the volunteer, march 2000

8/14/2019 The Volunteer, March 2000

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...and that government of the people,by the people, and for the people,shall not perish from the earth.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

TheVolunteerJOURNAL OF THE VETERANS OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN BRIGADE

Th eVo l u n t e e rVol. XXII, No. 2 Spring 2000

WWe Me Must Remembust Remember!er!

NNeew Yw Yorork Ak Aprpr il 30il 30WWe Me M ust Remembust Remember!er!

HHonors Fonors Fighighting Sting Spirpir it ait attBBaay Ay Arrea Vea Vet s Reuni onet s Reuni on

Peter Glazers sensational theatrical pre-sentation We Must Remember! which

headlines the annual New York reunion onApril 30, left a crowd of 900 spectators simul-

taneously cheering and weeping at the showspremier performance before Bay Area veter-ans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade on

February 27. Based onthe writings of Spanish

Civil War participantsand observers, together

with the wars legendarysongs, as well as new

Continued on page 5

TThe Judge Whe Judge Who Indicho IndicttededPPinoinochet tchet to So Sppeak aeak at NY Vt NY VetsetsEEvvenent At Aprpril 28, 30,il 28, 30, page 4page 4

Sergeant Edward CarterHonored, page 2

Boys of Williamsburg, page 6

New Robert Capa Photos Found,page 8

Sam Walters Photos, page 24Vets and supporters at the unveiling of the IB monument in BritishColumbia, Canada, (l-r) Tom Kozar, Rosaleen Ross, Joe Barrett, DaveSmith, Jack Harman, and Arne Knutsen.

PHOTO

BY

RICHARD

BERMACK

A MA Monumenonument in Bt in B.C.,.C., page 12page 12


2/24

2 THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000

Sgt. EdwardCarterHonored inSacramento

The only Lincoln vet toreceive a Congressional

Meda l of Hon or, Sgt.

Edw ard A. Carter, Jr.,

received special recogni-

tion last February w hen

the California Military

Museum in Sacramento u nveiled a special exhibit as

par t of the celebration of Black History Month .

Carter's h eroic exploits occurr ed in 1945 in

Germany, but because of the army's discriminatory poli-

cies towar d African Am erican soldiers, he received only

the Distinguished Service Cross. In 1997, Presiden t Bill

Clinton m oved to rem edy that injustice by aw ardingCarter the Med al of Hon or. Carter died in Los Angeles

in 1963 at the age of 47.

Besides the racial prejudice he faced in the arm y,

Carter's service in Spa in had m ade h im susp ect to mili-

tary intelligence officers because of the Lincoln

Brigade's ties to the Com mu nist Party. Indeed, in 1949,

the arm y rejected his request for reenlistment. That

blacklisting, part of the Truman era witchhunting,

abrup tly ended his military career.

Carters daugh ter-in-law, Allene Carter, has led a

long crusad e to have his military record corrected.

The VolunteerJournal of the

Veterans of theAbraham Lincoln Brigade

an ALBA publication

799 Broadway, Rm 227New York, NY 10003

(212) 674-5552

Editorial BoardPeter Carrol l Leonard LevensonFraser Ottanelli Abe Smorodin

and Bill Susman

Design ProductionRichard Bermack

Editorial AssistanceAnne Taibleson and Ann Fraser

ProofreadingNancy Van Zwalenburg

Submission of Manuscripts

Please send manuscripts by E-mail or on disk.

E-mail:[email protected]

JJoin the Doin the DiscussioniscussionOnlineOnline

Dur ing the p ast few mon ths, ALBAs on-line d iscus-

sion grou p has had a 20% increase in m embership,

pred ominantly due to the interest of Europ eans who su b-

scribed to the site. The wor k of the ALBA mem bers pr esent

at the Mad rid Forum on the International Brigades last

Novem ber has encouraged many newcomers to partici-

pate in the list.

There are currently 190 members, with new sign-upsevery w eek. This list is the on ly pred ominately English

language discussion group on the subject, although we d o

accept an d encourage contributions in other langu ages,

mainly Spanish an d French. By far the largest prop ortion

of members are in the United States, althou gh the

Europ ean contingent cur rently repr esents 25%, with Spain

the largest contribu tor, followed closely by the Un ited

Kingdom . The p ostings, or contributions, are circulated

as far and wide as Au stralia, New Zealand and Finland

and as close to home as Mexico and Canada.

The information circulated is on a variety of subjects,

from requ ests for d etails on specific battles or volun teers to

questions or comments concerning interpretations of the

Civil War and/ or works of famou s historians. One mem -

ber recently went to th e troub le of sharing h is extensive

bibliograp hy w ith list member s. There w as even a recent

exchange on the battle-worthiness of the Mosin-Nagant

rifle, used by m any Repu blican army un its, including the

XVth Brigade.

There are a few ru les govern ing the use of the discus-sion site: messages must be signed by the sender an d mu st

relate to some asp ect of the Span ish Civil War or to the his-

tory or legacy of the International Brigades. All messages

are previewed by the list moderator to ensure that th ey

abide by th ese guidelines. Members may join or leave the

mailing list at their convenience. The names of mem bers,

available only to the list m odera tors, are kep t strictly confi-

dential.

To participat e, simp ly send a blank e-mail message to:

[email protected]. A passwor d w ill be assignedto enable you to read archived messages. Questions can be

directed to the list mod erator via e-mail at: owner-

[email protected] correspondence from t he list is reprinted in

the Volunteer as Lett ers to ALBA. See page 3.


3/24

THE VOLUNTEER, Spring 2000 1999 3

Let ter s to ALBADear brothers:

I am a Puertorican stud ying the Spanish Civil War for

the last four year s, as part of a d octoral thesis. In the book

Un m exicano en la Guerr a Civil Espaola (A mexican

in the Span ish Civil War) by Nstor Snchez Hern nd ez, I

found a ph oto where the author mentioned that theLincoln Brigade was composed of americans, cubans and

puertoricans. In another book, Voluntarios americanos en

la Guerra Civil Espa ola (Am erican volunteers in the

Spanish Civil War), by Cecil Eby, on page 57, the author

mentions that more than a dozen pu ertoricans were mem-

bers of the Cubans Column, Antonio Guiteras, of the

Lincoln Brigade. On page 45 of the last book, the au thor

men tions that all members of the Brigades gav e their

nam es, nationalities, ph otos, and filled out a qu estionaire

in Albacete, Spain.

I und erstand that for all puertoricans it mu st be an

honor to know the nam es, particularities and participa-

tions of their brothers in the Spanish Civil War, and ifpossible the photos of them.

ateneoespm [email protected] x

Jos Alejand ro Or tiz Carrin

k-Bauza, Ulyses

k-Carbonell Cuevas, Pablo

Carbonell, Fernando

k-Carbonell Cuevas, Jorge

Carbonell, Victor A .

Cofresi, Manu el

Colon Velez, Baudilio

Cuesta Enamorado, Jose

k-Delgado Delgado,

Carmelo

Delgado, Emilio

k-Falu, Natividad

Garcia, Angel Ocasio

Gotay, Ruben (Montalro)

Gravel, Fernand ez (uncon-firmed)

Iduarte, Andre

Lopez, Jules Her man

k-Martinez, Felipe

Moll Gonzalez, Fernando

Moll Gonzalez, Francisco

Pacheo Padre, Antonio

Queipo Sanchez, Pablo

(Puerto Rican?)

Rivera, Ferdinand

Sanchez Vasqu ez, Adolfo

Seno Martinez, Pedro

Urbina, Cesar

Usera, Vincent (born in

Puerto Rico)

Yepes Manuel, Victor

I hope this information will

be helpful. I am looking for

add itional information on

all of these volunteers. Thematerial will appear in the

ALBA Biographical

Dictionary,

Christopher Brooks

[email protected]

By Moe Fishman

With the dw indling num ber of International

Brigade veterans all over the world causing diminished

capacity to function, several organizations have sprung

up consisting of friend s (and relatives) of the I.B. There

are currently such organizations in England , Ireland,Denmark, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Russia and

France. We are all awar e of the Association of Amigos

de Brigados International/ Friends of the International

Brigade (AABI) in Spain. Ana Perez, its presiden t,

writes that she is in touch with all of these associations.

It occurs to the w riter that friends and r elatives of the

Abraham Lincoln Brigade should form similar organiza-

tions in this count ry and become ALBA associates.

With our membership dow n and posts of veterans

dow n to just the N ew York and Bay Area (San

Francisco), the infusion of friends an d r elatives wou ld

give us a shot in the arm.

This from Bobby Hall in Chicago: Last night theChicago Friend s of the Lincoln Brigade co- spon sored a

pr ogram at the Un iversity of Chicago on the occasion of

African-American History Month. The main topic was

Langston Hu ghes and his experiences in Spain. It w as

attended by a m ix of about half students an d h alf com-

mu nity old-timers. There was a lively exchange. We

reached some international stud ents and w e sold some

books.

John Kailin of Madison, Wisconsin, tells me that a sa resu lt of large p ublic participation in the su ccessful

effort to erect the monu men t in that city, such a friend s

and relatives organization is being formed. Would like

to hear o f interest in su ch a pr oject in you r area. For

mor e information on h ow to becom e an ALBA associ-

ate drop us a n ote at 799 Broadw ay or look us up on

the web at http:/ / ww w.alba-valb.org

While waiting to get into the curr ent Wood y Allen

mov ie, I wand ered into the film My Dog Skip . Imagine

my su rp rise! The father of the young h ero of the film

(actor Kevin Bacon) had lost a leg in the Span ish Civil

War. Later in the film som eone says, He shou ld have

gotten a medal. How abou t that!

