the universe electric - big bang? - excerpt
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
1/76
1
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
2/76
2
eBook - How To View
Adobe Reader (PC & Mac)
View > Page Display > click both Two-up & ShowCover Page During Two-up
Apple Preview (Mac)
View > PDF Display > click both Facing Pages & BookMode
You should see the cover page alone, then all the other pagesshould appear two at a time, facing each other. Text isgenerally on one page, related graphic on the facing page.The book will be hard to follow if viewed any other way.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
3/76
UNIVERSE
ELECTRIC
THE
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
4/76
4
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
5/76
written by
Wallace Thornhill
David Talbott
David Talbott & Wallace Thornhill 2008
Milky Way Galaxy Center
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
6/76
6
collaborators
Stephen J. Crothers
David Drew
Michael Goodspeed
Michael Gmirkin
C. J. Ransom
Donald E. Scott
Dave Smith
Steve Smith
Ian Tresman
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
7/76
editor-in-chief
David Talbott
managing editor, book design, graphics
Ben Ged Low
technical, scientific consultant
Wallace Thornhill
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
8/76
8
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
9/76
9
foreword ................................................................................................... 11
cosmology & gravity ................................................................................. 13
the big bang ............................................................................................. 31
electric pioneers ....................................................................................... 65
electric solutions ....................................................................................... 113
black holes, dark matter ........................................................................... 165
collaborators ............................................................................................. 194
references ................................................................................................ 198
web links .................................................................................................. 199
additional reading ..................................................................................... 200
picture credits ........................................................................................... 204
table of contents
Star-Forming Bubble RCW 79
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
10/76
10
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
11/76
11
ever has remote space inspired greater awe thanin the first part of the 21st Century.
But can it really be said that we understand the newvistas, the exotic structures, and intensely energeticevents now revealed to us? As descriptions grow more
complex, unified explanations seem ever more elusive.
A new vision of the universe is emerging, and itincludes something long overlookedthe role ofelectricityin space.
foreword
Two galaxies in dynamic
interaction, one emittinga powerful jet.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
12/76
12
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
13/76
13
osmologyis the study of how the physicaluniverse works, and cosmologists have
long assumed that across the vast emptinessof space there is nothing that could possibly
challenge the rule ofgravity.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
14/76
14
Most astronomers today view gravity as the single
dominating force that gives birth to stars, organizes
galaxies, and forms massive galactic clusters.
Horsehead Nebula
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
15/76
15
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
16/76
16
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
17/76
17
From their confidence in the well-tested law of
gravity, astronomers interpret what they see:
In our own cosmic neighborhood they envision
gravity creating extreme pressures in the Sun,
lighting a nuclear furnace;
They see planets and moons as isolated bodies
that have moved with predictable precision for
billions of years;
Earth as seen fromthe Space Shuttle
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
18/76
18
And far removed from the Sun a cloud of
debris produces comets, which are seen as
dirty snowballs.
Periodically a few of these bodies are dislodged
from the cloud, falling toward the Sun to
create spectacular cometary displays.
Comet Hale-Bopp
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
19/76
19
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
20/76
20
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
21/76
21
In recent years, new telescopes have given us
stunning images of objects in space. Many of these
images have come as a great surprise to scientists.
Gravitational models did not anticipate them.
Eagle Nebula
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
22/76
22
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
23/76
23
rior to the Space Age, in the first half of the
20th century, Albert Einstein redefined Sir
Isaac Newton's gravitationalmodel. He combined
the three physical dimensions of space with theadditional dimension of time, creating something
that is now popularly termed a "continuum" of
space and time.
Albert Einstein
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
24/76
24
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
25/76
25
Einsteins theory of general relativityformed this new
view of gravity. The apparent successes of general
relativity encouraged armies of mathematicians to
follow his lead, continually extending his work into
untested territory. One result was that astronomyrapidly became a field dominated by abstract
mathematics.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
26/76
26
Einsteins peculiar geometric theory of gravity no
more explains gravity than did Newtons before
him. However, in the hands of pure
mathematicians general relativityprovoked an
explosion of cosmological abstractions.
In response, critics suggested that astronomicaltheory had merged with science fiction. The
theorized universe could no longer be seen,
measured, or tested in traditional ways.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
27/76
27
As far as the laws of
mathematics refer to
reality, they are notcertain, and as far as they
are certain, they do not
refer to reality.
Albert Einstein
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
28/76
28
Equipped with his fivesenses, man explores theuniverse around him and
calls the adventure Science.
Edwin Hubble
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
29/76
29
By studying the light from distant galaxies,
astronomer Edwin Hubble suggested in 1929
that the universe could be expanding. This
interpretation was embraced by astronomers
and, in combination with Einsteins theory of
relativity, led to one of the most popular ideasin cosmology today.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
30/76
30
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
31/76
31
he Big Bang theory proposes that approximately
13.7 billion years ago the Universe began with a
primordial explosion. A vast cloud resulted. From
that raw material, galaxies, stars, planets, and allother celestial bodies eventually formedall through
processes dominated by gravity.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
32/76
32
The belief in an expanding universe (and by
theoretical implication, the primordial Big
Bang) arose primarily from an interpretation of
changes in the light coming from distant
objects in space.
NGC 4258 in visible and
infrared light as well asradio and x-ray.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
33/76
33
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
34/76
34
Earth - Observer Object: star, quasar etc.Lightwaves
no shift in wavelength
redshift
blueshift
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
35/76
35
The basic idea: when a celestial object (galaxy,
star, quasar) is moving at a high speed away
from Earth, its light waves will be stretched so
that the light appears more red; this is called
redshift. If it is moving toward the Earth the
light waves will be compressed, causing the
light to appear more blue; blueshift.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
36/76
36
Most astronomers believe that when redshift is
observed, it gives them an accurate reading of
recessional velocity (how fast something is
moving away). So, if they know how fast an
object is moving away from us, they can
calculate when the universe began and howfar away the object is now.
Based on this premise the Big Bang occurred
13.73 billion years ago.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
37/76
370 2 4 6 8 10 12 140.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
38/76
38
The circled object is a
very high redshift quasar.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
39/76
39
But the official age of the universe has changed
with new discoveries. In the late 1950s and early
1960s astronomers identified objects called quasars,
which have a redshift greater than anything
previously observed in the heavens.
Applying the standard interpretation, astronomers
concluded that these objects must lie at the farthest
reaches of the universe, and the universe must be
bigger than previously thought.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
40/76
40
Quasars also posed another dilemma. Based on
redshift, astronomers concluded that while
quasars appear dim and red in our sky, they are
actually very bright, but just very far away.
Based on redshift and at the distances claimed,it would take hundreds of galaxies to produce
this brightness as seen from Earth.
Two Chandra observations ofthe giant elliptical galaxy M87were combined to make thislong-exposure image.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
41/76
41
z~.3
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
42/76
42
z~.6
c z=150kms-1
z~1
z~2
z~.061
Halton Arp
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
43/76
43
In the 1960's the astronomer Halton Arp, a
highly respected authority on peculiar galaxies,
began documenting instances where low-
redshifted galaxies and high-redshifted quasars
were interacting, or even physically connected.
This would mean that redshift signifies something
other than an objects recessional velocity.
If he was right, his observations were pointing to
one of the biggest mistakes in the history of
modern science.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
44/76
44
This false color imagehighlights the bridgeappearing to connectNGC4319 to the high-redshift quasarMarkarian 205
Note: According to theBig Bang theory, thehigher the value of z,the further away anobject is supposed to b
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
45/76
45
In 1971, using a 5-meter telescope at Mt. Palomar,
Arp discovered a visible bridge joining the low
redshift galaxy NGC 4391 to the high-redshift quasar,
Markarian 205 -- an impossible connection, unless
popular assumptions about redshift were incorrect.
