the university in the service of society

5/18/2018 The University in the Service of Society

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Title: (Old) Science Hall (1901-1999) - West Entrance

Description Subject: A view of the west entry of (Old) Science

Building. A concrete sidewalk and walkway are in front with a metal

post and chain-link fence around the grass. Four ionic uted pillars

adorn the entry way. Completed in 1901, Science Hall absorbedUND's museum and laboratories from Main. Science Hall originally

held Engineering in the basement, Physics and Mathematics on rst

oor, Chemistry on second oor and Biology with the museum on

the third oor. On September 26, 1905, The School of Medicine

opened its doors and occupied portions of the building's second and

third oors until 1948. After that, Science Hall provided a home for

the Public Health Laboratory (1949-1973) and UND's radio station

KFJM, besides other entities. After some debate it was decided that

Old Science be razed in 1999 due to structural concerns. Its uted

ionic columns are displayed in the Barnes and Noble bookstore and

the pair of inner doors from the main entry provide entry to the

Elwyn B. Robinson Department of Special Collections , Chester Fritz

Library.

Date Created: 1915

Type: Photographic print

Format: Silver gelatin, 7 X 9 in.

Photograph Number: UAP 4,877Relation Is Part Of: University Archives Photograph Collection,

1909 -

Rights: Elwyn B. Robinson Department of Special Collections,

Chester Fritz Library, University of North Dakota


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i

SERIESINTRODUCTION

The goal of his seies is o ecove and epublish piec-

es of THEQUARTERLYJOURNALOFTHEUNIVER-

SITYOFNORTHDAKOTA. The selecion of Doves Type

fo he fis volume in he seies inenionally evokes he

ediscover of hings los as well as he adiional caf

of pining and publishing a he coe of boh highe ed-

ucaion and he founding mission of NORTHDAKOTA

QUARTERLY.


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SUBSCRIPTIONSTOTHEQUARTERLY

To Subscibe o NORTH DAKOTA QUARTERLY fo

he old fashioned pice of $32.00 pe yea, visi:

hp://as-sciences.und.edu/noh-dakoa-quaely/subscibe.cfm


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ABOUTTHETYPE

THISepin fomTHEQUARTERLYJOURNALOFTHEUNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA (lae NORTHDAKOTAQUARTERLY) is se in a moden econsucion

of he famed Doves Type fon. T. J. Cobden-Sandesoncommissioned he tpe fom engave Emer Walke

in 1900 fo use in The Dove Pess which he wo men

an as a paneship. Cobden-Sandeson was a fiend of

William Mois and acive in he As and Cafs move-

men. The fon eflecs William Mois's fondness fo

he fifeenh-cenur tpes of Nicolas Jenson and pe-seves some of he pemoden elegance absen in popula

fons of he day.

When Cobden-Sandeson and Walke dissolved hei

paneship beween 1909 and 1913, Walke sysemai-

cally deposied he maices in he Thames ive a sho

disance fom hei pining office. Ove fou monhs in1916 and 1917, Walke discaded he enie tpe se. In

2015, howeve, Robe Geen was able o ecove 150

pieces of he tpe fom he Thames ive and econsuc

he fon.


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vii

INTRODUCTION

This essay is a lighly edied anscipion of John Gil-lees Univesit Lecue fom June of 1915. The speechevokes a momen in he hisor of boh Univesit of Noh

Dakoa and univesiies in he Unied Saes, and Gillee en-deavos o aiculae he ole of highe educaion in boh he

sae and he Ameican societ. The few yeas peceeding his

speech had been challenging fo UND. In Decembe 1914,

UND Pesiden Fank McVey had o eassue sudens ha

he univesit would emain open afe a ver unfavoable

esponse o his eques fo $300,000 in sae funding duing

he 1913 legislaive session. While McVeys budge was beeeceived in he 1915 legislaive session, he neveheless chaffed

unde he limied esouces and, a imes, inevenionis pol-

icies of UNDs Boad of Tusees.

