THE WAR TO END ALL WARS

AUSTRIA’S REACTION

• Germany gave Austria it’s unconditional support• Austria gave Serbia an ultimatum… but Serbia

could not agree with all of it• Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914• That day, Russia mobilized troops toward the

Austrian border (and the German border)• Aug. 1 – Germany declared war on Russia• Aug. 3 – Germany declared war on France

WHY FRANCE!?!

SCHLIEFFEN PLAN

ATTACK FRANCE AND DEFEAT

THEM QUICKLY, THEN TURN YOUR

ENTIRE FORCE TOWARD RUSSIA.

THOUGHT THIS WOULD WORK

BECAUSE SINCE RUSSIA WAS NOT INDUSTRIALIZED, IT WOULD TAKE A

LONG TIME TO PREPARE FOR

WAR.

CENTRAL POWERS

GERMANY

AUSTRIA-

HUNGARY

BULGARIA OTTOMAN

EMPIRE

ALLIES

SERBIARUSSIA

FRANCE

GREAT

BRITAIN

JAPAN

U.S.A.

WESTERN FRONT

• BATTLES THAT TAKE PLACE IN FRANCE – THE WESTERN-MOST BATTLE LINES DURING THE WAR

– MARNE (Sept 5-9, 1914)

– YPRES (1914)

– SOMME (1916)

– VERDUN (Feb. – Dec. 1916)

BATTLE OF THE MARNE

• 1ST MAJOR BATTLE OF THE WESTERN FRONT

• TAXIS BROUGHT FRENCH SOLDIERS FROM PARIS

• 2.5 MILLION FIGHT• SIGNALED THE END

OF GERMANY’S SCHLIEFFEN PLAN

RACE TO THE SEA FOR THE BATTLE OF YPRES

• BOTH SIDES TRIED TO OUTFLANK EACH OTHER

• CREATED A STALEMATE AND BOTH SIDES DUG IN FOR TRENCH WARFARE

TRENCH WARFARE

BATTLE OF VERDUN

• BOTH SIDES BEGAN USING DEADLY POISON GAS

• LONGEST BATTLE IN THE WAR AND LEFT BOTH SIDES WHERE THEY STARTED

• CONSUMED 23 MILLION SHELLS AND 650,000 LIVES

BATTLE OF THE SOMME

• TANKS WERE INTRODUCED IN THIS BATTLE BY THE BRITISH

• ALL TOTAL– 146,404 ALLIED DEAD– 164,055 GERMAN DEAD

Tanks of World War I

EASTERN FRONT

• BATTLE OF TANNENBERG (Aug. 27-30, 1914)

– Russians fall for a German trap– Over 30,000 Russians killed and another 125,000

captured– Germans lost only 12,500

• Russians quickly grew tired of the war due to heavy human loss, little industrialization, and no aid in supplies.

• Russia had over 2 million casualties in 1915 alone

TOOLS OF WAR

• POISON GAS – INTRODUCED BY GERMANS • MACHINE GUN – LED TO TREMENDOUS

DEATH TOLL• TANK – USELESS AT FIRST, IMPROVED OVER

TIME• AIRPLANES – FIRST USED FOR

INTELLIGENCE, LATER USED IN DOG-FIGHTING (RED BARON)

• SUBMARINES – MOST EFFECTIVE FOR THE GERMANS

GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN

• Allies tried to attack the Ottoman Empire and open a supply line to Russia

• Ultimately it turned into a very bloody trench war and resulted in a stalemate

• Its failure partially played a role in Russia pulling out of the war in 1917. Russia signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk giving a lot of its western lands to Germany.

Attacking a trench in Turkey

NAVAL THEATER

• England blockaded Germany with its navy

• Germany decided to fight by their own rules – “unrestricted submarine warfare”

• Stopped it for a while to avoid American participation in the war. Returned to it again in 1917 when it tried to blockade England.