For years thereafter astronomers debated the validityof the bridge.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
46/76
46
Arp was employed by Palomar observatory for
almost 30 years. But in 1983, after warning
him about the focus of his research, the Time
Allocation Committee at Palomar terminated his
viewing privileges. To continue his work, he
found it necessary to join the staff of the Max-
Planck-Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in
Munich, Germany.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
47/76
47
quasar Markarian 205Negative of normal photograph
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
48/76
48Galaxy NGC 4319
bridge
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
49/76
49
Several years later, X-ray images showed
that the galaxy NGC 4319 was connected
by x-ray filaments to both the quasar
Markarian 205 and to another quasar on
the opposite side of NGC 4319.
A single image challenged decades of
theoretical assumption in astronomy.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
50/76
50
NGC 7320C
6000
NGC 7317
6646
NGC 7318A
6663
NGC 7319
6710 NGC 7318B5749
NGC 7320
791
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
51/76
51
Stephans Quintet is a massive cluster of fivegalaxies. Four have similar high-redshift.
The fifth, NGC 7320, has a much lower
redshift, and thus should be much closer to
us than the other galaxies.
Yet there are debris fields and tails around
the low-redshift galaxy that suggest it isinteracting with the high-redshift systems,
which would require that all five galaxies be
in the same vicinity in space.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
52/76
52
A stunning confirmation of Arps claims can also
be seen in the galaxy NGC 7319 (picture right).
This galaxy is shrouded with such heavy dust
clouds that they obscure most of its bright active
nucleus. The galaxy has a redshift of 0.0225.
In front of its opaque gas clouds, or embeddedin the topmost layers of the dust, is a quasar
with a redshift of 2.114.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
53/76
53
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
54/76
54
Earth
redshifted spectral wavelength
Galaxy
Quasar
billion
sofli
ghty
ears
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
55/76
55
According to Big Bang theory this quasar
should be billions of light years farther
from us than the galaxy, because its
redshift is so much higher.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
56/76
56
And yet the galaxy is not transparent,
it is opaque. If the quasar were beyond
the galaxy it would not be visible. The
quasar must be in front of the galaxy,
not billions of light years farther away.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
57/76
57
Earth
redshifted spectral wavelength
Galaxy
Quasar
quasarinfrontofgalaxy
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
58/76
58
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
59/76
59
The central portion of a
quasar at the core of the
galaxy NGC 4261,supposedly a black hole.
Most of standard cosmology today relies
heavily on the traditional interpretation of
redshift.
But if Halton Arp and his colleagues are
correct, something other than motion is
shifting the light of celestial bodies toward
red ... some quality inherentin the redshifted
objects themselves.
If the traditional interpretation of red-shift is
the foundation of the Big Bang theory and it is
proven to be incorrect, what then happens to
the Big Bang?
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
60/76
60
Jupiters high-voltage aurora
Over the last century, even as the Big Bang
theory was introduced and gained a popular
acceptance, another viewpoint was emerging.
Based on decades of observation and laboratory
experimentation this viewpoint offers a
compelling alternative to Big Bang cosmology.
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
61/76
61
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
62/76
62
It seems likely that red-shift may not be
due to an expanding Universe, and much
of the speculations on the structure of the
universe may require reexamination.
Edwin Hubble 1947
Galaxy M33
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
63/76
63
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
64/76
64
(alphabetically)
Stephen J. Crothers www.sjcrothers.PlasmaResources.com
David Drew www.PlasmaCosmology.net
Michael Goodspeed www.thunderbolts.info (thunderblogs)
Michael Gmirkin www.thunderbolts.info (picture of the day)
Ben Ged Low www.bengedlow.com
C. J. Ransom www.vemasat.com
Donald E. Scott www.electric-cosmos.org
Dave Smith www.PlasmaResources.com
Steve Smith www.thunderbolts.info (thunderblogs)
David Talbott www.thunderbolts.info
Wallace Thornhill www.holoscience.com
Ian Tresman www.plasma-universe.com
c o l l a b o r a t o r s
N132Dremnantof the explosion oa massive star
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
65/76
65
f
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
66/76
66
r e f e r e n c e s
This book was designed for simplicity. It represents an
overview of the ideas being explored by The ThunderboltsProject. The themes and issues presented here have been
dealt with much more extensively in the three books(below), all of which contain detailed reference notes.