Gillee was also wiing amids he ongoing evebe-

aions of Joseph Lewinsohn affai. In 1914, Lewinsohn had

esigned his posiion in he UND Law School unde pes-sue fom he poliically consevaive chaiman of he UND

Boad of Tusees and Pesiden McVey. Lewinsohn had

campaigned on behalf of Theodoe Roosevels pogessive

Bull Moose Pat in 1912 and offended consevaive elemens

on he univesits boad of usees. Many on campus saw

he Lewinsohn affai as a seious hea o a gowing sense of

academic feedom, and his concen pomped Gillee andhisor pofesso O.G. Libby o found UNDs banch of

he AAUP (Ameican Associaion of Univesit Pofessos).

Lewinsohns esignaion dew naional aenion wih edio-


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ials in he LOSANGELESTIMESand esponses by McVey and

ohes. The Lewinsohn affai and McVeys legislaive ebuke

spoke o he lage issues of he ole of he univesit in public

life boh in Noh Dakoa and naionally.

Gillee ose o pominence wih his publicaion of he

landmak ex,RURALSOCIOLOGY, in 1913. Gillee had come

o UND in 1907 wih a wo docoaes, one fom he Chi-

cago Theological Seminar and anohe fom he Univesit

of Chicago afe seving fo hee yeas as he pesiden of

Chadon Sae Nomal School in Nebaska and anohe sixa he Valley Cit Nomal School in Noh Dakoa. He was

commied o pogessive poliics and ecognized he key ole

of he univesit in pomoing social change paiculaly in

ual saes like Noh Dakoa. This essay capues boh his

sudied pespecive on he ole of he moden univesit as

well as he ring imes ha he and his colleagues had expei-

enced ove he pas yea a UND. Despie he conovesies

and disappoinmens, Gillee and McVey shaed pogessive

aiudes and sough o modenize he Univesit of Noh

Dakoa. In 1917, McVey depaed he Univesit fusaed

wih he pace of change. Gillee coninued on a he Unive-

sit and was offeed he office of pesiden afe McVeys pe-

decesso Thomas Kane eied in 1933. Gillee declined, buhis ecommended candidae, John C. Wes, acceped he pos.

The hisoical and poliical conex fo his essay povides

an avenue fo undesanding he paicula agumens and

one in Gillees pose, bu does nohing o deac fom he

value of his agumen fo he pesen day.


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THEQUARTERLYJOURNAL

THEUNIVERSITYOFNORTHDAKOTA

VOLUME7

JANUARY1917

NUMBER4


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The Univesit in he Sevice of Societ

John Mois Gillee

Pofesso of Sociology, Univesit of Noh Dakoa

Given as he annualUnivesit Addess a he Univesit of Noh Dakoa,

June 16, 1915

IN

choosing a subjec fo his occasion, I have se-

leced one which duing seveal yeas has pos-

ses a song inees fo me. I have chosen o dicuss heunivesit in he sevice of societ jus because of his

inees, and no because I can hope o make any coni-

buion which is desined o become enowned. Indeed,

in my own life wok, I am commied o he saying of

Macus Auelius: As fo life i is a bale and a sojoun-

ing in a sange land; and he fame ha comes afewadis oblivion.

Wha I shall say emanaes fom my own peculia

soe of knowledge, howeve esiced, and fom my

paicula poin of view, howeve waped i may be, and

is in no sense he esul of an exended invesigaion of

wha ohes have published on his opic. In fac, I haveno been concened wih whehe o no his especial

subjec has eve been discus, bu I have been fa moe


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concened wih making a saemen of ceain elaion-

ships which he univesit as a social insiuion susains

o societ a lage. As a consequence I am compelled oake a speculaive isk in dealing wih i and o assume

all esponsibilit fo hose chaaceisics which evenu-

ae fom my own pesonal equaion as well as fo he

omission fom he discussion of some iems, he inclu-

sion of which migh have given he discussion a supeio

fom and symmer.Relaive o boh he ems, univesit and societ, he

idea of he common man is none oo clea and he would

be gealy bewildeed wee he called on o explain he

funcions of he univesit. The aveage man hinks of

he univesit in a ver vague way. He has a hazy con-

cepion ha i is locaed somewhee, ha i has gounds,buildings, and some pofessos, ha i is suppoed by

axes o subscipions, and ha i is a good deal like he

neaby high school o nomal school. Thus, a visiing

legislao, afe being shown hough ou own humble

insiuion, confes his asonishmen a wha he found.

