The United States Aids Its The United States Aids Its AlliesAllies►American PolicyAmerican Policy

Most Americans want to Most Americans want to avoid waravoid war Roosevelt fears that if allies fall, U.S. Roosevelt fears that if allies fall, U.S.

would have to fightwould have to fight He hopes to He hopes to strengthen alliesstrengthen allies so so

they can resist Germanythey can resist Germany Lend-Lease Lend-Lease Act Act — — U.S. loans U.S. loans

weapons to countries fighting weapons to countries fighting GermanyGermany

Roosevelt and Churchill meet, issue Roosevelt and Churchill meet, issue statement of principlesstatement of principles

Atlantic Atlantic Charter Charter — — supports free supports free trade, right to form own governmenttrade, right to form own government

US Lend-Lease Act 1941US Lend-Lease Act 1941

Great Britain ……………………………… $31 BillionSoviet Union ……………………………… $11 BillionFrance ………………………………………. $3 BillionChina ……………………………………….. $1.5 BillionOther European ………………………… $500 MillionSouth American ………………………… $400 Million

The amount totaled: 48,601,365,000

Imperial Japanese expansion up to 1941

(in brown)

Pearl Harbor – December 7Pearl Harbor – December 7thth, , 19411941

              ►       Japan was working on expanding empire Japan was working on expanding empire

throughout the Pacificthroughout the Pacific

►The U.S. had a The U.S. had a trade embargo on Japan on Japan to try and deter Japan from invading to try and deter Japan from invading countriescountries

  ►U.S. was able to U.S. was able to intercept and and break

Japan’s codes  ►Intercepted the code about Pearl Harbor about Pearl Harbor

- sent the message on a - sent the message on a slower telegram (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about attack attack

2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor 2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor

Impact/Damage on U.S.Impact/Damage on U.S.► 2,400 U.S. military and civilians 2,400 U.S. military and civilians

dieddied►1,178 U.S. military and civilians 1,178 U.S. military and civilians

woundedwounded►18 ships and 350 planes sunk or

damaged ► Japan viewed as a stunning victoryJapan viewed as a stunning victory►December 8, 1941, U.S. declares war , U.S. declares war

on Japan and on Japan and December 11, 1941, , Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.

The United States feared that the Japanese Americans would help Japan attack the U.S. again

On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt

Executive Order 9066 – Japanese Americans be put in relocation camps.

Even though most Japanese American were loyal to the United States and some even serving in the armed forces, their families were forced to relocate to those camps and leave everything behind.

This was to keep them from spying on US forces

Japanese Internment

Normandy Invasion (D-Day)Normandy Invasion (D-Day) ►June 6, 1944

►During this time, Soviet Union was pushing into Poland and Allies were pushing North in Italy  

►Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and George Patton influential in leading attack ►3 million ally troops to attack

Normandy Invasion cont.Normandy Invasion cont.D – DayD – Day 60 mile stretch of beachstretch of beach 156,000 troops troops 4,000 landing craftlanding craft 600 warshipswarships 11,000 planes planes Largest Largest air-land-sea operation

in historyin history Omaha Beach known as one of known as one of

the most brutal areasthe most brutal areas

►U.S. casualties U.S. casualties 6,000. This number . This number combines dead and wounded in the D-combines dead and wounded in the D-Day battles. Day battles.

►German between German between 4,000 – 9,000 casualties on D-Daycasualties on D-Day

►By the end of the of the entire Normandy By the end of the of the entire Normandy Campaign, Campaign, 425,000 Allied and German Allied and German troops were killed, wounded, or missing.troops were killed, wounded, or missing.

►Within 1 month, Within 1 month, a million more troops

►September 1944, France was freed , France was freed from from

Nazi controlNazi control

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge►December 16, 1944

►German tanks broke through 80 80 mile front)mile front)

  ►Fought in Belgium - Fought in Belgium - Germany was Germany was

trying to capture Antwerptrying to capture Antwerp  ►Very brutal war - one of the most - one of the most

extensive of U.S. militaryextensive of U.S. military

Battle of the Bulge Cont.Battle of the Bulge Cont.

►Germans were winning in the Germans were winning in the beginningbeginning

►120,000 Germans died ( Germans died (also lost also lost 600 tanks and guns and 1,600 600 tanks and guns and 1,600 planesplanes – – leading to defeat))

  ►80,000 Americans died Americans died

  Americans won, but were close to losingAmericans won, but were close to losing

Attack on DresdenAttack on Dresden►The The Bombing of DresdenBombing of Dresden was an was an

attack on the city of attack on the city of Dresden, the , the capital of the capital of the German state of state of Saxony..

