backgrounding mode.

3) Representation Modes of Authorities in the Evaluation of the Sigi Attack

As illustrated by the following table, authorities embody 11 representation

modes in JP and seven representation modes in TP on the evaluation of the Sigi

attack topic.

Table 4.5 The Number of Authorities’ Representation Modes in the

Evaluation of the Sigi Attack

This topic shows JP and TP’s evaluations to the Sigi attack as well as their deep

investigation into the Sigi attack. Rather different from the previous topic, all four

common denominators or groups of social actors are apparent in this last topic.

Authorities are represented mostly through functionalization mode as the deep

investigation and the evaluation of the Sigi attack place authorities in accordance to

its occupational identity.

In addition to functionalization mode, other eleven modes are employed in

representing authorities on this topic. Three most-employed modes of authorities





3 Abstraction 1 2.2 9 23.7 10


5 Exclusion:

Backgrounding 4 8.9 2 5.3 6




9 Association 1 2.2 1 2.6 2

10 Distillation 1 2.2 0 0 1


12 Utterance

Autonomization 0 0 1 2.6 1

Total 45 100 38 100 83


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on this topic are functionalization, collectivization, and abstraction modes.

Employment of authorities’ representation modes on this topic is distinctive to

previous topics as number of representation modes’ employment between the three-

most-employed modes and other nine modes differ by 5 digits or more. The

employment of three representation modes: association, relational identification,

and distillation will be described in more detail because they represent authorities

differently from the previously described modes.

a) Association and Relational Identification

Association and relational identification are similar in a way that both relates

a social actor to another social actors. However, association relates them through

the formation of an alliance while relational identification simply shows their

relations by using preposition or conjunction.

(17) The continued existence of the MIT for so many years in the region is surprising

because since 2016, the government has deployed troops from the Indonesian

Military (TNI) together with police officers in the Tinombala task force, which

comprises around 3,000 personnel from the Police Mobile Brigade, the Army

Strategic Reserves Command, Marines, Raiders and Special Forces Command.

(TP/M/L13/3A)

(18) Analysts have called on the government to reevaluate Operation Tinombala, a joint

military and police action pursuing members of the East Indonesia Mujahiddin

(MIT) terrorist group in Poso regency, Central Sulawesi, after a recent deadly attack

in the neighboring Sigi regency put the operation’s effectiveness into question.

(JP/RE/L1/3A)

Example (17) contains both modes in the sentences and example (18) only contains

association mode. Association mode is realized in the first and second examples by

the use of adverb “together” and adjective “joint”. The adverb indicates that

authorities are assembled together as a group in the Tinombala task force while the

adjective shows that the “military and police action” is a group action. Relational


64

identification mode is realized by preposition “from” and “of” as they show that

personnel of the task force are related to various parties

b) Distillation

Distillation is the only mode from overdetermination category of inclusion

strategy to be employed in representing authorities in the early investigation into

the Sigi attack. Overdetermination category includes modes that allow social actors

to appear as overly represented through the metonymical expression. In this case,

distillation mode overly represents social actor to be involving in several social

practices at once.

(19) Analysts have called on the government to reevaluate Operation Tinombala, a joint

military and police action pursuing members of the East Indonesia Mujahiddin

(MIT) terrorist group in Poso regency, Central Sulawesi, after a recent deadly attack

in the neighboring Sigi regency put the operation’s effectiveness into question.

(JP/RE/L1/3A)

Authorities’ representation “Operation Tinombala” is overly represented in

(JP/RE/L1/3A) because it is represented as “pursuing members of MIT”, being the

target of analysts’ demands for reevaluation, and being doubted its effectiveness.

b. Representation Modes of MIT

MIT is a common denominator for social actors who are related to

Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT) or East Indonesia Mujahidin. Actors in MIT are

mainly represented through abstraction mode of overdetermination category on all

three topics. Overdetermination category, as mentioned before, connotes non-

human representations of social actors. Abstraction mode of this category allows

human social actors to be represented in their values or qualities abstracted from

them. Through abstraction mode, MIT is represented as non-human actors.


65

Abstraction mode of exclusion strategy also has high frequency of employment in

representin MIT. In the first topic, the early investigation into the Sigi attack, JP

and TP employ exclusion mode 14 times for 43 MIT representations out of the total

10 employed representation modes. Employments of modes to represent MIT will

be described separately according to three topics of JP and TP's news about the Sigi

attack: 1) the early investigation into the attack or the Sigi attack, 2) the issuance of

the Presidential Regulation, 3) the evaluation of the Sigi attack.

1) Representation Modes of MIT in the Sigi Attack

MIT is the next leading social actor on the Sigi attack topic. Below table is

the general illustration of how JP and TP employ representation modes in

representing MIT. Contradictory to previous actor, MIT is represented mainly

through backgrounding mode of exclusion strategy in JP while TP mainly represent

it through 3 modes: backgrounding, collectivization, and functionalization modes.

There is total 10 representation modes employed by both media to represent MIT

as illustrated by the table. JP employs all of the ten modes while TP employs six of

them.

The employment of representation modes to represent MIT on this topic is

interesting for the number of one representation mode’s employment to another is

very contrasting in JP. At the same time, the number of modes’ employment in TP

is quite balanced. Backgrounding mode, for instance, is employed eleven times by

JP, while the other modes are employed 1-6 times. Nevertheless, victims’

representations on three topics revolve around similar modes such as abstraction,

collectivization, functionalization, backgrounding, and more.


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Table 4.6 The Number of MIT’s Representation Modes in the Sigi

Attack

Thorough elaborations and examples of such modes will, therefore, be presented

once for efficiency. Exclusion, abstraction, and appraisement modes will be

presented in the next three sections as they make a big contribution to the

interpretation of MIT’s representation.

a) Exclusion: Backgrounding

Backgrounding mode of exclusion strategy is employed with the highest

frequency in JP while it is employed in equitable manner by TP alongside two other

modes. The mode is employed eleven times by JP and only three times by TP.

Below are examples of the employment of backgrounding mode in JP and TP:

(20) As reported previously, the violent attack took place again in Lemban Tongoa

Village, Sigi, Central Sulawesi on Friday, Nov. 27. (TP/P/L9/1M)


thorough investigation of the alleged terror attack. (JP/F/L9/4M)

Backgrounded representation of social actors may be realized in several linguistic

elements: nonfinite clauses with -ing and -ed participles, infinitive clauses with to,

paratactic clauses, and simple noun phrases. Those elements are the realizations of

backgrounding since they give reference to social actors’ doings or beings through

No Representation

Modes

JP TP Total

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1 Exclusion:

Backgrounding 11 36.7 3 23 14

2 Abstraction 6 20 0 0 6

3 Collectivization 4 13.3 3 23 7

4 Functionalization 3 10 3 23 6

5 Appraisement 1 3.3 2 15.4 3

6 Relational

Identification 1

3.3 1 7.7 2

7 Distillation 1 3.3 1 7.7 2




Total 30 100 13 100 43


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metonymical reference. The prior example of MIT’s representation embodies

backgrounding provided that “the violent attack” contains the word “attack” that

implicitly refer to the Sigi attack. It is then categorized to be the excluded

representation of MIT because the Sigi attack was the work of MIT. The latter

example, on the other hand, embodies the mode as it contains nonfinite phrases with

-ing participant “the killing” which also refers to MIT’s attack in Sigi.

b) Abstraction

Abstraction mode is employed only by JP on this topic. It is employed six

times to represent MIT in the early investigation into the Sigi attack. Abstraction

mode, as its name suggests, represent human social actors through abstract notions

which give reference to actors’ qualities, elements, characteristics, or actions. Such

representations are then separately represented from the social actors within the

same clause or sentence. This mode is different from backgrounding mode because

the abstract representation gives explicit reference to the social actors, as illustrated

below.

(22) Four residents of Lembantongoa village in Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, were

killed on Friday in an apparent terrorist attack attributed to the East Indonesia

Mujahiddin (MIT) extremist group. (JP/F/L1/2M)

(23) “According to witness statements, it was an effort by the MIT to fulfill their [goals]

and show their existence.” (JP/F/L7/5M)

This mode may be realized in noun phrases, adjectives, or possessive pronouns. In

(JP/F/L1/2M), MIT’s representation embodies abstraction mode in the way the

noun phrase “apparent terrorist attack” represents MIT’s doing as it is “attributed”

to MIT. The subsequent abstraction mode in (JP/F/L7/5M) manifests itself in

possessive pronouns “their” which give reference to MIT’s qualities “goals” and

“existence”.


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c) Appraisement

Appraisement mode’s employment in representing MIT is essential to be

elaborated as it shows the media’s appraisal of MIT. Appraisement implies that

social actors are represented in interpersonal terms. The mode is employed once by

JP and twice by TP to represent MIT in the early investigation into the Sigi attack.

(24) Four residents were brutally killed by unidentified people suspected to be members

of the terror group East Indonesia Mujahidin (MIT). (TP/P/L10/3M)

It is realized in the use of adjective phrases or clauses as modifiers to actors’

representations as seen in the example. “Terror” is a modifier of the word “group”

which reflects the media’s appraisal: TP appraises MIT as a “terror” group or a

group which terrorize others.

2) Representation Modes of MIT in the Issuance of Perpres

As this topic concerns the issuance of legal instrument of Indonesia’s

counterterrorism, MIT's inclusion can be interpreted as an attempt to provide the

background for the proposed new legislation.

Table 4.7 The Number of MIT’s Representation Modes in the Issuance of

Perpres






4 Exclusion:

Backgrounding 0 0 2 28.6 2


6 Classification 1 6.25 1 14.3 2


8 Individualization 0 0 1 14.3 1

9 Semiformalization 0 0 1 14.3 1

Total 16 100 7 100 23


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Its representation on this topic has the lowest number compared to other two topics.

MIT is represented by JP and TP for more than 20 times in other topics. This topic,

however, only contains eleven representations of MIT with nine representation

modes as illustrated by the following table. Nevertheless, MIT is represented

mainly through abstraction mode on this topic as well. The follow-up elaborations

and examples of MIT’s representation modes focus on four modes: collectivization,

functionalization, association, and relational-identification modes.

a) Collectivization

This mode allows social actors to be represented as a collective or as a group.

It differs from association mode in a way that collectivization is realized in mass,

collective, and plural nouns.

(25) The government informed that the incident was carried out by a terror group East

Indonesia Mujahidin (MIT) led by Ali Kalora, which is the operational target of

the Tinombala Task Force in Central Sulawesi. (TP/J/L6/2M)

(26) The groups cited the dubious success rate of past and present joint manhunt

operations involving the Indonesian Military (TNI) that targeted members of

extremist groups. (JP/RI/L2/3M)

As exemplified, MIT is represented as “group” in both examples and “members”

in example (26). “Group” signifies the employment of collectivization mode as it

is a collective noun while “members” denotes plurality as it contains inflectional

suffix -s.

b) Functionalization

Functionalization mode is employed to represent MIT in the issuance of

Perpres topic three times by JP and once by TP. Some realizations of

functionalization mode in representing MIT can be seen in below examples.


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(27) The government informed that the incident was carried out by a terror group East

Indonesia Mujahidin (MIT) led by Ali Kalora, which is the operational target of

the Tinombala Task Force in Central Sulawesi. (TP/J/L6/3M)

(28) The joint operation was established in January 2016 following its predecessor, the

2015 Camar Maleo operation, to hunt down then-MIT leader Santoso and his

supporters in neighboring Poso. (JP/RI/L5/3M)

All examples denote the employments of functionalization mode in their

representations of MIT provided that they contain derivational suffixes -er and

connote certain function of MIT. In example (27), MIT is represented as “the

operational target” which connotes the function of MIT as the target of operation.

The representation of MIT in example (28) also embodies functionalization mode

as it contains suffix -er in “leader” and “supporter” that give clear reference to their

functions.

c) Relational Identification and Association

These two modes represent MIT based on its relation to other actors. As their

names suggest, association relates actors by presenting them as associates while

relational identification identifies actors’ relation through prepositions and noun

modifiers.

(29) Meanwhile, the TNI is deploying a special unit to Poso to assist in the police

manhunt for the remaining MIT members. (JP/RI/L28/4M)

(30) The joint operation was established in January 2016 following its predecessor, the

2015 Camar Maleo operation, to hunt down then-MIT leader Santoso and his

supporters in neighboring Poso. (JP/RI/L5/3M)

The former is an example of the employment of relational identification mode.

“Members” in (JP/RI/L28/4M) are identified as related to MIT provided that MIT

functions as its modifier. MIT as the modifier of “members” specifies the members’

identities to be MIT’s since it functions as the relational modifier. The latter

example in (JP/RI/L5/3M) illustrates the employment of both relational


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identification and association modes given it contains two MIT’s representations:

Santoso (the then-MIT leader) and his supporters. The relational identification is

realized in the relational modifier “MIT” for the “leader” (Santoso) and the

possessive pronoun “his” which modifies “supporters”. Association mode,

subsequently, is realized in the use of conjunction “and” between the two MIT’s

representation which connote their alliance or association.

3) Representation Modes of MIT in the Evaluation of the Sigi Attack

Abstraction mode is employed 26.9% by JP and 24.4% by TP out of the total

14 representation modes, as represented by below table.

Table 4.8 The Number of MIT’s Representation Modes in the Evaluation of the Sigi

Attack

The mode still has the highest frequency of employment in representing MIT on the

evaluation of the Sigi attack topic. As abstraction mode has been elaborated and

exemplified in previous topic, this section will present detailed elaborations and

examples of individualization, informalization, semiformalization, and

classification modes.



1 Abstraction 14 26.9 10 24.4 24



4 Relational Identification 7 13.5 2 4.9 9




8 Semiformalization 2 3.8 2 4.9 4

9 Exclusion: Backgounding 1 1.9 3 7.3 4

10 Spatialization 2 3.8 0 0 2

11 Utterance Autonomization 0 0 1 2.4 1


13 Appraisement 0 0 1 2.4 1

14 Aggregation 1 1.9 0 0 1 Total 52 100 41 100 103


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a) Individualization, Informalization, Semiformalization

These three modes are interdependent. Individualization mode represents

social actors as individuals while informalization and semiformalization specify the

individual actors’ identities based on their names. As the name suggests,

individualization mode is realized in singular nouns. Informalization and

semiformalization modes are realized in the use of proper nouns.

(31) The Tinombala task force shot dead Santoso, the MIT leader before Ali Kalora, in

2016. (TP/M/L14/3M)

(32) A report released by IPAC in April found that Ali Kalora, who took over the

leadership of the MIT after the death of Santoso in 2016, had successfully grown the

group, despite multiple setbacks, with the help of a local cleric named Yasin.

(JP/RE/L13/4M)

As exemplified above, example (31) and (32) contains the three modes

concurrently. Three representations of MIT in both examples indicate that MIT is

represented as individual: “Santoso”, “Ali Kalora, and “a local cleric named Yasin”.

Moreover, two of the three representations also denote the employment of

informalization because “Santoso” and “Yasin” are two proper nouns that refer to

nicknames. Another representation embodies the semiformalization mode since

“Ali Kalora” is a proper noun indicating the full-name of current MIT leader.

b) Classification

This mode is often represented concurrently with the individualization

mode. However, classification and individualization modes are not interdependent.

Classification mode can be employed alongside other modes as long as social actors

are represented as human social actors. This mode is employed five times in JP and

once in TP.

(33) Yasin is a former Jemaah Islamiyah leader from Semarang, Central Java.

(JP/RE/L14/1M)


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The mode allows actors to be referred to in items of the common identities such as

gender, age, provenance, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and more. In the presented

example, “Yasin” as the representation of MIT is referred to in his provenance. The

mode is realized in prepositional phrase “from Semarang, Central Java”.

c. Representation Modes of Non-State Bodies

Non-state bodies are represented in different ways depending on the topic.

They are represented as additional actors whose function is the critics or advisers

to authorities on the early investigation into the Sigi attack topic. Non-state bodies

are represented only by JP in the topic and the media represents them in six

representations with only three representation strategies. On the subsequent topic,

non-state bodies are represented as having the second highest number of

representations frequencies after authorities. Non-state bodies are often represented

through the individualization mode where members of non-state bodies are

represented individually in voicing their opinions regarding the Presidential

Regulation. Non-state bodies are then represented through functionalization mode

in the last topic: the evaluation of the Sigi attack. Their representation modes will

be explained further in below parts.

1) Representation Modes of Non-State Bodies in the Sigi Attack

Non-state bodies are represented with sole function as advisers to authorities

in this topic. Elaborations of findings on their representation modes will be

presented without table as they are only represented in JP and their representation

modes consist of three modes only, as exemplified below:


thorough investigation of the alleged terror attack. (JP/F/L9/1N)


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(35) In response to the killings, the Civil Society Network Coalition – which includes

the Jakarta Legal Aid Institute (LBH Jakarta), the Indonesian Legal Aid

Foundation (YLBHI), the Paritas Institute and the Human Rights Working

Group (HRWG) – urged the central government and the Central Sulawesi

administration to take swift action to ensure that the attack would not further polarize

the public. (JP/F/L18/1N)

(36) The Setara Institute, a rights watchdog, encouraged the Tinombala joint operation

to redouble its efforts during the remainder of its extension period to locate the

whereabouts of MIT members who were thought to have retreated into the forests

and mountains surrounding Poso. (JP/F/L21/1N)

Three representation modes are employed by JP to represent non-state bodies,

namely functionalization, association, and collectivization modes.

Functionalization mode is employed six times out of 12 times of total representation

modes’ employments of non-state bodies. The mode is illustrated in example (36)

as non-state bodies “the Setara Institute” represented as “a rights watchdog”. The

compound word “watchdog” refers to the occupational identity of the institute and

the noun modifier “rights” specifies its occupational identity as a watchdog

organization engaged in the field of human rights. Association mode is realized in

the conjunction “and” and the punctuation mark comma “,” as they signify an

association between several non-state bodies in example (35). The last mode,

collectivization mode, is realized in the use of inflectional suffix -s in the collective

noun “group” as seen in example (34).

2) Representation Modes of Non-State Bodies in the Issuance of Perpres

Individualization mode is the most-employed representation mode of non-

state bodies on this topic, as illustrated by the following table. The mode is

employed nine times in JP and seven times in TP amongst other eight modes. The

individualization is complemented with other modes such as informalization,

honorification, and semiformalization modes. Classification mode, in addition to


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individualization mode, also has high number of employments as it is employed for

14.3% by JP and 8.3% by TP.


Issuance of Perpres

However, the most interesting mode to be employed in representing non-state

bodies is the backgrounding mode of exclusion strategy. This mode is only

employed on this topic among a total of three topics that include non-state bodies.

TP is the only media which employed the mode as it is employed once in this topic.

Below parts are the more comprehensive explanations and examples of the

employment of individualization, honorification, semiformalization,

informalization, classification, and backgrounding modes.

a) Individualization, Honorification, Semiformalization, Informalization

The four modes are put in one part as they are interdependent.

Honorification, semiformalization, and informalization cannot be employed when

social actors are not represented through individualization mode. However,

individualization can be employed without the three modes as long as social actors

are represented in singular nouns. Individualization mode is employed to represent






4 Relational-identification 3 10.7 3 12.5 6



7 Semiformalization 1 3.6 2 8.3 3

8 Honorification 1 3.6 1 4.2 2

9 Exclusion:


Total 28 100 24 100 52


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non-state bodies 16 times out of 52 employments of the total nine representation

modes.