THUNDERBOLTS OF THE GODS
Talbott / Thornhill, 2005
THE ELECTRIC UNIVERSEThornhill / Talbott, 2007
THE ELECTRIC SKY
Donald E. Scott, 2007
see: www.ThunderboltsProject.com
l t d b l i kPlasma Resources: Your one-stop-non-
h f l i l l
http://www.plasmaresources.com/http://www.plasmaresources.com/http://www.plasmacosmology.net/http://www.plasmacosmology.net/ -
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
67/76
67
r e l a t e d w e b l i n k s
Holoscience: One of the premiere sites
dedicated to the Electric Universe andplasma cosmology. Developed and managed
by Wallace Thornhill, the site contains all of
his Holoscience articles over the past eight
years
Electric Cosmos: Donald E. Scotts site.
Don is the author ofTHE ELECTRIC SKY.
The Universe: The nature of space plasma
according to Anthony Peratt. A long-time
proponent of plasma cosmology, Peratt is an
associate director of Los Alamos National
Laboratories and one of the leading experts
on high-energy plasma discharge.
shop for exploring plasma cosmology, our
electric universe and almost anything else
even remotely related to the electrical nature
of space, climatology and our Earth.
Plasma Cosmology: This site offers a
straightforward introduction to the Plasma
Universe. An excellent source for newcomers.
Society for Interdisciplinary Studies: The
SIS was formed in 1974 to consider the role
global cosmic catastrophes may have played
in our history, and even recorded by cultures
worldwide in their oral and written ancienttraditions.
Aeon Journal: The official site of AEON, a
Journal of Myth, Science and Ancient History.
AEON specializes in archaeoastronomy and
comparative mythology, with an emphasis on
ancient planetary catastrophe. And the site
contains a variety of articles and a complete
list of back issues.
r e l a t e d r e a d i n g m a t e r i a l s
http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/TheUniverse.htmlhttp://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/TheUniverse.htmlhttp://www.holoscience.com/http://www.aeonjournal.com/http://www.aeonjournal.com/http://www.knowledge.co.uk/sis/http://www.knowledge.co.uk/sis/http://www.plasmacosmology.net/http://www.plasmacosmology.net/http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/TheUniverse.htmlhttp://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/TheUniverse.htmlhttp://www.electric-cosmos.org/http://www.electric-cosmos.org/http://www.holoscience.com/http://www.holoscience.com/ -
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
68/76
68
r e l a t e d r e a d i n g m a t e r i a l s
Thunderbolts of the Gods, Talbott / Thornhill, 2005The Electric Universe, Thornhill / Talbott, 2007
The Electric Sky; Don Scott, 2007
The Big Bang Never Happened; Lerner, 1992
Bye Bye Big Bang: Hello Reality; William C. Mitchell, 2002
The Virtue of Heresy; Hilton Ratcliffe, 2007
The Fourth State of Matter: an Introduction to Plasma Science; Shalon Eliezer, 2001
Fundamentals of Plasma Physics; Paul M. Bellan, 2004
Physics of Fully Ionized Gases; L. Spitzer,Jr., 1956
Birkeland: "The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903" http://www.plasma-
universe.com/index.php/The_Norwegian_Aurora_Polaris_Expedition_1902-1903_(Book)
http://www.archive.org/details/norwegianaurorap01chririch
http://www.archive.org/details/norwegianaurorap01chririchhttp://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/The_Norwegian_Aurora_Polaris_Expedition_1902-1903_(Book)http://www.archive.org/details/norwegianaurorap01chririchhttp://www.archive.org/details/norwegianaurorap01chririchhttp://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/The_Norwegian_Aurora_Polaris_Expedition_1902-1903_(Book)http://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/The_Norwegian_Aurora_Polaris_Expedition_1902-1903_(Book)http://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/The_Norwegian_Aurora_Polaris_Expedition_1902-1903_(Book)http://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/The_Norwegian_Aurora_Polaris_Expedition_1902-1903_(Book) -
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
69/76
69
General astrophysical electric fields and currents
"Electric Space" at the Space Weather Center, sponsored by the Space Science
Institute, National Science Foundation.http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/our_protective_shield/03/03.html