He had eneained an eniely inadequae concepion ofhe complex funcions a univesit pefoms.

The hoar adiion ha a univesit is a log, one end

of which is besidden by a gea eache and he oh-

e by an absoben and [329] woshiping suden, is he

pope poin of depaue fo ever discussion of unive-

sit and college. Thee ae many good people who sillbelieve ha epesens he funcion and chaace of such

an insiuion oday. I eminds one of he college po-

fesso of language who asseed ha a college educaion


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should consis eniely of he sudy of language, fo in i

is conained hough, logic, and discipline. Such cases ae

useful o demonsae ha specializaion may incapaci-ae he mind fo peceiving he lage wold of values

and ha he adiional concepion of college educaion

beas wihin i a song endency owad monopolizing

he educaional cuiculum. Bu founaely fo educa-

ion, such a menal aiude epesens an inellecual

bias fom which societ is gadually ecoveing, andsuch addiions of educaion may ver well seve in ou

museums of anique heoies of aining as exhibis of

vesigial ideas.

The olde tpe of college and univesit was an insi-

uion whose chief funcion was o ansfe ceain moe

o less caefully seleced adiions fom one geneaiono he nex. This adiional knowledge was ha of a

special class which was composed of he youh of he

uling and wealhy cases. Because uilit and usefulness

wee no in quesion, since he scions of nobilit and

he sons of he wealhy did no have o look fowad o

usefulness and sevice, his adiional infomaion andconvenional polish was a quie pope disguise fo ed-

ucaion. And since hee wee only hee leaned pofes-

sions a ha ime and wo of hose wee concened wih

non-empoal and non-poducive maes, humanit

was able o sumble along unde he incubus of such a

sysem of highe educaion.Wih he ise of he moden wold, howeve, wih

is gea vaiet of impoan ineess and is de-

mand fo insigh ino facs which wee seen o affec


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life pofoundly, he need of highe insiuions of lean-

ing, possessing ohe funcions han hose of ansfeing

hamless adiions o he sons of he especable class,aose. Afe he pesen agencies fo funishing powe

and fo manufacue and communicaion wee fully ush-

eed in, civilizaion, on is maeial side, became highly

diffeeniaed and ushed fowad like a oen. Wih

he pessing demand which he new agencies made fo a

bee insigh ino he maeials ha naue funishes foindusial pocesses, science likewise banched ou and

hew off muliudes of new sciences, many of which

wee avenues o some of he indusial callings. The

human mind also was dissaisfied wih he old philos-

ophy, hisor, economics, medicine. As a consequence,

expeimenal psychology; hisor wih a geae vision,a moe sympaheic [330] poliical economy, sociology,

compaaive poliics, baceiology, hygiene, and sania-

ion, along wih a lis of ohe impoan new scienc-

es, wee developed. The emphasis was hown on he

undesanding of pesen condiions. The new heor of

evoluion hew gea emphasis upon he idea ha lifeis a suvival fom a suggle wih envionmenal condi-

ions. Tha individual oganism suvives which is able

o adjus iself o hese condiions. A coollar is ha he

bee he condiions ae undesood, he geae chance

he individual concened has of suviving. The fuhe

developmen of he individual is coningen on a deepeinsigh ino he naue of he condiions which suound

i and pess upon i. As a consequence we aive a he

infeence ha an educaional sysem no only canno


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affod o ignoe o neglec a sudy of he conempoar

condiions of civilizaion bu ha is chief business is o

make is sudens acquained wih hem. Upon he basisof he adjusmen heor of educaion which aises fom

evoluionar concepions, and which egads inelligence

as an adjusing funcion, he conclusion is ineviable ha

he mind is bes ained by an acquainance wih and a

consideaion of he acual phenomena which ae mos

involved in he gea pocess of aiculaing individualand socieal life wih he pesen envionmen.

The modem univesit has been developed in e-

sponse o such demands. The gea moden social wold

is knocking a is doos and asking aid. Thee ae fift

pofessions o be ained fo oday in place of. he hee

of half a cenur ago. The cit sage of civilizaion hasushed upon us, binging wih i scoes of new poblems

ha can only be me and solved by men and women

who have been ained fo specific asks. Indusial life

manifess iself in muliudes of diecions. Expe phys-

iciss, chemiss, biologiss, and enginees ae essenial

o making life in hose diecions boh pofiable andsafe. Recen social and inenaional developmen have

pojeced ino he aena of public life many emendous

govenmenal poblems. To mee hem successfully he

highes tpe of saesmanship is equied. Consucive

saesmen mus have knowledge and vision and mus be

mases of he whole field of social science.The ciical naue of moden societ makes pecu-

lia demands on he univesit. Tha civilizaion is un-

degoing a sevee es is obvious o houghful minds.


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The mos giganic and inicae poblems confon us in

Ameica. The egulaion and conol of he mos supen-

dous sysem of capial he wold has winessed, he ad-jusmen of a ace-conflic eve dynamic and menacing,

he peaceful assimilaion of millions of backwad aliens,

he adjusmen of [331] life o he aificial condiions of a

developing cit civilizaion, he insuance of employmen

and a living income o he woking men, he saying he

flood of degeneacy and human deelics poduced byvice and he sains of maladjusmen, he aveing of he

inceasing moalit of men and women in middle life

fom diseases of he neves and vial ogans, he effecive

eadjusmen of he educaional sysem, he guaanee-

ing of he umos publicit peaining o maes affec-

ing he common welfae, he esablishmen of immunitfom wa and miliaismhese ae a few of he seious

poblems. Wee we no callous fom pepeual conac

wih hem, o insensible of hei impo hough ou

ignoance, a compehension of he siuaion would be

almos ovewhelming. Evidenly hee ae sufficien ap-

paenly insoluble poblems and peils o capialize heimaginaion of, a leas, he mildes agiao.

No aionally minded man can face hese demands

and asse ha he modem wold is no placing a pe-

mium on ha educaion which is founded upon a calm,

diligen, peneaing sudy of pesen condiions. If he

univesit is no able o espond o he demands of ouwold fo men who ae ained fo all he high and im-

poan missions of life, i is by ha much deelic in is

dut. If i does no mee he issue, ohe insiuions will


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be esablished which will. Bu, happily, univesiies ae

esponding, alhough slowly. They ae becoming mico-

cosms of he social wold. Naional univesiies exis omee he emegencies of gea saes. Municipal unive-

siies ae now developing, as a democaic esponse, o

ain he young men and women of he immediae mu-

nicipalit who have no he means o go away o school.

Sae univesiies, which ae of ecen gowh, seek o

offe o he young people of he commonwealh accesso he gea empie of leaning and o give o he sae an

inelligen, loyal leadeship.

The complex and ciical naue of ou social ode

places difficulies in he way of secuing he igh adjus-

men of a univesit o societ a lage, and of aaining

he umos feedom in he exposiion of univesal uh.One of he empaions o endencies which possess fac-

ulies is o guide educaion in eihe of wo diecions:

eihe o pepeuae he adiional fom of insucion

a he expense of a compehensive and inelligen appe-

hension of pesen condiions and issues; o o ove-em-

phasize he impoance of he echnical equipmen ofhe suden o ene callings and pofessions befoe

boad and secue foundaions have been laid in secuing

a knowledge of he pinciples which lie a he basis of

ou civilizaion. The one endency shackles he mind

wih he naow bands of he pas and [332] insalls a

supeme bu unilluminaed conenmen wih he esab-lished ode; he ohe endency discouns he wold of

inellecual and ehical values and pomoes he spii of

maeialisic commecialism. A univesit does no fulfill


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is funcion unless i besows upon is sudens he inel-

lecual powe and inees o submi all adiions o he

pocess of ciicism in ode ha he valuable elemensmay be conseved and he wohless ones discaded. No

does i do is dut in full excep ha he inellecual and

ehical ineess of he suden clienele ae developed so

ha all callings and pofessional equipmen ae viewed

as agencies o pomoe life in he lages sense.

The second obsacle ha sands in he way of he fullealizaion of is dut by he univesit consiss in he

disinclinaion of he lage communit o concede he

value of he umos libet of eseach and announce-

men of views in all lines of univesit endeavo. This is

especially peinen wheeve he views ae hose of men

who ae called o ea quesions which concen he o-ganizaion of societ, he pinciples of social jusice, and

he ehics of collecive life. Today we view wih inel-

lecual condescension ha ancien social ode in which

he innovaos in he ealms of chemisr, physics, and

asonomy wee made he objecs of aack and wee

penalized fo quesioning he pevalen ideas. I is o behoped he age will come when he social scieniss may

expec as lage an immunit fom odium when hei

views un coune o wha has been commonly held as

naual scieniss now enjoy.

In ode ha he idea of ceain of he sevices which

he moden univesit migh pefom may be advanced,le us conside ha insiuion in elaion o ceain fun-

damenal sociological concepions. And he fis of hese

concepions is ha of consevaion.


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In ecen yeas we have winessed a campaign in be-

half of he consevaion of he naual esouces of ou

naion, which only means ha ou mines, foess, andwae powe should no be wased no used fo puely

selfish puposes. The sociological use of he wod con-

sevaion is no fa dissimila. We ae o hink of societ

consiuing a sysem of sucual oganizaions, each

of which has is division of labo o execue. All pas

ac in elaion o ever ohe pa. I is a moe o less o-dely pocess of coopeaive inedependence. This is he

social ode in which all insiuions and ineess have

hei place. Howeve, i should be noed ha conse-

vaion is disinc fom consevaism. The consevaive

man wans hings lef as hey ae. He insiss ha he

social ode is good, ha any modificaion would poveinjuious, and ha he esablished [333] sysem is moe o

less saced. On he ohe hand ue consevaion places

a valuaion on hings. I consucs a scheme of values

which is hued on he expeience of he pas. Wha has

pomoed he inees and welfae of he masses of men

is deemed valuable and should be conseved. Those po-cesses and agencies which have injued humanit a lage

ae egaded as bad and should be eliminaed. Hence he

ue consevaionis is an eclecic. He does no woship

he social ode as a pefec and saced heme of elaion-

ships. Recognizing many impefecions, he favos hei

eliminaion ou of jusice o he lages numbe of hu-man beings.

The sevice he univesit has o pefom in his

connecion is ha of puing membes of societ in he


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posiion of being able o car on he pocess of evalu-

aing social insiuions and pocesses wisely and judi-

ciously. Bu befoe sudens can be augh his, hei in-sucos mus lean he a of evaluaion. Ever couse

of sudy and ever sudy in he cuiculum should be sub-

mied o he cieion of social efficiency. We have been

using puely abiar cieia in he pas o aive a he

woh of he vaious subjecs. The majoit of educaos

now ae able o hink only in ems of hei subjeciveess. Such ess may be good fo individual saisfacion

bu hey ae almos wohless elaive o he objecive

demands of he age. When schoolmases have leaned

o evaluae educaional pocesses in he measue of hei

conibuing powe fo he age we live in, we will hea

less of he myhical discipline and culual agumensand moe of hose of objecive needs. If democacy is

o develop as i should, his is an impoan funcion.

By naual endency men ae consevaive. The mass of

people ae pone o accep hings as hey ae, wihou

quesion. In hei esimaion all ha comes down fom

he pas is o be conseved jus because i is. Habi ses inealy in he caee of he individual and binds his mind

fas o he ideas he has eceived. Imiaion is he easies

mehod of obaining infomaion and his means ha

ideas ae aken ove fom he pas geneaion wihou

ciical scuiny. Consequenly he old ode of hings

is coninued, nowihsanding is impefecions andbabaisms.