On December 9, 1999, in N ew York, our com rad e

Martin Balter calls me all excited: Moe you have to

watch Bill Beutel, the comm entator on Ch annel 7, ABC,tomorrow night at 6 p.m. Its going to be about me and

the war in Spain . I called a nu mber of peop le even

thou gh I was a bit skeptical, I admit. Sur e enough ,

toward the end of the news report, on comes Marty

being interviewed on wh y he volunteered to fight

Franco and wh at he did th ere, interspersed w ith shots of

the war. Later he told me how it happen ed. Seems there

is a young lady w ho lives in a hou se down the street

from him in th e Bronx. He got to talking to her and

Continued on page 10

Bri gadier New sBri gadier New s

Response from Christopher Brooks, ALBA Biographical

Dictionary . The following is a list of volun teers identified

as Puerto Ricans:


4/24


B

altasar Gar zn , the fiercely

independ ent Spanish m agistrate

wh o defied his own conserva-tive government to bring criminal

charges against former Chilean dicta-

tor Au gusto Pinochet, will present the

third ann ual ALBA-Bill Susm an

Lecture on Friday, Ap ril 28, at N ew

York Un iversitys Law School, a pro -

gram co-sponsored by N YUs King

Jua n Car los I of Spa in Center . In h is

first pub lic visit to the United States,

Seor Garzn will also app ear at the

ALBA-VALB reu nion at the Borou gh

of Manhattan Comm un ity College

on Sund ay, April 30.We are all eager to meet Seor

Garzn and to encourage h is efforts,

remar ked VALB national officer Abe

Smorodin.

The 43-year old Spanish judge cap-

tured international attention in October

1998 when his criminal investigations

of hum an rights violations led him to

issue an arrest warrant for Pinochet

while the former head of state was vis-

iting England for medical treatment.

Charging the ex-dictator with

crimes against hum anity, including

genocide an d terrorism, and involve-

men t in the deaths of over 4000

people, Garzn requested the English

government to extradite Pinochet to

Madrid for further interrogation and

trial. The request startled m any legal

experts by claiming that n ew interna-

tional human rights treaties no longer

give government leaders imm unity

from charges involving v iolations of

human rights.

The governmen t of Chile, inwhich Pinochet enjoys legal protection

as a sena tor for life, immed iately chal-

lenged Garzns claims. Two weeks

after receiving Garzns warran t,

Britains High Court ruled that

Pinochet was imm une from arrest as a

head of state at the time the alleged

crimes were committed , but insisted

that the d ictator remain in custody

pend ing further appeals. Meanw hile,

Spains conservative governmen t, led

by Prime M inister Jose Maria Aznar,

disavowed Garzns p roceedings,though Aznar explained to the gov-

ernm ent of Chile that he lacked the

legal power to block the arrest warrant.

When Garzns app eal moved to

Britains highest cou rt, how ever, the

Law Lords of the H ouse of Lords

overturned the initial jud gment, rul-

ing in November 1998 that Pinochet

was not imm un e from international

law. Then, two w eeks later, the Law

Lords set aside their ow n ru ling,

acknow ledging that their initial deci-

sion h ad been tainted by the p ossiblebias of one of its jud ges wh o had an

indirect relation with Amnesty

International, an organization eager to

see Pinochet brough t to trial.

While Pinochet remained und er

house arrest near London , the Law

Lords reconsidered the case in March

1999, finally conclud ing th at Pinochet

does not enjoy immun ity for his

crimes against hum anity, but the same

court substantially reduced the n um -

ber of crimes for wh ich he could be

charged . This decision, perhaps the

most mom entous in international crimi-

nal law since World War II, established

a clear and p otentially wide ranging

precedent that heads of states can be

held accountable for their actions w hile

in office and despite any imm unity they

obtain from their own state.

As the British government pro-

ceeded slowly and reluctantly toward

extradicting Pinochet to Spain, the

general app ealed the d ecision, arguing

that med ical problems made an y legalproceedings against him unfair. An

examination by British doctors sup -

por ted Pinochets claims to

incomp etence. Although other coun-

tries, includ ing France, Belgium, an d

Switzerland, joined Spain in challeng-

ing that report, the British government

finally freed Pinochet from hou se

arrest in March 2000 and p ermitted

him to retu rn to Ch ile. There, hum an

rights groups have vowed to continue

the case against the former d ictator.

In app roving the release ofPinochet, Britains Home Secretary

Jack Straw neverth eless acknow l-

edged the triump h of Jud ge Garzns

legal principles. It is established

beyond question the principle that

those who commit hum an rights abus-

es in one country cannot assume they

are safe elsewh ere. This preceden t

has already led to formal proceedings

against Hisene Habre, former presi-

den t of Chad , now living in Senegal,

on charges of torture.

The real reason for doing th is isnot vengeance, observed Reed Brody

of the advocacy group H um an Rights

Watch. Rather, he said, it warns peo-

ple who are there in power now , who

havent yet comm itted these crimes,

Watch Ou t! Dont coun t on getting

aw ay with th is.

Jud ge Garzns involvem ent in

the Pinochet case began in 1996 when

he opened a criminal investigation of

the d isappearance of several Span ish

citizens in Argentina during a period

of military rule betw een 1976 and

1983. His research led h im to conclude

that the Geneva Conventions and

other intern ational law offer no sanc-

tua ry for criminals accused of serious

crimes against hum anity and th at time

limits in su ch cases do not exist. He

soon issued charges against more than

100 Argentine military and police offi-

cials and issued international arrest

warran ts against 11 senior military

officers. One Ar gentine cap tain,

Ad olfo Scilingo, now imp risoned forpar ticipating in mass executions and

tortu re, offered evidence of an elabo-

rate netw ork of international

cooperation in such crimes, involving

officials of Argentina, Ch ile, Uru guay,

Brazil, and Paraguay, know n as

Operation Condor.

Although Judge Garzns assidu -

ous investigations have drawn criticism

Spanish Judge in Pinochet CaseHeadlines April EventsBy Peter Carroll

Continued on page 7


5/24


mu sic and p oetry, the program tracedthe bold and p assionate story of politi-

cal activism from the 1930s to last

years demonstrations against the

World Trad e Organ ization in Seattle.

Members of the vigorou s San

Francisco Mime Troup e, led by m usi-

cal director Bruce Barthol, brough t a

gripping energy to th eir roles and

mad e music that pulsed through the

excited au dience. Barthol is bringing a

contingent to New York in Ap ril ,

where they w ill share billing with vet-

eran performers Arlo Guthrie, Pete

Seeger, and Tao Rodriguez-Seeger.

Spanish Jud ge Baltazar Garzon w ill

also appear.

The stage show stresses the links

between events of the past and the liv-

ing popu lar memory, a theme that res-onated all day as the north ern

California activist commu nity pa id

homage to the 17 vets who attended

the affair. David Smith, Bay Ar ea Post

leader, and Peter Carroll, chair of

ALBA, acted as m asters of ceremony

and rem inded the enthu siastic audi-

ence of the connections between past

and pr esent. A letter from th e Span ish

film actor An tonio Band eras, wh ich

end orsed the vets efforts to raise

mon ey for political causes, served to

evoke th e Lincoln Brigades tradition

of supp orting anti-fascist peoples

around the world.

Smith and Carroll explained that

this year the local post will sup port at

least four m ajor p rojects: the n eedy

veterans of the Interna tional Brigades

living in eastern Europe; the Soler

Pediatric Hospital in Hav ana, Cuba,

wh ich h as an international reputation

for its treatment of ailing children ; the

School of the Americas Watch, w hich

has organized p rotest demonstrationsat Fort Benning, Georgia, seeking to

close the m ilitary bases program of

instructing Latin Am erican m ilitary

police in th e art of violent interroga-

tions; and Global Exchan ge, one of the

organizations involved in protesting

the WTO.

The Bay Area Post acknow ledged

the d eath of four m embers last year,

nu rse Ruth Davidow , vets Sid Levine

and Richard Cloke, and Sophie Smith.The 17 living veterans, includ ing visi-

tors Maurice Constant from Toronto

and Julia Tello, wh o as a 16-year-old

militia volunteer fought with the

Thaelman battalion, drew a thund erous

ovation. The veterans also toasted

Treasurer Esther Hon Brown , who is

stepping dow n from the world of high

finance, with a bou quet of flowers.

Then, as a solo trump et played the

soft slow melody of Venga Jaleo, a

wom ans voice began to speak the

famous lines of John Sayles: One of

the m ajor obstacles in the w ay of

hum an progress, of human u nder-

Continued on page 7

BBaay Ay Arrea Reunionea ReunionContinued from page 1

Esther Hon Brown retires as Bay AreaPost treasurer.

Spanish Brigadista Julia Tello (l), whofought with the Thaelman Battalion,attended with her daughter, Bay AreaAssociate Victoria Parraga.

Surviving Bay Area vets take the stagePHOTOS

BY

RICHARD

BERMACK


6/24


By Abe Smorodin

TT

here are shelves above my desk

in the office at 799 Broad way

that have accumu lated all the

detritus of 30 years of VALB activities.It was an eyesore so I decided to go

through all that junk, d iscard w hat

wasnt needed and find a prop er place

for usable material. And that is where

I found the accompan ying picture.