(37) KontraS Deputy Coordinator, Rivanlee Anandar, said that the government

should first audit and evaluate the ongoing terrorism mitigation efforts that involved

the TNI. (TP/J/L2/1N)

(38) “Such as the Tinombala Task Force, given that the operation involves the National

Police and the TNI,” Rivanlee told Tempo on Monday, Nov. 30. (TP/J/L3/4N)

Both examples contain individualization as singular nouns are used to represent

non-state bodies as “KontraS Deputy Coordinator, Rivanlee Anandar” and

“Rivanlee”. Honorification and semiformalization modes are employed in example

(37) as proper nouns which indicate actor’s title are put as modifiers of actor’s full-

name. Both modes are realized in proper nouns. Yet the proper nouns are modifiers

to another proper nouns in honorification mode while they function as full-name of

the actor in semiformalization mode. Informalization is similar to

semiformalization given that both modes give reference to actor’s name. They

differ in a way that informalization mode refers to actor’s nickname instead of full-

name, as exemplified in example (38).

b) Classification

Classification mode is apparent in non-state bodies’ representation as both

actors are referred to in their gender identities in below examples. Examples (39)

and (40) represent non-state bodies as “he” alongside their quoted statement and

argument.

(39) The evaluation is necessary to reveal the strength, weakness, opportunity, threat of

the policy, he argued. (TP/J/L4/3N)

(40) “If the Perpres continues to be deliberated, […] it would be the same as giving carte

blanche to the military, which is dangerous,” he said as quoted by Tempo. co on

Tuesday. (JP/RI/L9/3N)


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The representation, “he”, indicates that the gender of the non-state bodies’

representation is male. Thus, non-state bodies are represented to be in the

classification of their gender identities.


As mentioned above, the employment of this mode is interesting in a way

that this is the only employment of backgrounding mode which represents non-state

bodies. The mode is realized in metonymical reference which connote the

conceptualization of an object based on its relation to other objects.

(41) He argued that the government of President Jokowi needs to pay attention to the

massive discussion discourse on the draft policy and accommodate public

suggestions. (TP/J/L9/5N)

Example (41) exemplifies the mode in “the massive discussion discourse on the

draft policy”. There are two complementary elements of the representation which

actually lead to the conceptualization of non-state bodies’ representation. Those

elements are “discussion” and “the draft policy”. The second element gives clear

reference to the Presidential Regulation while the first element “discussion” gives

implicit reference to non-state bodies. The word "discussion" tacitly refers to non-

state bodies because, in the previous sentences, non-state bodies have a role as

critics of the Presidential Regulation. They voice the reevaluation of the Tinombala

task force continuously. Based on this role, non-state bodies are shown as parties

who often discuss and criticize the regulation.

3) Representation Modes of Non-State Bodies in the Evaluation of the Sigi

Attack

Non-state bodies are mainly represented as critics to Indonesian government

on this topic. The two media posit that the Tinombala task force was not effective


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in handling terrorist attacks in east Indonesia. Indonesian government, then, is

asked to evaluate Tinombala task force before legalizing the new Perpres. The

employed non-state bodies’ representation modes fit the role. Functionalization

mode, as illustrated by the following table, is the most-employed mode of the social

actor. As the mode allows actors to be represented in accordance with their

occupational identities and functions, it helps highlights non-state bodies’ role on

the topic. Functionalization mode is employed six times by JP and three times by

TP.



Collectivization, instrumentalization, and relational-identification are evident as to

be employed in representing non-state bodies on this topic. The next parts are

elaborations of aforementioned modes.

a) Instrumentalization

As mentioned in previous section, this mode allows social actors to be

represented as instruments that the actors used to carry out their activities. Non-

state bodies are represented through this mode twice by JP and once by TP. The

employment of instrumentalization mode is apparent when non-state bodies advise



1 Functionalization 6 25 3 42.8 9

2 Collectivization 6 25 3 42.8 9




6 Relational-Identification 2 8.3 0 0 2



9 Classification 1 4.2 0 0 1

Total 24 100 4 100 28


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the Indonesian government against the legalization of the new Perpres. It is

particularly employed to confirm that their advice is based on the research.

(42) However, according to research carried out by the Mosintuwu Institute, the

crimes by this group appeared not to be targeted against a particular religious

community. (TP/M/L12/1N)

(43) He returned to Poso soon after his release and turned his pesantren (Islamic boarding

school) into a place to support the children of imprisoned MIT fighters, the report

found. (JP/RE/L16/1N)

Illustrated by above examples, the two representations of non-state bodies are

represented through the instrumentalization modes. The mode is realized in nouns

with determiners or nouns with postmodifying clauses. Example (42) represents

non-state bodies as “research carried out by the Mosintuwu Institute” where the

noun “research” is accompanied by postmodifying -ed clause “carried out by the

Mosintuwu Institute”. The postmodifying clause indicates passive voice and it

implies that the research is the result of the Mosintuwu Institute’s work. As

instrumentalization mode represents social actors as instruments, the “research” is

regarded as the institute’s instrument in carrying out its activity as an institute that

works to fight for peace and conflict resolution in the Sulawesi area. Example (43)’s

“the report” refers to IPAC’s report about the proliferation of radical ideologies for

recruiting new members for MIT. However, since IPAC is not included in the

sentence, the representation seems to resemble backgrounding mode. The reason it

is categorized to be the embodiment of instrumentalization mode is that IPAC is

mentioned exactly in the previous sentence which makes the determiner “the” in

“the report” explicitly refer to IPAC.


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b) Relational Identification

This mode is apparent when a social group is represented to be related to

other actors. In the following example, non-state bodies’ representation “Al Araf

from human rights group Imparsial” is represented through relational identification

mode.

(44) Al Araf from human rights group Imparsial said that while it was important to

bring the perpetrators of the Sigi attack to justice, the government and lawmakers

also had to evaluate Operation Tinombala to “analyze challenges and problems in

order to devise effective new strategies to catch perpetrators”. (JP/RE/L20/1N)

Prepositional phrase which modifies the proper noun or the name of the non-state

bodies “Al Araf” signifies the employment of relational identification mode. The

preposition “from” indicates the relation between the representation to the group

“Imparsial”: “Al Araf” is a part of the group. In this sense, the identity of non-state

bodies’ representation is represented to be related to “Imparsial” group and connote

the employment of relational identification mode.

d. Representation Modes of Victims

Victims is the next common denominator of social actors to be elaborated in

this section. Compliant to its name, victims are social actors who prove how Sigi

attack is detrimental to the surrounding communities. Victims are key actors who

are essential to be highlighted since their sufferings, welfare, and recovery should

be the main factors of authorities’ consideration for counterterrorism measure.

Unfortunately, their representation number is relatively low compared to other

actors and their representation modes revolve around aggregation or

collectivization mode only. Out of the three topics, victims are represented with the

lowest number of representations on the issuance of the Perpres topic. The social


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actors are represented nine times in the first topic, twice in the second topic, and

more than 10 times in the third topic.

1) Representation Modes of Victims in the Sigi Attack

JP and TP employ around total nine representation modes to represent

victims on this topic; JP employs eight of them while TP employs six modes. The

number of representation modes’ employment in the two media is not much

different from one mode to another, as illustrated below.

Table 4.11 The Number of Victims’ Representation Modes in the Sigi Attack

Classification mode, for instance, is employed three times alongside classification

and aggregation modes by JP. The three modes have the highest frequencies

amongst all representation modes employed by JP. TP, on the other hand, mainly

represents victims through collectivization mode. Classification mode is employed

33.3% over all employments of six representation modes in TP. Below table is the

illustration of how TP and JP employ representation modes to represent victims of

the Sigi attack.

No Representation

Modes

JP TP Total



2 Spatialization 3 17.6 2 16.7 5


4 Aggregation 3 17.6 1 8.3 4





9 Exclusion:


Total 17 100 12 100 19


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a) Classification

Classification, spatialization, and collectivization modes have the equal high

number of frequencies in their total employments. Classification mode is employed

three times by JP and twice by TP.


that the Tinombala Task Force had been launched to investigate the killings of a

family in Lemban Tongoa Village, Palolo District, Sigi, Central Sulawesi.

(TP/P/L1/4V)

(46) Four residents of Lembantongoa village in Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, were

killed on Friday in an apparent terrorist attack attributed to the East Indonesia

Mujahiddin (MIT) extremist group. (JP/F/L1/1V)

This mode allows social actors, as exemplified, to be represented based on their

identities. In both examples, “Lemban Tongoa village” reflects the employment of

classification mode provided that victims’ provenances are mentioned in their

representations.

b) Abstraction

Abstraction mode is employed only by JP. The mode represents victims

based on their qualities as exemplified in below example.

(47) “The government will get tough and hunt down the perpetrators through the

Tinombala joint [police-military] operation for their senseless violence against a

family that led to the deaths of four people in Sigi,” the minister said.

(JP/F/L11/7V)

The mode is realized in the noun phrase “the deaths of four people in Sigi”. The

head of the noun phrase is “the deaths” which signifies the use of abstraction mode

as the phrase is represented to be the quality or the state of the victims “four people

in Sigi”.


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Backgrounding mode of the exclusion strategy is employed only once by

TP. The employment of this mode is realized in the plural noun “activities”.

(48) “Please carry out activities as usual.” (TP/P/L4/2V)

The authorities use the plural noun to appeal to the victims of the attack to continue

their daily lives. In this case, victims are excluded in authorities’ statements and

they use the plural noun “activities” to refer to victims through metonymic

expression.

2) Representation Modes of Victims in the Issuance of Perpres

Victims are rarely represented under the topic of the issuance of Perpres.

The topic revolves around authorities, non-state bodies, and MIT since it focuses

on the discussion about the issuance of legal basis for Indonesia’s counterterrorism.

Nevertheless, JP represents victims in two representations. Each representation

employs different representation modes. The two modes used to represent victims:

aggregation and spatialization modes. Prior mode is employed to represent victims

in (JP/RI/L4/4V) as “four people” and the latter is employed to represent victims

as “six houses” in (JP/R1/L4/5V). Below is the sentence in which victims are

represented in JP.

(49) The Tinombala operation has recently returned to the public spotlight following the

alleged terror attack last Friday by the East Indonesia Mujahiddin (MIT) at a local

village in Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, in which four people were killed and six

houses were destroyed.

“Four people” and “six houses” are represented in above sentence

concurrently as social actors who feel the damaging impact of the attack. The “four

people” felt the damaging impact as they “were killed” and “six houses” for being


84

“destroyed”. Aggregation mode is employed given that “four” is a numeric

quantifier that specifies the number of victims of the Sigi attack. The next

representation embodied spatialization mode as realized in “houses” since the plural

noun is the objectified representation of human victims who got their houses

destroyed by the attack. “six houses”, unlike “four people” do not embody

aggregation mode because aggregation can only be employed for human or

personified social actor. It is limited to personified actor because the embodiment

of the mode signify that the writer prefers to represent human social actors as

statistics. Further elaboration of the mode’s interpretation will be presented in

chapter V.

3) Representation Modes of Victims in the Evaluation of the Sigi Attack

Similar to how it is represented on the previous topic, the below table

illustrates how victims are mainly represented in collectivization mode on the

evaluation of the Sigi attack topic. This mode is akin to aggregation mode in the

way that both modes belong to the same category: assimilation category.

Table 4.12 The Number of Victims’ Representation Modes in the


No Representation

Modes

JP TP Total


1 Collectivization 0 0 12 36.4 12



4 Spatialization 2 22.2 4 12.1 6

5 Aggregation 3 33.3 2 6.06 5

6 Relational

Identification 0 0 1 3.03 1

7 Association 0 0 1 3.03 1


Total 9 100 33 100 42


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The category allows social actors to be represented based on their number.

Collectivization and aggregation differ because aggregation tends to represent

actors as statistical number while collectivization represent actors merely as

collectives. This section will present detailed elaborations of victims’

collectivization, functionalization, relational identification, association, and

differentiation.

a) Collectivization

This representation mode is highly employed by TP yet JP does not employ

it to represent victims in the evaluation of the Sigi attack topic at all.

Collectivization is employed 36.4% over other seven representation modes in TP.

It is used 12 times out of total 33 employments of representation modes of victims.

(50) They carry out random killings of farmers on the edges of the forests of South

Sulawesi, regardless of the ethnicity or religion of their victims. (TP/M/L2/1V)

(51) They are afraid of being labelled police informers by the MIT group.

(TP/M/L20/1V)

The mode is embodied by above examples as victims’ representations contain plural

nouns and pronouns. In example (50), “farmers” are represented alongside

inflectional -s which symbolizes plural noun. Meanwhile “they” is used in example

(51) to reflect the plural number of victims.

b) Functionalization

Functionalization mode is employed in 22.2% of the total representation

modes’ employments by JP and 21.2% by TP. This mode is realized in the

derivational suffix -er and nouns or noun phrases, as exemplified below.

(52) They carry out random killings of farmers on the edges of the forests of South

Sulawesi, regardless of the ethnicity or religion of their victims. (TP/M/L2/1V)


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(53) The attack in Sigi regency was allegedly carried out by MIT members on Nov. 27

and claimed the lives of four residents of Lembangongoa village, which borders

Poso, the main site of Operation Tinombala. (JP/RE/L4/2V)

Example (53) are different from example (52) in a way that victims are not

represented through derivational suffix -er, but through the noun “resident”. Yet

both nouns signify the employment of functionalization mode. Their significance

is proven through the highlight of “non-fixed” identity notion provided that their

states of being the “resident” of Lembantongoa and “farmers” are relatively

impermanent.

c) Relational Identification, Association, and Differentiation

These three modes are evident in the representation of victims within the

evaluation of the Sigi attack topic. Nevertheless, relational identification and

association modes are only evident in TP while differentiation mode is evident in

JP only.

(54) They are the main victims of the MIT group’s crimes, which have been

accompanied by the large-scale deployment of security forces. (TP/M/L23/1V)

(55) All of them were farmers. (TP/M/L5/1V)

(56) Two victims were beheaded and the other two died of severe burns. (JP/RE/L5/2V)

Number (54) is an example of the relational identification mode’s employment. The

mode is realized in the preposition “of” which signifies actor’s relation to the MIT

group. Example (55) contains the association mode given that the preposition “of”

signify the associated involvement of “all” victims. Lastly, differentiation mode is

realized in example (56) the determiner “other” denotes that “the other two” victims

are represented separately, differently from other mentioned “two victims”.

Authorities, MIT, non-state bodies, and victims are represented differently

by JP and TP. The different representation is the effect of the different topics of the


87

news in most cases. Nonetheless, it is clear that the two media have a tendency to

represent authorities more than other three actors. The findings on social actors’

representation strategies will further be complemented with the findings on social

actors’ role allocations. Both findings will then be interpreted in chapter V to

identify how their representations reflect the weaknesses of Indonesia’s

counterterrorism.

2. ROLE ALLOCATIONS OF SOCIAL ACTORS

Role allocation is a complement to the social actors’ representation

strategies. In contrast to the representation strategy, role allocation focuses on the

representation of the role played by social actor. This role analysis complements

the analysis of the representation strategy because the active/passive role allocated

to actors will show the represented relationship between actors and strengthen the

results of the representation strategy analysis. For instance, the role allocated to

President Jokowi on the early investigation into the Sigi attack topic is the

passivated-circumstantialization actor. The role implies that the President is merely

represented as involving in the circumstance or as the background of the given

social practice. It is realized by the preposition “on” which then include the

President as a part of the prepositional clause.

Acting on President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo’s orders, Mahfud said,

his office had taken steps to conduct police and military raids at

locations thought to be connected to the extremist group. (JP/F/L12)

The president actually plays an active role since he is the one who gave orders for

Mahfud to conduct police and military raids. Yet, the passive-circumstantialization

role is allocated to the President to legalize Mahfud’s statement and his move in


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conducting police and military raids. This role conceals the President’s

functionalization representation strategy and highlights Mahfud’s representation

strategy as an individual of authorities. While both actors are represented to be

related to the police and military raids, the President’s involvement as the prime

decision-maker is put on the background as reflected through the passive-

circumstantialization role. The role allows transferring the President’s

responsibility for police and military raids and public scrutiny to Mahfud by placing

the President on the background as a mere legalizing party. Role allocation,

therefore, may conceal or highlight social actors’ representation strategies and

reveal the power and social relations amongst actors. This section elaborates the

findings on the analysis of authorities, MIT, non-state bodies, and victims’ role

allocation in JP and TP.

a. Role Allocation of Authorities

Authorities are generally represented in four roles, namely activation,

passivation-participation, and passivation-circumstantialization. Each role is

diversely allocated by the two media in accordance with the given topic. TP

allocates an active role to authorities with a much distinct frequency from other

roles on the Sigi attack topic. In contrast, JP allocates an active role with a frequency

that is only three digits different from passive-participation role as illustrated by

below table.

Authorities are represented as activated social actors both in TP and JP given

the role’s number of frequencies is the highest amongst others. Active role is

allocated in 48.3% of the total 29 authorities’ representations in JP under the early


89

investigation into the Sigi attack topic. TP, on the other hand, allocates active role

to authorities for 66.7% of total 12 representations of authorities. The two media,

according to the presented table, allocate roles in atypical ways despite their

preferences to present authorities mainly as active actors.

Table 4.13 The Number of Authorities’ Role Allocation in the Sigi

Attack

Active role allocation is realized in TP through verbs which indicate verbal

process such as “appealed” and “said.” JP allocates active role allocation to

authorities through various verbs which indicate both material process suchlike

“had taken steps”, “hunt down”, “track”, and verbal process “called”,

“condemned”, “urged”, “said”, “commit”, and “denied”. Below are exemplars of

active role allocations in JP and TP.




(TP/P/L1/1A)

(58) Coordinating Political, Legal and Security Minister Mahfud MD said in a statement

on Sunday that the government was committed to tracking down those responsible

for the murders and the accompanying destruction. (JP/F/L10/2A)

In example (57), the representation of authorities “National Police Head of Public

Relations Division Insp. Gen. Argo Yuwono” has an active role allocation as

realized in the verbal verb “said”. JP, as illustrated by example (58), allocates an

active role to authorities “the government” by stating, “the government was

No Role Allocation JP TP


1 Activation 14 48.3 8 66.7 22

2 Passivation:

Participation 11 38 3 25 14

3 Passivation:

Circumstantialization 4 13.8 1 8.3 5

Total 29 100 12 100 41


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committed to tracking down”. The passive voice illustrates two processes: verbal

through “commit” and material through the gerund “tracking down”. The gerund,

despite being a noun, is formed by adding derivational suffix -ing in verbs. Hence

the gerund “tracking down” reflects an active role allocation since it implies that

the government will “track down” as it is “committed” to.

Another role that is often allocated to authorities in the early investigation

into the Sigi attack, especially by JP, is the passivation-participation role. The role

belongs to the subjection category of passive role allocation and it implies that

social actors are “goal in material process, phenomenon in a mental process, or

carrier in an effective attributive process” (Leeuwen, 2008, p. 34). The role is

allocated to authorities by JP when authorities are placed as the subject, direct, and

indirect objects which denote their roles as goal of material process and receiver of

verbal process. Below are two examples of the passivation-participation role

allocation in authorities’ representations.

(59) The extension expires on Dec. 31. (JP/F/L15/1A)

(60) In response to the killings, the Civil Society Network Coalition – which includes the

Jakarta Legal Aid Institute (LBH Jakarta), the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation

(YLBHI), the Paritas Institute and the Human Rights Working Group (HRWG) –

urged the central government and the Central Sulawesi administration to take swift

action to ensure that the attack would not further polarize the public. (JP/F/L18/2A)

Authorities’ representation is excluded in example (59) since “the extension”

actually refers to the Tinombala Operation as one of the Indonesian police and

military’s units for counterterrorism. The allocation of passivation-participation

role to “the extension” is unique because “expire” itself reflects an existential

process for it construes the existence of “the extension”. All at once, “the extension”

of Tinombala Operation is a decision taken by authorities and its expiration is what


91

have been reported to the media. The role allocation is complex given “the

extension” is an excluded authorities’ representation which embodies authorities’

mental and verbal process while contains an existential verb. Nevertheless, the role

allocated to “the extension” through “expire” is clearly passivation-participation for

the soon-expired extension is the decision and the statement of the excluded

authorities: the extension is the phenomenon and receiver of authorities’ mental and

verbal process. (60) is an example of a clear passive-participation’s role allocation

to authorities’ representation “the central government and the central Sulawesi

administration”. The role is manifested in authorities’ function as the recipient of

HRWG’s verbal process “urged”.