►Raids between 13 and 15 February Raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 722 1945, 722 heavy bombers of the of the British Air Force and 527 of the and 527 of the US Air Force dropped more than 3,900 dropped more than 3,900 tons of tons of high explosive bomgs

►The resulting The resulting firestorms destroyed 15 destroyed 15 square miles of the city centre. Between square miles of the city centre. Between 22,000–25,000 people were killed22,000–25,000 people were killed

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference►Took place February 1945 before WWII Took place February 1945 before WWII

was overwas over

►Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss post WWIIpost WWII

►Set up United NationsSet up United Nations

Yalta – “The Big 3”Yalta – “The Big 3”

April 12, 1945April 12, 1945►At the beginning of his 4At the beginning of his 4thth Term, Term,

President Franklin D. Roosevelt passes President Franklin D. Roosevelt passes awayaway

►The U.S. went through a major grieving The U.S. went through a major grieving periodperiod

►Harry S. Truman, as Vice-President, Harry S. Truman, as Vice-President, takes the role as Presidenttakes the role as President

The end of HitlerThe end of Hitler►April 30, 1945 Hitler Hitler

and Eva Braun commit and Eva Braun commit suicide (gun shot and suicide (gun shot and cyanide)cyanide)

►Bodies burned in street

► Cover of Time Cover of Time magazine May 7, 1945magazine May 7, 1945

V-E Day (Victory in EuropeV-E Day (Victory in Europe

►May 8, 1945

►General Eisenhower accepted a General Eisenhower accepted a surrender by the Third Reich by the Third Reich

    ►1st part of War was over  

PotsdamPotsdam►July – August 1945

►Truman, (Churchill and then Clement Truman, (Churchill and then Clement Atlee) and Stalin met in Potsdam, Atlee) and Stalin met in Potsdam, GermanyGermany

►Drew up a blueprint to Drew up a blueprint to disarm Germany and and eliminate the Nazi regime

Potsdam ContinuedPotsdam Continued►Divided Germany into Divided Germany into 4 sections

(occupied by (occupied by France, Britain, U.S. and Soviet Union))

►Berlin to be divided up in East (or Soviet to be divided up in East (or Soviet Germany)Germany)

►Set up the Set up the Nuremberg Trials to to persecute Nazi leaders persecute Nazi leaders

► Japan must “Japan must “unconditionally surrender””

Potsdam, GermanyPotsdam, Germany

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials

► International tribunal court tried Nazi International tribunal court tried Nazi officialsofficials

►Over 23 nations tried Nazi war Over 23 nations tried Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germanycriminals in Nuremberg, Germany

►12 of the 22 defendants were 12 of the 22 defendants were sentenced to deathsentenced to death

►200 other officials were found guilty, 200 other officials were found guilty, but give lesser sentencesbut give lesser sentences

Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea

► Prior to this battle, the Japanese were winning every battle Prior to this battle, the Japanese were winning every battle and taking over the Pacificand taking over the Pacific

  ► May 1942 - U.S. and Australia stopped Japan from May 1942 - U.S. and Australia stopped Japan from

invadinginvading  ► Japan won the actual battle, but the allies were able to stop Japan won the actual battle, but the allies were able to stop

Japan invasion for the first timeJapan invasion for the first time

► U.S. was beginning to use the Island Hopping technique to U.S. was beginning to use the Island Hopping technique to weaken Japan’s forcesweaken Japan’s forces

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

► June 1942June 1942

► Admiral Chester Nimitz intercepted Japanese Admiral Chester Nimitz intercepted Japanese codecode

► U.S. launched surprise attack on Japan at U.S. launched surprise attack on Japan at Pacific island called MidwayPacific island called Midway

► U.S. was successful in the Battle of MidwayU.S. was successful in the Battle of Midway

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

►The Japanese lost 4 carriers, a heavy The Japanese lost 4 carriers, a heavy cruiser, 3 destroyers, some 275 cruiser, 3 destroyers, some 275 planes, at least 4,800 men, and planes, at least 4,800 men, and suffered heavy damage among the suffered heavy damage among the remaining vessels of their fleet. remaining vessels of their fleet.

►American losses included 1 carrier, the American losses included 1 carrier, the YorktownYorktown, a destroyer, about 150 , a destroyer, about 150 planes, and 307 men planes, and 307 men

Iwo JimaIwo Jima

► Island in the Pacific that was critical Island in the Pacific that was critical for U.S. winfor U.S. win

►March 1945March 1945►27,000 Japanese held Iwo Jima27,000 Japanese held Iwo Jima►U.S. wonU.S. won

26,800 Japanese troops died26,800 Japanese troops died 6,000 U.S. Marines died6,000 U.S. Marines died

Battle of OkinawaBattle of Okinawa

► June 22, 1945June 22, 1945

► Japan’s last defensive strongholdJapan’s last defensive stronghold

► Japan used 1,900 Kamikaze attacksJapan used 1,900 Kamikaze attacks

► 110,000 Japanese troops died110,000 Japanese troops died

► 7,600 - 12,500 U.S U.S. troops died7,600 - 12,500 U.S U.S. troops died

► U.S. wonU.S. won

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

► 200,000 Japanese died due to the Atomic 200,000 Japanese died due to the Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasakibombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

► HiroshimaHiroshima August 6, 1945August 6, 1945 ““Little Boy”Little Boy” In 43 seconds, the city collapsed to dustIn 43 seconds, the city collapsed to dust

► NagasakiNagasaki August 9, 1945August 9, 1945 ““Fat Man”Fat Man” Leveled half of the cityLeveled half of the city

V-J DayV-J Day

►August 15, 1945: Japan offers August 15, 1945: Japan offers unconditional surrenderunconditional surrender

►September 2, 1945: V-J Day = