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THE USE OF PUMPING STATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH

KUCHING BARRAGE FOR FLOOD MITIGATION

Norazliza Binti Mohamad

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

2009

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan

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BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS

Judul: THE USE OF PUMPING STATION IN CONJUNCTION

WITH KUCHING BARRAGE FOR FLOOD MITIGATION

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2005 - 2009

Saya NORAZLIZA BINTI MOHAMAD

(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan laporan projek ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti

Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan

dibiayai oleh UNIMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.

2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada

penulis.

3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka.

4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar

yang dipersetujui kelak.

5. * Saya membenarkan/tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan

pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

6. ** Sila tandakan ( √ )

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan

Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/

badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat tetap: NO 19, JALAN AU 1A/3F, TAMAN KERAMAT PERMAI, PROFESSOR FREDERIK J. PUTUHENA

( Nama Penyelia ) 54200 KUALA LUMPUR

Tarikh: Tarikh:

CATATAN * Potong yang tidak berkenaan.

** Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/

organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan

sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

PKS/2000

The following Final Year Project Report:

Title : THE USE OF PUMPING STATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH


Name : NORAZLIZA BINTI MOHAMAD

Matric No. : 14805

has been read and approved by:

______________________ _____________

PROFESSOR FREDERIK J. PUTUHENA Date

Project Supervisor

Dedicated to my beloved family, my friend and all people

who involve in my research

THE USE OF PUMPING STATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH


NORAZLIZA BINTI MOHAMAD

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

2009

Faculty of Engineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2009

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to show my appreciation to my final year project’s

supervisor, Professor Frederik J. Putuhena, because of his guidance, advices and

encouragement on me for this project.

Secondly, I would like to thanks to my parents because gave me a lot of

motivation, moral support and always be beside me in order to complete this project.

Last but not least, I would like to dedicated my thanks to Darrien Mah Yau Seng for

guiding and helping me on my research especially on running the simulation. Without

him, I will not able to finishing this project.

I would like also to thanks to my friends and people whose support, helping me

and involve directly or indirectly for finishing this project. My appreciation and my

thankful to all of you will last in my memory.

ii

ABSTRAK

Kuching Barrage adalah salah satu daripada langkah-langkah tebatan banjir yang sedia

ada yang telah dibina untuk menghalang masalah banjir di Sungai Sarawak. Walaupun ia

telah dibina, masalah banjiran tetap berlaku terutamanya di kawasan Kuching. Air banjir

yang berlebihan disebabkan oleh banjir yang tinggi dan air pasang besar dari Sungai

Sarawak. Keadaan yang paling kritikal wujud apabila kedua-dua air pasang dan air

banjir dari hulu anak sungai bertembung di tempat dan pada masa yang sama.

Penyelidikan ini membincangkan tentang penggunaan stesen pengepaman dengan

membentangkan senario pembanjiran tanpa sistem pengepam dan dengan sistem

pengepam menggunakan InfoWorks River Simulation (RS). Data, persediaan GIS dan

perincian model yang diperlukan dibentangkan di dalam laporan ini. Model Wallingford

Software digunakan untuk mereka stesen pengepaman seperti satu sistem perlindungan

untuk mengepam keluar lebihan air dari Sungai Sarawak ke laut semasa banjir apabila

pintu Kuching Barrage telah ditutup. Pam akan disetkan bergerak semasa hujan lebat

dan air pasang besar di mana pam di dalam stesen pengepaman akan dipasang secara

selari. Simulasi model dengan stesen pengepaman telah dijalankan dengan bilangan pam

yang banyak sehingga tidak ada pembanjiran serius berlaku di Sungai Sarawak. Kajian

telah dijalankan di keratan rentas S46 (Kuala Maong) di mana hidrograf-tahap banjir dan

profil keratan rentas telah dihasilkan oleh Infowork RS bertujuan untuk menunjukkan

keputusan satu pembiakan profil air banjir. Kawasan Kuala Maong telah dipilih

disebabkan kerap berlaku masalah banjir. Keputusan-keputusan daripada model

hidraulik menunjukkan bahawa stesen pengepaman itu berupaya mengurangkan banjir.

iii

ABSTRACT

Kuching Barrage is one of the existing flood mitigation measures which built to prevent

the flooding problem in the Sarawak River. Even though there is a Kuching Barrage, but

the flooding problems still occurs especially in Kuching area. External floods are caused

by high flood water and high tides from Sarawak River. The most critical condition

arises when both king tides and flood water from upper tributaries reach a place at the

same time. This research discusses the use of pumping station by presenting the flooding

scenarios without and with pumping system using InfoWorks River Simulation (RS).

Data, Geographical Information System (GIS) preparations and details on modeling

approach are presented. The Wallingford Software model is used to design the pumping

station as a protection system to pump out or drains out the excess water during flood

from Sarawak River into the sea when the Kuching Barrage gates were closed. The

pumps would be set in motion during heavy rain and high tides which the pumps in the

pumping station were modeled in parallel. The simulation of the modeling with pumping

station had been carried out with many numbers of pumps until there was no serious

flooding occurs in Sarawak River. The study had been carried out at the cross section

S46 (Kuala Maong) which the flood stage hydrograph and cross section profile had been

generated by Infowork RS in order to show the results of a propagation of flood water

profiles. Kuala Maong area had been selected due to its known frequent flooding

problems. The results from the hydraulic model showed that the pumping station is

capable of reducing flood.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page Number

Acknowledgement i

Abstrak ii

Abstract iii

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

List of Abbreviations xii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.1.1 Sarawak River 1

1.1.2 Flood Problem in Sarawak River 2

1.1.3 Existing Flood Protection Measures in Sarawak River 2

1.2 Flood History 5

1.3 The Introduction of Pumping Station System 7

1.4 Objectives 8

1.5 Scopes of Work 8

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Flooding 9

v

2.2 Flood Mitigation 12

2.2.1 The structural Measures 12

2.2.2 The non-structural Measures 14

2.3 Pumping Station 15

2.3.1 Centrifugal Pump 15

2.3.2 Pump Characteristic 17

2.4 Barrage 20

2.4.1 Kuching Barrage 21

2.4.2 Marina Barrage 25

2.4.3 Thames Barrier 29

2.5 Application of Infoworks RS Software 32

2.5.1 The Continuity Equation 32

2.5.2 The Energy Equation 35

2.6 Geographical Information System (GIS) 41

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Collecting Data from the Resources Available 45

3.3 Build the Sarawak River Modelling 45

3.4 Export Data to Infoworks RS software 47

3.5 Boundary Condition 48

3.6 Calibration and Validation Event 49

3.7 Hydrodynamic Modelling Simulation 52

3.7 Pumping Scenario and Performance Evaluation 52

vi

Chapter 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results of Hydrodynamic Modelling 54

4.2 Scenario without Pumping station 54

4.3 Scenario with Pumping station 55

4.4 Depth of Flood 60

4.4.1 Depth of Flood without Pumping Station 61

4.4.2 Depth of Flood with Pumping Station 63

4.5 Longitudinal Section 68

4.6 Flood Mapping 72

4.7 Discussion 73

Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions 74

5.2 Recommendations 75

REFERENCES 77

vii

List of Tables

Table Page Number

1.1 Flood History in Sarawak River 6

4.1: The Summary for the Depth of Flood with Pumping Station 68

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page Number

1.1 Sungai Sarawak Basin 4

1.2 Kuching Barrage 4

2.1 Kuching Barrage Gates 24

2.2 Marina Barrage 27

2.3 Barrage section 27

2.4 Crest gate of Barrage 28

2.5 Operation of Barrage with Pumping

Station and without Pumping Station 28

2.6 The top view of Thames Barrage 31

2.7 The view from the south side of the Thames Barrier 31

2.8 Scheme for the equation of continuity 33

2.9 Scheme for the equation of energy in a cross section 35

2.10 Scheme of the equation of energy, between two sections 37

2.11 GIS layers 42

3.1 Flow Chart Study 44

3.2 Sarawak River Basin digital GIS map 45

3.3 A Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) of Sarawak River 46

3.4 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of Sarawak River 47

3.5 Nodes and Link of Sungai Sarawak 48

ix

3.6 Calibration at Upstream and Downstream Kuching Barrage 50

3.7 Calibration at U/S Ship Lock 50

3.8 Calibration at Satok Bridge 51

3.9 Calibration at Batu Kawa Bridge 51

3.10 Location of Pump at Sarawak River Network 53

4.1 Peak Flood Map without Pumping Station at Sarawak River 55

4.2 Peak Flood Map with Pumping Station (7 Pumps) at Sarawak River 57




4.6 Location of the Kuala Maong (S46) Cross Section in Sarawak River 61

4.7 Cross section and Flood Stage Hydrograph at Kuala Maong

without Pumping Station 62


with Pumping Station (7 pumps) 64







4.12 Flood Profile at Sarawak River 71

x

4.13 Flood Mapping of Sarawak River Without and

With Pumping Station (30 pumps) 72

4.14 The Graph Maximum Flood depth versus Number of Pumps 73

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS

3-D Three-Dimensional

A Area in km²

DID Sarawak Department of Irrigation and Drainage Sarawak

DTM Digital Terrain Model

ESRI Environmental Sciences Research Institute

ESRI ArcInfo A GIS software package of ESRI

ESRI ArcGrid A GIS software package of ESRI

ESRI ArcView A GIS software package of ESRI

GeoPlan Geographical Plan, a GIS tool of InfoWorks RS

GIS Geographical Information System

InfoWorks A licensed hydraulic modeling software of Wallingford

Software Ltd. UK

InfoWorks RS River Simulation, a modeling software package of InfoWorks

ISIS A licensed hydraulic modeling software of Wallingford

Software Ltd. UK

L Length in meter

m LSD Elevation Level of Survey Datum

n Manning’s roughness Coefficient

Q Discharge in m³/s

Qp Peak Discharge in m³/s

RS River Simulation

xii

sq.km Kilometer square (km2)

TIN Triangulated Irregular Network

V Volume in m³

v Velocity in m/s

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

1.1.1 Sarawak River

Sarawak River is the most important river in Kuching area. It runs 125km long and

drains a catchment area of 2375 sq.km. There are two exits to the sea which are on the

Sarawak River, 30km and Santubung River, 20km which both exits to the South China

Sea. According to Sarawak River topographical map, Sarawak River consists of two

major tributaries which are Sarawak Kiri River and Sarawak Kanan River. The two

tributaries meet near Batu Kitang, around 34km upstream of Kuching city. Buan Bidi is

located at upstream of Sarawak River which is about 73km upstream of barrage. At the

downstream of the Sarawak River is Pending, which is located about 20km from the sea

and also located at the downstream of the Kuching Barrage. Average rainfall for

Kuching city is 4000 mm per year with maximum 5000mm per year.

2

1.1.2 Flood Problem in Sarawak River

This flooding phenomenon is typically occurs in Sarawak especially in Kuching

area. The Kuching city is the most developed area in Sarawak therefore due to the rapid

development and urbanization, flooding problems in Kuching city have become more

frequent and severe. Even though there is the Kuching Barrage had been constructed,

but the flooding problems still occurs in Kuching area. This is due to rapid storm water

run-off and the high tide from the sea so that water levels tend to rise over the Kuching

barrage flow in to Sarawak River. The Sarawak River is similar with the Rajang River

where the upper and middle reach of the Sarawak River is steep and the predominant

floods problem in these areas are flash flood. At the downstream of Sarawak River with

the two tributaries, Sarawak River Kiri and Sarawak River Kanan, the river flows

through low lying and flat terrain therefore the flooding here is attributed to a

combination of high tide and rapid storm water run-off.

1.1.3 Existing Flood Protection Measures in Sarawak River

Kuching Barrage is one of the existing flood protection measures which built to

prevent the flooding problem in the Sarawak River. Kuching barrage construction is a

phase 2 of the construction of Sungai Sarawak Regulation Scheme which is component

of the scheme. Kuching Barrage is located at the upstream of the Sarawak River at the

Kuching Port which near the Kuching City. The Kuching Barrage facility includes five

steel hydraulically operated radial gates each measuring 25 m wide by 12 m high which

controlling the Sarawak River. In order to allow ships and vessel to access upstream of

3

the barrage, a ship lock measuring 125 m long by 25 m wide was provided and located

to one side of the barrage. The lock has two radial gates similar to the barrages gates,

one at each end. Due to this lock, when the water levels each side of the barrage are

about equal, barrage gate No.5 will be available for the passage of vessels. Moreover,

there is a four lane road bridge 435 m long was constructed over both the barrage and

lock structures forming parts of the Pending-Sejingkat-Kuching roadway. Normally, the

barrage gates will be closed in due to prevent the upstream passage of sea water. At

times of heavy rain, when the water level upstream is higher than the water level

downstream, they will open fully to discharge storm water flow.

The operation is also depends on the condition of tides. If the tides at the sea are

high during the heavy rains, the barrage gates will be closed in order to prevent the

upstream water from the sea flow into the Sarawak River. But if the tide is low during

heavy rain, barrage gates will open to release the water from Sarawak River into the sea.

Although the Kuching Barrage gates is closed to prevent the sea water flow into the

Sarawak River when the heavy rains but during the very high tides which also called

King Tidal from South China Sea, the barrage gates still unable to prevent the water that

tends to rise over the barrage gates and it will flows into Sarawak River and cause a

flooding problem especially in flood prone area which is Batu Kitang area.