The insiuion of slaver was conseved and he so-

cial ode o which i belonged was coninued so long


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as men emained in he passively imiaive aiude of

mind. Posiuion, he slums, alcoholism in he fom of

he saloon, and paupeism have been conseved becauseindividuals have no been in he posiion, inellecually,

o esimae hem in ems of social woh. Tha gea

anachonisic vesige of he babaic age wa, pesiss

fo he same eason, and [334] appaenly inelligen men

seek o make i especable by hedging i abou wih a

few so-called civilized ules. Bu wa, ogehe wih hesysem of miliaism on which i is founded, is babaism

hough and hough. To ponounce ha a soldie may

be killed by sabbing him wih a bayone bu no by as-

phyxiaion, because he fome mehod epesens civi-

lized wafae while he lae does no, is o pepeae

a jes a he expense of civilizaion.The univesit does no need o ake up he wok

of making men consevaive. Mos of he gaduaes of

univesiies oday ae consevaively minded. They have

me lile o nohing in hei cuiculum which was fi-

ed o make hem inelligen abou life values. Bu he

univesit as he agen of civilizaion does have a geawok in he diecion of besowing on is sons and

daughes he powe and spii of evaluaing knowledge

and condiions.

A second sociological concepion is ha of social

ineess. Eminen sociologiss now view societ as an

associaion of fundamenal ineess, some of whichaecoopeaing, ohes conflicing. The gea oganiza-

ions and insiuions have gown up abou and ae he

expession of, hese ineess. The social ode is no all


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pacific wihin is boundaies, because he ineess sive

fo supemacy. Bu he social ode should evolve o-

wad a lage econciliaion of waing ineess and amoe exensive coopeaion of all associaed facos.

In seeking o view he funcion of he univesit in

elaion o his social siuaion, i is clea ha i may pe-

fom a leas wo disinc sevices. Fis, i has a specific

dut o pepae men o paicipae acively in hese in-

eess. Ever gea inees is posecued and fuheedby individuals who ae vesed in is pocesses, and each

legiimae inees epesens a magnificen field of wok

and endeavo. Hadly any of hese ineess could be

abolished wihou seiously cippling he mechanism

of societ and desoying life and popet. They will

and ough o be coninued and he good of he wolddemands ha hose who ene hei sevice should have

he highes equipmen. Since I have aleady noiced he

endencies which make a demand fo ained men in

he vaious echnical, scienific, and pofessional call-

ings, fuhe obsevaion hee is supefluous. Bu i may

be saed ha he aining funcions of he univesitshould mio he life of he lage communit and ha

i should conduc aining couses fo all of he highe,

pofessionalized ineess.

Second, he univesit has anohe dut elaive o

he vas and inicae social ineess. We emembe

ha hese ineess end [335] owad conflic and dis-cod. Geneal social welfae is bes pomoed wheeve

a jus basis of coopeaion obains. The ideal fo fuue

social developmen lies in he diecion of effecing a


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econciliaion among he conending ineess. Much of

he econciliaion hus fa secued duing he pas has

been of a compulsor naue. Ageemens and sele-mens fequenly have emeged solely because he son-

ges inees dominaed he siuaion, no because a jus

basis of selemen had been eached.

Obviously wha is equied, in ode ha a faie day

may dawn, is he genesis of a conciliaing aiude and

he culivaion of fai minds and he love of jusice. Inode o equip a man fo a pofession, i is no sufficien

ha he be given he echnical deails and he pinciples

a he basis of his calling. Schools of echnology, po-

fessional schools of all kinds, and univesiies have been

accomplishing hose esuls ver efficienly. Bu he in-

valuable wok of seeking o besow upon ever candidaefo a calling he knowledge and significance of is lage

backgound, is elaionship o societ, and he jus and

fai funcions i ough o pefom fo societ, have been

oo geneally omied. As a consequence, many of ou

ained men begin life eihe insensible and indiffeen

o he calls of social jusice, o as posiively commiedo he pedaor and exploiing view of life. Seing ou

o win success a whaeve cos, hey jeopadize he in-

eess of ohes, engende anagonisms, and pospone

he day of econciliaion. To a lage exen, because of

his, we have us agains people, capial agains la-

bo, sec agains sec. Is i no ime ha he univesitshould demand and esablish boade foundaions fo

he pofessions?