"A Virtual Tour of Electric Space", a virtual exhibit at the Space Science Institute.http://wwwold.spacescience.org/ExploringSpace/VirtualExhibit/1.html
"Electric Space, Exploring Our Plasma Universe" Museum: National ScienceFoundation; National Oceangraphic and Atmospheric Administrationhttp://plasmascience.net/tpu/Museum.Exhibits/NOAA.html
http://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/Electric_Space
Alfvn, H., "On the Importance of Electric Fields in the Magnetosphere andInterplanetary Space", Space Science Reviews, vol. 7, p.140, 1967http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1967SSRv....7..140A
Carlqvist, Per, "Cosmic electric currents and the generalized Bennett relation",Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X), vol. 144, no. 1-2, May 1988,p. 73-84. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988Ap%26SS.144...73C
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988Ap%26SS.144...73Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1967SSRv....7..140Ahttp://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/Electric_Spacehttp://plasmascience.net/tpu/Museum.Exhibits/NOAA.htmlhttp://wwwold.spacescience.org/ExploringSpace/VirtualExhibit/1.htmlhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988Ap%26SS.144...73Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988Ap%26SS.144...73Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988Ap%26SS.144...73Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988Ap%26SS.144...73Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1967SSRv....7..140Ahttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1967SSRv....7..140Ahttp://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/Electric_Spacehttp://www.plasma-universe.com/index.php/Electric_Spacehttp://plasmascience.net/tpu/Museum.Exhibits/NOAA.htmlhttp://plasmascience.net/tpu/Museum.Exhibits/NOAA.htmlhttp://wwwold.spacescience.org/ExploringSpace/VirtualExhibit/1.htmlhttp://wwwold.spacescience.org/ExploringSpace/VirtualExhibit/1.htmlhttp://www.spaceweathercenter.org/our_protective_shield/03/03.htmlhttp://www.spaceweathercenter.org/our_protective_shield/03/03.html -
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
70/76
70
Peratt, Anthony L., "The role of particle beams and electrical currents in theplasma universe", Laser and Particle Beams (ISSN 0263-0346), vol. 6, Aug. 1988,p. 471-491. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988LPB.....6..471P
Peratt, Anthony L., "The evidence for electrical currents in cosmic plasma", IEEETransactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. 18, Feb. 1990, p. 26-32http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1990ITPS...18...26P
Alfvn, Hannes, "Double layers and circuits in astrophysics," IEEE Trans. PlasmaSci., vol. 14, p. 779, 1986 (on p. 787). Reproduced from "Keynote Address" inDouble Layers in Astrophysics, Proceedings of a Workshop held in Huntsville, Ala.,17-19 Mar. 1986. Proceedings (page 12) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ITPS...14..779Ahttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19870013880_1987013880.pdf
Interstellar Electric Fields and Currents
Carlqvist, Per; Gahm, Gosta F., "Manifestations of electric currents in interstellarmolecular clouds" (1992) IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813),vol. 20, no. 6, p. 867-873. (Dec 1992) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ITPS...20..867C
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ITPS...20..867Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ITPS...20..867Chttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19870013880_1987013880.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19870013880_1987013880.pdfhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ITPS...14..779Ahttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1990ITPS...18...26Phttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ITPS...20..867Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ITPS...20..867Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ITPS...20..867Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ITPS...20..867Chttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19870013880_1987013880.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19870013880_1987013880.