Besides the active and passivation-participation roles, authorities are

represented as passive-circumstantialized actor by JP and TP under the issuance of

Perpres topic. The role belongs to subjection category of role allocation. Passive-

circumstantialization indicates that social actors play the role as passive additional

actors who provide information about the circumstances or backgrounds of social

practices. Below table shows an illustration of how JP allocates the role 20 times

out of 57 authorities’ representations while TP allocates the role seven times out of

17 representations. Passivation-participation is the general-most-allocated role of

authorities under the issuance of Perpres topic. Yet TP prefers to allocate

passivation-circumstantialization role in 41.2% of its total authorities’

representations. The following table is the illustration of how JP and TP allocate

the roles.


92

Table 4.14 The Number of Authorities’ Role Allocation in the Issuance of

Perpres

The mode is realized when social actors are parts of prepositional phrases or

clauses.




(TP/J/L1/4A)

(62) Rights and security researcher Ikhsan Yosarie of the Setara Institute held a similar

view on the proposed Perpres, and emphasized that it was vital for the government

to consider public feedback when deliberating such a contentious regulation.

(JP/RI/L10/2A)

Two prepositions in above exemplars signify authorities’ role as passive-

circumstantialized actors: “on” and “for”. In example (61), authorities are

represented through abstraction mode as “the military or TNI task” which provides

additional information about the Presidential Regulation Draft as realized by

preposition “on”. Meanwhile, authorities’ role in example (62) is rather complex

since it entails a passivation-participation role as realized in to-infinitive phrase “to

consider public feedback” after the prepositional phrase “for the government”.

Nevertheless, “the government” is clearly represented as a passive actor who

specifies what was considered vital by another social actor.

Roles allocated to authorities in the last topic of JP and TP’s news about the

Sigi attack are similar to the previous topics. Passive-participation role is the most-



1 Passivation:

Participation 27 47.4 5 29.4 32

2 Passivation:

Circumstantialization 20 35 7 41.2 27

3 Activation 10 17.5 3 17.6 13

4 Passivation:

Possessivated 0 0 2 11.8 2

Total 57 100 17 100 74


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allocated role to authorities on the last topic. The role is allocated 20 times out of

37 role allocations by JP and 17 times out of 32 role allocations by TP as illustrated

below.

Table 4.15 The Number of Authorities’ Role Allocation in the

Evaluation of Sigi Attack

According to the presented table, authorities are represented more as actors with

passive rather than active roles. The reason behind the role allocation is that

authorities are being criticized by non-state bodies on the last topic since the

Tinombala task force are assumed to be less effective in handling terrorist attack.

At the same time, the Perpres is also being criticized given it contains law that

perpetuating coercive means of counterterrorism. Authorities’ passive role is rather

interesting in this sense because their passive roles are allocated to the instrumentals

that they use in carrying their activities such as Perpres, terrorism law, and more.

In this sense, their representation modes complement their passive role allocations

and reveal a concealed active role allocation.

b. Role Allocation of MIT

MIT is represented as having four roles in total, namely activation,

passivation-participation, passivation-circumstantialization, and passivation-

beneficialization. Three of the four roles have been mentioned in authorities’

section while passivation-beneficialization is the only role that has never been



1 Passivation:

Participation 20 54 17 53.1 37

2 Activation 10 27 8 25 18

3 Passivation:


Total 37 100 32 100 69


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elaborated in this chapter. The role belongs to a different category compared to

other passivation roles. Participation, circumstantialization, and possesivation are

parts of the passivation-subjection category. On the other hand, passivation-

beneficialization is a separate category which allocates actors as the third parties

who benefited negatively and positively from social practices. The role is allocated

to MIT by TP once out of total six MIT’s role allocations according to below table.

Table 4.16 The Number of MIT’s Role Allocation in the Sigi Attack

Passivation-beneficialization is performed by MIT in one of its representation in

TP:

(64) Four residents were brutally killed by unidentified people suspected to be members

of the terror group East Indonesia Mujahidin (MIT). (TP/P/L10/3M)

There are two types of MIT representations in the presented example, namely

“unidentified people suspected to be members of the terror group East Indonesia

Mujahidin (MIT)” and “the terror group East Indonesia Mujahidin (MIT)”. The first

representation has an active role as it “killed” four residents. Contrastingly, the

second representation is a passive actor since it has no verb attached to it. The

passive role is then specified given “the terror group East Indonesia Mujahidin

(MIT)” functions as the postmodifier of the first representation. MIT is represented

as the third party who negatively or positively benefited from the representation.



1 Passivation:


2 Passivation:

Circumstantialization 8 36.4 0 0 8

3 Activation 4 18.2 3 50 7

4 Passivation:

Beneficialization 0 0 1 16.7 1

Total 22 100 6 100 28


95

MIT is then mainly represented as having passive-circumstantialization role

allocation on the next topic about the issuance of Perpres. The role implies that a

social actor plays a passive role and provides additional information about the social

practice. MIT performs the role when the discussion about the Perpres takes the

Sigi attack as an example of the terror case. In such social practice, authorities and

non-state bodies are the first and second parties who talk about the Perpres while

MIT is the third party who is included in the discussion passively. MIT performs

the passive-circumstantialization role seven times in JP and once in TP as written

in below table.

Table 4.17 The Number of MIT’s Role Allocation in the Issuance of Perpres

Below is the illustration of how the passive-circumstantialization performed by

MIT:


alleged terror attack last Friday by the East Indonesia Mujahiddin (MIT) at a local

village in Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, in which four people were killed and six

houses were destroyed. (JP/RI/L4/3M)

“The alleged terror attack last Friday by the East Indonesia Mujahidin (MIT)” as

the representation of MIT is included in the social practice after the preposition

“following”. It means that the actor is a part of the preposition’s prepositional

phrase. MIT is then a specified passive actor as it neither performs any action nor

accept the impact of other actors’ actions. “The alleged terror attack last Friday by

East Indonesia Mujahidin (MIT)” functions as adjunct to the sentence which adds



1 Passivation:


2 Passivation:

Participation 2 22.2 1 50 3

Total 9 100 2 100 11


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information about the chronological order of the happening. Thus, the role allocated

to MIT in this case is the passive-circumstantialization role.

In addition to the two topics, MIT is represented as performing passive-

participation and passive-circumstantialization roles on the last topic about the

evaluation of the Sigi attack. The first role is allocated to MIT mainly in TP because

MIT is often represented in impersonalization category of inclusion strategy.

Representation modes of the category allows actors to be represented as non-human

by presenting values, qualities, objects, or happenings that are related to the human

social actors. MIT is often represented both as human social actors and non-human

social actors concurrently in one sentence. Such preference is what allows MIT to

perform both active role as human social actors and passive-participation role as

non-human social actors. Nevertheless, JP shows different preference given it

mainly represent MIT in passive-circumstantialization role allocation.

Table 4.18 The Number of MIT’s Role Allocation in the Evaluation of

Sigi Attack

The two media have different preferences in allocating roles to MIT as illustrated

by the presented table. MIT is represented more as a passive actor who participates

in the social practice by TP while it is often represented as a passive actor who



1 Passivation:


2 Passivation:


3 Activation 2 8.3 6 21.4 8

4 Passivation:

Possesivation 1 4.2 0 0 1

Total 24 100 28 100 52


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provides additional information by JP. The following are illustrations of the two

media’s different preferences.

(66) According to the Mosintiwu Institute, a civil peace organization in Poso and the

surrounding area, the MIT carried out at least four sadistic murders in the region

from January to November this year. (TP/M/L3/3M)

(67) The police have hinted that Operation Tinombala will likely be extended because

dozens of persons of interest, including current MIT leader Ali Kalora, are still at

large. (JP/RE/L8/4M)

TP’s preference is shown in example (66) while JP’s is shown in example (67).

Example (66) illustrates how TP allocates role of passive-participation in MIT’s

non-human representation “four sadistic murders” given the non-human

representation is the goal of MIT’s human representation’s material process

“carried out”. JP’s preference in allocating passive-circumstantialization to MIT is

shown in example (67) provided that “current MIT leader Ali Kalora” is a part of

the prepositional phrase as indicated by the preposition “including”. MIT’s

representation in example (67) functions as additional information and MIT is the

third party who passively involves in the social practice.

c. Role Allocation of Non-State Bodies

Three roles are allocated to non-state bodies throughout three topics of Sigi

attack in TP and JP’s news. Those roles are activation, passivation-participation,

passivation-circumstantialization, the three of them are apparent in non-state

bodies’ representations on two topics: the issuance of Perpres and the evaluation of

the Sigi attack. Yet there is only one media which represents non-state bodies in the

first topic. JP is the one which represents non-authorities in the first topic about the

early investigation into the Sigi attack. It represents non-state bodies as active

actors, as presented in below table.


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Table 4.19 The Number of Non-State Bodies’ Role Allocation in the

Sigi Attack

Activation role is allocated to represent the all representations of non-state bodies

in JP. The role fits non-state bodies’ representation code because they are

represented through functionalization mode on this first topic. The active role

complements non-state bodies’ its function as advisors that remind authorities to

pay attention to the victims of the Sigi attack. The complementary preferences of

representation mode and role allocation of non-state bodies’ representation on the

first topic is shown below.

(68) In response to the killings, the Civil Society Network Coalition – which includes the

Jakarta Legal Aid Institute (LBH Jakarta), the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation

(YLBHI), the Paritas Institute and the Human Rights Working Group (HRWG) –

urged the central government and the Central Sulawesi administration to take swift

action to ensure that the attack would not further polarize the public. (JP/F/L18/1N)

The underlined phrases are the representation of non-state bodies which embodies

functionalization mode while the bold-print past simple “urged” is the realization

of active role allocation. Non-state bodies are represented as going through verbal

process which highlights their function as advisers to authorities in handling the

Sigi attack.

Non-state bodies are also represented in activation role on the next topic

about the issuance of Perpres. Realizations of the active role allocation are apparent

mainly when representations of non-state bodies state their opinions about the

Perpres while evaluating the special counterterrorism unit which previously

No Role Allocation JP

Total Frequency Percentage

1 Activation 6 100 6

Total 6 100 6


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handled attacks in Sulawesi area. Nevertheless, they are also represented in passive-

circumstantialization role by TP. Out of 12 representations of non-state bodies in

TP’s article about the issuance of Perpres, passive-circumstantialization role is

allocated to three representations as the table says.

Table 4.20 The Number of Non-State Bodies’ Role Allocation in the Issuance

of Perpres

(69) Human Rights and Security Researcher from Setara Institute, Ikhsan Yosarie,

shared the same statement with Rivanlee. (TP/J/L8/1N)

The presented table and example illustrate how passive-circumstantialization role

is allocated to non-state bodies by TP. The role connotes actors’ involvement in

social practices as passive actors who provide background or detailed information

about the social practice. It is realized in the prepositional phrase which makes the

equation between the statement of non-state bodies’ representation and another

actor. The equitable statement is put in the background to emphasize non-state

bodies’ opinions. Besides the circumstantialization role, another role from the

subjection category of passivation role allocation is evident on the next topic.

Evaluation of the Sigi attack is the topic of TP and JP’s articles issued in the end of

December 2019. Non-state bodies are represented mostly as active actors on this

topic as well. The reason behind the consistent allocation of active role is that non-

state bodies’ functions remain the same on all topics: advisers, critics, or opponents



1 Activation 12 100 8 66.7 20

2 Passivation:

Circumstantialization 0 0 3 25 3

3 Passivation:


Total 12 100 12 100 24


100

of the Perpres. Their active role is realized primely in verbal process’ verbs such

as “said”, “urged”, “stated”, and “suggested”.

Table 4.21 The Number of Non-State Bodies’ Role Allocation in the

Evaluation of Sigi Attack

Passive-participation role is an additional role allocated to non-state bodies, as

illustrated by the presented table. On the last topic, non-state bodies are represented

as a passive-participated actor once by JP.

(70) "Geographical conditions have proven to be challenging for the operation, and

therefore, we need a solution to this," he said. (JP/RE/L21/2N)

Non-state bodies are represented by two representations in the presented example.

The main actor in the clause is “he” which refers to a member of non-state bodies.

“He” is represented with active role as realized in the verbal verb “said”. Yet

another representation of non-state bodies, “we”, is represented as both active and

passive actor. “We” refers to all parties involving in handling the Sigi attack

including the non-state bodies given that “he” is reporting the result of his research

in the Sigi attack. Thus, “we” is the general representation of all parties which

include non-state bodies. The role allocated to “we” is passive-participation given

that the actor’s need for solution is stated by another actor. “We” is the verbiage of

the verbal process that “he” goes through: “he” said that “we” need solution. As

passive-participation connotes actor’s passive involvement as a mere participant of



1 Activation 12 85.7 3 100 15

2 Passivation:

Participation 1 7.1 0 0 1

3 Passivation:


Total 14 100 3 100 17


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a social practice, the role that “we” play in the presented example is the passive-

participation role.

d. Role Allocation of Victims

Victims are mostly represented as passive-participated actor by the two

media. Nevertheless, this group of social actors are also represented as having

passive-beneficialization, passive-circumstantialization, passive-beneficialization,

and activation roles. On the first topic about the early investigation into the Sigi

attack, victims play numerous different roles. They are represented as passive-

participated actors for five times and passive-circumstantialized actors for three

times by JP. TP, in contrast to TP, allocates four distinct roles to authorities as

illustrated by the following table.

Table 4.22 The Number of Victims’ Role Allocation in the Sigi Attack

Two interesting roles are allocated to victims on the first topic: passive-

possessivation and passive-beneficialization. The prior role implies that a social

actor is represented as passive actor who is possessed or related to other actors. The

latter, as mentioned previously, denotes how social actors are represented as

benefited third parties.





1 Passivation:


2 Passivation:


3 Passivation:

Possesivation 0 0 1 14.3 1

4 Passivation:

Beneficialization 0 0 1 14.3 1

Total 8 100 7 100 15


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(TP/P/L1/4V)

(72) The perpetrators also burned six houses and one place of worship for local

Christians. (TP/P/L11/3V)

Passive roles of both victims’ representations are realized as they are goals of other

actors’ material process “investigate” in example (71) and “burned” in example

(72). Yet their roles as passive actors are specified to passive-circumstantial and

passive-possesivated provided that they are elements of the goals. In example (71),

victims are represented as a relational postmodifier “of a family in Lemban Tongoa”

which modifies the goal “the killings” of authorities’ material process “investigate”.

It implies that victims do not perform a mere goal or a mere passive actor, but a

passive-possesivated actor where their role is related to “the killings”: victims are

passive actors who are parts of another passive representation “the killings”. There

are three representations of victims in example (72), namely “six houses”, “one

place of worship” and “local Christians”. The last representation is the only

representation with passive-circumstantialization role. It is realized given “local

Christians” is the postmodifier of “one place of worship” that provides detailed

information about the place. In this sense, “local Christian” performs a passive role

which specifically implies the circumstantial element of that passive role.

Passivation-participation role is the only allocated role to victims on the

issuance of Perpres topic. Victims are represented twice by JP while TP do not

represent victims on this topic. Each representation of victims in JP indicates that

victims perform passive-participation role. The following table is the illustration of

how JP allocates the role.


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Table 4.23 The Number of Victims’ Role Allocation in the Issuance of

Perpres

For instance, in (JP/RI/L4/4V), victims are represented as “four people” who “were

killed”:

The Tinombala operation has recently returned to the public spotlight

following the alleged terror attack last Friday by the East Indonesia

Mujahiddin (MIT) at a local village in Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, in

which four people were killed and six houses were destroyed.

The passive role allocation is realized in the passive voice “were killed” which put

“four people” as goals of other actor’s material process “killed”. On the last topic,

the evaluation of the Sigi attack, victims are mainly represented as passive-

participated actors. Three other roles are also allocated to victims alongside the

passive-participation role. They are illustrated in below table. Amongst the four

allocated roles, victims perform passive-circumstantialization role in both JP and

TP. The role is allocated to victims twice by TP and once by JP on this last topic.

Table 4.24 The Number of Victims’ Role Allocation in the Evaluation

of Sigi Attack

No Role Allocation JP

Total Frequency Percentage

1 Passivation: Participation 2 100 2

Total 2 100 2



1 Passivation:


2 Activation 0 0 4 21 4

3 Passivation:

Circumstantialization 1 20 2 10.5 3

4 Passivation:

Possesivation 0 0 2 10.5 2

Total 5 100 19 100


104

The passive-circumstantialization role allows actors to be represented as third

parties whose function is carrying additional information about the social practice

or the happening. The role is realized in prepositional phrases or clauses which

contain the representation of social actors.

(73) The series of attacks on farmers in Sigi by the MIT group cannot yet be categorized

this way. (TP/M/L32/2V)

(74) A venue for local Christians and six houses were destroyed in a blaze, according to

the Indonesian Military (TNI). (JP/RE/L6/1V)

In both exemplars, victims are parts of prepositional phrases “on farmers in Sigi”

and “for local Christians”. Both representations perform passive roles as they do

not carry any action. The passive roles are specifically the passive-

circumstantialized because victims are third parties who complement information

about the happenings. In example (73), information about the farmers in Sigi

complements “the series of attacks” while “local Christian” in example (74)

complements the information about “a venue”.

In addition to the presented four roles allocated to victims in JP and TP’s

reports about the Sigi attack, victims are also represented as active actors. This role

allocation is striking because victims are mostly represented as passive actors who

suffer from the detrimental effect of the Sigi attack. The active role is only allocated

to victims on this last topic and there are only four allocations of the role. In addition

to that, TP is the only media which allocates the role to victims. The active role

allocation is identified within Mosintuwu’s report on the Sigi attack. It states that

victims are trapped in complicated situation because the armed conflict between the

Indonesian special task force and MIT occurred in their residential area. The armed

conflict often resulted in the deaths of local victims as well.


105

(75) As a result, they have left their homes and the land that they cultivate.

(TP/M/L22/1V)

There are three representations of victims in the presented excerpt: “they”, “their

homes”, and “the land that they cultivate”. Two of the three representations reflect

the impersonalization category of social actors’ representation mode where actors

are represented as non-humans. The only personalization mode is realized in “they”.

In addition to the human representation of social actors, “they” performs active role

as well. Its active role is realized in the use of the past participle “have left” that

connotes the material process. In this sense, “they” as victims’ representation is

represented as performing an active role allocation.

Representation modes and role allocation are two of many frameworks for

linguistic analysis that reveal the construction of social actors’ representations. In

conclusion of the presented elaborations, all social actors are represented both

through inclusion and exclusion strategies with different numbers of representation

modes’ employments. Authorities are mainly represented as passive actors while

non-state bodies are represented as active actors. In addition, MIT and victims are

represented as passive actors. Findings on the comprehensive representations of

social actors and how they portray Indonesia’s counterterrorism will be further

discussed in the next section.

3. THE GENERAL REPRESENTATIONS

Representations of social actors demonstrate preferences of the media. Yet,

readers can always dismantle how the representation is formed to raise further

awareness of the portrayal of an implicit issue. Representation modes and role

allocation are two of many elements that generate social actors' representations in


106

the media. This section will discuss the researcher's interpretation of how the four

social actors are represented based on JP and TP’s choices of representation modes

and role allocations in covering the Sigi attack case. It is the interpretation section

which aims at determining the significance of actors’ general representation modes

and role allocations in the Sigi attack and Indonesia’s CT. This section’s

interpretations of JP and TP’s general preferences are presented in four parts

pursuant to the four social actors: authorities, MIT, non-state bodies, and victims.

a. Authorities: The Passive Leading Actor in Indonesia’s CT

As the denominator for social actors who have legal liability for managing

the Sigi attack, authorities are represented with an abounding number of

representations. They are represented or mentioned 124 times by JP and 63 times

by TP out of 373 mentions of all social actors on JP and TP’s news about the Sigi

attack. Such a significant number of representations implies that authorities are the

main actors in the Sigi attack since they dominate the representation of social

actors’ involvement. Nevertheless, the researcher identifies a shift of focus in the

Sigi attack’s reports which is more or less triggered by the representation of the

authorities. The shift is apparent in the three topics raised by each media. The focus

of the first topic, the Sigi attack, is the early investigation into the Sigi attack, while

the second and third topics focus on the discussion about Indonesia’s

counterterrorism. The authorities’ domination is the trigger of the shift. Their

representations reflect the report’s focus and determine which issue the report leads

for its vast number of representations. Authorities are represented as the dominant

actors; they are often mentioned as the source of information about the Sigi attack


107

on the first topic. However, on the second and third topics, authorities’ enormous

number of representations shift the topic into Indonesia’s counterterrorism,

especially into its legal aspect following authorities’ interest.