A hid sociological view emeges when we conceive


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societ as a pogessive pocess. The collecive life of

humanit has moved fa away fom he sage of devel-

opmen ha was in vogue wih he fis men. As welook back a he cude beginnings of coopeaive effo,

as we suvey he many ineesing sages of evoluion

since hen, and as we noe he bewildeing divesit of

pocesses now epesened which have in some manne

spung fom ha ancien pas, we ae sensible of a mos

emakable developmen in social maes. The humanace has had a million yeas in which o develop collec-

ive life and, duing he ealie nine-enhs of ha gea

sech of ime, men maked ime, fo he mos pa, and

ook only he slighes sep in advance bu once in a mil-

lennium. Ye, he emakable hing is ha he seps wee

aken and ha societ has eally evolved.In ode o denoe he elaionship of he univesit

o human [336] advancemen, le us inspec wo iems

of ha aspec of he social pocess which we call pog-

ess. These feaues ae he cause and he diecibilit of

pogess.

While hee may be many aspecs of he cause ofpogess, hee is only one gea sociological condiion

which is ulimaely able o accoun fo i. Tha funda-

menal and indispensable condiion is he expansion and

developmen of he inellecual faculies. The human

undesanding is he key which unlocks he doo of all

he causal myseies ha suound he subjec of socialadvance. We noe as we inspec he ehnological ecods

of ha advance ha social evoluion has been mos apid

a hose imes when he inellec moved fowad o new


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insigh and aainmens. Such new insigh manifesed

iself in fesh invenions and achievemens. Ever inven-

ion and discover ha affoded he ace a lage mas-er ove naue was especially fuiful in he diecion of

pogess. The gea epochs in human impovemen have

been usheed in by he discover of he lage foces of

naue and of he mehods of uilizing hem. The dis-

cover of he means of using domesicaed animals fo

food and fo moo powe, he discover of mehods ofuilizing wind powe, wae powe, seam powe, and

elecicit, have consiued he gea eas of human ad-

vance. Bu he discover of ceain social conivances

have been necessar condiions and safeguads of social

welfae. The building up of a language, of a sysem of

noaion, of he sae and of ohe social oganizaions,wee indispensable agencies of communicaion and co-

opeaion. By means of all hese agencies human ine-

ess have become divesified, muliplied, inensified, and

hei saisfacion has been placed on a egula and sable

foundaion.

Now, afe societ has developed ino is highe sag-es, he univesit is he indispensable agency fo secuing

pogess. In he beginning of societ, impovemens and

invenions migh be sumbled on by he aveage man.

No special pocess of inellecual aining was hen

needful o make minds keen on he scen of pinciples.

Bu ou collecive life is now buil on such a colossal andinicae plan, and he fields of knowledge ae so vas

and pofound, ha he possibiliies of fuhe discover

no longe lie on he suface. They ae now poenially


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possible only o he ables and bes ained inellecs. The

men who ae willing o devoe a lifeime o he wok of

invesigaing one small secion of he field of naue oof societ, wih lile o no hough of maeial ewads,

such men ae now and ae o be in fuue he essenial

agens of fuhe human pogess.

As he insiuion fo he discover and aining of

such men, and as he agen fo funishing he condiions,

he laboaoies, he [337] equipmen, he available imeand suppo wihou which none bu he wealhy could

hope o ene he field of eseach, he univesit is he

pime agency fo opening up he avenues o human ad-

vancemen. The impovemen of he condiions of so-

ciet and he conibuions o he advancemen in he

welfae of he naion, he sae, and he municipalit, aeof a necessit ceneed in he pope funcioning of he

univesit

The diecabilit of social evoluion is a conside-

aion which vies in is impoance, as a faco in social

pogess, wih ha which we have jus eaed. Towads

wha goal does he colossal caavansar of social evolu-ion end? How ae we able o diec ha inangible,

baffling, bu ubiquious condiion ha we em societ?

