THE WEAKENING OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Late 1700s: Selim III’s reforms resented by janissaries, 1807 revolt

1826: Mahmud II slaughters janissaries

1838: treaty opening up trade hurts artisans

1839-1876: Tanzimat reforms: western style universities, transportation, communication, constitution of 1876

1878-1908: Abdul Hamid – repression; infrastructure

1908: Coup; resistance by Young Turks; troubles faced by Young Turks

Loss of territory: (Greece, 1830; Serbia, 1867; Balkan territory, 1870s; threats from Russia and new Balkan states, late 1800s)

http://www.jcsm.org/SpacePics/SuezCanel.jpg

THE SUEZ CANAL

1869: The Canal was inaugurated by Khedive Ismail in a lavish ceremony. French, British, Russian, and other royalty were invited for the inauguration.

1882: British troops move in to protect the canal. External debts had forced Egypt to sell its share in the canal to Britain.

1956: Egypt nationalized the canal. Britain, France and Israel invaded, and the week-long Suez War ensued. The United Nations declared the canal Egyptian property.

1967-75: After the Six-Day War in 1967, the canal remained closed for eight years. A UN peacekeeping force has been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1974.

EARLY NATIONALISM IN EGYPT & SUDAN

1798: Napoleon’s invasion of Mamluk Egypt

1801: Muhammad Ali – limited reforms

1869: Suez Canal

1867-1952: Khedive rule; growing division between Islamist and secularist resistance to European presence

1882: Coup; British back Khedive; indirect control

1870s: Mahdist resistance in Sudan

1898: British victory following Battle of Omdurman

Punch cartoon, 1879. The Khedive rides a donkey weighed down with debt.

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0254/img0056.jpg

Taiping Rebellionhttp://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/fineart/zhang.html

QING CHINA

1842 and 1856: China loses Opium Wars

1850s and ’60s: Taiping Rebellion

1894-95: Sino-Japanese war

1898-1901: Repressive rule of Empress Cixi; Boxer Rebellion; increased power for European and Japanese forces

1911: End of Qing dynasty; warlords; merchants

1911: Sun Yat-sen

1912-1916: Yuan Shikai; rising influence of Japan in China

1919: May Fourth Movement

EARLY INDIAN RESISTANCE

1857: An Indian soldier in the British army shot his commander for forcing Indian troops to use rifle cartridges greased with animal fat. The “mutiny” spread like wildfire and led to reinstatement of a Mughal emperor, but the Indians were defeated after six days of fighting. Within a couple of years, the rebellion was quelled throughout British India.

1858: The British government took over the reins from the East India Company in 1858.

1877: Queen Victoria crowned Empress of India

Late 1800s: Indian National Congress (no mass base); “drain of wealth” theory; Hindu nationalism

1904-05: Partition of Bengal

Rebellion of 1857

The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II as a prisoner

Gandhi outside his law office in Johannesburg, 1905http://www.suntimes.co.za/2001/11/11/lifestyle/life10.asp

Born in 1907, Bhagat Singh carried

childhood memories of the Amritsar Massacre.

Like many young Indians of his time, he

resorted to terrorist tactics. He was hanged

at the age of 23.

NATIONALISM IN TWENTIETH- CENTURY INDIA

1893-1914: Gandhi practised law in South Africa. Appalled by the racism and discrimination there, he cameup with the idea of “passive resistance”

1919: Amritsar Massacre. British troops fired on an unarmed political gathering, killing 379 and wounding 1,200. Many young Indians took to terrorist tactics in revenge.

1920s and ’30s: Satyagraha and swadeshi

1894-95: Sino-Japanese war

1902: Alliance with Britain

1904-05: Russo-Japanese War

1910: Annexation of Korea

1853-54: End of isolation

1868: Meiji era; industrialization

After 1879: Cultural and social conservatism; extreme nationalism

JAPANESE IMPERIALISM

EUROPE

By 1907: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France)

1908: Austria annexes Bosnia-Hercegovina

Women’s suffrage: since 1830s in Britain and US; 1840s demand for right to vote; WSPU 1903

1914: War breaks out

http://www.war1418.com/battleverdun/battleverdun33/

A WAR OF ATTRITIONThe battle of Verdun (1916) lasted ten months. It is estimated that over 700,000 people

were dead, wounded, or missing. The battlefield was not even ten square kilometers. This is a dugout at the Mort-Homme, or Dead Man’s Hill, an important lookout for Allied soldiers.

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld45.html

CHEMICAL WARFAREBritish soldiers in a machine gun nest, wearing anti-phosgene gas masks

Western Front, 1917Gas masks for the chemical war

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld44.html

Left: Russian soldier hanging on barbed wire. Right: Australian soldiers in a trench in Flanders, Belgium.

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld53.html

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld47.html

Ypres, 1917

HUMAN CONSEQUENCESDaughters of Belgian soldiers who died, at an orphanage in

northern France, 1917.

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld39a.html

For him the war is over. A lucky wound, 1916.

Source: Images of War: 130 years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (Hamburg: STERN-Buch im Verlag Gruner + Jahr AG & Co., 1983)

Faces of warBelow:Veterans of the trenches

Right:England, ca. 1918. A new face is matched up

Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

Hamburg, ca. 1918Teaching amputees how to walk

Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

Rehabilitation in GermanyA soldier who has lost his arm practices

marksmanship

Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and

Hans Christian Adam (1983)

TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS, 1919-26

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

MIDDLE EAST AFTER WW1