The aging process sharpens ones

long-term m emory. And as I looked at

that p icture, in my mind s eye, next to

the Stone br others, to Eli Biegelman ,

and Jerry Weinberg, I saw th e others:

Saullie Wellman, Lou Gordon, Joe and

Leo Gordon . We were the Boys of

Williamsbu rg; no, we w ere the Youn gComm un ists of Williamsbu rg. I wish I

had the talent of a nov elist so I could

adequa tely tell their stories.

Our hangou t was the Y.C.L. club

in a loft on Tompkins Avenu e. In this

period of rampant un employment, it

served as a second home for us. Our

evenings were usually filled with ani-

mated discussions of world events;

the evils of social dem ocracy or those

Buchar inite traitors on trial in the

U.S.S.R. Those w ere the days.

There was a w restling mat that

was mostly used by the Gordon broth-

ers, Joe and Leo. They w ent at it w ith

such gu sto, so ferocious, it was painful

to watch. A few years later Leo

Gordon an d a Finnish machine-gun

unit were surroun ded in the hills

above Caspe in the Aragon. As a run -

ner for the Mac-Paps, I was given the

message that th e Battalion was retreat-

ing and that we should get out

qu ickly. I couldn t get to Leo and his

comrad es in time, and since then Ivebeen haun ted by that m emory. Joe

Gordon su rvived Spain. During

World War II he was a seaman on a

merchant ship. A N azi U-boat torpe-

doed his ship on th e perilous

Murmansk run and all hands were

lost.

Back to the Tomp kins Avenu e

clubhouse. Tuesdays were sacrosanct.

Thats wh en ou r weekly YCL meet-

ings were held. No excuses accepted.

Well, one Tuesd ay, being passionate

mu sic lovers, Lou Gordon an d I went

to Lewisohn stadium to hear the N .Y.

Philharmon ic and no kidd ingwe

were expelled from the League. But at

the next executive comm ittee meeting

I had some ap prop riate quotes from

Lenin and ou r membership was

restored!

In the ear ly 1930s there w as a

Soviet novel called The Little Golden

Calf by Ilf and Petrov. It is long ou t of

print. It is and remains one of the fun-

niest books I ever read. Jack Freeman

and I read p assages from it, almost at

rand om, and w ed laugh un til our

guts hu rt. Jack was killed d uring a

quiet day at the front. And he w asnt

even reaching for a bu tterfly.Now , the three Stone brothers.

Look again at the p icture. As far as I

know it is the only image that we h ave

of them together.

Brun ete w as the first large-scale

offensive the Repu blic could w age.

The Ejercito Popu lar had been bu ilt up

to an effective fighting force. The

Madrid front had been stabilized and

Brun ete was the place where the

Republic thought, vainly, that the

siege could be lifted. Casu alties were

enormous; within a few hou rs both

Joe and Sam Stone w ere killed. Ou r

commissar Steve Nelson had to physi-

cally restrain H y from d ashing

toward s the Fascist lines. Shortly

thereafter Hy w as sent home.

Jerry Weinberg was my best

friend. My son is named for him. We

were rabid Dod ger fans, though root-

ing for a perennial last place team w as

no fun . Wed go to Ebbetts Field, not

far from Jerrys house, and wa tch our

team, u sually lose. There is something

to be said for nostalgia. Jerry m ade it

through Spain. Comes World War II,

he enlisted in the Army Air Corps,

where he w as a tail-gun ner on a B-17.

The squad ron was based in England ,from wh ere it took part in one of the

great air-raids over Ploesti, Rum ania,

the N azis major source of oil. Jerry s

plane was hit and cripp led but was

able to land safely in neutra l Tur key.

This meant that u nd er the Geneva

Convention he w as entitled to intern-

ment and all the perks that went w ith

TThe Bhe Booyys of Ws of Williamsburilliamsburgg

Continued on page 7

Hy Stone, Eli Biegelman, Joe Stone, Jerry Weinberg, and Sam Stone


7/24


stand ing, is cynicism. And then a

second wom ans voice respond s:

What about the gu ys in the Lincoln

Brigade?

And so the program raced for-

ward , blending the word s of authors

like Alvah Bessie, Edwin Rolfe, and

Pablo Neru da w ith powerful rend i-

tions of Freiheit, Jarama Valley,

and Los Cuatro Generales. The

stunning contemporary poetry of

Michele Gibbs, dau ghter of a vet, read

by actress Velina Brown, fused mag i-

cally with an improvised jazz melody,

while Michael Sullivans reading of

Ramon Durem s poem Aw ardTo

the FBI Man Who H as Followed Me

For Twenty Five Years left the aud i-

ence in s titches. Bruce Barthols

balladic Taste of Ashes now mu st

take its place among the classic songs

inspired by the Spanish Civil War.Backing the stage perform ance

were computerized projections of

black and w hite photographs that

were comp iled by filmm aker Jud y

Montell (Forever Activists) and p hotog-

rapher Richard Bermack. Here the

language of war and parad es meshed

with strong visual images. And the

litany of celebrated vets, the living

and the deadMilton Wolff, Gabby

Rosenstein, Archie Brown, Abe

Osheroff, for instancewas ma tched

by stunning p hotographic displays.

When the show end ed one hour

later, there was h ardly a d ry eye in

Oakland s Calvin Simm ons Theater.

Come back next year, cried Dav id

Smith to the cheering crowd. Come

back fighting, added Peter Carroll.

The consensus of the Bay Area

Post: The best p rogram ever!

Get ready in New York. Apr il 30,

2 p.m. Borough of Manhattan

Comm un ity College. For ticket infor-

mation: 212-674-5552.

from the governments of those coun-

tries, he has emerged w ith a

reputation as an incorruptible, princi-

pled magistrate. During the 1980s, he

exposed the q uasi-official actions of

Spains police death squads thatoperated against Basque nationalists.

His inqu iries resulted in th e convic-

tion of former Socialist Interior

Minister Jose Barrionuevo for attacks

on Basque separa tists. Yet Garzn h as

also investigated criminal activities

involving the Basque separatist orga-

nization ETA.

His appearance at the ALBA-VALB

affairs will focus on the significance of

the Pinochet case for limiting the abuses

of power in the future. Adm ission to the

ALBA-Bill Susman Lecture is free,thanks to the generous supp ort of our

benefactors. This years lecture is mad e

possible by grants from the Program for

Cultural Cooperation Between Spains

Ministry of Culture and United States

Universities and the Boehm Foundation

and by the ALBA-Bill Susman Lecture

endow ment created in 1998.

BBaay Ay Arrea Reunionea ReunionContinued from page 5

Garzn/JusticeContinued from page 4

his rank . Jerry w as a staff sergeant.

That did n ot suit Jerry, the valorous

anti-fascist, so he left the safety of thecamp an d hiked across North Africa

un til he reached som e British outfits

chasing Rommel. Jerry was return ed

to his squad ron, and on th e very next

mission his plane was shot dow n over

France. There were no su rvivors.

So Sherman w as right: War is

Hell. I wish The Volunteer w ould

mor e often reflect the reality of that

terrible experience wh ile reaffirm ing

the absolute need for The Good

Fight. We have monu ments to our

dead in Seattle and in Madison, but letus also remem ber that for each com-

rade that w e lost there is a name, a

face and countless stories.

Forgive the excessive Is in this

article. A mem ber of the editorial

board of The Volunteer urged me to

overcome my old Bolshevik ways and

drop the we and the us and make

my account more p ersonal.

WWilliamsburilliamsburggContinued from page 6

Judge Baltazar Garzn willpresent the ALBA-Bill

Susman Lecture on Friday,April 28, at 7:30 p.m. atthe Tishman Auditorium,40 Washington SquareSouth, New York.


8/24

By Robert Coale

The H istorical Archive of the

Spanish Com mu nist Party inMadrid is about to p ublish a

selection of 100 outstand ing yet little

known photograph s of the Civil War, a small portion of

their stock of over 1,680 black and wh ite negatives from the

period , includ ing 120 depicting the International Brigades.

Over the p ast year there have been several articles in the

Spanish p ress about the photograph s and their possible

connection to Robert Capa. Most journalists even go a s far

as attributing them un dou btedly to the famous war ph o-

tograp her. While the latter claim is a leap of faith, Capa

biographer Richard Whelan concedes in his introduction to

a recent photo catalogue,Heart of Spain, that some of the

contents of the archive could w ell have been m ade by that

photographer.

Dom ingo Malagn, the first director of the archive

up on th e legalization of the Spanish Com mu nist Party in

1977, who, incidentally, was himself wou nd ed in the

defense of Madr id in 1936, can sup ply on ly sketchy infor-

mation abou t the origins of the negatives. One day, in the

late 1970s, a camarad e came to th e office and gave m e the

negatives, but n ever explained how he got th em. Vicky

Ramos, present archival director and editor of the up com-

ing book, refrains from affirming they ar e the work of

Robert Capa. In fact, there is no absolute way to prov e such

a claim, but she does like to leave a nagg ing doubt floatingin the air. She p resents you w ith the circum stantial evi-

dence, then you are left to make your ow n conclusions

wh ile examining a collection of exceptional photogr aph s.