LUSITANIA

TOTAL WAR

• ALL RESOURCES DEVOTED TO WAR• GOVT. TOOK CONTROL OF ECONOMY

AND DECIDED WHAT WAS PRODUCED• UNEMPLOYMENT ALMOST

DISAPPEARED • PEOPLE PRACTICED RATIONING IN

WHICH THEY COULD ONLY BUY SMALL PORTIONS OF CERTAIN GOODS

AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR

• SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA

• ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM

TURNING THE TIDE

• 1917 – USA SENDS THE “AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE” LED BY JOHN J. PERSHING TO EUROPE

• MAY 1918, GERMANS ONCE AGAIN LOST AT THE MARNE, THIS TIME DUE TO AMERICAN AID FOR THE ALLIES

• AFTERWARD, GERMAN HIGH COMMAND TOLD THE KAISER THEY COULD NOT WIN THE WAR

GERMANY GIVES UP

• NOV. 9, 1918 – WILHELM II ABDICATED HIS THRONE, GERMANY BECOMES A “REPUBLIC”

• NOV. 11, 1918 – GERMANY SUED FOR PEACE OUTSIDE OF PARIS(THEY WERE FORCED TO SIGN IT IN A RAILCAR OUTSIDE OF PARIS – HITLER WILL REVISIT THIS SAME CAR IN WW2)

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

DAVID LLOYD GEORGE

UNITED KINGDOM

GEORGES CLEMENCEAU

FRANCE

VITTORIO ORLANDO

ITALY

WOODRO

W W

ILSON

UNITED

STATES

Main objectives of p.p.c.

• Lloyd George – expand colonial empire, preserve naval and industrial supremacy, make Germany “pay for the war”

• Clemenceau – ensure French security against Germany

• Orlando – enlarge Italy’s territory in Europe and overseas

• Wilson – sought to implement his “14 points”

Treaty of versailles

• Peace treaty between the Allies and Germany• Germany lost territory (Alsace-Lorraine, Danzig,

parts of Poland)• Germany lost ALL colonies• Disarmament – limited to 100,000 volunteers, no

draft, no air force, no subs, no war industries, demilitarized Rhineland

• War Guilt Clause – Germany accepted sole responsibility for war – and had to pay for it!

• Creation of the League of Nations

AFTERMATH OF THE WAR

• Hapsburg, Hohenzollern, Romanov all fall

• Over 10 million dead, 20 million injured

• Total cost of war exceeded $350 billion

• USA emerged as the leading world power

• Austria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and a bigger Romania were created

PROCESSING #1PROCESSING #1

• CREATE AN ILLUSTRATED DIAGRAM OF TRENCH WARFARE…INCLUDE TRENCHES FOR BOTH SIDES, NO MAN’S LAND, AND OTHER VARIOUS DETAILS THAT WOULD BE PRESENT IN THE TRENCHES (EX. RATS, DEAD PEOPLE, BARBED WIRE)

PROCESSING #2PROCESSING #2

WRITE A SHORT POEM FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF A SOLDIER IN THE TRENCHES. IT CANNOT BE A “ROSES ARE RED” MODELED POEM, BUT IT CAN BE ACROSTIC STYLE POEM. THAT WOULD MEAN, THE FIRST WORD OF EACH LINE OF YOUR POEM STARTED WITH THE LETTERS OF YOUR MAIN WORD… W.E.S.T.E.R.N. F.R.O.N.T (FOR EXAMPLE)

PROCESSINGPROCESSING #3 #3

• Create a matrix comparing the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles. Compare them in regard to main people involved, main goals, treatment of losing side, peacekeeping alliance, map changes, and ultimate effectiveness at preventing war.

Congress of Vienna Treaty of Versailles

Main People Metternich – Austria

Wellington – Great Britain

Prussia / Russia / France

Wilson – USA

Orlando – Italy / Clemenceau – Fr

Lloyd George - UK

Goals Balance of Powers

Buffer zone for France

Legitimacy (rulers)

REVENGE

Make Germany pay for everything

Treatment of Losing SideVery few penalties… ultimately

treated rather leniently

Very harsh

Forced to pay for the war

Limited military capability

War guilt clause

Peace-keeping allianceConcert of Europe League of Nations

Map ChangesFrance reduced to pre-revolution

borders

Germany lost all colonies

Lost Alsace-Lorraine and Poland

Resulting Peace Crimean War – 1853

Britain, Russia, Ottoman Empire

38 years of Peace

World War II – 1939

20 years of peace