The Ausian sociologis, Gumplowicz, said ha i could

no be conolled o dieced ; ha he social foces, like

he foces of he sola sysem, lie ouside. he each of

human powe; ha human pogess is heefoe impossi-ble, and ha social miser mus incease wih ime. The

lo of he masses of human beings, he claims, mus be-

come moe inoleable because he developmen of hei


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capacit o enjoy, wihou he accompanying abilit o

command he means o saisfy hei expanding wans,

is inheen in he social pocess. Hence he human aceis doomed o an exisence of inceasing and ineviable

miser.

I is he glor of he Unied Saes ha i developed

an inellecual gian who has adminiseed a deah blow

o his heor and has builded a scienific foundaion fo

a heor of pogess. A soldie in he Civil Wa, he wasafewad fo many yeas a enowned paleonologis in

he sevice of he Unied Saes Geological Suvey, fi-

nally becoming he fahe of sociology in Ameica, and

one of he wolds geaes and mos consucive minds

in ha field. The lae Lese F. Wad developed, fo he

fis ime, a sysem of social philosophy in which hepinciples wee fimly laid which demonsae no only

he possibilit of pogess, bu in which was indicaed

he possibilit of social conol.

His demonsaion consised in showing ha societ

is a gea field in which he phenomena ae poduced by

social foces, jus as in naue he naual foces accounfo naual evens. And jus as naual scieniss have

obained conol ove ceain fields of naue, and can

pedic in many fields wha will occu because hey have

discoveed he naue of he foces a wok in he espec-

ive fields, so in he field of societ a hoough knowl-

edge of he naue of he foces which move societ andpoduce collecive evens will place in mans hands he

abilit o diec he seam of social aciviies. Then so-

cial [338] evoluion will no longe be a mae of acciden.


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Pogese will, as a consequence, no be spasmodic. Hu-

man miser which evenuaes because of condiions no

now conolled will be eliminaed.Wha Wad, in a masely manne, has philosoph-

ically demonsaed, he wold bas been poving in

an inceasingly pacical way eve since societ began.

The gowh of he sae eveals a emakable seies of

developmens in he diecion of he conol of he so-

ciological condiions of life by means of sae agencies.Wihou possessing a heoeical insigh ino he naue

of societ, he peoples of he successive ages have moe

and moe clealy seen ha he evils and abuses which

aise could be emoved only by he senghening of a

cenal auhoit epesenaive of he ighs and ine-

ess of all classes of societ by means of which he con-flicing and menacing ineess could be egulaed. Bu

his wok of egulaion and econciliaion of ineess is

as ye fa fom complee, lagely because he social foces

ae no ye hooughly known, chaed, and classified.

Boh pacical and scienific wokes in he social field

ae needed who will seek o pefec his knowledge and,by i, make pogess moe possible.

The univesiies ae as logically and naually he

homes fo he posecuion of he scienific aspecs of his

ask as fo he developmen of insigh ino he pocess-

es of physical naue. The field of societ is inicae,

complicaed, baffling. The social foces and condiionscanno be placed in a laboaor o es ube fo expei-

menal puposes. The laboaor of he social scienis is

he communit and he collecive life ha lies wihou


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univesit walls. The economis, poliical scienis, his-

oian, and sociologis mus sudy life as i is, and can-

no help having opinions accoding o condiions as heyobseve hem. They may daw wong conclusions and

make misakes. Bu men in naual science have ofen

eed. I should be ecognized ha new fields call fo

long and paien effo befoe posiive and absoluely

demonsable conclusions may be dawn. Meanwhile, i

is he funcion of univesiies o pomoe invesigaionsino communit condiions, o counsel modeaion in

he announcemen of esuls unil hei ceaint is ea-

sonably assued, and o fose deepe insigh ino hings

of he collecive life. Only by pusuing his couse can

hey seve societ o he full measue and pefom hei

sevice ha lies in he plane of diecing human pogess.

the university in the service of society

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