As a consequence of the change in topic caused by authorities’

representations, the news regarding the Sigi case focuses more on Indonesia’s

counterterrorism. Authorities are then represented as the leading actor in

Indonesia’s counterterrorism because they are represented as the central bodies

which handle the Sigi attack case and Indonesia’s terrorism cases in general. It is

evident in the findings on authorities’ representation modes. Authorities are

primarily represented through the functionalization mode by JP and TP: the two

media employ the mode 85 times out of the raised three topics. While

functionalization is the mode that connotes actors’ occupational identities, the

repeated employment of this mode in authorities confirms that authorities perform

as the sole actor in countering terrorism in Indonesia.

Besides the representation mode, active role allocation signifies authorities’

active involvement in the Sigi attack. The functionalization mode is apparent when

the two media used proper nouns and derivational suffixes -er and -ment to

represent authorities. The use of such suffixes implies that authorities are described

based on “what they do” since the suffixes are used to change the word class of

verbs to nouns. By representing authorities with the suffixes, TP and JP refer to

authorities’ activities, doings, and occupational identities. Their functions are then

given the active role allocation, especially on the first topic, further to accentuate

their active involvement in the Sigi attack.


108

JP and TP, however, allocate the total four roles to authorities. They are

passive participation, passive-circumstantialization, passive-possesivation, and

active roles. Although the active role accentuates authorities’ active involvement,

the most allocated role amongst the four roles is the passivation-participation role.

The role indicates authorities’ passive involvement in Indonesia’s counterterrorism.

Nevertheless, the researcher identifies that the passive role allocation also signifies

authorities’ active involvement in Indonesia’s counterterrorism. The identification

is based on the relationship between authorities and non-state bodies. Especially on

the second and third topics, authorities perform the passive-participation role more

than the active role because non-state bodies are represented as critics of the

issuance of Perpres and the extension of the Tinombala task force. Their relations

illustrate non-state bodies’ active role in criticizing authorities, and authorities are

the goal, the verbiage, and the target of non-state bodies’ material and verbal

process. Such illustration bespeaks authorities’ passive-participation role. At the

same time, it denotes authorities’ active role because the object of non-state bodies’

critics is authorities’ instruments of counterterrorism, the Perpres the Tinombala

task force, and other counterterrorism laws. Non-state bodies’ critics are the

repercussions of authorities’ active role in determining counterterrorism attempts

in Indonesia.

Authorities are represented as the leading actor in Indonesia’s

counterterrorism, given that their massive number of representations allow

authorities to reflect how JP and TP shift their focus from reporting the Sigi attack

to reporting Indonesia’s counterterrorism under authorities’ interest. At the same


109

time, authorities are also represented as passive actors because their representations

as instruments (the Perpres, the counterterrorism law) criticized by non-state

bodies shun the limelight into the non-state bodies’ active role.

b. MIT: The Non-Human Leading Actor in East Indonesia’s Terrorism

MIT is a group of social actors with the second-highest-number of

representations. Its overall number of representations is 62 representations in JP and

37 representations in TP. The actor is represented the most in the last topic about

evaluating the Sigi attack with 24 representations in JP and 28 representations in

TP. Representation of this group of social actors, in contrast to authorities, are

generated by the two media differently. The different manner lies mainly in MIT's

role allocation. However, MIT is generally represented as the non-human passive

leading actor in east Indonesia's terrorism by the two media.

As previously mentioned, authorities' massive number of representations

trigger a shift of focus in JP and TP's reports about the Sigi attack. It results in

authorities' representation as to the leading actor in Indonesia's counterterrorism. In

addition to that, the shift results in the representation of MIT as the leading actor in

east Indonesia's terrorism. MIT's representation as to the leading actor in eastern

Indonesia's terrorism is self-explanatory, considering that the Sigi attack is the

theme of this research; MIT is the perpetrator of the attack. MIT is the leading actor

because there are no other perpetrators in discussing the attack or in east Indonesia's

terrorism. Despite that, MIT is also represented as the passive non-human social

actors by the two media. The passive role is allocated differently by JP and TP,

while the non-human representation is generated in an akin manner by both media.


110

MIT's general passive representation involves JP's passive-

circumstantialization and TP's passive-participation role allocations. The two media

have slightly different preferences in representing MIT. The prior media prefers to

represent MIT as the passive actor who provides additional information to the Sigi

attack. The latter media, TP, prefers to represent MIT as the second party who

receive other actors or the first party's actions. Each preference contributes to MIT's

representation of the passive leading role in east Indonesia's terrorism as they

denote MIT's passive role allocation. The passive role allocation is a little odd

because MIT is the perpetrator who but understandable because there has been a

shift of focus into Indonesia's counterterrorism on the second and third topics in JP

and TP's reports. MIT is mainly represented as the active actor by TP and the

passive-participated actor by JP on the first topic of an early investigation into the

Sigi attack.

Nevertheless, when the focus shifts into counterterrorism, the passive role is

allocated to MIT because MIT's existence and wrongdoings are considered the

background of consideration for the counterterrorism measures. MIT's passive role

allocation is apparent in MIT's relations to authorities. As the leading role in

Indonesia's counterterrorism, authorities are often represented to be handling the

current and then MIT's case in east Indonesia. MIT's passive representation ensues

because MIT's involvement on the second and third topics is narrowed to

authorities' operational target. MIT functions as the goal or verbiage that receives

authorities' actions or provides additional information about the attack on the last

two topics.


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In addition to the passive role allocation, MIT is also represented as a non-

human social actor based on the two media's representational strategies. JP and TP

represent authorities mainly through the abstraction mode of the impersonalization

category. The category allows a social actor to be represented based on their

qualities, values, statement, or objects related to them. Being represented through

this mode means that social actors are not represented as humans. Besides the

abstraction mode, MIT is also represented through the exclusion strategy. The

strategy implies that social actors are implicitly mentioned in one sentence but

explicitly mentioned in other sentences. These two modes complement the passive

role allocation because it accentuates MIT's passiveness and incongruous leading

actor position. The non-human representation of MIT eschews MIT's involvement

in the Sigi attack. Its role is essential in discussing east Indonesia's terrorism yet

less essential in discussing Indonesia's counterterrorism.

c. Non-State Bodies: The Active Leading Actor in Indonesia’s CT

Non-State Bodies are the third common denominator with a high number of

representations. This common denominator comprises non-state organizations

engaged in human rights, violence, and peace. Members of this common

denominator in TP and JP’s reports about the Sigi attack are namely, The

Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS), Setara

Institute, Mosintuwu Institute, Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC),

Human Rights Group Imparsial, the Jakarta Legal Aid Institute, the Indonesian

Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI), the Paritas Institute, and the Human Rights

Working Group. Three members are the most prominent in the Sigi attack as they


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are mentioned the most in the two media’s reports: the Mosintuwu Institute,

KontraS, and IPAC. This group of non-state bodies are represented 32 times by JP

and 13 times by TP in general. Nonetheless, their representation pattern differs from

previous social actors because their representation contrasts from one topic to

another. Non-state bodies are represented with a high number of representations on

the Perpres (Presidential Regulation) issuance, but beyond that, their

representation numbers are relatively small.

Non-state bodies are represented six times by JP on the first topic, and they

have 12-13 representations in JP and TP on the second topic. However, JP

constantly represents non-state bodies on the three topics, given that TP only

represents non-state bodies on the second and third topics. Non-state bodies are

represented in an akin manner by the two media. They are represented as the critics

of authorities in Indonesia’s counterterrorism. Non-state bodies’ representation

modes and role allocation are two elements that generate such representation. JP

mainly employed three modes in representing authorities: individualization,

functionalization, and collectivization. Each mode helps build non-state bodies’

identities as critics of authorities. Functionalization mode accentuates non-state

bodies’ occupational identity as a researcher, analysts, and members of non-state

organizations. At the same time, individualization and collectivization modes allow

actors of non-state bodies to voice their opinions both as individual or collective

representations of non-state bodies. These modes give significance to non-state

bodies’ statements, for they are eligible in stating opinions, and their opinion has a

theoretical basis. Active role allocation complements the modes because it


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accentuates non-state bodies’ activity in formulating arguments and criticizing

authorities.

Their active role in criticizing authorities is the reason behind non-state

bodies’ representation of the active second leading actor in Indonesia’s

counterterrorism. Their relations are not precisely in opposition because non-state

bodies’ critics to authorities are constructive for authorities in determining

measures of Indonesia’s counterterrorism. Thus, authorities are the first leading

actor while non-state bodies are the second leading actor in Indonesia’s

counterterrorism.

d. Victims: The Supporting Actors

Victims are the group of social actors which has the least number of

representations in JP and TP’s reports about the Sigi attack. They are represented

42 times in the two media. Specifically, JP represents vicims for 15 times and JP

represents victims for 27 times. Their representations number is half authorities’

number. Fortunately, their representations are constantly evident on all topics,

unlike non-state bodies. Their representation in TP and JP’s reports is concerning

because they are the one who feel the detrimental impact of the Sigi attack. Yet,

they are mainly represented based on their quantities. Collectivization and

aggregation modes are the two-most-employed representation modes in victims’

representations. While both modes imply that victims of the Sigi attack are not

singular, the latter mode implies that JP and TP represent victims as statistics.

Classification and spatialization modes are the next modes that have big number of

employments in victims’ representation. Classification mode is especially apparent


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in victims’ representation on the Sigi attack topic to give reference to victims’

provenances. Spatialization mode is employed on all three topics by JP and TP to

represent victims based on their damaged properties such as “burned house” or

“destroyed venue”. Besides JP and TP’s preference of collective representation

modes, victims are mostly represented as passive actors. Victims are represented as

active actors by TP for four times on the evaluation of the Sigi attack topic: they

are always represented as passive actors on other occasions. Such role allocation

and representation modes are what made victims play the role as the supporting

actors. Although they are the ones who feel the detrimental effect of the terror

attacks, their identities are out of the limelight.

JP and TP represent all social actors similarly. Both represent authorities as

the passive leading actor of Indonesia's counterterrorism, non-state bodies as the

active second-leading actor of Indonesia's counterterrorism, MIT as the leading

non-human actor of east Indonesia's terrorism, and victims as the supporting actors.

The following parts will present further identification of how the representation of

the four actors portrays Indonesia's counterterrorism. Particularly, how their

representations portray two weaknesses of Indonesia’s CT, namely the coercive

versus human rights-compliant CT and the state-oriented CT measures.

B. THE WEAKNESSES OF INDONESIA’S COUNTERTERRORISM

Indonesia’s counterterrorism has strived to be compliant with human rights

for years. However, the issuance of Perpres ignites concerns over the

transformation of the existing prevention-oriented CT to the coercive-based CT.

The Perpres is the continuation of the Amendment of Terrorism Law of 2018. Ever


115

since the beginning of its issuance, the amendment has been criticized by human-

rights activists, given that it fortifies the role of the military in Indonesia’s CT. The

Indonesian government then promised that the strengthening is kept under

legislative control. However, the control reflects another perpetuation of coercive

means since no article in the proposed Perpres specifies the scope of the military

control and explicit limitation of the military’s involvement.

The Jakarta Post (JP) and Tempo’s (TP) online news about the Sigi attack

suggest three topics mentioned in the previous chapter. The first topic puts the Sigi

attack under scrutiny. Meanwhile, the second and third topics focus more on

Indonesia’s CT as they discuss the issuance of Perpres and the evaluation of CT

measures in the Sigi attack. There is a shift of focus from the report on the Sigi

attack to Indonesia’s CT measures. The shift of focus affects the representation of

the Sigi attack’s social actors as well. For instance, non-state bodies are given

dominant active roles on the second and third topics provided that they function as

the advisors or critics of the proposed legal basis for Indonesia’s CT. Social actors’

representations in JP and TP, in turn, portray implicit issue. They no longer portray

the Sigi attack but Indonesia’s counterterrorism. This part will elaborate on how

authorities and non-state bodies’ representations portray a dispute over coercive and

human rights-compliant CT measures as the first weakness of Indonesia’s CT. In

addition, the second weakness of Indonesia’s CT, the authorities-oriented CT, is

portrayed by the victims’ and MIT representations in JP and TP.


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1. Coercive Versus Human Rights-Compliant Counterterrorism Measures

The coercive and human rights-compliant CT measures in Indonesia has

been opened to dispute for years. It signifies the weakness of Indonesia’s CT, given

that it illustrates the inconsistency and the uncertainty of CT measures’ approach in

Indonesia. While the two types of CT measures imply two different approaches,

both approaches must be balanced to combat terrorism effectively. However,

Indonesia’s CT measures do not seem to have a balanced yet. CT’s measures in

Indonesia revolve around either the coercive approach or human right-compliant.

The two approaches that should have been well combined are contradicted in the

practice of CT in Indonesia. As a result, uncertainty and apparent inconsistency

emerge in Indonesia’s CT measures.

Coercive CT measures in Indonesia is implied in authorities’ representation.

As mentioned previously, authorities are represented as the passive leading actors

in Indonesia’s CT measures for their functionalization mode and passive role

allocation. Authorities’ representation, however, also implies the notion of coercive

CT measures in Indonesia. The coercive CT measures are especially implied in the

way authorities are represented in the instrumentalization mode. As instruments of

the formulation of the legal basis of terrorism in Indonesia, authorities are

represented chiefly in “Perpres” and “Terrorism Law”. Both are instruments used

by authorities in carrying out their activities. Such instruments are identified as

implying coercive CT so that both JP and TP mention how the Perpres perpetuate

the military’s role in Indonesia’s CT. Below is the excerpt of JP and TP’s

elaborations about the Perpres.


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Regulation Draft on the military or TNI task in countering terrorism acts

(TP/J/L1)

(77) Rights groups are urging President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo to postpone the issuance

of a presidential regulation (Perpres) that allows for greater military

involvement in curbing terrorism, but lacks clear accountability (JP/RI/L1)

Perpres or the Presidential regulation is illustrated as a draft that contains

the military or TNI task in countering terrorism acts. Consequently, readers are led

to refer to the coercive CT measures where the military’s role is perpetuated

whenever Perpres is mentioned in the news. One of the portrayals of Indonesia’s

CT in The Jakarta Post and Tempo’s preferences in representing authorities is the

emphasis on coercive CT measures, which is realized in authorities’

instrumentalization.

In addition to coercive CT measures, JP and TP’s preferences in representing

non-state bodies emphasize the human rights-compliant CT. This type of CT

measure is different from the coercive CT because it prioritizes prevention and

deradicalization over eradication attempts. The human rights-compliant CT is

implied through such representation of non-state bodies, as illustrated below.



Regulation Draft on the military or TNI task in countering terrorism acts. (TP/J/L1)

(81) Al Araf from human rights group Imparsial said that while it was important to

bring the perpetrators of the Sigi attack to justice, the government and lawmakers

also had to evaluate Operation Tinombala to “analyze challenges and problems in

order to devise effective new strategies to catch perpetrators” (JP/RE/L20)

Non-state bodies’ representation signifies the existence of human rights-

compliant CT so that non-state bodies are often illustrated as members of the human

rights-compliant groups that actively voice the need for an evaluation and the


118

postponement of the coercive CT’s law. Unlike authorities, every representation of

a non-state body in TP and JP reflects human rights-compliant CT measures.

As coercive and human rights-compliant CT is realized in authorities and

non-state bodies’ representations, the dispute in Indonesia’s CT is illustrated by

their relations. It is especially illustrated in the way non-state bodies criticize

authorities’ CT measures. In contrast, authorities are represented with a passive role

allocation which do not respond to non-state bodies’ criticism. Coercive and human

rights-compliant CT measures is not balanced but contradicted in Indonesia’s CT

measures. As a result, uncertainty and inconsistency arise in Indonesia’s CT.

2. The Authorities-Oriented Counterterrorism

The authorities-oriented CT measures is another weakness of Indonesia’s

CT measures. This weakness puts authorities as the main actors of Indonesia’s CT.

By doing so, Indonesia’s CT perpetuates authorities’ preference for coercive CT

measures. It hinders the creation of Indonesia’s comprehensive and sustainable CT

measures. Authorities’ coercive CT measures downplay victims’ roles and treat

terrorist groups as the Temporary non-human target of Indonesia’s CT operation.

The devaluation of victims’ roles and MIT’s role as the short-term target of

Indonesia’s CT are evident in the two actors’ representations.

Victims are represented as the supporting actors in Indonesia’s CT by JP and

TP. Their representations imply the devaluation of victims’ role in CT measures

which point to the authorities-oriented CT. Victims’ low number of representations

and their passive role allocation implies that Indonesia’s CT measures do not take

victims’ strategic position into full consideration. Such representation keeps victims


119

in the passive role without giving them space to fight back the terrorism. It is

illustrated in how JP and TP focus on using aggregation, collectivization, and

spatialization modes to represent victims. The two primary modes, as elaborated

in the previous chapter, represent victims based on their quantity. The spatialization

mode represents victims as places. JP and TP’s preferences for victims’

representation does not allow victims to reveal other identities such as their life

background, age, name, or previous struggle against MIT. JP and TP mainly

represent victims in numbers and places. Victims’ passive roles also reinforce the

impression that JP and TP do not provide sufficient space for victims in Indonesia’s

CT. Below are examples of how JP and TP represent victims.

(82) The perpetrators also burned six houses and one place of worship for local

Christians. (TP/P/L11)

(83) A venue for local Christians and six houses were destroyed in a blaze, according

to the Indonesian Military (TNI). (JP/RE/L6)

In the two examples above, victims are represented based on their numbers and the

passive role allocations. They even do not have a human representation in the

examples because the words “houses”, “venue”, and “place of worship” imply that

victims are represented as places. Victims’ poor representation does not allow them

to take a more active role in combating terrorism. It perpetuates their passive roles

in Indonesia’s CT, which hinders the creation of comprehensive CT measures.

MIT’s representation as to the passive non-human leading actors in east

Indonesia’s terrorism also implies the weakness of Indonesia’s CT. It implies the

weakness given that Indonesia’s CT places MIT as a mere target of CT operation.

Such placement denotes the practice of short-term coercive CT measures that lacks

preventive measures and post-terrorism treatment. The lacks appear provided that


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the preventive measures and post-terrorism treatment require extensive research

into the characteristics of MIT. On the other hand, Indonesia’s CT does not take the

complexities of motives and characteristics of MIT as a group of people in a terrorist

group by treating them as mere targets of CT operation. The below exemplars

illustrate JP and TP’s preferences in representing MIT as the non-human passive

target of CT operation.

(84) According to the Mosintiwu Institute, a civil peace organization in Poso and the

surrounding area, the MIT carried out at least four sadistic murders in the region

from January to November this year. (TP/M/L3)


alleged terror attack last Friday by the East Indonesia Mujahiddin (MIT) at a

local village in Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, in which four people were killed and

six houses were destroyed. (JP/RI/L4)

Examples (84) and (85) represent MIT as non-humans by using phrases such as

“four sadistic murders” and “alleged terror attack” to represent MIT in addition to

their representations as “MIT”. The two phrases describe how JP and TP represent

MIT for their wrongdoings only. This preference for representation reinforces the

depiction of MIT as the one to be punished: the target for the coercive CT operation.