Here are the facts: the photos w ere taken w ith a Leica

camera. The negatives are 35 mm in un nu mbered strips of

six frames each. In m any cases, the shots correspond to

places, times, sub ject matter, and even an gle of identified

Robert Capa p rints. Since there are docum ented cases of

Capa carrying more than one camera while in Spain, could

these be negatives from rolls of film that never reached h is


NewSpanishCivil War

PhotosAttributedTo RobertCapa

PHOTOS

COPYRIGHT

ARCHIVO

HIST

ORICO

DELPARTIDO

COMUNISTA

DE

ESPAA

By agreement with Archivo Histrico del PartidoComunista de Espaa we are not allowed to repor-duce these photos in the web edition of theVolunteer

By agreement with Archivo Histricodel Partido Comunista de Espaa weare not allowed to reporduce thesephotos in the web edition of theVolunteer


9/24


Paris laboratory? Possibly.

There are also subjective elements

to consider: who else but Cap a had

the special gift of taking such un ique

photograp hs, which capture both the

historical and the h um an element in

one fram e? Of course, not all of the

photograp hs are m asterpieces of

ph oto-journ alism. That one magic

image is not easy to captu re. Interest-ingly, the study of the series of

negatives reveals the work of an expert

photograph er and h is trial and error

process of looking for that special shot.

The photograph of the soldier in

the tank is the m ost difficult to da te. It

is most likely early in the wa r because

the soldier is wearing blue overalls

instead of a m ilitary un iform, bu t later

than October 1936, wh en Russian

material, such as this T-4 tank, began

arriving in Repu blican Spain. The

smiling worker-turned-tank-drivercontrasts with the monstrous cannon

and steel hull encompassing him.

The photograph on page 8 with

the soldiers stand ing at attention has

been mistakenly identified as a photo-

graph of the Despedida. Upon close

examination, how ever, certain ele-

men ts reveal it dates from before the

spring of 1937, when th e Popu lar

Army w as formed and the closed fist

Popu lar Front salute was replaced by

the traditional military one.

Furthermore, the IBers in the fore-

ground are using the French military

style present arms, which corre-

spond s to the early days of the war

wh en each un it adop ted the drill man-

ual m ost familiar to its officers and

men . The flag in the mid dle includ es a

French inscription to the 10th

Battalion of the International

Brigade. The fact that th e Brigad e is

referred to in th e singular wou ld seem

to indicate an early date. One last but

exceptional d etail is the figu re stand -ing just beh ind th e civilian w earing a

tie in the m iddleground . It is Andr

Marty, complete with beret and

clenched fist. This is eviden tly a pho-

tograp h taken on th e occasion of an

official International Brigade celebra-

tion som e time in late w inter of 1936

or early spr ing of 1937. In ad dition,

the civilians attending th e ceremon y

in the top right corner are also making

the clenched fist salute, meaning the

I.B. band opp osite them is most likelyplaying The International.

The photograph of the soldiers

carrying a banner is from a series

taken in Madrid in November or

December of 1936 dur ing a parade on

the centrally located Genova Street

organized to rally supp ort for the con-

tinued defense of the city. The banner

is a call for the m adrileos to join the

famous Quin to Regimiento. Of special

note are the youth ful smiles of the sol-

diers in the foregroun d, the tricolor

republican armban d w orn by the sixth

man, an d the fact that the m ajority of

the soldiers further d own the line

carry no rifles, a haun ting reminder of

the shortage of weapons for the

defend ers of the capital.

Finally, the pho tograp h of the sol-

diers in the snow , my personal

favorite. Obviously taken d uring th e

Teruel battles, it uniquely illustrates

both the sufferings and the lightheart-

edn ess of the troops. The snow

covered landscape and the heavyclothing p oignantly testify to the bru-

tal weather conditions. How ever the

smiles of the cooking d etail as they

ingeniously slide the pot along the

frozen rails portrays like nothing else

the hum an side of the mom ent. The

combination of these two elements

makes the difference between an aver-

age ph otograph of frozen soldiers and

a magic one that says much m ore.

Isnt that exactly what Robert Capa

conveyed over and over again in his

Spanish Civil War photographs and

wh at subsequently led to his interna-

tional acclaim?

Barring an unforeseen discovery,

we w ill never know w ith certainty

wh o took these remarkable war ph o-

tographs, but in the end it does not

really m atter. They w ere taken du ring

tragic times and, thanks to the efforts

of nameless Spaniards, have survived

as visual testimony of those years tohelp us better understand the struggle

of the Second Span ish Repub lic.

In closing I wish to tha nk

Vicky Ramos for gr ant ing special

permiss ion to reprodu ce the pho-

tograp hs for this ar t icle.

Robert Coale is currently a Visiting AssistantProfessor of Spanish at Washington Collegein Chestertown, Maryland.

By agreement with Archivo Histrico del Partido

Comunista de Espaa we are not allowed to repor-duce these photos in the web edition of theVolunteer

By agreement withArchivo Histrico delPartido Comunista deEspaa we are notallowed to reporducethese photos in theweb edition of theVolunteer


10/24


interested her in the Spanish Civil War. So mu ch so that

she insisted to her p artnerthey are a u nit of news p eople

on ABCthat if he didnt do a segment on Marty an d th e

SCW, she would q uit her job. He hu mored her. Marty gave

him a tape of a Canad ian Broadcasting System p rogram onthe war prod uced a few years back. He used it for back-

ground and sold it to the pow ers that be on the program. It

ran for two minu tes, 18 seconds, and was qu ite impres-

sive. Way to go Marty!

In February, our comrad e Milt Felsen addressed ameeting of alum ni of Brand eis University living in south -

western Florida. His subject w as the SCW and the I.B. 200

attended. A num ber of copies of his book, The Anti-Warrior,

were sold.

From the British I.B. Association new sletter: A criti-cal situation d eveloped on th e Cordoba front in December,

1936. Nu mber 1 compan y of the British Battalion, being

formed up at Madrigueras, was sent on Christmasday,1936, to stop the fascist offensive. In the fighting at

Lopera, 19 gave their lives, among them Ralph Fox, John

Cornford and Edmu nd Burke. A ceremony hon oring all

fallen w as held on March 3 at the Marx Memorial Ha ll. The

Marx Memorial Library w ith the I.B. Archives is now op en

after extensive modernization.

Juan Mar ia Gomez Or tiz is a friend of the Lincoln

Brigade living in Barcelona. Harry Fishers bookComradesso inspired him that he is seeking a Spanish pu blisher. He

also took the initiative to go to Mad rigueras, the Spanish

town w here Harry trained, and read three chapters of

Ha rrys book in Spanish to abou t 100 of the inhab itants.

Gomez writes: One w oman r emembered you perfectly.

She said she was part of the group wh o presented you the

bann er that read : Bienvenidos Camarad as Brigadistas.

Her nam e is Caridad Serrano and I gave her your ad dress

for her to write you. An old man said that he knew w ho

the family w as that adopted you . They all applauded w ith

energy for a long while after I finished. Harry Fisher and his

family are p lanning to visit Madrigueras in May.For thr ee years th e A.A.B.I (Am igos) in Spa in ini-

t iated campaigns to help som e of the vets and

widow s in Bulgaria and Romania who are in d i re

st rai ts . They are current ly run ning a fun d-rais ing

dinn er in Madrid for this pu rpose. The Bay Area and

New York Posts have contr ibuted from fun ds raised

at our a nnu al affairs in sol idar i ty with these com-

rad es and w ill do so again this year .

DemocraticSocialistsHonorLincoln Vet

Saul Wellman , vet-eran of the Abraham

Lincoln Brigade, life-

long trade u nionist,

Purp le Heart recipient

in World War II, and

McCarthy-era

Chairman of the

Michigan Comm unist Party, was one of two peop le hon-

ored at the Second Annu al Frederick Douglass/ Eugene

Debs Award Dinner sponsored by th e Democratic

Socialists of America and held last October in Detroit.

I have always had a feeling I was never alone no mat-

ter where I was, said Wellman, in receiving the award. Iwas p art of a great movement that w ould m ove us closer

to a world w here the exploitation of man by man wou ld

be eliminatedthe m ovemen t for socialism.

Bill Fletcher, Jr., assistant to AFL-CIO Presid ent John

Sweeney, also spoke du ring the ceremony, as d id

Hor ace Small, national director of the DSA. The recur-

rent theme of their speeches was th e need for renewed

un ity of the left, signs of wh ich ar e d iscernible in revital-

ized social movements.

An invitationfor posterity

The Volunteer invites our readers to considermaking a bequest to the Abraham LincolnBrigade Archives.

ALBA is a non-profit tax-exempt organization.Contributionsand bequests provide donors withsignificant advantages in planning their estatesand donations.

For more information, contactDiane Fraherexecutive secretaryVALB/ ALBA799 Broadway, Rm. 277New York, NY10003Telephone:212-598-0968E-mail:[email protected]

Brigadier NewsBrigadier NewsContinued from page 3


11/24

By John Carver Edwards

The exploits of the American air-

men w ho flew combat for theSpanish Repu blican Air Force

are less well know n than those of their

fellow volunteers. Perhaps this over-

sight is due to their limited n um bers

and , in som e cases, possibly to the

mercenary nature of their commit-

men t. But the fact remains that m ost

of these men acquitted themselves

with distinction, and a select few ou t-

classed their fascist ad versaries.

Outstand ing among these was Frank

Tinker, who record ed eight aerial vic-

tories in Spain in 1937. Hiscontribution received official recogni-

tion on N ovember 4, 1999, when he

was indu cted into the Arkansas

Aviation H all of Fame in Little Rock.

Born in Lou isiana on July 14, 1909,

Frank Glasgow Tinker, Jr. never

regard ed the Bayou State as his right-

ful home. When his family moved to

Arkan sas early in his life, the boy

began his journey th rough adoles-

cence and you ng manh ood in

perfectly normal fashion. H e pu rsued

a Huck Finn lifestyle dur ing his free

hours: hunting, fishing, exploring the

wood s and wetlands in the area.