4

Figure 1.1: Sungai Sarawak Basin (http://www.wikimapia.org)

Figure 1.2 : Kuching Barrage ( Sarawak River Board, 2007)

Tributary:

Sungai Sarawak

Kiri

Tributary:

Sungai Sarawak

Kanan

Sungai Sarawak

Kuching City

Sungai Kuap

Kuching

Barrage

5

1.2 Flood History

Before construction and operation of Kuching Barrage

Events Affected Flood Areas Flood Height *

February 1946 Sarawak River Up to 6 feet

January 1953 Sarawak River, Kuching

(worst flood since 1939) 2-12 feet

February 1957 Sarawak River 2-5 feet

January 1958 Sarawak River 5-7 feet

January 1962 Sarawak River 20 feet

January-February 1963 Whole State affected 20 feet

February 1964 Sarawak River 6 feet

February 1966 Kuching Not recorded

January 1967 Sarawak River Not recorded

January 1968 Sarawak River, Kuching 3-10 feet

December 1969 Sarawak River 5 feet


January 1971 Sarawak River, Kuching 8 feet

November 1971 Kuching Town 3 feet

January 1972 Kuching 7 feet


December 1975 Kuching Town , Sarawak

River Not recorded

January 1976 Sarawak River Siniawan Bazaar 8 feet;

Batu Kawa Bazaar 3 feet

February 1977 Kuching Town Not Recorded

January 1978 Kuching Town

Some shophouses in

Kuching Town was

under 1 foot of water

January 1980 Kuching Town 1-3 feet

January 1983 Sarawak River 3-7 feet

January 1985 Sarawak River, Kuching

Town Not Recorded

March 1986 Kuching Town Not Recorded

December 1987 Sarawak River 4 feet

February 1989 Kuching Town Not Recorded


December 1993 Kuching 1-8 feet

March 1994 Kuching Town 1-2 feet

February 1995 Sarawak River and

Kuching Town

5 feet of water above

Batu Kitang shophouses

6

December 1993 Kuching, 1-8 feet

March 1994 Kuching Town 1-2 feet

February 1997 Kuching Town 0.15-0.3m

January 1998 Kuching Town 0.25-2.00m

After construction and operation of Kuching Barrage on Jan 1998

Events Affected Flood Areas Flood Height *

December 1999 Sarawak River ( Kuching

City) 0.1 - 0.55m

January 2000 Sarawak River ( Kuching

City)

0.1 - 0.7m

February 2000 Sarawak River 0.1 - 0.3m

January 2002 Sarawak River ( 3 times) 0.1 - 2.5 m

February 2003 - Sarawak River

-Kuching City

0.3- 3.0m

0.3- 1m

Early December 2003 Kuching 1 - 2 m

January 2004 Kuching City, Sarawak

River 0.3 - 1.5m

May 2005 Kuching 0.1 - 0.3 m

July 2005 Kuching 0.1 - 0.3 m

October 2005 Kuching 0.1 - 0.3 m

Table 1.1: Flood History in Sarawak River (www.did.sarawak.gov.my)

According to the table above show that the flood history of Kuching city before and

after construction of Kuching barrage which the data was taken from DID Sarawak

(www.did.sarawak.gov.my). The worst flooding in Kuching state is on January and

February 1963. The flooding affected all the Sarawak state and it is the worst event

recorded which flood height reached about 20 feet. The rainfall amount is higher from

the normal rainfall amount. The period of rainfall on that month is 5 days up to 40 days.

The amount of the rainfall is more than 2000mm from January and February 1963. The

http://www.did.sarawak.gov.my/

http://www.did.sarawak.gov.my/

7

monthly rainfall in Kuching city for the wet season which is from October to March is

about 400 mm to 500 mm. Due to this worst phenomenon, the flood protection

measures which is Kuching Barrage at the upstream of Sarawak River was been

construct and been operate in year 1998 due to overcome the flooding problem. After

the operation of the Kuching Barrage, the flooding problem still occurs between years

2003 until 2007. The rainfall during the flooding in Sungai Sarawak in year 2003 and

2004 is 20% more that 1963 which is 50 years flood scenario. It coincide with king

tides and at upstream of Batu Kitang Bridge, flooding is similar to flooding year 1963.

At the downstream of that, the flooding is less severe. There are many options to

overcome the remaining flooding problems which are by constructing a Dam Bengoh,

constructing a flood bypass (diversion of the river) on Sungai Sarawak, constructing the

levee system on Sungai Sarawak and also install the pumping station system at the

Kuching Barrage.

1.3 The Introduction of Pumping Station System

A pump is defined as a device which raises or transfers fluids. For each

application, a pump is not only to raise or transfer fluid, but to satisfy some other

requirement as well. During the high tides, the barrage gates will be closed as long as the

tide is rising. Hence, flooding will occurs in Sungai Sarawak if there is a heavy rainfall.

For this study, the pumping station system is required in order to prevent the flood

problems in Sarawak River. Pumping station system is the system where the pump is

install near the Kuching Barrage in order to pump out the water from the Sarawak River

into the sea during the high tide when the barrage gate are closed. The centrifugal pump

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