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19870013880_1987013880.pdfhttp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19870013880_1987013880.pdfhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ITPS...14..779Ahttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ITPS...14..779Ahttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ITPS...14..779Ahttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ITPS...14..779Ahttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1990ITPS...18...26Phttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1990ITPS...18...26Phttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988LPB.....6..471Phttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988LPB.....6..471Phttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988LPB.....6..471Phttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988LPB.....6..471P -
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
71/76
71
Additional website links:
http://www.plasmacoalition.org/
http://www.plasmas.com/
http://www.plasmas.org/
http://ippex.pppl.gov/
http://plasmadictionary.llnl .gov/
http://www.plasma-universe.com/
http://focusfusion.org/
p i c t u r e c r e d i t s
http://focusfusion.org/http://www.plasma-universe.com/http://plasmadictionary.llnl.gov/http://focusfusion.org/http://focusfusion.org/http://www.plasma-universe.com/http://www.plasma-universe.com/http://plasmadictionary.llnl.gov/http://plasmadictionary.llnl.gov/http://ippex.pppl.gov/http://ippex.pppl.gov/http://www.plasmas.org/http://www.plasmas.org/http://www.plasmas.com/http://www.plasmas.com/http://www.plasmacoalition.org/http://www.plasmacoalition.org/ -
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
72/76
72
4. Milky Way Galaxy Center. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/S. Stolovy (SSC/Caltech)
8. Star-Forming Bubble RCW 79 - Spitzer Space Telescope. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/E. Churchwell (University of Wisconsin-Madison)
10. 3C321. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/D.Evans et al.; Optical/UV: NASA/STScI;Radio: NSF/VLA/CfA/D.Evans et al., STFC/JBO/MERLIN
15. IC434, The Horsehead Nebula, and NGC2024, The Flame Nebula. Credit:http://www.xanaduobservatory.com/deepspace.htm
16. Earth as seen from the space shuttle. Credit: NASA
19. Comet Hale-Bopp. Credit: Unknown
20. Eagle Nebula. Credit: J. Hester, P. Scowen (ASU), HST, NASA
22.Albert Einstein. Credit: The Library of Congress Photograph by Oren Jack Turner,Princeton, N.J
24. Einstein and company. Credit: Unknown
28. Edwin Hubble.Credit: Unknown
30. ???
33. NGC 4258 (M106). Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Univ. of Maryland/A.S. Wilson et
al.; Optical: Pal.Obs. DSS; IR: NASA/JPL-Caltech; VLA: NRAO/AUI/NSF
p i c t u r e c r e d i t s
38. High redshift quasar. Credit: Unknown
http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.stsci.edu/http://www.stsci.edu/http://sese.asu.edu/http://sese.asu.edu/http://www.xanaduobservatory.com/deepspace.htmhttp://www.xanaduobservatory.com/deepspace.htm -
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
73/76
73
g q
41. Galaxy M87. Credit: NASA/CXC/W. Forman et al.
44. False color image highlighting the luminous bridge Arp claims connects NGC4319and Mrk 205. Credit: D.Strange Worth Hill Observatory Dorset U.K. http://www.dstrange.freeserve.co.uk/ngc4319.htm
47. Palomar Observatory. Credit: http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/
48. NGC 4319 and Markarian 205. Credit: Nasa and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScl/AURA) Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 STScl-PRC02-23
50. Stephan's Quintet (NGC7317, NGC7318A, NGC7318B, NGC7319, NGC7320)Credit:NOAO/AURA/NSF
53. Galaxy NGC 7319 Credit: Credit: NASA/Hubble Space Telescope)
58. Core of Galaxy ngc4261 Credit: HST/en:NASA/en:ESA.
61. Jupiter Aurora Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO
62-63. Galaxy M33. Credit: Unknown
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/http://www.dstrange.freeserve.co.uk/ngc4319.htmhttp://www.dstrange.freeserve.co.uk/ngc4319.htmhttp://www.dstrange.freeserve.co.uk/ngc4319.htmhttp://www.dstrange.freeserve.co.uk/ngc4319.htm -
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
74/76
74
t h e t h u n d e r b o l t s p r o j e c t
David Talbott & Wallace Thornhill 2008
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
75/76
75
-
8/8/2019 The Universe Electric - Big Bang? - Excerpt
76/76
76