The Vietnam War• Please turn in your completed PSI to the box on the cart and pick

up Focus 32: The Vietnam War (2 handouts)

• Take out your SOL review packet – we will spend 10 minutes reviewing before SOL Review Quiz #3

• When you finish the quiz, quietly read the sample response from our last unit test (Roaring 20’s essay) – the graded test will be returned to you today

We will: *take SOL Review Quiz #3

*distribute/discuss the last unit test

*analyze the causes and impact of the Vietnam War

Reminders for Next Two Weeks• Last SOL review quiz will be at the start of our next class

(Thursday for 3rd and 2nd, Friday for 4th) – different times!

• SOL Test in lab 231 on Monday, May 19. Report directly to the lab and bring a book to read. You can’t use electronic devices during testing even if you finish early.

• Last unit test and binder check on Friday, May 23.

• Capstone exhibits due in hard copy by Friday, May 30. Bring a draft for me to review by May 23 if you wish.

• Boom, Bust, & Global unit test retake for eligible students will be in class on Friday, May 30. You will need to sign up for it by May 23.

Containment Failures: Cuba & Vietnam• John F. Kennedy elected president in 1960; promised a more “hawkish”

approach to defense spending and dealing with the USSR • Bay of Pigs operation (1961) failed to overthrow Castro and set the stage for

the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), in which the U.S. secured removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba in exchange for a pledge to never again intervene in Cuba against Castro; U.S. also removed missiles from Turkey

• U.S involvement in Vietnam and Laos escalated through the 1960s; JFK ordered overthrow of President Diem in 1963; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave President Johnson authority to send in U.S. combat troops to support the South Vietnamese against the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese

• By 1968, the U.S. had committed more than 500,000 troops to Southeast Asia with no clear results; Tet Offensive proved that the U.S. was neither winning nor losing in the Vietnam War (1965-73)

Focus 32: The Vietnam War• After each video clip, be prepared to discuss and

complete the terms on the focus guide:http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/dashboard/dashboard.php

Modern America, Nixon to 9/11• Please take out your SOL review guide – we will take 10 minutes

to review for our last SOL review quiz.

• When you finish the review quiz, turn it in to the box on the cart and pick up the handouts. You can begin working on the Modern America “quiz” using the notes provided.

• Don’t forget to turn in your PSI on Civil Rights if you have not already done so - May 21 is the last day for full credit

We will: *take the last SOL review quiz

*explain how and why the Cold War ended

*identify and describe key events in U.S. history from 1974 to 2009

SOL Test Reminders

• Report to lab 231 at the start of Monday’s class – 3rd period goes to A lunch that day

• Bring a book to read or something to work on quietly if you finish early

• No electronic devices • Review your “quick guide” and the review

packet over the weekend – there are also two released tests available on the website (with answers)

Nixon, Kissinger, & DétenteThe Nixon Administration (1969-74) took a

new approach to containment, sought “peace with honor” in SE Asia:

1. Nixon Doctrine – increased reliance on regional allies, such as South Vietnam and Iran, designed to avoid committing U.S. troops overseas

2. Détente – opening to China in 1972 led to “triangular diplomacy” with the two major communist powers

3. Escalation of the Vietnam War, including the invasion of Cambodia (1970) and increased bombing campaigns designed to force the North Vietnamese to negotiate a ceasefire; achieved by January 1973

Triangular Diplomacy

Soviet Union China

United States

Détente

U.S.-China opening in 1972 led to normalization of relations with Beijing; played the “China card”;U.S. sacrificed formal relations with Taiwan

U.S.-Soviet relations thawed after China move; led to major arms controlagreements, including SALT I and the ABM Treaty (1972)

Soviet-Chinese relationstemporarily thawed after ideological differences and two brief border conflicts

President Richard Nixon

NSC AdvisorHenry Kissinger

Leonid Brezhnev

Mao

Détente’s Shortcomings• Withdrawal from Southeast Asia paved the

way for the collapse of South Vietnam and Cambodia (1975) – Cambodians suffered terribly under Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge

• The Soviets took advantage of détente to broaden their influence in Afghanistan, Africa (Ethiopia, Angola, & Mozambique) and Central America (Nicaragua)

• While the U.S. and other Western powers pressed for human rights (examples: 1975 Helsinki Accords and President Carter’s policies, 1977-81), not much real progress was made in the Eastern bloc

• The Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979) forced Carter to adopt a more “hawkish” policy and effectively scrapped SALT II