At 17 Tinker joined the navy. He

won an appointment to the Naval

Academ y in 1929. After grad ua tion

and subsequent flight instruction at

Pensacola, he was assigned to the new

cruiser San Francisco and piloted

Vough t O2U float planes from the

warships catapults. Unfortunately,

Tinkers seafaring career w as short-

lived, as the n avy revoked hiscommission after back-to-back braw ls

in Long Beach and Honolulu. H e

quickly found himself aboard a

Standard Oil tanker plying the coastal

waters of the United States. Bored and

frustrated, 3rd Mate Tinker endured his

lot un til Spains newly declared civil

war offered him a rare op portun ity.

In Mexico City, the Arka nsan

signed a contract with the Spanish

Embassy to fly for the em battled

Republic. This new r ecruit was to

receive $1,500 per m onth w ith a

bonus of $1,000 for every fascist air-

plane shot dow n.

Tinker ar rived in Spain in th e first

week of Janu ary 1937. At first the

Republican Air Ministry assigned him

to a Breguet XIX bomber outfit. The

next month, realizing h is potential, the

Ministry sent him to a new ly-formed

fighter squadron u nder the command

of Captain Andreas Garca LaCalle, one

of the Republics top aces, with 11 vic-

tories to his credit.

During h is seven m onths in Spain

Tinker served with LaCalles airmen

in the battles of Jaram a and

Guad alajara, as well as in n um erous

aerial engagements over th e Mad rid

front. On March 14, wh ile piloting a

Russian Polikarpov I-15 Chato pursuit

(CA-056) ou t of Guad alajara, Tinkerdestroyed a Fiat du ring a two-hour

flight. Within a weeks time, w hile fly-

ing bom ber escort, he flamed a similar

Italian fighter. On p atrol over the

Teruel front on Ap ril 17, he bagged a

condor Legion Heinkel He.51. His

next victories occurred after his

assignmen t to the soviet la

Escuadrillas de Moscas (I-16s) com-

mand ed by Captain Ivan A. Lakeev.

On Jun e 2, while flying bomber escort

near Segovia, he down ed a Fiat. Two

weeks later he destroyed a CR32 in his

Mosca fighter (CM-023). On July 12,

he became the first American combat

flyer to down a German

Messerschmitt BF 109. He n otched his

next kill five days later wh en he

brou ght d own a second BF 109. His

last victory took p lace near Brunete on

July 18, when he d own ed a Fiat.

During the Brunete battle many of

Tinkers old Russian squad ron mates

were rotated home. With so few veter-

an comba t flyers to lead the

inexperienced Soviet replacemen ts,

Tinker agreed to command a

squad ron. He faced n o language barri-

er aloft as the Polikarp ovs lacked

radio commu nications and messages

were conveyed by hand signals.

In Night Before Battle, a cele-

brated short story of the Span ish CivilWar, Ernest Hem ingw ay fictionalized

Frank Tinker. Papa and Tinker had

become friend s du ring Tinkers time

in Madrid w hen they realized that they

had h unted and fished over much of

the same ground in Arkansas.

But finally the strain of daytime

bomber escor t duty an d n octurna l



Arkie Ace

Frank Tinker Inducted IntoArkansas Aviat ion Hal l of Fame


12/24


SSixty-one years to th e day after

they returned from the battle-

fields of Spain, the Canad ian

volun teers of the MacKenzie-

Papineau Battalion of the InternationalBrigades received public acknowledg-

men t of their valor and sacrifice with a

new bronze monument that was

un veiled in Victoria, British Colum bia,

on Febr ua ry 12, 2000.

The un veiling of the Spirit of the

Repub lica statue that sym bolizes

the d efense of Spains dem ocratic gov-

ernm ent against the fascist coup detat

led by Franco and un derw ritten by

Hitler and Mussolinifulfilled a th ree

year effort to honor the Canadian vol-

unteers. The BC Monu mentCommittee worked w ith the

Association of Veterans and Friend s of

the MacKenzie-Papineau Battalion

and a broad cross-section of individu -

als, unions, the legal profession,

organizations, and members of the

provincial New Democratic Party gov-

ernment to raise money and obtain an

app ropriate site for the m onum ent. It

all came together in a won der ful cere-

mony on the grou nds of the

legislatur e in Victoria, the capital of

British Colum bia.

The ceremonies began when 11

veterans of the Internat ional Brigades

and their families and friends met

with the premier of the province, the

Honourable Dan Miller, and then

embarked on a parad e, reminiscent of

the march of the International Brigad es

down the Diagonal in Barcelona in

October 1938, to the mon um ent site.

The group p roceeded throu gh the

main floor of the Parliamen t Building

and then ou tside to the site at

Confederation Plaza.

The contingent included veterans

of the MacKenzie Papineau Battalion,

the Lincoln, British, and Danish

Battalions, and a veteran of the

Spanish Republican Arm y, who

arrived at the shrouded monument to

the cheers and app lause of an enthu si-

astic crowd of some 250 peop le. The

color party p laced the flags at the site

as a backdrop behind the speakers

rostrum.As Joe Barrett, one of the co-chairs

of the Monum ent Comm ittee, wel-

comed th e veterans, cheers for the

Volunteers for Liberty echoed

around the prestigious site, located on

the legislative pr ecinct.

Barrett then introduced Monum ent

Comm ittee Co-chair Tom Kozar, the

son of an IB volun teer. In his remarks,

Kozar referred to his father, John

Kozar, wh o had served w ith the

Lincoln Brigade, his tw o u ncles, Bruce

and Jim Ewen, who had served with

the MacKenzie Papineau Battalion,

and his mother, Jean Ewen, wh o had

served with Dr. Norm an Bethune in

the Chinese war against Japan

Kozar paid hom age to the veter-

ans of the MacKenzie-Papineau

Battalion and the International

Brigades, observing that th eir partici-

pation in the last great cause was no

longer unnoticed or u nmarked . The

new m onum ent will stand as a

remind er to u s all of their selfless

determination to fight and defend the

ideals embodied in th e Spanish

Republic.

Barrett also read a letter fromCanad as vice-regal head of state, Her

Excellency Adr ienne Clarkson, w ho

expressed regret at being un able to

attend th e ceremony . It was noted

that Ms. Clarkson had given a per-

sonal finan cial dona tion to the

Monum ent Committee in the early

stages of the project.

The next speaker, the H onourable

Dan M iller, Premier of the Province of

CCanadians Uanadians Unnvveil eil TThhe

Stan Giles, Dr. Reg Saxton, Salman Salzman, Sean McEwen, Tom Kozar,Rosaleene Ross, Joe Barrett, Dave Smith, Jack Harman, Arne Knutsen.

Jack Harman, sculptor of The Spirit ofthe Republic


13/24


BC, noted that the

tribute was long

overdu e, expressing

pleasu re at the assis-

tance given to theMonument

Committee by the

government in pro-

viding the site on the

Parliament Building

grounds.

A letter from

H is Excellency Jose

Cuen ca, the Span ish

Ambassador in

Ottawa, congratu-

lated those

respon sible for themonu ment. Seor

Joaqu im Ayala,

speaking on behalf

of the Span ish gov-

ernment, expressed

his app reciation to

the veterans for

their efforts in

defending the

Republic against

Francos insurrec-

tion. Ayala told th e

crowd that he and

his wife were p ar-

ticularly honored to

attend the ceremony

because members of

their families had fou ght along w ith

the International Brigad es in the

strugg le to d efeat fascism.

The next speaker, Svend Robinson,

federal member of Parliament from the

New Democratic Party, brought greet-

ings, congratu lations, and thanks from

the caucus of Canadas social dem o-cratic party. Mr. Robinson vow ed tha t

the New Dem ocratic Party w ill contin-

ue to p ush for full recognition of

Canadian volunteers by the govern-

ment of Canada.

Jack Harm an, the sculptor wh o

created the bronze statue Spirit of the

Repub lic, injected som e hum or in the

proceedings by suggesting that in tak-

ing the commission he had spent more

time in the last six mon ths with the

wom an shroud ed in the flag than w ith

his w ife.

Jim Sinclair, President of the BC

Federation of Labour, speaking on

behalf of more than 400,000 unionized

workers in the p rovince, gave thanks

and app reciation to the v eterans fortheir selfless sacrifice to defend

dem ocracy. He conclud ed his remarks

by reading the p oem To the Inter-

national Brigades by the recently

deceased Span ish poet Rafael Alberti.

The next speaker was George

Heym an, president of the BC

Government and Service Employees

Union. The BCGEU, more than any

other organization, put its resources

behind the Monum ent Committee to

ensu re the projects success. Heym an

said that the mon um ent will be a his-

torical testament to the volu nteers

wh o fought for liberty and democracy

in the Spanish Civil War.

Bob Reed, an American member ofthe MacKenzie-Papineau Battalion, rep-

resented the Veterans of the Abraham

Lincoln Brigade and reminded the

crowd of the two U.S. monum ents that

were recently dedicated at the

University of Washington in Seattle and

in Madison, Wisconsin .

