the (very near) future of electric transportation utility challenges and opportunities
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The (Very Near) Future of Electric Transportation Utility Challenges and Opportunities. 2009 APPA National Conference June 16 th , 2009 Mark Duvall. The Electric Power Research Institute. Independent, unbiased, tax-exempt collaborative research organization - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The (Very Near) Future of Electric Transportation
Utility Challenges and Opportunities
2009 APPA National Conference
June 16th, 2009
Mark Duvall
2© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Electric Power Research Institute
• Independent, unbiased, tax-exempt collaborative research organization
•460 participants in over 40 countries
•Major offices in Palo Alto, CA; Charlotte, NC and Knoxville, TN
RD&D consortium for the electricity industry founded in 1973
3© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Plug-In Vehicles are Coming
Dodge
BMW
Mercedes
Cadillac
Miles
Saturn
Smart
Tesla
Chrysler
Chevrolet
Ford
Nissan
Mitsubishi
Toyota
Ford
BYD
4© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
2008
First Announcements of Production-Intent
PHEV Programs
PHEV Development Timeline
2006 2010 2012 2014 2016
1st PHEV Introduction
Launch of 1st Gen 2
Programs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
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2018
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2020
2021
2022
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2030
An
nu
al
New
Plu
g-I
n V
eh
icle
Sa
les
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-In
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ales
Annual Sales (thousands)
Cumulative Sales (thousands)
0
500
1,000
1,500
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2,500
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3,500
4,000
2009
2010
2011
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2030
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nu
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icle
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8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
lug
-In
Ve
hic
le S
ales
Annual Sales (thousands)
Cumulative Sales (thousands)
Production Ramp UpOther OEM PHEVs, EVs
Enter Market
5© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Utility Challenges and OpportunitiesGetting Ready
Opportunities
• Beneficial electrification
• Cost-effective emissions reductions
– CO2
– Criteria emissions
• ‘New’ customers on existing assets
• New potential business models
• Improve economics, environment of your communities
Challenges
• Understand customer needs
• Understand and minimize system impacts
• Near-term rollout (2010) vs. long-term planning
Plug-In Vehicles Customers
EconomicsCharging
Infrastructure
7© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
2008
First Announcements of Production-Intent
PHEV Programs
PHEV Development Timeline
2006 2010 2012 2014 2016
1st PHEV Introduction
Launch of 1st Gen 2
Programs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
An
nu
al
New
Plu
g-I
n V
eh
icle
Sa
les
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
lug
-In
Ve
hic
le S
ales
Annual Sales (thousands)
Cumulative Sales (thousands)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
An
nu
al
New
Plu
g-I
n V
eh
icle
Sa
les
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
lug
-In
Ve
hic
le S
ales
Annual Sales (thousands)
Cumulative Sales (thousands)
Production Ramp UpOther OEM PHEVs, EVs
Enter Market
8© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
2008
First Announcements of Production-Intent
PHEV Programs
PHEV Development Timeline
2006 2010 2012 2014 2016
1st PHEV Introduction
Launch of 1st Gen 2
Programs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
An
nu
al
New
Plu
g-I
n V
eh
icle
Sa
les
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
lug
-In
Ve
hic
le S
ales
Annual Sales (thousands)
Cumulative Sales (thousands)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
An
nu
al
New
Plu
g-I
n V
eh
icle
Sa
les
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
lug
-In
Ve
hic
le S
ales
Annual Sales (thousands)
Cumulative Sales (thousands)
Production Ramp UpOther OEM PHEVs, EVs
Enter Market
Finalize Connector
(SAE J1772)Auto – Utility
Collaborations
Finalize Communications
(SAE J2836)
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributionOperations
DistributedGeneration& Storage
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet Renewables
PV
Production Implementation of Smart Charging and
AMI Integration
Begin Smart Charging
Development
9© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Gre
enho
use
Gas
Em
issi
ons
Redu
ction
s (m
illio
n m
etri
c to
ns)
Low PHEV Share Medium PHEV Share High PHEV Share
Environmental Impact of Electric Transportation
• Results of detailed electric sector and air quality modeling
• ET creates definitive well-to-wheels CO2 reduction
• U.S. Potential:400-500 million metric ton annual (on-road)100+ million mton (non-road)
• ‘Credit’ for these reductions still undetermined
• Nationwide improvement in air quality—all gen sources
Annual Reduction in Greenhouse Gas EmissionsFrom PHEV Adoption
10© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Community Economic Benefits
• Study of Cleveland Metro area
– 2.9M residents
• EV adoption:
– Increases electricity consumption
– increases household income
– 6k – 10k jobs/yr created
2020 Impact
Electricity0.090/kWh
Gas2.51/gal
Electricity0.093/kWh
Gas3.51/gal
Light Duty Vehicles
Reduced Petroleum Demand -1,010.2 -1,413.0
Increased Electricity Demand 266.9 275.8
Increased HH Income 743.3 1,137.2
Heavy Duty Vehicles
Reduced Petroleum Demand -84.9 -121.8
Increased Electricity Demand 23.0 23.7
Increased HH Income 62.0 98.1
12© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
GM/EPRI/Utility Collaboration
BC Hydro
Seattle City Light
Portland General Electric
Sacramento Municipal UD
Pacific Gas & Electric
Southern California Edison
San Diego Gas & Electric
Hawaiian Electric Co.
Golden Valley Electric Assn.
Snohomish County PUD No. 1
PacifiCorp
Salt River Project
Tri-State G&T
Manitoba Hydro
Hydro-Québec
Arkansas Electric Coop
Austin Energy
CenterPoint Energy
Great River Energy
Dairyland Power
Nebraska Public Power Dist.
Lincoln Electric
Great Plains Energy
We EnergiesConsumers Energy
DTE
Hoosier
Southern Company
EnWin
FirstEnergyAEP
NYPA
Central Hudson G&E
ConEdPSEG
Constellation Energy
Dominion Resources
Duke EnergyProgress Energy
Ameren Services
Northeast Utilities
EUROPE
Iberdrola, S.A.
Hetch Hetchy Water and Power
Exelon
United Illuminating
Hydro One
CPS Energy
Avista Corp.
NY ISO
PJM
Pepco Holdings, Inc.
Tennessee Valley Auth.
Rochester G&E
Madison G&E
13© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Components of Grid Integration
MainframeMainframeMainframe
Back Office Systems
MainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframe
Back Office Systems
Plug-In VehicleAMI Path
Smart Charging Back End
Energy Management, Cust ID, Billing
Non-AMI Path
StandardInterface• Utility – Auto industry
collaboration
• Standardize interface vehicle-to-grid
• Common
• Open systems
14© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Migrate PHEV technology to high-volume applications
• Utility fleets act as early adopters
• Federal stimulus proposal
– 328 vehicles to utility and public fleets in large multi-year demonstration
• Production-ready design and facilities
PHEV ‘Trouble Truck’ Program
15© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Non-Road Electric Transportation
• Airports & Sea Ports
– Ground support equipment
– Ground power
– A/C & Refrigeration
• Material handling
– Lift trucks
– Trucks & support vehicles
• Benefits
• Saves customers money
• Beneficial electrification
• Reduce emissions
• Leverage existing customer relationship
16© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distribution System Impacts
• Evaluate localized impacts of PHEVs to utility distribution systems
• Participants – ConEd, AEP, Hydro-Quebec, Dominion, TVA, Southern, NU, BC Hydro, SRP, Duke
• Thermal Loading
• Losses
• Voltage
• Imbalance
• Harmonics
• Protection System Impacts
• Advanced Metering
• EE devices
Distribution ImpactsDistribution Impacts Plug-In CharacteristicsPlug-In Characteristics
• Plug-in vehicle type and range
• PEV market share and distribution
• Charge profile and power level
• Charger behavior
1
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23Ja
n Ma
r Ma
y Jul Sep
Nov
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kW
HourMonth
Total Loading on Feeder Under Study (2007) kW
10000-110009000-100008000-90007000-80006000-70005000-60004000-50003000-40002000-30001000-20000-1000
Peak - Jan and July and AugustPeak Period @ July/Aug - 1pm - 8pmPeak Period @ Jan - 8am - 11am & 5pm-9pmPeak - 10.4MW @ July 27th, 2007 @ 5pm
17© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
~ 3 PLASMA TVs and SET TOP BOXES
CHEVY VOLTExtended Range Electric Vehicle
Annual Energy Consumption
= 2,500 kWh
PLASMA TVAnnual Energy
623 kWh
SET TOP BOX Annual
Energy
263 kWh
Annual Energy Consumption
= 886 kWh
Plug-in Vehicle Energy Consumption
18© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Clarifying Infrastructure and Charging Requirements
Utility Infrastructure ChecklistSingle conductive connector
standard• Bi-directional communication
standardized on both grid and vehicle sides
• Develop and validate interoperable applications for smart charging into home infrastructure
• Understand and support municipal and customer needs for public infrastructure
• Facilitate easy adoption—meet each vehicle owner’s own infrastructure needs.
Type Power Level Vehicles
Level 1
120 VAC15-20A circuit
1.2 – 2.0 kW PHEVs
(10-20 mi range)
Level 2208-240 VAC
15-40A circuit
50-100A circuit
2.5 – 17 kW
2.5 – 7.7 kW
8 – 17 kW
PHEVs, EREVs, some EVs
EVs
DC-DC 20 – 250kW Fast Charging – EVs
Charging Requirements
19© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distribution System AnalysisSmart Charging is a Key Technology to Reduce Impacts
July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feeder Under Study
4000
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hours
To
tal L
oad
ing
at
Su
bst
atio
n (
KW
)
Base Load Scenario
off-peak load
off-peak load
20© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distribution System AnalysisSmart Charging is a Key Technology to Reduce Impacts
July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feeder Under Study
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hours
To
tal L
oad
ing
at
Su
bst
atio
n (
KW
)
Base Load Scenario
PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 12A) Charging @6pm Penetration=10%
off-peak load
off-peak load
21© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distribution System AnalysisSmart Charging is a Key Technology to Reduce Impacts
July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feeder Under Study
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hours
To
tal L
oad
ing
at
Su
bst
atio
n (
KW
)
Base Load Scenario
PHEV Case 1:- (240V, 12A) Charging @6pm Penetration=10%
PHEV Case 2:- (240V, 12A) Charging @9pm Penetration=10%
off-peak load
off-peak load
22© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distribution System AnalysisSmart Charging is a Key Technology to Reduce Impacts
July 27th 2007 24 hr: Total Loading for the Feeder Under Study
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hours
To
tal L
oad
ing
at
Su
bst
atio
n (
KW
)
Base Load Scenario
PHEV Case 3:- (240V, 12A) Diversified Charging @9pm-1am Penetration=10%
off-peak load
off-peak load
23© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Charging Infrastructure
• Residential – majority of units
– Seamless installations for homeowners
– Permits, electricians, inspections
– Rates and
• Workplace or Retail
– Commercial/Industrial customers
• Public Charging
– Support municipalities
– Very expensive
ResidentialResidential
Workplaceor Retail
Workplaceor Retail
PublicPublic
24© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Going Forward – Getting Ready
• Create internal team—fleet, system planning, customer service, etc– Emphasis on planning and education/training
• Understand community wants/needs– City governments, stakeholders– Support infrastructure planning
• EPRI supporting information (through TVA)– Public outreach and education materials– OEM collaborative and vehicle demo programs– Infrastructure planning information and tools– Fleet adoption info– Grid impacts and environmental analyses
• Develop a high-level plan—but pace the implementation
26© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Plug-In Vehicles as Distributed Energy Resources
• Definitions– V2G – bidirectional transient
power & ancilliary services– V2H – premise peak shaving
and DR– Smart charging – load shaping,
DR, etc.
• Whether or not true V2G is realized, vehicles will eventually be aggregated for grid services– 3rd party DR– Grid regulation, even if one-way– 3rd party smart charging– Renewables integration
End-use Load
PEV
Point of ConnectionAREA
EPS
Point of Common Coupling
(PCC) Local EPS
End-use Load
PEV
Point of ConnectionAREA
EPS
Point of Common Coupling
(PCC) Local EPS
INV
27© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.Image from Image from NASA Visible EarthNASA Visible Earth