Reagan & the “Evil Empire”• Ronald Reagan’s election in 1980

signaled a shift in American attitudes towards the USSR – greater distrust and a desire to rebuild the American military

• Military build-up aimed at achieving conventional and nuclear parity and forcing the Soviets into a costly arms race; Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) led to astronomical cost projections

• Reagan Doctrine (1983) – expanded on the Truman version by offering support to rebel movements trying to overthrow Marxist governments (ex: Contras in Nicaragua, Mujahideen in Afghanistan)

• Invasion of Grenada (1983) was the first successful use of American forces in combat overseas since 1973

The Reagan View of the Cold War:Good Guys vs. Bad Guys

The End of the Cold War• Mikhail Gorbachev became Soviet

Secretary-General in 1985 after a succession of old-line leaders died

• Gorbachev introduced glasnost (political openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) to reform Soviet society

• Gorbachev-Reagan summits produced a thaw in U.S.-Soviet relations and a series of significant arms control agreements, including the INF Treaty (1987) and the START process

• Increasing pressures on the Eastern bloc led to Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan (1988), collapse of East European communist governments (1989), and collapse of the USSR itself (1991)

Focus #33: Modern America “Quiz”

• Working with your table partner(s), answer the assigned questions for the quiz and be prepared to share them with the class.

• This activity will highlight key content related to the SOL test for the era from the 1970s to the first decade of the 21st century

#1: Women’s Liberation• Inspired by the civil rights

movement, American women became increasingly active in campaigning for equal rights

• National Organization for Women (NOW)

• Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized abortion

• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed to get enough support for ratification and sparked

#’s 2 & 19: Watergate• In 1972, five burglars broke into

Democratic Party HQ at DC’s Watergate complex

• Nixon ordered a cover-up of the burglars’ White House connections

• Nixon refused to cooperate with court orders and Congress; the Supreme Court finally ordered him to turn over audio tapes

• He resigned in August 1974 rather than face certain impeachment

• President Ford later pardoned Nixon for any and all crimes

#3: Camp David Accords• President Carter

negotiated the first major Middle East peace agreement between Israel and Egypt in 1978

• The agreement paved the way for other agreements between Israel and Arab states but did not resolve the Palestinian issue

#4: Three Mile Island

• In 1978, the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor near Harrisburg, PA almost experienced a meltdown

• The incident raised concerns about future use of nuclear power and fueled the environmental movement, which demanded cleaner and safer energy

# 5: Iran Hostage Crisis• Islamic fundamentalists

overthrew the Shah of Iran (a U.S. ally) in early 1979

• Iranian students took over the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took over 50 Americans hostage

• The crisis lasted 444 days and hurt Carter’s chances of re-election in 1980

#6: Reagan Revolution• President Reagan (1981-1989)

pledged to reduce taxes and limit regulation

• His policies promoted free enterprise and an economic boom but were controversial because of the negative impact on poorer citizens

• This was the first serious effort to change course from New Deal and Great Society policies that expanded govt.

#7: Female Firsts• More women entered the

workplace by the 1980s but still receive lower wages than men on average

• Women had to break through the “glass ceiling” in business and govt.

• Sandra Day O’Connor – first female SC justice

• Sally Ride – first American woman in space

#8, 9, & 10: Reagan and the Cold War

Reagan took a hard line on relations with the USSR:•Reagan Doctrine•SDI (“Star Wars”)

By the late 1980s, relations improved, led to arms control (INF Treaty) and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe & the USSR

#11: Panama and Desert Storm

• President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) asserted American power by invading Panama (1989) and liberating Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm (1991)

• Despite managing the end of the Cold War, he lost re-election to Clinton in 1992 because of a recession

#’s 12 & 15: President Clinton

• President Clinton focused on domestic and economic issues in the 1990s

• Negotiated NAFTA with Canada and Mexico in 1994

• He was impeached for “unbecoming conduct” in 1998 but survived the Senate trial

#13: New Immigration• The Immigration Act of

1965 opened the way for more immigration from a broader area of the world

• More immigrants arrived from Asia and Latin America leading to greater diversity

• By 2050, the U.S. will not have a “majority” population

#14: Information Revolution• By the 1990s, new

technologies emerged that revolutionized daily life and work:

-- Personal computers

-- Cell phones

-- Internet

#’s 16 & 17: 9-11 and After• President George W. Bush

launched the “War on Terrorism” after the attacks on September 11, 2001

• The U.S. intervened in Afghanistan and Iraq (longer than Vietnam War)

• Patriot Act of 2001 sought to expand security but at the cost of raising civil liberties concerns (TSA, interrogations, surveillance)