Joe Barrett then brought news

from Jules Pavio, President of the


SSpirpirit of the Republicit of the Republic

George Heyman, President of the B.C.Government and Service Employees

Union

Joe Barrett, Master of Ceremonies, co-chair of Monument Committee

The Spirit of the Republic


14/24


The PoliticalCartoons ofAlbert

ChisholmAlbert Chisholm, a native ofWashington state, was the last sur-

viving African Am erican vet w hen

he d ied tw o years ago in Seattle. As

a teenager, he became on e of the

first black memb ers of the Marine

Cooks and Steward s Union and

return ed to that line of w ork after

his service in Spain.

Recently, however, while reading

microfilm cop ies of the Moscow

Archives, ALBA archivist VictorBerch discovered another dimension

of Chisholms career. Prior to going to

Spain, Chisholm had draw n p olitical

cartoons for an African American

newspaper in Seattle, theNorthwest

From the Archives

Enterprise. After reaching Spain in

1937, the 22-year-old volun teer glad -

ly contributed h is work to the

International Brigades newsletter,

Our Fight.

Now , for the first time, we p ub-

lish tw o examp les of Chisholms

cartoons, which app eared in

October and Nov ember 1937.For the

time, they were considered politi-

cally correct. One cartoon suggests

that th e fist of the Popu lar Front

wou ld make H itler shake in his

boots. But the anti-fascists dream of

beer, meat, Camel cigarettes and a

beautiful wom an evokes a world of

simp ler pleasures. What would the

surgeon-general say today?


15/24

Veterans and Friends of the

MacKenzie Papineau Battalion, that

the pend ing national monum ent in

Ottawa at the new ly constructed

national war mu seum is expected to

be unv eiled within a year.The last speaker, on beh alf of the

BC Mac-Paps, w as Rosaleene Ross.

She served w ith the British Medical

Unit in Spain, married a Mac-Pap, and

returned to make a new home in

Canad a in 1939. She un derlined the

point th at it will always be necessary

to confront fascism w henever it arises

and that if she

had to make the

decision to defend

the Republic

again, she would

make the samedecision she did

some 60 years

ago. Ross, along

with five other

volunteers, also

served on the BC

Monument

Committee.

The d ays ceremon ies climaxed

wh en the premier and three of the vet-

erans pulled the strings to release theribbons and free the hu ge republican

flag that w as lifted off the sculp tur e.

The Spirit of the Republic was grad -

ua lly revealed to the anticipating

crowd. The sun broke through the

thin cloud s, casting a shine off the

sculptu res newly cast bronze.

Applause broke out and the m onu-

men t to the MacKenzie-Papineau

Battalion was complete.

To the sound of man y cameras

clicking and wh irring, veterans an d

guests joined together in front of

the mon um ent. Tears in a few eyes

signal led the wond erful app roval

and appreciat ion for the monum ent

that m arks British Colum bian and

Canad ian volunteers participation,

alongside volun teers from 52 other

countries, in th e Last Great Cause.

Veterans who at tended the

Victoria ceremo ny w ere: Bob Reed,

Brooke Carmichael, and Bob Ingalls

from Seattle; Dave Smith from the

San Francisco Bay Ar ea; DomingoHern and ez fromToronto, Ont; Stan

Giles, Arne Knu tsen, Frank

McElgunn , and Rosaleene Ross

fromVan couv er, BC; Reg Saxton

from England; and Salman

Saltzman from Israel.


CanadaContinued from page 13

Vets march on B.C. capitol

On March 16, 2000, a un animou svote of the City College Faculty

Senate approved the following reso-

lution:

"Whereas, the City College of

New York has a long trad ition not

only of preparing stud ents for

careers and p rofessions, but also of

instilling civic consciousness and

cosmopolitan values, and

Whereas, betw een 1936 and 1938

well over 30 studen ts and staff (see

attached list), acting ou t of altru istic

motives, placed their lives and w el-

fare in jeopar dy to fight fascism in

Spa in, and

Whereas, on their return, man y

of these volunteers, desp ite being

subjected to harassment, intimida-

tion, and sometimes outright

persecution, largely continued to

commit themselves to imp ortant

social causes and issues, includ ing

labor un ionization, civil rights, and

campaigns for peace, and

Whereas, it is important that theCollege continue to recognize and

honor its alumni, especially those

wh o succeed n ot just in the pr ofes-

sions or business bu t also in

articulating and struggling for fun-

damen tal values like justice,

opp ortunity, and equality, and

Whereas, College alum ni (Sand i

Coop er, Class of 1957, Bob N elson,

Class of 1971, Bonn ie Nelson , Classof 1972, Renate Bridenth al, Class of

1960, George F. Nelson , Class of

1940, John Fisher, Class of 1966,

Anne Friedman, Class of 1971, John

Lee Simon, M. Ed., 1969, Elizabeth

Starcevic, Class of 1963, Marv

Gettleman, Class of 1957, Irwin

Loewenthal, Class of 1952) likewise

supp ort recognition of the veterans

and their efforts, and

Therefore, be it resolved th at the

Faculty Senate of th e City College of

New York requests that the City

College veteran s of the Spanish Civil

War be award ed a Presidential

Meda l at Commen cement 2000 to

recognize and honor their experi-

ence and to comm emorate their

association w ith the College, and

Be it furth er resolved tha t

although the Medal will honor all

the veterans, the actual recipient of

the medal awarded at

Comm encement 2000 shall be a City

College alum nus or former stud entselected by the Veterans of the

Abrah am Lincoln Brigade."

According to CCNY procedures,

the Chair of the Faculty Senate w ill

send this resolution to the President

(who w as there for the vote) commu -

nicating the Senate's desires. The

President will then decide whether to

approve the Senate's request.

CCNY Faculty Backs Vets Medal


16/24


IIIn all the poetrythat you both w roteabout the countrysideand t he peasants workingin your writ ings

about t he cafesand boul evards

you captured Spainand the Spanish heart

and in the echoing of your wordsyou spoke of changing ti mes

ti mes changing

and the changing timestook the Republics cloak

from her shouldersstole her pridestri pped her of her identit yand flung her into the streets

homelessshe weepsby guitar light

the countr yside weepsthe peasants weepthe cafes are emptythe bombs are falli ngon MADRID

and as the people rushpush and pul l one another

both of you captured in your workhumans t ransformedint o screams and sorrow

(no one is a cowardwhen bombs are falling)Spain is burning

IIIIFederico you wrotewhen the flamesfi rst began to lick atthe hems of the rising curtainon the t heater t hat wouldbecome a civil warand you Langston wrot eas the curtain was consumedin an inferno

both of you captured in verse

in poetic languagethe tragedy of chaos

the bells tollin t he backgroundof your workswhil e the choir in

soft verse repeat

Spain is burningburning Spain

Spain is burningburning SpainSpain is burningburning Spain

Spain Burns

and thefi res cont inued

for t hreelong fi ery years.

Cranston Knight is a doctoral student in history at Loyola

University. He is the editor of Tour of Duty, an anthology ofshort stories and poetry of Vietnam Veterans. He is a mem-

ber of the Chicago Friends of the Lincoln Brigade.

TTo Fo Feederdericico Go Gararcia Lcia Lororca and Lca and Langstangston Hughes:on Hughes:Sp a i n i s Bu r n i n gSp a i n i s Bu r n i n gBy Cranston Knight


17/24


A bill aimed at granting official

amnesty to International Brigade veter-

ans and former World War II Resistance

fighters from Switzerland has beenrejected. The bill was sponsored by

socialist MP Nils de Dardel. Swiss

brigadistas were often in worse straits

than other volunteers from western

dem ocratic nations due to their coun-

trys strict interpretation of neutrality.

Upon return from Spain, as early

as 1937, Swiss volu nteers w ere tried

by m ilitary tribu nals for fighting to

defend dem ocracy in Spain. Their

crime w as und ermining the national

defense of Switzerland . Many served

pr ison sentences, still others wereexiled from their homes to distant

regions of the country w here they had

no family contacts and often did not

even speak th e local langu age. The

same treatment was given to those

wh o fought to liberate neighboring

France from its German invad ers a

few years later.

In recent years, members of the

Swiss parliament have honored both

brigadistas and resistance members

in official declarations, stating that time

and history have vind icated them

morally and p olitically. Nevertheless,

the Association of Sup port for Swiss

Veterans of the Internationa l Brigades

has been striving for an official legal

declaration of amnesty for the twenty-

some surviving volunteers who fought

in Spain as w ell as for the fam ilies of

departed veterans.

Upon hearing of the refusal, Jean-

Claude Lefort, CP mem ber of the

French Parliament an d co-chairman of

the French Association of Friends ofCombatants in Republican Spain, mad e

an official declaration in the Assem ble

Nationale on March 8 condemning the

Swiss governments attitude. Lefort is

currently at the forefront of a national

petition d rive to press the neighboring

governmen t to r everse its decision.

Text of the sp eech follows:

I am outraged, concerned an d

sadd ened by the new s I have just

learned. The Swiss government and

the Federal Cou ncil have rejected a

bill presen ted by th e left to grant

amnesty to Swiss volun teers whodefend ed the Span ish Republic in its

struggle against the Franquist rebel-

lion spon sored by H itler and

Mussolini. . . .

The Swiss governmen t has just

committed a veritable affront to histo-

ry at a time w hen events w e are all too

well aw are of are occurr ing in Austria.

I must vigorously p rotest this

decision. Furthermor e, I call up on the

French authorities and the p ublic at

large to react firmly against the d eci-

sion and against those wh o have takenit. Mr. Dardel, socialist member of the

Swiss Federal Cou ncil, has pu t it very

well: Switzerland only qu estions its

policy d uring the Second World War

if it is forced to d o so throu gh intern a-

tional opinion , as occurr ed in 1996

wh en pressured by the Jewish World

Congr ess concerning holocaust vic-

tims fund s in Swiss banks.