The absence of detailed information about MIT’s characteristics and complex

motifs indicates the lack of effort to carry out sustainable CT. By only relying on a

limited depiction, Indonesia’s CT treats MIT as a mere target of the coercive CT

operation.

When combined, JP and TP’s tendencies to devaluate victims’ role in

Indonesia’s CT and treat MIT as a mere target for the coercive operation illustrate

how the two media opt to authorities-oriented counterterrorism. The two media’s

preferences in representing victims and MIT do not provide rooms for victims to

take an active role and MIT to target a sustainable CT operation. They focus on the


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authorities’ unflagging role and its coercive short-termed preference of CT

measures.

Indonesia’s CT’s two weaknesses are portrayed by authorities, non-state

bodies, victims, and MIT’s representations in JP and TP. The first weakness is

related to the inconsistency and uncertainty of Indonesia’s CT as the result of the

prolonged dispute over coercive and human rights-compliant CT in Indonesia. In

this case, authorities’ representation implies that the coercive CT measures and non-

state bodies’ representation imply human rights-compliant CT. Their inharmonious

relations illustrate the prolonged dispute which hinders the balanced measures of

Indonesia’s CT. The second weakness is authorities-oriented counterterrorism

which results in incomprehensive and less sustainable CT measures. JP and TP’s

representations of victims illustrate how Indonesia’s CT incomprehensively focuses

on authorities’ sole role in CT. At the same time, the two media’s preference in

representing MIT depicts how short-termed and unsustainable Indonesia’s CT.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

There are two sections in this chapter. The first section, conclusions,

presents an overview and final statements of the findings in this research. The

second section is the suggestions section which contains recommendations for

future researchers.

A. CONCLUSIONS

This research is a Critical Discourse Analysis research that aims at

identifying the representation of social actors in The Jakarta Post (JP) and Tempo’s

(TP) online news about the Sigi attack. There are six online news, three from each

media, that are under scrutiny in this research. The six online news are issued at the

end of November 2020 and the beginning of December 2020. In conducting the

research, the researcher identified the common denominator or the group of social

actors who involved or who are represented by JP and TP in their news about the

Sigi attack. There are four common denominators of social actors that are

represented by JP and TP: authorities, victims, non-state bodies, and MIT. Each

group of common denominator or social actor is then analyzed to answer the two

research questions of this research.

The first research question is about the linguistic representation of the social

actors as portrayed by JP and TP in their news about the Sigi attack. In order to

answer the question, the researcher adopts Van Leeuwen’s framework for the

representation of social actor (RSA). This research finds that social actors are


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represented through representation modes and role allocations linguistically. There

is total 373 representations of social actors in JP and TP. Authorities, MIT, non-

state bodies, and victims are generally represented in 19 representation modes and

four role allocations. The most employed representation modes are

functionalization, collectivization, and abstraction modes while the most allocated

role is the passive-participation role.

In addition to that, the researcher identified that there are three different

topics of the six news articles under scrutiny of this research. The first topic about

the investigation of the Sigi attack is identified in JP and TP’s news about the Sigi

attack that are issued at the end of the November 2020. The second and third topics

about the issuance of Perpres or the Presidential Regulation and the evaluation of

the Sigi attack are identified in JP and TP’s news issued at the beginning of

December 2020. The three topics affect the different linguistic representation of

social actors given that the focus of the news shifts from one topic to another. For

instance, authorities are linguistically represented with an active role allocation in

the first topic. The active role allocation is realized as authorities are the actor of

the material process and the sayer of the verbal process in most of the social practice

in the news. In the last topic, on the other hand, authorities are represented with a

passive role allocation. Authorities are represented as the goal of the material

process and the verbiage or the receiver of the verbal process in the passive role

allocation. The different role allocation is the effect of the shift of focus. The focus

of the first topic is the investigation into the Sigi attack where authorities are mainly

represented in functionalization mode. Thus, they are given an active role allocation


124

because they give the formal statement about the investigation report. The focus of

the third topic, contrastingly, is the evaluation of the Sigi attack. The authorities

then are being evaluated and given the passive role allocation.

The second research question is about the how the social actors’

representations portray Indonesia’s counterterrorism (CT) measures. The

researcher interprets the linguistic representations first before answering the second

question. There are four findings on the interpretation of the linguistic

representation of social actors: 1) authorities are the passive leading actor in

Indonesia’s CT, 2) MIT is the non-human passive leading actor in East Indonesia’s

terrorism, 3) non-state bodies are the active second leading actor in Indonesia’s CT,

4) victims are the supporting actors. Based on the interpretation, the researcher

identifies two portrayals of Indonesia’s CT as seen from the social actors’

representations which are the weaknesses of Indonesia’s CT measures.

The first portrayal suggests that the weakness of Indonesia’s CT is the

dispute over coercive and human rights-compliant counterterrorism in Indonesia’s

CT measures. The dispute is reflected by the representation of authorities and non-

state bodies in JP and TP. The representation of authorities as the leading actor of

Indonesia’s CT reflects the coercive counterterrorism. Meanwhile, the

representation of non-state bodies as the second-leading actor reflects the human

rights-compliant counterterrorism. Authorities’ representation implies the coercive

CT because they are represented as proposing a new terrorism law that perpetuates

the role of the Indonesian military in Indonesia’s CT measures. The representation

of non-state bodies, on the other hand, implies the human rights-compliant provided


125

that they strive to delay the issuance of the new law and propose the evaluation of

the role of the Indonesian military in the previous Indonesia’s CT measures. This

dispute implies the weakness of Indonesia’s CT measures given that the coercive

and human rights-compliant CT measures must actually be balanced instead of

contradicted. By contradicting the two measures, Indonesia’s CT will appear

uncertain and inconsistent.

The second portrayal signifies the authorities-oriented counterterrorism as

the weakness of Indonesia’s CT. It is identified by the representation of authorities,

MIT, and victims of the Sigi attack. The dominant representation of authorities

reflects the tendency of a authorities-oriented CT measures as well as the

transformation toward the coercive CT measures. At the same time, the

representation of MIT and victims suggest the lacks of the coercive measures. MIT

as the non-human passive leading actor in east Indonesia’s terrorism suggests that

the coercive CT measures do not aim for the sustainable CT measures given that

the CT measures treat the radical group as a mere target of operation. The focus of

the measures then is on the instant eradication attempt instead of the sustainable CT

measures. In addition, victims’ poor representation suggests that the coercive CT

measures limit the role of the victims as mere supporting actors. The measures do

not take victims’ active involvement in CT measures into consideration. It does not

reflect the comprehensive CT measures but focuses on the authorities-oriented

counterterrorism only.

In conclusion, this research attempts to offer an alternative perspective in

seeing the Indonesia’s CT measures by focusing on the representation of social


126

actors in the Sigi attack. It proposes that the Sigi attack signify a transformation of

Indonesia’s CT measures as authorities’ dominant representation in the Sigi attack

suggests the perpetuation of the coercive CT measures. Nevertheless, the

representations of the four social actors in the Sigi attack portray two weaknesses

of Indonesia’s CT measures, namely the dispute over coercive and human rights-

compliant CT measures and the authorities-oriented CT measures.

B. SUGGESTIONS

This study has many shortcomings. However, the researcher would like to

suggest two ideas for the future researchers in this section. The first suggestion is

related to the object of research. The research related to counterterrorism will be

more relevant and powerful when discussing the laws on terrorism and anti-

terrorism because both are the legal basis for CT measures in Indonesia. Therefore,

the future researchers may conduct CDA research on terrorism and anti-terrorism

laws in Indonesia to scrutinize the issue more. The second suggestion is related to

the research method. The future researchers who are interested to examine CT

measures in Indonesia with news texts as the object of research may adopt other

research methods such as the macro and micro analysis methods proposed by Teun

A. Van Dijk. Through the method, the text structure in the news can be interpreted

in more detail so that a more comprehensive conclusion can be drawn.


127

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1. The Table of Data Analysis on the Representation of Social Actors in The Jakarta Post dated on November 29,

2020: Four Killed in Alleged MIT Attack in Sigi, Reigniting Concerns Over Sectarian Conflict

No Data Code Social Actor Social Action In/Ex Role/Strategy

1

Four residents of

Lembantongoa village

in Sigi regency,

Central Sulawesi,

were killed on Friday

in an apparent

terrorist attack

attributed to the East

Indonesia Mujahiddin

(MIT) extremist

group.

JP/F/L1/1V

four residents

of

Lembantongoa

village in Sigi

regency,

Central

Sulawesi

were killed Inclusion

passivation-participation/

• aggregation (four)

• functionalization

(resident)

• classification

(provenance:

Lembantongoa village,

Sigi Regency, Central

Sulawesi)

2

Four residents of

Lembantongoa village

in Sigi regency,

Central Sulawesi,

were killed on Friday

in an apparent

terrorist attack

attributed to the East


JP/F/L1/2M

an apparent

terrorist attack

attributed to

the East

Indonesia

Mujahiddin

(MIT)

extremist

group.

- Inclusion

passivation-

circumstantialization/

impersonalization-abstraction


132

(MIT) extremist

group.

3

Brig. Gen. Farid

Makruf, commander

of the 132/Tadulako

Regional Military

Command (Korem) in

Palu, said that the

attack had included

arson.

JP/F/L2/1A

Brig. Gen.

Farid Makruf,

commander of

the

132/Tadulako

Regional

Military

Command

(Korem) in

Palu

said Inclusion

activation/

• honorification (Brig. Gen.

commander of the…)

• semiformalization (full

name)


• individualization

• relational identification

(132/Tadulako Regional

Military Command

(Korem) in Palu)

• classification

(provenance: Palu)

4 JP/F/L2/2M the attack

(MIT group)

(being reported

as) had

included arson

Exclusion activation/

exclusion-backgrounding

5

A venue for local

Christians and six

houses were destroyed

in the blaze.

JP/F/L3/1V

a venue for

local

Christians and

six houses

were destroyed Inclusion


impersonalization-

objectification-spatialization

6 JP/F/L4/1V two victims were beheaded Inclusion passivation-participation/


133

Two victims were

beheaded and the

other two died of

severe burns, he said

in a written statement.

• aggregation (two)


(victim)

7 JP/F/L4/2V the other two

(victims)

(were killed)

died of severe

burns

Inclusion


• differentiation (compared

to previous

representation of social

actors)


8 JP/F/L4/3A he said

activation/

• classification (male: he)


10 JP/F/L4/4A a written statement

-

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectificatoin-

instrumentalization

11 Farid denied that the

attack was carried out

against a specific

religious group as it

had also affected non-

Christian families

residing in the area

JP/F/L5/1A Farid denied

Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


12 JP/F/L5/2V

non-Christian

families

residing in the

area

(being

affected)


• classification (belief:

non-Christian,

provenance/origin:

residing in the area)

• collectivization (families)


134

13 JP/F/L5/3M the attack affected Exclusion activation/


14 “The event had

nothing to do with

SARA [ethnicity,

religion and race],”

Farid said.

JP/F/L6/1A Farid said Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


15 JP/F/L6/2M the event

(was said as

having nothing

to do with

SARA)

Exclusion passivation-participation/


16

“According to witness

statements, it was an

effort by the MIT to

fulfill their [goals]

and show their

existence.”

JP/F/L7/1A (Farid) (said)

Inclusion

activation/

impersonalization-

objectification-utterance

autonomization

17 JP/F/L7/2A witness

statements said/stated

activation/

impersonalization-

objectification-utterance

autonomization (statement)

18 JP/F/L7/3M an effort by

the MIT -

passivation-



(effort as an abstract/non-object

representation of the MIT)

19 JP/F/L7/4M their goals (being

fulfilled)



(goals as an abstract/non-object

representation of the MIT)

20 JP/F/L7/5M their existence (being shown) passivation-participation/


135


(existence as an abstract/non-

object representation of the MIT)

21

He also denied the

authenticity of a video

that has circulated on

social media

purporting to depict a

burn victim from the

attack.

JP/F/L8/1A he

(Farid) denied Inclusion

activation/

• utterance autonomization


• classification (gender:

male “he”)

22 JP/F/L8/2M the attack - Exclusion

passivation-



23 The government and

civil society groups

have condemned the

killing and urged a

thorough investigation

of the alleged terror

attack.

JP/F/L9/1AN

the

government

and civil

society groups

have

condemned/

urged

Inclusion

activation/

• association

• functionalization (the

government and civil

society groups)

• collectivization (groups)

24 JP/F/L9/2A a thorough

investigation being urged

Exclusion



25 JP/F/L9/3M the killing being

condemned



26 JP/F/L9/4M the alleged

terror attack

(urged its

investigated)



Coordinating

Political, Legal and

Security Minister

Mahfud MD said in a

JP/F/L10/1A

Coordinating

Political,

Legal and

Security

said Inclusion

activation/


• honorification

• semiformalization


136

statement on Sunday

that the government

was committed to

tracking down those

responsible for the

murders and the

accompanying

destruction.

Minister

Mahfud MD • individualization

28 JP/F/L10/2A the

government

was committed

to tracking

down…

(declared a

commitment)

activation/

personalization-determination-

categorization-functionalization

29 JP/F/L10/3M

those

responsible for

the murders

and the

accompanying

destruction

(being tracked

down)


• overdetermination-

distillation

• collectivization


(“responsible for the

murders and the

accompanying

destruction” determines

the specific function of

“those”)

30

“The government will

get tough and hunt

down the perpetrators

through the

Tinombala joint

[police-military]

operation for their

senseless violence

against a family that

led to the deaths of

JP/F/L11/1A

the minister

(Coordinating

Political,

Legal and

Security

Minister

Mahfud MD)

said Inclusion

activation/



• honorification

31 JP/F/L11/2A the

government

get tough and

hunt down Inclusion

activation/




137

32

four people in Sigi,”

the minister said. JP/F/L11/3A

the Tinombala

joint (police-

military]

operation

-

passivation-




33 JP/F/L11/4 the

perpetrators

(being hunted

down)




34 JP/F/L11/5M

their senseless

violence

against a

family

led

passivation-



(senseless violence represent

them)

35 JP/F/L11/6V a family -

passivation-



categorization-identification-

classification

36 JP/F/L11/7V

the deaths of

four people in

Sigi

-

passivation-



(deaths represent the four people)

37

Acting on President

Joko “Jokowi”

Widodo’s orders,

Mahfud said, his

office had taken steps

to conduct police and

JP/F/L12/1A

President Joko

“Jokowi”

Widodo

- Inclusion

passivation-


• honorification





138

38

military raids at

locations thought to

be connected to the

extremist group. JP/F/L12/2A

Mahfud/

(president’s

orders)

said/

acting on…

activation/passivation-

possessivation (president’s

orders)/

• impersonalization-

abstraction (as

President’s order)

• informalization

• -individualization

39 JP/F/L12/3A his office had taken steps

Inclusion

activation/

impersonalization-


40 JP/F/L12/4A police and

military raids

(being

conducted)



(raids)

41 JP/F/L12/5V

locations

thought to be

connected to

the extremist

group

-

passivation-


impersonalization-


42 JP/F/L12/6M the extremist

group -

passivation-


• appraisement (extremist)

• collectivization (group)

43

The Tinombala

police-military

operation was

established in January

2016 to hunt down

JP/F/L13/1A

The

Tinombala

police-military

operation

was established

to

hunt down

(goal in

material)

Inclusion





139

44

then-MIT leader

Santoso and his

supporters in Poso,

Central Sulawesi.

JP/F/L13/2M

then-MIT

leader Santoso

and his

supporters in

Poso, Central

Sulawesi

(being hunted)


• association (and)

• functionalization (leader,

supporter)


(related to MIT and

Santoso)

*Santoso:

• honorification (MIT

leader)

• informalization

*his supporters:

• passivation-

possessivation/


45

It has been extended

several times, most

recently in early 2019

amid speculation that

the group had

recruited new

members.

JP/F/L14/1A it

has been

extended

(goal in

material) Exclusion



46 JP/F/L14/2M the group had recruited

new members

activation/


47 The extension expires

on Dec. 31. JP/F/L15/1A the extension

(stated to be

expired on…)

receiver in

verbal




140

48 The operation is itself

a continuation of the

2015 Operation

Camar Maleo.

JP/F/L16/1A

the 2015

Operation

Camar Maleo

-

Inclusion

passivation-




49 JP/F/L16/2A the operation

(stated as a

continuation

of…)




50 Mahfud called on

religious leaders in

Central Sulawesi to

counter rumors of a

racially or religiously

motivated attack,

noting that social

cohesion was crucial

for maintaining public

order and safety.

JP/F/L17/1A Mahfud called

Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


51 JP/F/L17/2

religious

leaders in

Central

Sulawesi

being called to

counter

rumours


• functionalization (leader)

• classification (religious,

Central Sulawesi)


52 JP/F/L17/3 public order

and safety -

passivation-



(order and safety represents the

public)

53

In response to the

killings, the Civil

Society Network

Coalition – which

includes the Jakarta

Legal Aid Institute

(LBH Jakarta), the

JP/F/L18/1N

the Civil

Society

Network

Coalition

which

includes the

Jakarta Legal

urged Inclusion

activation/


• collectivization (each

institute/foundation is

represented as a

collective)



141

Indonesian Legal Aid

Foundation (YLBHI),

the Paritas Institute

and the Human Rights

Working Group

(HRWG) – urged the

central government

and the Central

Sulawesi

administration to take

swift action to ensure

that the attack would

not further polarize

the public.

Aid Institute

(LBH Jakarta),

the Indonesian

Legal Aid

Foundation

(YLBHI), the

Paritas

Institute and

the Human

Rights

Working

Group

54 JP/F/L18/2A

the central

government

and the

Central

Sulawesi

administration

being urged to

take swift

action and

ensure…

(receiver in

verbal)


• association


(represented as

institutions)


55 JP/F/L18/3V the public -

passivation-



genericization

56 JP/F/L18/4M the killings -

Exclusion

passivation-



57

In response to the

killings, the Civil

Society Network

JP/F/L18/5M the attack

(expected to be

handled so that

it wouldn’t




142

Coalition – which

includes the Jakarta

Legal Aid Institute

(LBH Jakarta), the

Indonesian Legal Aid

Foundation (YLBHI),

the Paritas Institute

and the Human Rights

Working Group

(HRWG) – urged the

central government

and the Central

Sulawesi

administration to take

swift action to ensure

that the attack would

not further polarize

the public.

further polarize

the public)

58 The coalition also

emphasized the

importance of

government

transparency in

dispelling

misinformation about

the incident.

JP/F/L19/1N the coalition emphasized

Inclusion

activation/



59 JP/F/L19/2A

the importance

of government

transparency

(being

emphasized)

(receiver in

verbal)



60 JP/F/L19/3/M the incident - Exclusion

passivation-




143

61

“We demand that the

government fulfill the

rights of the victims

and their families, as

well as ensure the

safety of hundreds of

other residents that

have since taken

refuge [outside of the

village],” the coalition

said in a statement.

JP/F/L20/1N the coalition/

we

said/

demanded Inclusion

activation/

• collectivization (we)


62 JP/F/L20/2A the

government

being

demanded to

fulfil the rights

and ensure

(receiver of

verbal process)

Inclusion


functionalization

63 JP/F/L20/3V

the rights of

the victims

and their

families

-

passivation-



64 JP/F/L20/4V

the safety of

hundreds of

other residents

that have since

taken refuge

-

passivation-



abstraction


distillation (being

represented in several

social practices)

65

The Setara Institute, a

rights watchdog,

encouraged the

Tinombala joint

operation to redouble

its efforts during the

remainder of its

JP/F/L21/1N

the Setara

Institute, a

rights

watchdog

encouraged

Inclusion

activation/



66 JP/F/L21/2A the Tinombala

joint operation

being

encouraged to

redouble its





144

extension period to

locate the

whereabouts of MIT

members who were

thought to have

retreated into the

forests and mountains

surrounding Poso.

efforts to

locate…

(goal in

material)

67 JP/F/L21/3M

the

whereabouts

of MIT

members

(being target of

the search)



68

“Terrorism,

extremism and

violence do not know

any [religious

affiliations],” the

watchdog said in a

statement”.