We wholeheartedly sup port the

Swiss left in its struggle on behalf of

the brigad istas. We call on all dem o-

cratically minded peop le to react

against the government and the

Federal Council of Switzerland. They

have obviously not yet accepted the

idea pu t forth by a famous native of

Geneva, Jean-Jacques Rousseau , wh en

he stated: Anything w hich is un true

and wh ich attacks justice in any way

is simply a false illusion.

Readers ofThe V olunteercan make

their voices heard by par ticipating in

the petition d rive sponsored by the

French association, ACER. Write a let-ter to the Presiden t of Switzerland

protesting the decision an d urging

him to intervene on behalf of the

brigad istas. Send your letter to:

Amicale d es Combattants en Espagne

Repub licaine, 16 Villa Comp oint, Paris

75017 France.

Despite this un fortunate develop-

men t, all is not lost in Switzerland . On

May 12 the Association of Supp ort for

Swiss Veterans of the International

Brigades w ill be unveiling its first mon-

um ent in Geneva. The sculpture is the

work of Span ish artist Manuel Torresand the p roject received official finan -

cial suppor t from the local council.

For more information, a recent

pu blication on Swiss volun teers, in

French, is : P. Bavau d and J.M. Beguin ,

Les oublies, Trois Suisses de la guerre

dEspagne. Yens s/ Morges: Editions

Cabed ita, 1998. ISBN 2-88295-219-8.

Swiss Government Refuses to GrantAmnesty to BrigadistasBy Robert Coale

fas cist raids on his airstrip frayed

Tinkers nerves. One evening, after a

day of missions totaling more than

five hou rs of flying, he n otified the

Air Ministry of his intention to resign.

Upon his arrival in N ew York City,

Tinkers passp ort w as confiscated by

the State Department.

A prisoner in his own country, he

returned to Arkansas and w rote a

book of his wartime experiences enti-

tled Some Still Live, wh ich w as later

pu blished in th e United States,

England, and Sweden. Selections from

his memoir were also serialized in The

Saturday Evening Post. With this testa-

ment behind him, Tinker became

bored and wanted to return to Spain.

His way w as blocked, however,

because of h is earlier violation of U.S.

neutrality laws. Later he briefly consid-

ered a stint with the Flying Tigers in

China, but instead succum bed to

dep ression and a lcoholism. On June

13, 1939, he comm itted suicide. Thequestion as to what th is remarkable

man and gifted flyer might otherw ise

have become in life is etched forever

on h is tombstone in DeWitt, Arkansas,

which asks: Quien Sabe?

John Carver Edwards is the Special

Projects Archivist at the University ofGeorgia Libraries

Tinker

Continued from page 11


18/24


Book Re v ie w s

By Robert A. Stradling. ManchesterUniversity Press (distributed in USA by St.

Martins), 1999.

By Manus ORiordan

How d oes one review a book

wh en the subject matter turns

out to be not at all what it

seems? Robert A. Strad lings subtitle,

Crusades in Conflict, is very m islead-

ing. The Span ish Civil War, he argues,was not a conflict between fascism

and dem ocracy, but between

Catholicism and Commu nism.

Crusades in Conflictis an uneven

account of Irish participation through-

out the Span ish conflict. Most of the

book is devoted to the 700 Irishmen

who followed th e Irish-fascist leader

ODuffy to Spain and then left after

five month s with just a hand ful of

casualties. In contrast, the story an d

the wh ole-hearted comm itment and

sacrifice of the 200 Irishmen who left

their country to defend th e Spanish

Repub lic against fascism is relegated

to little more than app endix status.

Strad lings slant is app arent, start-

ing from his dedication: For the

Fallen: Tom H yde, Midleton-Jaram a;

Gabriel Lee, Tralee-Jarama; and Mick

Kelly, Ballinasloe-Brunete; and all

those Irishmen w ho d ied for their ide-

als in Spain. Which ideals? Of the

three men he honors two, Hyd e and

Lee, fought on the fascist side. Theinclusion of Mick Kelly is a p atroniz-

ing and nau seating attempt by

Stradling to minimize his own p ro-fas-

cist bias. And surely the Lincoln Vets

will be outraged by Stradlings inclu-

sion of their comrad e Kelly alongside

their common foes. While there are a

few brief references to Kelly in

Stradlings text, there is nothing abou t

the circum stances surrou nd ing his

death, despite Paul Burns powerfully

written eyewitness account, reprinted

by th e Lincoln v ets in their 1987 bookOur Fight.

Only regard ing Blueshirt Tom

Hyd e, who w as killed in a military

fiasco caused by his own side, does

any hu man p ersonality emerge. And

that is because Tom Hyd es nep hew

and namesake provided his uncles

jour nal to Stradling. But neph ew Tom

knew of the conflicts of the situation

in Spain, so much so that he asked me

to convey his hearty congratulations

to my father an d h is fellow

International Brigadistas when theSpanish Parliament u nanimou sly

granted them Spanish citizenship. A

well deserved h onour! said Tom

Hydes nephew.

Though Stradling p rotects many a

character witness on the fascist side,

he freely commits character assassina-

tion of an ti-fascists. Specifically, he

sets aside the requ irements of serious

research and accepts hearsay as fact.

For instance, Stradling chooses to rely

on th e racial stereotyping of the flight-

of-fancy fictional account in William

Herricks novelHermanos and ignores

the significant amount of documenta-

tion available on the Irish an ti-fascist

volunteers.

Stradlings bias ap pear s clearly

in his failure to men tion the reasons

for the rep atriation of an ti-fascist vol-

un teer Michael Lehane after the

battle of Bru nete. By this om ission,

Stradling implies that Lehane w as

sent hom e because he lacked resolu-

tion in combat. If he had botheredto check the International Brigad e

Archives in Lond on, Stradling easily

wou ld have discovered that Lehane

had been woun ded in combat.

Lehane recovered and re-enlisted.

Wound ed again in July 1938, he w as

carried to safety by my father,

Michael ORiordan, who was

wou nd ed in battle the next day.

Lehanes anti-fascist stru ggle contin-

ued until March 1943, wh en he w as

killed by a N azi torpedo w hile

serving in the Norw egian MerchantNavy. So mu ch for Strad lings sugges-

tion of Lehan es lack of resolution in

combat.

Anoth er insult is Stradlings mis-

interpr etations of my ow n ma terial. In

my pu blished writings I described

Irish comrade Jim H augheys faith in

Catholicism as p oignant, a state-

ment Stradling translates into

pathetic. He also omits an important

letter I wrote to Carl Geiser, which

later app eared in print, wh ere I fur-

ther d escribed H augheys steadfastbravery as a prisoner: Hau ghey had

been thoroughly edu cated by h is

experience and was so convinced of

the justice of that cau se (the Spanish

Civil War) that he cour ageously stood

up as a rojo before his fascist captors

and endu red an almost fatal beating

from a pick axe. And like his fellow

Irishman Michael Lehane, Haughey

continued to prov e his anti-fascist val-

our after the end of the Spanish Civil

War. In June 1941 he volunteered for

the Canad ian Air Force and was killed

in a plane crash two years later. His

name is engraved in Canad as World

War II Book of Remem brance.

Stradlings account of the Irish in

the Spanish Civil War pays tribute to

those Irishmen wh o were on the side

of Franco, plain an d simple. The final

verd ict, how ever, lies with the

Spanish p eople themselves, who com-

pelled the Spanish Parliament

un animously to confer the right of

Spanish citizenship on theInternationa l Brigad istas for coming to

the d efense of Spains dem ocratic

institutions. The obvious cann ot be

ignored by Stradling or any of his sup -

porters, past and p resent, and that is,

thankfully, our saving grace.

The Irish and the SpanishCivil War 1936-39:

Crusades in Conflict


19/24

THE VOLUNTEER, Winter 2000 19

BOOKS ABOUT THELINCOLN BRIGADEMadrid 1937 Letters from the Spanish Civil Wared. by Nelson & Hendricks (cloth) $35

Another Hillby Milton Wolff (cloth) $25

Our FightWritings by Veterans of theAbraham Lincoln Brigade:Spain 1936-1939

ed. by Alvah Bessie & Albert Prago (pbk) $15

The Anti-Warriorby Milton Felsen (pbk) $15

Trees Become Torches,Selected Poems

by Edwin Rolfe (pbk) $10Collected Poems of Edwin Rolfe (pbk) $21

From Mississippi to Madridby James Yates (pbk) $15

Spain, the Unfinished Revolutionby Arthur Landis (cloth) $25

Prisoners of the Good Fightby Carl Geiser (pbk) $15

Spains Cause Was Mineby Hank Rubin (cloth) $29

(pbk) $15

Comradesby Harry Fisher (cloth) $25

(pbk) $12

Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Brigadeby Peter Carroll (pbk) $15

Remembering Spain:Hemingways VALB Eulogyby Ernest Hemingway, Cary Nelsonand Milton Wolff (audio tape & pamphlet) $15

Prison of Womenby Tomasa Cuevas $15

EXHIBIT CATALOGSShouts from the Wall, a poster albumed. by Cary Nelson (pbk) $16

The Aura of the Cause, a photo albumed. by Cary Nelson (pbk) $25

VIDEOSThe Good Fighta film by Sills/Dore/Bruckner (VCR) $35

Forever Activistsa film by Judith Montell (VCR) $35

You Are History, You Are Legenda film by Judith Montell (VCR) $25

POSTERSTwo Spanish Civil War posters (Madrid Lionand

Victoria) are available at $10 plus postage, and thanks

to Eva and Mark Fasanella, copies of five of Ralph

Fasanellas posters are available ($20 each, plus

postage). They are: Subway Riders(1960); Family

Supper(1972); The Great Strike, Lawrence, 1912

(1978); The Daily News Strike(1993); South Bronx

Rebirth(1995).