JP/F/L22/1N the watchdog said Inclusion

activation/



69

“As such, the Setara

Institute urges

interfaith leaders to

collectively condemn

the violence carried

out by certain groups

in the name of

religion.”.

JP/F/L23/1N the Setara

Institute urges

Inclusion

activation/



70 JP/F/L23/2 interfaith

leaders

being urged to

collectively

condemn



• classification (religion:

interfaith)


71 JP/F/L23/3M

the violence

carried out by

certain groups

in the name of

religion.

(being target of

condemnation)

(receiver of

verbal)



(violence represents certain

group)


145

Appendix 2. The Table of Data Analysis on the Representation of Social Actors in The Jakarta Post dated on December 2, 2020:

Rights Groups Urge Jokowi to Rethink Perpres on Greater Military Role in Fight on Terror


1

Rights groups are urging

President Joko “Jokowi”

Widodo to postpone the

issuance of a presidential

regulation (Perpres) that

allows for greater

military involvement in

curbing terrorism, but

lacks clear

accountability.

JP/RI/L1/1N right groups are urging

Inclusion

activation/



(right groups

indicate the

function of the

group: human-

right defender

group)

2 JP/RI/L1/2A

President Joko

“Jokowi”

Widodo

being urged to

postpone the issuance

of a presidential

regulation (Perpres)

passivation-

participation/

• honorification




3 JP/RI/L1/3A

greater military

involvement in

curbing

terrorism

-

passivation-


impersonalizaiton-

abstraction (involvement

as head of the phrase

functions as abstract

value related to

Indonesian military)


146

4

The groups cited the

dubious success rate of

past and present joint

manhunt operations

involving the Indonesian

Military (TNI) that

targeted members of

extremist groups.

JP/RI/L2/1N the groups cited

Inclusion

activation/

personalization-

determination-

specification-

assimilation-

collectivization

5 JP/RI/L2/2A

dubious success

rate of past and

present joint

manhunt

operations

involving the

Indonesian

Military (TNI)

being cited

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

abstraction (dubious

success rate)

6 JP/RI/L2/3M members of the

extremist groups -

passivation-



• relational

identification

(extremist

groups)


7

Commission for Missing

Persons and Victims of

Violence (Kontras)

deputy coordinator

Rivanlee Anandar called

on the government to

JP/RI/L3/1N

Commission for

Missing Persons

and Victims of

Violence

(Kontras) deputy

coordinator

called on

(asking) Inclusion

activation/

• relational

identification

(KontraS)



147

instead conduct an audit

to evaluate the efficacy

of ongoing joint police-

military operations, such

as the Tinombala

operation.

Rivanlee

Anandar • honorification

(deputy

coordinator)



8 JP/RI/L3/2A the government being called on Inclusion

passivation-

participation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

10 JP/RI/L3/3A

the efficacy of

ongoing joint

police-military

operations

- Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction

11 JP/RI/L3/4A the Tinombala

operation - Inclusion

passivation-




12

The Tinombala operation

has recently returned to

the public spotlight

following the alleged

terror attack last Friday

by the East Indonesia

Mujahiddin (MIT) at a

local village in Sigi

JP/RI/L4/1A the Tinombala

operation

has recently returned

to the public

spotlight

(has become/has

been discussed by the

public)

Inclusion

activation/



13 JP/RI/L4/2 the public

spotlight

(discussed/pay

attention to the

passivation-

participation/


148

regency, Central

Sulawesi, in which four

people were killed and

six houses were

destroyed.

Tinombala

Operation)

impersonalizaiton-

abstraction

14 JP/RI/L4/3M

the alleged terror

attack last Friday

by the East

Indonesia

Mujahiddin

(MIT)

-

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction (the alleged

terror → MIT)

15 JP/RI/L4/4V four people were killed

passivation-

participation/

personalization-

determination-

specification-

assimilation-aggregation

16 JP/RI/L4/5V six houses were destroyed Inclusion

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

spatialization

17

The joint operation was

established in January

2016 following its

predecessor, the 2015

Camar Maleo operation,

to hunt down then-MIT

leader Santoso and his

supporters in

neighboring Poso.

JP/RI/L5/1A the joint

operation was established

Inclusion

passivation-

participation/



18 JP/RI/L5/2A

its predecessor,

the 2015 Camar

Maleo operation

-

passivation-


• relational

identification (its

predecessor the


149

2015 Camar

Maleo Operation)



19 JP/RI/L5/3M

then-MIT leader

Santoso and his

supporters in

neighboring

Poso

being hunted

passivation-

participation/


(leader,

supporter)


• classification

(origin:

neighboring

Poso)


(supporters)

20 The operation has been

extended several times,

most recently in early

2019 amid speculation

that the group had

recruited new members.

JP/RI/L6/1A the operation has been extended Inclusion

passivation-

participation/



21 JP/RI/L6/2M

speculation that

the group had

recruited new

members

- Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction (speculation

refers to MIT/the group

and its alleged activity)

22 The extension expires on

Dec. 31, 2020. JP/RI/L7/1A the extension

(planned to expire

on…) Exclusion

passivation-

participation/


150


23 Rivanlee said an audit

was crucial to assessing

the inherent strengths,

weaknesses,

opportunities and threats

of the newly proposed

Perpres, while the

alternative would bypass

the necessary checks and

balances.

JP/RI/L8/1N Rivanlee said

Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


24 JP/RI/L8/2A

an audit/

the inherent

strengths,

weaknesses,

opportunities

and threats of

the newly

proposed

Perpres

(expected to be

assessed)

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

abstraction (inherent

strengths, weaknesses,

opportunities, and

threats are abstract

values being mentioned

to represent Perpres as

its assessable values)

25

“If the Perpres continues

to be deliberated, […] it

would be the same as

giving carte blanche to

the military, which is

dangerous,” he said as

quoted by Tempo. co on

Tuesday.

JP/RI/L9/1A the Perpres -

Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

26 JP/RI/L9/2A the military -

passivation-


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

JP/RI/L9/3N he

(Rivanlee) said

activation/

• classification

(male he)


151


28

Rights and security

researcher Ikhsan

Yosarie of the Setara

Institute held a similar

view on the proposed

Perpres, and emphasized

that it was vital for the

government to consider

public feedback when

deliberating such a

contentious regulation.

JP/RI/L10/1N

Rights and

security

researcher

Ikhsan Yosarie

of the Setara

Institute

held a similar view

(say/stated/declared)/

emphasized

Inclusion

activation/

• relational

identification

(Setara Institute)



(researcher)


29 JP/RI/L10/2A the government - Inclusion

passivation-


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

30 JP/RI/L10/3 public feedback - Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction (feedback as

abstract value attached to

the public)

31 JP/RI/L10/4A the proposed

Perpres - Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization


152

32 JP/RI/L10/5A

such a

contentious

regulation

- Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

33

He also warned that if

the Perpres were passed,

it would result in an

overlap of the core

functions and

responsibilities of

relevant state

institutions, including

the TNI.

JP/RI/L11/1N he

(Ikhsan Yosarie) warned

Inclusion

activation/

• classification

(male: he)


34 JP/RI/L11/2A the Perpres -

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

35 JP/RI/L11/3A

an overlap of the

core functions

and

responsibilities

of relevant state

institutions,

including the

TNI

(predicted to happen)

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

abstraction (core

functions and

responsibilities are

values attached to state

institutions and TNI)

36

Formulating a Perpres to

specify a

counterterrorism role for

the military is permitted

JP/RI/L12/1A

formulating a

Perpres to

specify a

counterterrorism

role

(is permitted) Inclusion

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

abstraction (formulating

a perpres is an activity


153

under the 2018

Terrorism Law.

that is related to

Indonesian government)

37 JP/RI/L12/2A the 2018

terrorism law permits

activation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

38 JP/RI/L12/3A the military -

passivation-


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

39

The law already allows

the TNI to combat

terrorism through

military operations other

than war, but the

provision lacks detail.

JP/RI/L13/1A the law allows

Inclusion

activation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

40 JP/RI/L13/2A the provisions (assessed as lacks

detail)

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

41 JP/RI/L13/3A the TNI being allowed to

combat terrorism

passivation-

participation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization


154

42 JP/RI/L13/4A

military

operations other

than war

-

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

abstraction (military

operations represent the

military as non-human

actor)

43 The draft Perpres, a copy

of which was obtained

by The Jakarta Post,

stipulates three main

counterterrorism

functions for the TNI.

JP/RI/L14/1A

the draft Perpres,

a copy of which

was obtained by

The Jakarta Post

stipulates

Inclusion

activation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

44 JP/RI/L14/2A the TNI -

passivation-


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

45

One of these is terrorism

prevention that is

broader in scope and

includes deradicalization

efforts and the use of

“deterrence" instruments,

the latter of which grants

the military the authority

to conduct intelligence

and territorial operations,

JP/RI/L15/1A

one of these/

terrorism

prevention

includes, grants the

authority to conduct

intelligence and

territorial operations

Exclusion activation/


46 JP/RI/L15/2A the military being granted

authority Inclusion

passivation-

participation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization


155

47

as well as unspecified

operations to be

determined by the TNI

commander.

JP/RI/L15/3A the TNI

commander -

passivation-



• honorification

48

Another is enforcement

that permits the use of

force.

JP/RI/L16/1A another/

enforcement permits Exclusion

activation/


49

The third is pemulihan,

which could mean either

recovery or

rehabilitation, with an

equally vague provision

that neither defines nor

details the scope of this

function.

JP/RI/L17/1A

the third/

pemulihan/

recovery or

rehabilitation

(assessed as neither

defines nor details its

scope)

Exclusion

passivation-

participation/


50 Ikhsan noted that

provision on

“deterrence” of terror

acts was too broad and

therefore contradicted

the 2018 Terrorism Law,

which only regulated

“prevention” of terror

attacks.

JP/RI/L18/1N Ikhsan noted Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


51 JP/RI/L18/2A the 2018

Terrorism Law

-/

regulated Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

52 JP/RI/L18/3A

provision on

“deterrence” of

terror acts

(being noted as too

broad and

contradicted to 2018

Terrorism Law)

Exclusion

passivation-

participation/


53 JP/RI/L19/1N he suggested Inclusion activation/


156

He suggested that all

matters related to

prevention and

rehabilitation be

delegated to other state

bodies that were

originally founded on

these objectives, such as

the National

Counterterrorism

Agency (BNPT).

• classification


54 JP/RI/L19/2A

the National

Counterterrorism

Agency (BNPT)

-

passivation-


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

55 JP/RI/L19/3A

other state

bodies that were

originally

founded on these

objectives

suggested to be

delegated all matters

related to prevention

and rehabilitation

passivation-

participation/

• differentiation

(other state

bodies)


(plural)

56

“Tasks related to

rehabilitation and

reconstruction should be

carried out by the

Religious Affairs

Ministry, the Agency for

Pancasila Ideology

Education [BPIP], the

Education and Culture

Ministry, the BNPT and

other departments,” he

said.

JP/RI/L20/1A

other state

bodies that were

originally

founded on these

objectives

the Religious

Affairs Ministry,

the Agency for

Pancasila

Ideology

Education

[BPIP], the

Education and

suggested to carry

out the tasks Inclusion

passivation-

participation/




157

Culture

Ministry, the

BNPT and other

departments

57 JP/RI/L20/2N he said Inclusion

activation/

• classification

(gender: male

“he”)


58 JP/RI/L20/3A

tasks related to

rehabilitation

and

reconstruction

suggested to be

carried out by … Exclusion

passivation-

participation/


59

Ikhsan went on to say

that military involvement

should be reserved only

as a last resort in the

event of significant

escalation of terror acts

beyond the power of

civilian law enforcement

agencies.

JP/RI/L21/1N Ikhsan say

Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


60 JP/RI/L21/2A military

involvement

being suggested to be

reserved only as a

last resort in the

event of significant

escalation of terror

acts

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

abstraction

61 JP/RI/L21/3M

significant

escalation of

terror acts

-

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction


158

62 JP/RI/L21/4N

civilian law

enforcement

agencies

-

passivation-




(plural)

63

The proposed Perpres

should also specify the

escalation of terror that

warranted military

involvement.

JP/RI/L22/1A the proposed

Perpres expected to specify

Inclusion

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

64 JP/RI/L22/2M the escalation of

terror

expected to be

specified

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

abstraction

65 JP/RI/L22/3A military

involvement -

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction

66

The draft Perpres

outlines several terrorism

scenarios that permit

direct military

involvement and the use

of force, which includes

high-escalation terror

attacks that endanger

Indonesia’s state

JP/RI/L23/1A the draft Perpres

outlines several

terrorism scenarios

that permit…

Inclusion

activation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

67 JP/RI/L23/2A

direct military

involvement and

the use of force

being permitted

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

abstraction

68 JP/RI/L23/3M high-escalation

terror attacks

passivation-



159

ideology, sovereignty or

territorial integrity.

that endanger

Indonesia’s state

ideology,

sovereignty or

territorial

integrity.

impersonalization-

abstraction

69

However, the TNI is

only permitted the use of

force by direct

presidential order.

JP/RI/L24/1A the TNI is only permitted the

use of force

Inclusion

passivation-

participation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

70 JP/RI/L24/2A

direct

presidential

order

-

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

(order is the

objectification of the

President)

71

Its critics therefore view

the Perpres as pivotal in

determining whether

Indonesia will stick with

the criminal justice

framework to deal with

terrorism, an approach

that has won praise from

JP/RI/L25/1N its critics view

(consider) Inclusion

activation/

• relational

identification



(plural)

72 JP/RI/L25/2A the Perpres being viewed as

pivotal

passivation-

participation/


160

the international

community, or lean

toward a more coercive

approach.

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

73 JP/RI/L25/3V Indonesia -

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

spatialization

74 JP/RI/L25/4 the international

community -

passivation-


personalization-

determination-

specification-

assimilation-

collectivization

(community as a

collective)

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

75 JP/RI/L25/5A a more coercive

approach - Exclusion

passivation-



76

This is not the first time

plans to expand the

TNI's counterterrorism

JP/RI/L26/1A

this/

not the first-time

plans

have surfaced Exclusion activation/



161

77

role have surfaced, with

the earliest occasion

dating back to 2016

when the government

proposed the 2018

terrorism bill to amend

the 2003 law on terror.

JP/RI/L26/2A the 2018

terrorism bill being proposed Inclusion

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

78 JP/RI/L26/3A the 2003 law on

terror being amended

Inclusion

passivation-

participation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

79 JP/RI/L26/4A the government proposed

activation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

80 JP/RI/L26/5A

the TNI’s

counterterrorism

role

being planned to be

expanded

passivation-

participation/

impersonalizaiton-

abstraction

81

Proponents of the

proposed Perpres,

including some terrorism

experts, reportedly called

on Jokowi to sign it

immediately following

JP/RI/L27/1

proponents of

the proposed

Perpres,

including some

terrorism experts

called on

(asking) Inclusion

activation/


(proponent,

supporter)


(plural)

82 JP/RI/L27/2 terrorism experts activation/


162

alleged MIT attack in

Sigi.

passivation-

circumstantialization

(including...)/


(experts)


(plural)

83 JP/RI/L27/3A Jokowi being called on

(being asked)

passivation-

participation/

• detitulation

• informalization


84 JP/RI/L27/4M alleged MIT

attack in Sigi -

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction

85

Meanwhile, the TNI is

deploying a special unit

to Poso to assist in the

police manhunt for the

remaining MIT

members.

JP/RI/L28/1A the TNI is deploying

Inclusion

activation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

86 JP/RI/L28/2A a special unit being deployed to

assist

passivation-

participation/



(unit: a group)

87 JP/RI/L28/3A the police

manhunt - Inclusion

passivation-



163

\

impersonalization-

abstraction (manhunt

represents the police as

the police’s activity)

88 JP/RI/L28/4M remaining MIT

members -

passivation-



(member)

• relational

identification

(MIT)


(plural)


164

Appendix 3. The Table of Data Analysis on the Representation of Social Actors in The Jakarta Post dated on December 8, 2020:

Reevaluate Operation Tinombala after Sigi attack: Analysts


1

Analysts have called

on the government to

reevaluate Operation

Tinombala, a joint

military and police

action pursuing

members of the East


(MIT) terrorist group

in Poso regency,

Central Sulawesi, after

a recent deadly attack

in the neighboring Sigi

regency put the

operation’s

effectiveness into

question

JP/RE/L1/1N analysts have called

(have asked)

Inclusion

activation/



2 JP/RE/L1/2A the

government

(being

called/asked)



3 JP/RE/L1/3A

Operation

Tinombala, a

joint military

and police

action

pursuing

members of

the East

Indonesia

Mujahiddin

(MIT)

terrorist group

(expected to be

reevaluated)



(a joint military…)


• overdetermination-distillation

• relational identification (MIT is

represented as having target-

shooter-relation with the joint

military)

4 JP/RE/L1/4A

the

operation’s

effectiveness

(being put into

question)


• impersonalization-abstraction

(effectiveness represents the

collective Operation as its value

of assessment)


165

5 JP/RE/L1/5

M

members of

the East

Indonesia

Mujahiddin

(MIT)

terrorist group

(being pursued)


• functionalization (member)

• relational identification (related

to MIT)


6 JP/RE/L1/6

M

a recent

deadly attack - Exclusion

passivation-circumstantialization/


7

Operation Tinombala

was launched in

January 2016 as an

extension of its

predecessor, the 2015

Operation Camar

Maleo, to hunt down

then-MIT leader

Santoso and his

supporters in Poso

JP/RE/L2/1A Operation Tinombala

was launched

Inclusion




8 JP/RE/L2/2A

the 2015

Operation

Camar Maleo

(being stated as

the

Tinombala’s

predecessor)




10 JP/RE/L2/3

M

MIT leader

Santoso and

his supporters

being hunted

down

passivation-participation/passivation-

possessivation (his supporters)


• relational identification (MIT

and his)

• functionalization (leader,

supporter)

• collectivization (plural)

11

Operation Tinombala

has been extended

several times and is set

to expire on Dec. 31

JP/RE/L3/1A Operation

Tinombala

has been

extended and

set to expire on

Dec. 31

Inclusion





166

12

The attack in Sigi

regency was allegedly

carried out by MIT

members on Nov. 27

and claimed the lives

of four residents of

Lembangongoa village,

which borders Poso,

the main site of

Operation Tinombala

JP/RE/L4/1

M MIT members

(being alleged

as carrying out

the attack in

Sigi regency)

Inclusion


• relational identification (MIT)

• functionalization (member)

• collectivization (plural) 13

14 JP/RE/L4/2V

four residents

of

Lembangongo

a village

(being killed)


• aggregation (four)

• functionalization (resident)

• classification (provenance:

Lembantongoa village)

15 JP/RE/L4/3V

the main site

of Operation

Tinombala

-


impersonalization-objectification-

spatialization (the main site represents

the Operation Tinombala)

16

Two victims were

beheaded and the other

two died of severe

burns

JP/RE/L5/1V two victims were beheaded

Inclusion



• functionalization (victim)

17 JP/RE/L5/2V the other two

(being

killed/being

stated as died

of severe

burns)


• aggregation (the other two)

• differentiation (compared to

previous representation of

social actors)

18

A venue for local

Christians and six

houses were destroyed

in a blaze, according to

the Indonesian Military

(TNI)

JP/RE/L6/1V

a venue for

local

Christians and

six houses

were destroyed

Inclusion



spatialization

19 JP/RE/L6/2A the

Indonesian

(say/giving a

testimony) activation/


167

Military

(TNI)



20

The TNI deployed a special unit to Poso to

assist in a manhunt for

individuals affiliated

with the MIT

JP/RE/L7/1A the TNI deployed Inclusion

activation/



21 JP/RE/L7/2A a special unit (being

deployed) Inclusion



• assimilation-collectivization

22 JP/RE/L7/3A

individuals

affiliated with

the MIT

(being hunted) Inclusion



(affiliated with)

• collectivization (plural

individuals)

23 JP/RE/L8/1A the police

have hinted

(stated/said

something and

represented as

hinted)

Inclusion

activation/



24 JP/RE/L8/2A Operation

Tinombala

(was assumed

to be extended) Inclusion



functionalization

25 JP/RE/L8/3

M

dozens of

persons of

interest

- Inclusion


• collectivization (dozens)

• functionalization (person of

interest)


168

26 JP/RE/L8/4

M

current MIT

leader Ali

Kalora

- Inclusion





• pindividualization

27 “As of yesterday

[Sunday], there were

around 11 people who

were [remaining]

targets of the

operation,” National

Police spokesman

Brig. Gen Awi

Setiyono said on

Monday, adding that

the force would wait

for a final decision

from police chief Gen.

Idham Azis regarding

the extension of the

operation

JP/RE/L9/1A

National

Police

spokesman

Brig. Gen

Awi Setiyono

said

Inclusion

activation/

• functionalization (spokesman)

• honorification (Bri. Gen.)

• semiformalization (Awi

Setiyono)


28 JP/RE/L9/2A

police chief

Gen. Idham

Aziz

-


• honorification

• semiformalization (Awi

Setiyono)



29 JP/RE/L9/3

M

11 people

who were

[remaining]

targets of the

operation

(being

targeted)


• aggregation (11 people)

• functionalization (targets of the

operation)

30 JP/RE/L9/4A the force wait for a final

decision

activation/




169

31 JP/RE/L9/5A

the extension

of the

operation

(Operation

Tinombala)

- Inclusion passivation-circumstantialization/


32

Experts have said that

while the attack in Sigi

was likely carried out

by the MIT, police

investigators should

dig deeper into the

group’s motives, which

could have been to

attract public support

for their cause and to

recruit new fighters

JP/RE/L10/1

N experts

have said/

suggested

Inclusion

activation/



33 JP/RE/L10/2

A

police

investigators

(was suggested

to dig deeper)



• personalization-determination-

collectivization

34 JP/RE/L10/3 public support - passivation-circumstantialization/


35 JP/RE/L10/4

M new fighters -




36 JP/RE/L10/5

M the MIT

carried out the

attack in Sigi

activation/


specification-assimilation-

collectivization



37 JP/RE/L10/6

M

the group’s

motives/

their cause

(was suggested

to be

investigated)




170

38

Institute for Policy

Analysis of Conflict

(IPAC) director Sidney

Jones said it would be

worth commissioning

an independent

evaluation of

Operation Tinombala

to assess its resources,

personnel and their

ability to adapt to MIT

tactics

JP/RE/L11/1

N

Institute for

Policy

Analysis of

Conflict

(IPAC)

director

Sidney Jones

said

Inclusion

activation/


nomination-semiformalization


nomination-titulation-

honorification



relational identification




specification-individualization

39 JP/RE/L11/2

A

Operation

Tinombala -





specification-assimilation-

collectivization

40 JP/RE/L11/3

M

its resources,

personnel, and

their ability

(suggested to

be assessed)



(resources, and their ability are abstract

representations of Operation

Tinombala)

41 JP/RE/L11/4

M MIT tactics -


impersonalization-abstraction (tactics as

value to be assessed of MIT)


171

42 “It would be

particularly useful to

assess how good

intelligence has been

about the MIT’s

strength and

whereabouts,” Sidney

told The Jakarta Post

JP/RE/L12/1

A intelligence

(was suggested

to be assessed)

Inclusion




43 JP/RE/L12/2

N Sidney told

activation/

• informalization


44 JP/RE/L12/3

M

MIT’s

strength -


impersonalization-abstraction (strength

represents MIT as its value to be

assessed)

45

A report released by

IPAC in April found

that Ali Kalora, who

took over the

leadership of the MIT

after the death of

Santoso in 2016, had

successfully grown the

group, despite multiple

setbacks, with the help

of a local cleric named

Yasin

JP/RE/L13/1

N IPAC

released a

report

Inclusion

activation/


• -collectivization

46 JP/RE/L13/2

M

Ali Kalora,

who took over

the leadership

of the MIT

(was reported

to be) had

successfully

grown the

group despite

multiple

setbacks





47 JP/RE/L13/3

M

the death of

Santoso -



48 JP/RE/L13/4

M

a local cleric

named Yasin -


• functionalization (cleric)

• informalization (Yasin)



172

49

Yasin is a former

Jemaah Islamiyah

leader from Semarang,

Central Java

JP/RE/L14/1

M

Yasin/ a former

Jemaah

Islamiyah

leader

(was reported by the writer as

a former JI

leader from

Semarang)

Inclusion




• relational identification (Jemaah

Islamiyah leader)


• classification (from Semarang)

50

He was arrested in

2012 and was released

in November 2016

after serving a four-

year prison sentence

JP/RE/L15/1

M

he

(Yasin)

was arrested/

was released Inclusion




classification (male)

51

He returned to Poso

soon after his release

and turned his

pesantren (Islamic

boarding school) into a

place to support the

children of imprisoned

MIT fighters, the

report found

JP/RE/L16/1

N the report found Inclusion

activation/


instrumentalization (the report is IPAC’s

tool to carry out their investigations on

MIT)

52 JP/RE/L16/2

M

he

(Yasin)

returned/

turned

Inclusion

activation/



classification (male)

53 JP/RE/L16/3

M his release -



(Yasin)

54 JP/RE/L16/4

M

his pesantren

(Islamic

boarding

school)

(being turned

to a place to

support…)



spatialization (Pesantren-Islamic

boarding school)


173

55 JP/RE/L16/5

M

children of

imprisoned

MIT fighters

(being

supported by

Yasin’s

pesantren)


• classification (children)


(imprisoned MIT fighters)


56 JP/RE/L16/6

M

imprisoned

MIT fighters -

passivation-possessivation/

• functionalization (imprisoned

fighter)



57 The report noted that

the deradicalization

program run by local

police between 2016

and 2017 had won

recognition but was

limited in scope,

focusing only on

inmates of local

prisons

JP/RE/L17/1

N the report noted Inclusion

activation/


instrumentalization (the report is

IPAC’s tool to carry out their

investigations on MIT)

58 JP/RE/L17/2

A

deradicalizati

on program

run by local

police

between 2016

and 2017

had won

recognition/

(was assessed)

to be limited in

scope Inclusion


impersonalization-instrumentalization

(the program is the objectification of

local police as its tool to carry out their

duty in counterterrorism attempt)

59 JP/RE/L17/3

M

inmates of

local prisons -



(inmate of local prison)


60 Yasin, meanwhile,

traveled around Java

JP/RE/L18/1

M

Yasin/

him

travelled

around Java Inclusion

activation/

• classification (male-him)


174

and other island to visit

prisoners with links to

Poso, allowing him to

build a more extensive

network of contacts

and other

islands to visit/

build a more

extensive

network



61 JP/RE/L18/2

M

prisoners with

links to Poso (being visited)




(prisoner)

• relational identification (links to

Poso)

62

“The local police effort

to rehabilitate prisoners

was a good one, but it

needed to be able to

reach as far as Yasin

did, into the prisons

outside Central

Sulawesi where the

most disgruntled

prisoners were held,”

the report said

JP/RE/L19/1

N the report said

Inclusion

activation/

impersonalization-instrumentalization

63 JP/RE/L19/2

A

the local

police effort

to rehabilitate

prisoners

(was assessed

as good one but

it needed to be

extended)


impersonalization-abstraction (effort)

64 JP/RE/L19/3

M Yasin -

Inclusion




65 JP/RE/L19/4

M

prisons

outside

Central

Sulawesi

where the

most

disgruntled

-



spatialization (prison…)


175

prisoners

were held

66 Al Araf from human

rights group Imparsial

said that while it was

important to bring the

perpetrators of the Sigi

attack to justice, the

government and

lawmakers also had to

evaluate Operation

Tinombala to “analyze

challenges and

problems in order to

devise effective new

strategies to catch

perpetrators”

"Geographical

conditions have proven

to be challenging for

the operation, and

therefore, we need a

solution to this," he

said

JP/RE/L20/1

N

Al Araf from

human rights

gtoup

Imparsial

said

Inclusion

activation/

• relational identification (human

rights group Imparsial)

• semiformalization (Al Araf)


67 JP/RE/L20/2

N

human rights

group

Imparsial

-




68 JP/RE/L20/3

A

the

government

and

lawmakers

(was suggested

to evaluate and

analyze…)


• functionalization (law maker

and government)

• collectivization (lawmakers)


69 JP/RE/L20/4

A

Operation

Tinombala

(suggested to

be evaluated

and analyzed)




70 JP/RE/L20/5

M

the

perpetrators

of the Sigi

attack

-



• functionalization (perpetrator)

• classification (provenance: Sigi)

71 JP/RE/L21/1

N

he

(Al Araf) said

Inclusion

activation/

classification (gender: male “he”)

72 JP/RE/L21/2

N we

(stated as

needing a

solution)

passivation-participation (being stated

by other)

collectivization (plural)


176

73 JP/RE/L21/3

A the operation -


functionalization

74

Sidney said the

assessment of

Operation Tinombala

could begin before

President Joko

“Jokowi” Widodo

issued a planned

presidential regulation

(Perpres) that critics

have said will allow

for greater military

involvement in

antiterrorism efforts

but lacks clear

accountability

JP/RE/L22/1

N Sidney said

Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


75 JP/RE/L22/2

A

President

Joko

“Jokowi”

Widodo

-


• honorification



76 JP/RE/L22/3

A

a planned

presidential

regulation

(Perpres)

(said to be

issued and to

allow…)



instrumentalization

77 JP/RE/L22/4

N critics have said

activation/



78 JP/RE/L22/5

A

greater

military

involvement

(was said to be

allowed)



79 JP/RE/L22/6

A

the

assessment of

Operation

Tinombala

(suggested to

begin before…)



80 The draft regulation

stipulates three main

JP/RE/L23/1

A

the draft

regulation

stipulates three

main Inclusion activation/


177

counterterrorism

functions for the TNI

counterterroris

m functions


instrumentalization

81 JP/RE/L23/2

A the TNI -


functionalization

82

The first of these

authorizes broader

deradicalization efforts

and the increased use

of “deterrence”

instruments

JP/RE/L24/1

A

the first of

these authorizes Exclusion

activation/


83 This function gives the

military the authority

to gather intelligence,

conduct territorial

operations and take

other unspecified

actions to be

determined by the TNI

commander

JP/RE/L25/1

A the military

being given

authority to…

Inclusion




84 JP/RE/L25/2

A

the TNI

commander

(being given

authority to

determine)

other

unspecified

actions to the

military




(commander)

85 JP/RE/L25/3

A this function gives Exclusion

activation/


86 The second function

allows for the use of

JP/RE/L26/1

A

the second

function allows Exclusion

activation/



178

87

force, and the third

function is called

pemulihan – a word

that can be translated

as recovery or

rehabilitation – and

contains vague

provisions that do not

define or delimit the

scope of the function.

JP/RE/L26/2

A

the third

function

contains vague

provisions

activation/


Critics believe the

Perpres may determine

whether Indonesia will

stick to a criminal

justice framework to

combat terrorism – an

approach that has won

praise from the

international

community – or move

toward a more

militaristic approach.

JP/RE/L27/1

N critics believe

Inclusion

activation/



88 JP/RE/L27/2

A the Perpres

(believed to be

able to

determine

Indonesia’s

next

Counterterroris

m measures)


impersonalizaiton-objectification-

instrumentalization

89 JP/RE/L27/3

the

international

community

-


collectivization

classification (provenance:

international community)

90 JP/RE/L27/4

A

a more

militaristic

approach

-



(“militaristic approach” is one of the


179

values extracted from the Indonesian

military as the human actors)

91

Terrorism analyst

Stanislaus Riyanta said

the evaluation of the

joint operation should

look into ways to treat

the situation in Poso

delicately, involving

not only the Religious

Affairs Ministry and

the Social Affairs

Ministry but also the

public, local leaders

and experts.

JP/RE/L28/1

N

Terrorism

analyst

Stanislaus

Riyanta

said

Inclusion

activation/



• semiformalization (full name)

92 JP/RE/L28/2

V the public -


genericization

93 JP/RE/L28/3

A

the Religious

Affairs

Ministry

- passivation-circumstantialization/

functionalization

94 JP/RE/L28/4

A

the Social

Affairs

Ministry

- passivation-circumstantialization/

functionalization

95 JP/RE/L28/5

N local leaders -

Inclusion



• collectivization (plural leaders)

• classification (provenance:

local)

96 JP/RE/L28/6

N experts -




97

He said a multiple-

stakeholder approach

would be key to

winning back the

JP/RE/L29/1

N He said Inclusion

activation/


• classification (gender: male

“he”)


180

98

hearts and minds of

locals, some of whom

were thought to be

sympathetic to the

MIT’s cause,

contributing to the

slow progress of the

operation.

JP/RE/L29/2

V

the hearts and

minds of

locals

(being won)



symbolization (“the hearts and

minds” are symbols of the

victims)


99 JP/RE/L29/3

V

some of

whom were

thought to be

sympathetic

to the MIT’s

cause

-


• differentiation (“some of whom”

signifies the different reference

of “the locals” and those “whom

were thought to be sympathetic)


• relational-identification (with

MIT)

10

0

JP/RE/L29/4

M MIT -

passivation-cicrumstantialization


10

1

JP/RE/L29/5

A the operation -

passivation-beneficialization




181

Appendix 4. The Table of Data Analysis on the Representation of Social Actors in TEMPO dated on November 30, 2020: Police

Launch Tinombala Task Force after Killings in Sigi


1

National Police Head

of Public Relations

Division Insp. Gen.

Argo

Yuwono said that the

Tinombala Task Force

had been launched to

investigate the killings

of a family in Lemban

Tongoa Village,

Palolo District, Sigi,

Central Sulawesi.

TP/P/L1/1A

National

Police Head

of Public

Relations

Divisions

Insp. Gen.

Argo

Yuwono

said

Inclusion

activation/

• semiformalization (full name:

“Agus Yuwono”)

• honorification (title: “National

Police Head of Public

Relations Divisions Insp.

Gen.”)



2 TP/P/L1/2A Tinombala

Task Force

had been

launched to

investigate


• collectivization (the

“Tinombala Operation” as a

collective)

• functionalization (“Task

Force”)

3 TP/P/L1/3M

the killings

of a family

in Lemban

Tongoa

Village,

Palolo

District, Sigi,

(being

investigated) Exclusion




https://en.tempo.co/tag/sigi


182

Central

Sulawesi.

4 TP/P/L1/4V

a family in

Lemban

Tongoa…

- Inclusion


• classification (origin:

“LembanTongoa”)

• collectivization (a family)

5 Argo appealed

to residents to not

panic and carry out

their daily activities as

usual.

TP/P/L2/1A Argo appealed

Inclusion

activation/

informalization

individualization

6 TP/P/L2/2V residents

(being

appealed to not

panic)


functionalization

(resident)

collectivization (plural)

7

“The public does not

need to worry and stay

calm because the

Armed Force (TNI)

and the National

Police will patrol and

will work together

with the community. “

TP/P/L3/1V the public

(being

appealed to not

worry and to

stay calm)

Inclusion



genericization

8 TP/P/L3/2V the

community -


collectivization (the community:

plural)

10 TP/P/L3/3A

the Armed

Force (TNI)

and the

National

Police

(being

declared to

patrol and

work together

with the

community)


• association

• functionalization (TNI and the

National Police are being

represented based on their

identities, not the

job/occupation)

11 TP/P/L3/4A Argo (said) activation/


183


utterance autonomization

12 “Please carry out

activities as usual.”

TP/P/L4/1A Argo (said) Inclusion

activation/



13 TP/P/L4/2A activities (suggested to

be carried out) Exclusion



14

TNI and Polri will

help and provide a

sense of security

there,” said Argo in a

written statement on

Monday, Nov. 30,

2020.

TP/P/L5/1A TNI and

Polri

(being declared to

help and

provide a sense

of security)

Inclusion


• association


(TNI and the National Police

are being represented based

on their identities, not the

job/occupation)

15 TP/P/L5/2A Argo said

Inclusion

activation/

• utterance autonomization

• informalization


16 TP/P/L5/3A a written

statement -



instrumentalization (a written

statement is the instrument that Argo

used to carry out his duty as Polri’s

head of public relations)

17 TP/P/L5/4V there -



spatialization


184

18

Argo explained that

the police were

investigating the case

to date, hoping the acts

of terror would not

recur, especially ahead

of the 2020 Regional

Head Election

(Pilkada).

TP/P/L6/1A Argo explained

Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


19 TP/P/L6/2A the police investigating

activation/



20 “Joint investigators

and the anti-terror

squad Densus 88 are

conducting

investigations.

TP/P/L7/1A

joint

investigators

and the anti-

terror squad

Densus 88

conducting

investigations

Inclusion

activation/

• association (“and”)


(“investigators, Densus 88”)


21 TP/P/L7/2A Argo (explained)

activation/



22 Hopefully, this

incident will not

happen again,” said

Argo.

TP/P/L8/1M this incident

(expected to

not happen

again)



23 TP/P/L8/2A Argo said Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


24

As reported

previously, the violent

attack took place again

in Lemban Tongoa

Village, Sigi, Central

TP/P/L9/1M the violent

attack

took place

(happened) Exclusion

activation/




185

Sulawesi on Friday,

Nov. 27.

25

Four residents were

brutally killed by

unidentified people

suspected to be

members of the

terror group East

Indonesia Mujahidin

(MIT).

TP/P/L10/1V four

residents

were brutally

killed

Inclusion


• aggregation (four indicates

statistical representation)

• functionalization (resident)

26 TP/P/L10/2A

unidentified

people

suspected to

be members

of the terror

group East

Indonesia

Mujahidin

(MIT)

killed

activation/


(the social actor(s) are

represented in several

practices: killing, joining

MIT)

• appraisement (unidentified)

• functionalization (members of

MIT)



(related to MIT)

27 TP/P/L10/3A

the terror

group East

Indonesia

Mujahidin

(MIT)

-

passivation-beneficialization/

• appraisement (terror group,

East Indonesia Mujahidin)

• functionalization (terror

group and MIT represents

specific function)

• collectivization (group)

28 The perpetrators also

burned six houses and TP/P/L11/1M

the

perpetrators burned Inclusion

activation/


(perpetrator)


186

one place of worship

for local Christians. • collectivization (plural)

29 TP/P/L11/2V

six houses

and one

place of

worship for

local

Christians

(were burned)



spatialization (six houses: residents,

one place of worship for local

Christians)

30 TP/P/L11/3V local

Christians -

passivation-beneficialization/

• classification (local,

Christian)



187

Appendix 5. The Table of Data Analysis on the Representation of Social Actors in TEMPO dated on December 1, 2020: Jokowi

Asked to Delay Issuance of Perpres on TNI Against Terrorism


1

The Commission for Missing

Persons and Victims of Violence

(KontraS) asked President

Joko "Jokowi" Widodo to postpone

the enactment of the Presidential

Regulation Draft on the military or

TNI task in countering terrorism acts.

TP/J/L1/1N

The

Commission

for Missing

Persons and

Victims of

Violence

(KontraS)

asked

Inclusion

activation/



2 TP/J/L1/2A President

Joko "Jokowi" Widodo

(being asked)

passivation-

participation/

• honorification


(President is the

representation of

his function as

well as his title)


(full name)


3 TP/J/L1/3A

the enactment

of the

Presidential

Regulation

Draft

(expected to be

postponed/-)

passivation-


• impersonalization

-abstraction (the

enactment is the


https://en.tempo.co/tag/jokowi



188

abstract

representation of

the Presidential

Regulation Draft)

• impersonalization

-objectification-

instrumentalizatio

n (President

Regulational

Draft represents

President’s

instrument)

4 TP/J/L1/4A the military or

TNI task - Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction (the task

represents abstract value

related to TNI and the

military)

5

KontraS Deputy Coordinator,

Rivanlee Anandar, said that the

government should first audit and

evaluate the ongoing terrorism

mitigation efforts that involved the

TNI.