These books and tapes are available at the indicated

prices from:

Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade

799 Broadway, R. 227

New York, NY 10003-5552

Tel: (212) 674-5552

Shipping cost: $2 per copy of book, album or tape.Make checks payable to ALBA.

ALBA BOOKS , VIDEOS AND POS TERS

WWe Ce Cannot Pannot Parark onk onBBoth Soth SidesidesIn England, the Reading International Brigades

Memorial Committee has published We

Cannot Park on Both Sides, an account o f

Reading's volunteers in the Spanish Civi l War.

At least five Reading men served with the

Brit ish Battalion , with o ther volunteers serving

in medical un its. Three men were ki lled.

The book features background details on

the volunteers, accounts of fund raising and

suppor t in Reading, and first-hand accounts ofJarama, Brunete and the Ebro, as well as an

account from inside a POW camp. The text

includes letters and material from the local

press.

If you would l ike details, please contact me:Mike Cooper at [email protected]


20/24


Adde d to Me m orys Ros te r

John L. SimonReflecting on his years in the

International Brigad es half a centu ry

later, John Leopold Simon w rote a

simple testimon ial: Spain constituteda momen t in the life of an intellectual

wh en the sempiternal struggle

between though t and action enjoyed a

respite. Reflection an d volition came

to an accord; there was one place in

the world to be, one side on one bat-

tlefield. Rarely had the issues been so

clear or the assem blage of volun teers

so universal. I have never found since

wh at I had there: a pu rpose that I had

been seeking . . . Spa in gave to m e, not

I to Spain.

He w as born in Philadelphia in1913, gradu ating from Gratz H igh

School in 1930 and from the University

of Pennsylvan ia in 1933. He entered

Philadelphias Jefferson Medical

College the following year, but left in

his third yearin February 1937to

join the International Brigades. It was

not un til he arrived in Spain that he

annou nced his med ical training, but

he was not, after all a doctor. He w as

but a 24-year-old m edical student. So

he was assigned to be a first-aid man

on the front lines.

There he would remain for much

of the war. As Edwin Rolfe would

write in The Lincoln Battalion (1939),

Simon had been a front-line doctor,

with the rank of captain, for a longer

period than an y other medical man in

Spain. The men r espected him for his

courage and competence und er fire.

That was where, for all practical pu r-

poses, he completed his medical

training. After some month s of treat-

ing major and minor wou nd s withbullets whistling over his head, he

was granted an hon orary medical

degree by h is Spanish comrad es. And

so he was Doc Simon to a ll the

American volunteers, those whose

lives he saved and those who w ere

beyond saving.

Simon kept a series of detailed

med ical diaries in Spain. They range

from p rosaic lists of peop le he treated

to riveting passages of wartime

repor ting. Here are some of the entries

from the Ebro camp aign of 1938:

July 28: At nigh t we all stopped ;

everybody went to sleep. All of sud-

den shots, panicno one know s yetwhat hap pened. Wounded w ere Lt.

Eladio Paula, comm and er of 4th Co.,

Milton Robertson, first aid man of

same, some others light, and a Span ish

boy of whom I didnt know till next

morning (who d ied). Peace again.

Morning we moved onand then

they let me know about the woun ded

Spanish fellow. We tended to him

Vallbrena and II caught up with the

battalion. More moving. Positions

taken n ear Vilella. In the afternoon ,

many w ounded. No w ay to get themout, except sending them by stretcher

bearers toward Fatarella. A truck

brought food in the afternoon, evacu-

ating woun ded , but failed to return at

night. Wounded in a little grove, cov-

ered by trees. About th irty at once,

lying on hay. Includ ing Capt. Lamb,

command er of 1st Co . . . Work all

night trying to get them out.

Mendelsohn shot in head; will die,

probably. Milton Gale wou nd ed in

abdom enin agony; sent him toward

Fatarella by stretcher. A little sleep in

post of command on hay; when I

woke u p it was light, tho not yet sun-

rise. Ghastly. Many w oun ded still left

up on the hill w ith Gayle . . . .

July 29: . . . the picture, day before

yesterday in the afternoon, of the

wou nd ed lying under the fig tree,

looking u p hun grily at the ripe figs

overhead, far ou t of reach. As if they

symbolized a u nited free Spain, to

these hu ngry, thirsty, wou nd ed men .

. . These were the w orst days for evac-uation that I have ever experienced,

except for the r etreat in March. The

afternoon and even ing of the 27th I

had about 30 wound ed with no way

of evacuating. Plane overhead. No

hou se. Some food , water. But had to

pu t them in hay to free stretchers for

more w ound ed. Schutt tried vainly to

ride on a m ule to get out. Jos

Martinez Garca, a chu nk of his arm

torn out by shrap nel, managed to ride;

we w ere able to give him morp hine

first, but with d ifficulty because of

danger of using flashlights. Gale

called for mor ph ine for ages before we

were able to give it to him. There was

panic when th e bullets whizzed near-

by . . . There w as a fascist attack all

along the line with artillery. We

though t hell had broken loose.

When Simon returned to the U.S.

late in 1938 he took u p h is forma l

med ical training again, receiving his

M.D. degree in 1940. He intern ed in

neurology at Kings Coun ty Hospital

in Brooklyn, then became a resident in

psychiatry at the New York State

Psychiatric Institute and Hospital. A

residency in neurology followed at

New Yorks Moun t Sinai H ospital in1943 and a residency in p sychiatry at

Bellevue Hosp ital in 1944. From 1944

to 1954 he taugh t both neu rology and

psychiatry at New York University

Hospital, meanwh ile maintaining a

private psychiatric practice. He pub-

lished wid ely in scientific jour nals for

30 years.


Dr. John Simon in uni form, Spain


21/24


Meanwh ile he w as wr iting exten-

sively in his personal jour nals abou t a

subject he was passionately interested

in for mu ch of his adu lt lifethe rela-

tionship between Marxism an d

psychoanalysis. Like many progres-

sive analysts, he believedpsychoanalysis could never cure its

patients unless it addressed the social

sources of illness. For Simon that

meant ad dressing the class structure

and its attendan t inequities. In the late

1940s he wr ote and edited Psychiatric

Newsletter to help those in psychiatry

contribute toward the w orking class

struggle against capitalism. The

newsletter attracted the attention of

the FBI, which kep t a file on it and

condu cted sur veillance of Simon.

The next few years saw h im activein the struggle to aid those of his

Lincoln Battalion comrades and others

who w ere victims of the McCarthy -era

witch hu nts. In 1952 he was Chairm an

of the Comm ittee to Defend Lincoln

Veterans. Some of our read ers may

remember receiving letters about

imprisoned Lincoln vet Steve Nelson

co-signed by John Simon and Moe

Fishm an. That year he w as also listed

as a sponsor on th e stationary of the

Comm ittee to Secure Justice in the

Rosenberg Case. Simon s archives

include carbon copies of the letters he

sent about these and other causes,

amon g them th ose of staff ph ysicians

being fired for political reasons. There

is also one original letter, return ed

because the federal prison authorities

refused to d eliver it: a birthd ay greet-

ing to John Gates.

A few years later Simon headed

south , first to East Lou isiana State

Hospital in Jackson, Louisiana (1956-

1958), and then to the State PsychiatricHospital in Rio Piedr as, Puerto Rico

(1958-1964). While in Puerto Rico

Simon w as repeatedly struck by the

legal imp ediments to delivering med i-

cal care. His respon se was to earn a

law d egree by studying at night; he

received his L.L.B. from the University

of Puerto Rico in 1972. He a lso taugh t

at the University of Puerto Rico in San

Juan from 1958-1959 and again from

1961 to 1974 before retu rning to p ri-

vate p ractice in New York City. His

med ical/ legal pu blications in th ese

years often took u p social issues,

including h is long essay on The

Virginity Cu lt in the Civil and

Criminal Law of Puerto Rico.Like so man y civil war veterans,

Simon lived h is life on the left, champ i-

oning p rogressive movements in h is

chosen career. He died on December 20,

1999. At the time of his death he w as

working on an au tobiography. He is

surv ived by h is former w ife, Ruth B.

Simon , by his wife Myrtle, and by six

childrenthree daughters and three

sons. Two of Simons sons were named

after vets wh o lost their lives in Spain,

British commissar Wally Tapsall and

American comm ander Bob Merriman.Simon had 13 grandchildren.

Cary Nelson

SAM WALTERSSam Walters and I had something

in common , besides fighting against

fascism in Spain . We both spent m ost

of our youth in orphan homes. Sam

had an older brother, Al, wh om he

always tried to emulate. When Al told

Sam th at he w as joining the

International Brigades in Spain, Sam

decided that h e wou ld go too. Sam, Al

and I left the United States on

February 20,1937, on th e Ile de France.

Some weeks later, after spend ing time

in France and then making our w ay

over the Pyrenees, we found ourselves

in Spain. Sadly, Al was killed ear ly on,

in a battle at the Aragon wh en the

Lincolns captu red Quinto. I remember

how d evastated Sam w as when he

learned of h

the volunteer, march 2000

Documents