TP/J/L2/1N

KontraS

Deputy

Coordinator,

Rivanlee

Anandar

said Inclusion

activation/

• relational

identification

(KontraS)

• honorification

(deputy

coordinator)


(full name)


189


6 TP/J/L2/2A the

government

(being

suggested to

first audit and

evaluate the

ongoing

terrorism

mitigation)

passivation-

participation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

7 TP/J/L2/3A the TNI -

passivation-


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

8

“Such as the Tinombala Task

Force, given that the operation

involves the National Police and

the TNI,” Rivanlee told Tempo on

Monday, Nov. 30.

TP/J/L3/1A the operation involves

Inclusion

activation/

functionalization

(“operation” is the

Tinombala Operation

which function is

specified)

collecvization

1

0 TP/J/L3/2A

Tinombala

Task Force

(being put as an

example)

passivation-

participation/



1

1 TP/J/L3/3A

the National

Police and the

TNI

(being involved

in the operation)

passivation-

participation/


190

• association

(“and”)


1

2 TP/J/L3/4N Rivanlee told

activation/

• informalization


1

3

The evaluation is necessary to

reveal the strength, weakness,

opportunity, threat of the policy,

he argued.

TP/J/L4/1A the evaluation

(assessed as

being necessary

to reveal the

strength,

weakness,

opportunity,

threat)

Exclusio

n

passivation-

participation/


1

4 TP/J/L4/2A the policy -

Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

1

5 TP/J/L4/3N

he

(Rivanlee) argued

activation/

• classification

(gender: male)


1

6

The Tinombala Task Force has

been under the public

spotlight following the recent attac

k case in Lembantongoa, Sigi,

Central Sulawesi.

TP/J/L5/1A the Tinombala

Task Force

(being put under

the spotlight) Inclusion

passivation-

participation/


(task force)



191

1

7 TP/J/L5/2

the public

spotlight -

passivation-


(under)/

impersonalization-

abstraction (spotlight

denotes that the public’s

attention → abstract

value that’s related to the

public)

1

8

TP/J/L5/3

M

the recent

attack case in

Lembantongo

a Sigi Central

Sulawesi

- Exclusio

n

passivation-


(following)/


1

9

The government informed that the

incident was carried out by a

terror group East Indonesia

Mujahidin (MIT) led by Ali

Kalora, which is the operational

target of the Tinombala Task

Force in Central Sulawesi.

TP/J/L6/1A the

government informed

Inclusion

activation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

2

0

TP/J/L6/2

M

a terror group

East

Indonesia

Mujahidin

(MIT) led by

Ali Kalora

(being stated to

carry out the

incident)

passivation-

participation/

• overdetermination

-distillation (the

terror group is

represented in

more than one

social practices:

being stated to


192

carry out the

incident, being led

by Ali Kalora)

• appraisement

(terror group)


(group)

• classification

(provenance:

Indonesia)

2

1

TP/J/L6/3

M

Ali Kalora/

the

operational

target

led MIT/

(being targeted)

Inclusion

activation (led)/

passivation-

participation (being

targeted)/


(full name)


(operational

target)


2

2 TP/J/L6/4A

the Tinombala

Task Force -

passivation-

possesivation

(operational target of…)/



(task force)

2

3

TP/J/L6/5

M the incident

(being informed/

declared to be

Exclusio

n

passivation-

participation/


193

(excludes the

alleged

perpetrators)

carried out

by…)


2

4

“If the draft deliberation is

resumed, the room for handling

terror acts by the TNI through the

function of deterrence,

suppression, and recovery will be

similar as giving the military a

blank and dangerous check,” said

Rivanlee.

TP/J/L7/1N Rivanlee said

Inclusion

activation/

• informalization


2

5 TP/J/L7/2A the TNI

handle terror

acts

activation (its social

action is being

represented through the

room for handling terror

acts)/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

2

6 TP/J/L7/3A the military (being given) Inclusion

passivation-

participation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

2

7 TP/J/L7/4A

the draft

deliberation

(the President

and his

government)

- Exclusio

n

passivation-



2

8

Human Rights and Security

Researcher from Setara Institute, TP/J/L8/1A Rivanlee - Inclusion

passivation-



194

Ikhsan Yosarie, shared the same

statement with Rivanlee. • informalization


2

9 TP/J/L8/2N

Human

Rights and

Security

Researcher

from Setara

Institute,

Ikhsan

Yosarie

shared the same

statement (said)

activation/


(full name)


(Human rights

and security

researcher)

• relational

identification

(Setara)


3

0 TP/J/L8/4N

Setara

Institute -

passivation-




3

1 He argued that the government of

President Jokowi needs to pay

attention to the massive discussion

discourse on the draft policy and

accommodate public suggestions.

TP/J/L9/1N

he

(Ikhsan

Yosariei)

argued

Inclusion

activation/

• classification

(male: he)

• pindividualization

3

2 TP/J/L9/2A

the

government

of President

Jokowi

(suggested to

pay attention

and

accommodate…

)

passivation-

possesivation/

• relational

identification (of

Jokowi)



195


(the government)

3

3 TP/J/L9/3A

President

Jokowi -

passivation-


• honorification

• informalization

(nickname)



3

4 TP/J/L9/4

public

suggestions -

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

(suggestions are

instrument used by the

public to carry out their

function/fulfilling their

rights of giving opinion)

3

5 TP/J/L9/5N

the massive

discussion

discourse on

the draft

policy

- Exclusio

n

passivation-



3

6 TP/J/L9/6A

the draft

policy - Inclusion

passivation-



196

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization


197

Appendix 6. The Table of Data Analysis on the Representation of Social Actors in TEMPO dated on December 11, 2020:

Mujahidin is Not a Matter for the Military


1

It is unthinkable

for ordinary

civilized people to

behave like members of the

group calling

themselves the

East Indonesia

Mujahidin, or

MIT.

TP/M/L1/1

ordinary

civilized

people

(being compared)

Inclusion



(ordinary civilized)


2 TP/M/L1/2M

members of the

group calling

themselves the

East Mujahidin

or MIT

-



(plural)


(member)

• relational

identification (the

group calling

themselves MIT)

3 TP/M/L1/3M

the East

Mujahidin or

MIT

-

passivation-




4

They carry out

random killings of

farmers on the

edges of the

forests of South

TP/M/L2/1V their victims - Inclusion



(plural)


(victim)


198

5

Sulawesi,

regardless of the

ethnicity or

religion of their

victims. TP/M/L2/2V farmers -


personalization-

determination-specification-

assimilation-collectivization

(plural)

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization (farmer)

6 TP/M/L2/3V

they/their as in

their victims

(members of

MIT)

carry out

activation/

personalization-



(plural)

7 TP/M/L2/4M random killings

of farmers (being carried out)


impersonalization-

abstraction

8

According to the

Mosintiwu

Institute, a civil

peace organization

in Poso and the

surrounding area,

the MIT carried

out at least four

sadistic murders

in the region from

January to

TP/M/L3/1N

the Mosintiwu

Institute, a

civil peace

organization in

Poso and the

surrounding

area

(stated/testified) Inclusion

activation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization (a civil

peace organization)

personalization-



(being represented as a

collective)


199

10

November this

year. TP/M/L3/2M the MIT carried out

activation/



11 TP/M/L3/3M four sadistic

murders (being carried out)


impersonalization-

abstraction

12

The victims were

Muslims,

Christians and

Hindus.

TP/M/L4/1V

the victims/

Muslims,

Christians, and

Hindus

(being reported its

religious identities) Inclusion



(status: victim)

• classification

(religions: Muslims,

Christians, Hindus)


(plural)

13 All of them were

farmers. TP/M/L5/1V

all of them/

farmers

(being reported to be

farmers) Inclusion


• association (all of

them)


(plural)


(farmer)

14

The latest atrocity

by the MIT group

which, according

to police, is led by

Ali Ahmad alias

Ali Kalora, took

TP/M/L6/1M

the latest

atrocity by the

MIT group


taken place/happened) Inclusion


impersonalization-

abstraction (atrocity is

categorized as an abstract

representation given it does

not belong to objectification

representation)


200

15

place on

November 27.

TP/M/L6/2A police (said/testified)

activation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization (as an

occupation)

16 TP/M/L6/3M Ali Ahmad

alias Ali Kalora led

activation/



17 The group set fire

to seven homes

- one of which

was usually used

as a house of

worship for the

Salvation Army

Church.

TP/M/L7/1M the group set fire

Inclusion

activation/

personalization-



18 TP/M/L7/2V seven homes

(being burned/set into

fire)


impersonalization-


19 TP/M/L7/3V

one of which/

a house of

worship for the

Salvation

Army Church


impersonalization-


20 Four people died

in the violence.

TP/M/L8/1V four people (being reported as

death/being killed) Inclusion

passivation-


personalization-


assimilation-aggregation

21 TP/M/L8/2V the violence - Exclusion passivation-

circumstantialization (in)/


201


22

The MIT has

reportedly carried

out guerrilla

activities in the

last eight years in

the jungles and

villages of Poso,

Parigi Moutong

and Sigi

Regencies, all of

which border each

other.

TP/M/L9/1M the MIT has reportedly carried

out Inclusion

passivation-participation

(being reported)/

activation (carried out

guerrilla act)/


• classification

23

Bloody conflicts

between different

religious

communities

afflicted the

region,

particularly Poso

and Sigi, between

1998 and 2001.

TP/M/L10/1

bloody

conflicts

between

different

religious

communities

afflicted the region

Inclusion

activation/


abstraction (bloody

conflict)

• classification

(status: different

religious

communities)


(communities)

24 TP/M/L10/2V the region (being afflicted)


impersonalization-


(the region → the residents)

25 TP/M/L11/1V local people immediately linked Inclusion activation/


202

Local people

immediately

linked the

November 27

attacks by the

MIT with this

dark history.

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

identification-classification

(provenance: “local”)

26 TP/M/L11/2M

the November

attacks by the

MIT

(being linked) Inclusion


impersonalization-

abstraction

27 TP/M/L11/3 this dark

history (being linked) Exclusion



28

However,

according to

research carried

out by the

Mosintiwu

Institute, the

crimes by this

group appeared

not to be targeted

against a

particular

religious

community.

TP/M/L12/1N

research

carried out by

the Mosintiwu

Institute

(stated/said)

Inclusion

activation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization (the

research is the instrument

used by Mosintiwu Institute

in carrying out its function)

29 TP/M/L12/2M the crimes by

this group

(being

researched/investigated)


impersonalization-

abstraction

30

The continued

existence of the

MIT for so many

years in the region

TP/M/L13/1M

the continued

existence of the

MIT

(considered as

surprising) Inclusion


impersonalization-

abstraction

31 TP/M/L13/2A the government has deployed activation/


203

is surprising

because since

2016, the

government has

deployed troops

from the

Indonesian

Military (TNI)

together with

police officers in

the Tinombala

task force, which

comprises around

3,000 personnel

from the Police

Mobile Brigade,

the Army

Strategic Reserves

Command,

Marines, Raiders

and Special

Forces Command.

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

32 TP/M/L13/3A

troops from the

Indonesian

Military (TNI)

together with

police officers

in the

Tinombala task

force, which

comprises

around 3,000

personnel from

the Police

Mobile

Brigade, the

Army Strategic

Reserves

Command,

Marines,

Raiders and

Special Forces

Command

(being deployed)


• association (and,

together with…)


(plural actors,

institutions)


(troops: TNI, …)

33

The Tinombala

task force shot

dead Santoso, the

TP/M/L14/1A The Tinombala

Task force shot dead Inclusion

activation/




204

34

MIT leader before

Ali Kalora, in

2016.

TP/M/L14/2A

Santoso, the

MIT leader

before Ali

Kalora

(being shot dead)


• relational

identification (MIT,

Ali Kalora)

• informalization

(Santoso)


(leader)


35 TP/M/L14/3A Ali Kalora -

passivation-




36 TP/M/L14/4M MIT -

passivation-

circumstantialization/ personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

37 The security

forces claimed

that after the death

of Santoso,

membership of

MIT declined.

TP/M/L15/1A the security

forces claimed Inclusion

activation/



(plural)

38 TP/M/L15/2M the death of

Santoso - Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction (the death

represents Santoso)


205

39 TP/M/L15/3M membership of

MIT


declined)


impersonalization-

abstraction (the membership

represents MIT as non-

human social actor)

40

Despite this,

Operation

Tinombala was

extended.

TP/M/L16/1A Operation

Tinombala was extended Inclusion


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

41

According to the

Mosintiwu

Institute, local

people have often

fallen victim to

stray bullets from

the security

forces.

TP/M/L17/1N the Mosintiwu

Institute (said/stated)

Inclusion

activation/



42 TP/M/L17/2V local people (reported as frequently

being fallen victim)


• classification (local)


43 TP/M/L17/3A

stray bullets

from the

security forces

-

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization (stray

bullets are instruments used

by the security forces in

carrying out their duties)

44

At least three

farmers have died

this way in 2020.

TP/M/L18/1V three farmers

have died

(being reported as dead/

being killed)

Inclusion


• aggregation


(farmer)


206

45 TP/M/L18/2A this way - Exclusion

passivation-


(“this way” excludes

authorities/security forces

whose bullet killed farmers)


46 Local people are

trapped. TP/M/L19/1V local people are trapped Inclusion




47

They are afraid of

being labelled

police informers

by the MIT group.

TP/M/L20/1V they

are afraid

(stated/said/growing a

suspicion)

Inclusion

activation/

personalization-



48 TP/M/L20/2M

being labelled

police

informers

-

passivation-


impersonalizaiton-utterance

autonomization

49 TP/M/L20/3M the MIT group (was suspected to label)




50

At the same time,

they are

frightened of

being accused by

the security forces

of being members

of the MIT.

TP/M/L21/1V they

are frightened

(stated/said/ growing a

suspicion) Inclusion

activation/

personalization-



51 TP/M/L21/2A the security

forces (was suspected to label)





207

52 TP/M/L21/3A being members

of the MIT -

passivation-


impersonalizaiton-utterance

autonomization

53 As a result, they

have left their

homes and the

land that they

cultivate.

TP/M/L22/1V they have left

Inclusion

activation/

personalization-



54 TP/M/L22/2V

their homes

and the land

that they

cultivate

(being left)


impersonalization-


55 They are the main

victims of the

MIT group’s

crimes, which

have been

accompanied by

the large-scale

deployment of

security forces.

TP/M/L23/1V

they/

the main

victims of the

MIT group’s

crimes

(being made victims by

MIT and the security

forces)

Inclusion



(the main victims)


(plural)

• relational

identification related

to MIT)

56 TP/M/L23/2M the MIT

group’s crimes -

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction (crimes is

chosen as the head of this

noun phrase that indicate

the representation of MIT is

non-human)


208

57 TP/M/L23/3A

the large-scale

deployment of

security forces

-

passivation-


impersonalization-

abstraction (the deployment

is the head of the phrase,

that’s why it is the

impersonalization)

58

The government

should reevaluate

the deployment of

troops to South

Sulawesi,

especially after

their failure to

protect local

people who have

been repeatedly

attacked by the

MIT group this

year.

TP/M/L24/1A the government (was suggested to re-

evaluate)

Inclusion


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

59 TP/M/L24/2A

their failure (to

protect local

people)

-

Inclusion


impersonalization-

abstraction (failure to

represent the government)

60 TP/M/L24/3A

the deployment

of troops to

South Sulawesi

(was suggested to be

reevaluated)


impersonalization-

abstraction (deployment to

represent troops)

61 TP/M/L24/4V local people have been repeatedly

attacked




(plural)

62 TP/M/L24/5M the MIT group (repeatedly attacked)

activation/

personalization-

determination-


209

categorization-

functionalization

63

The increase in

the number of

soldiers deployed

to the region

should not be

continued.

TP/M/L25/1A

the increase in

the number of

soldiers

(being deployed) Inclusion


impersonalization-

abstraction

64 The military

should not yet be

involved in

responding to this

terrorism.

TP/M/L26/1A the military (was expected to not yet

be involved) Inclusion


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

65 TP/M/L26/2A this terrorism - Exclusion

passivation-



66

The Indonesian

Military Law

allows for military

operations other

than war, which

can be interpreted

as including anti-

terror actions, but

this type of

operation must

obtain the

TP/M/L27/1A the Indonesian

Military Law allows Inclusion

activation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

67 TP/M/L27/2A

military

operations

other than war,

which can be

interpreted as

including anti-

terror actions

(being allowed to a

certain degree) Inclusion


impersonalization-

abstraction (military

operations represent the

military through its

activity/related function)


210

68

approval of the

House of

Representatives

(DPR). TP/M/L27/3A

the approval of

the House of

Representatives

(DPR)

- Inclusion

passivation-


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

(approval is DPR’s

instrument in carrying out

its job)

69

The Anti-terror

Law also allows

for the

involvement of

the military in the

war on terrorism,

but the draft

presidential

regulation to

implement this is

still being

deliberated by the

DPR.

TP/M/L28/1A the Anti-terror

Law allows

Inclusion

activation/

impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

70 TP/M/L28/2A

the

involvement of

the military (in

the war on

terrorism)

(being allowed)


impersonalization-

abstraction

71 TP/M/L28/3A

the draft

presidential

regulation (to

implement this)

the President,

Indonesian

government,

DPR

being deliberated


impersonalization-

objectification-

instrumentalization

72 TP/M/L28/4A the DPR deliberating

activation/

personalization-

determination-


211

categorization-

functionalization

73 As a result, the

military can only

operate under the

command of the

police.

TP/M/L29/1A the military operate under

Inclusion

activation/

personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

74 TP/M/L29/2A the command

of the police -


impersonalization-

abstraction

75

And the presence

of troops cannot

be permanent - as

is the case with

Operation

Tinombala - but

should depend on

the situation on

the ground.

TP/M/L30/1A the presence of

troops

(expected to operate on

certain condition)

Inclusion


impersonalization-

abstraction (the presence

represents the troops)

76 TP/M/L30/2A Operation

Tinombala

(being compared to the

presence of troops and

expected to operate

based on the situation

instead of being

permanent)




77 This means the

deployment of

soldiers can only

go ahead if there

is the possibility

that the police are

TP/M/L31/1A the deployment

of soldiers

(expected to only go

ahead if…)

Inclusion


impersonalization-

abstraction

78 TP/M/L31/2A the police -

passivation-


personalization-

determination-


212

unable to deal

with the problem.

categorization-

functionalization

79 TP/M/L31/3A

the problem

(MIT terrorist

group)

- Exclusion

passivation-



(the problem excludes MIT

as this discourse specifically

discuss MIT’s attacks and

the need of troops’

deployment. Besides, the

problem will be elaborated

in detail on the next

sentence so the

representation doesn’t

include the human social

actor yet)

80 The series of

attacks on farmers

in Sigi by the MIT

group cannot yet

be categorized this

way.

TP/M/L32/1A

the series of

attacks on

farmers in Sigi

by the MIT

group

(being assessed as

cannot yet be

categorized)

Inclusion


impersonalization-

abstraction

81 TP/M/L32/2V farmers in Sigi - (being attacked)

passivation-



(farmer)


(plural)


213

• classification (Sigi is

the location/their

houses)

82 TP/M/L32/3M the MIT group (attacked)

activation/



83 TP/M/L32/4 this way - Exclusion

passivation-



84

Therefore, the

police should try

harder to arrest the

people responsible

for the killings.

TP/M/L33/1A the police (was suggested to try

harder to arrest)

Inclusion


personalization-

determination-

categorization-

functionalization

85 TP/M/L33/2M

the people

responsible for

the killings

-

passivation-



• appraisement

(responsible for..

indicates that the

social actor is being

appraised by the

journalist)


the weaknesses of indonesia’s counterterrorism: a …

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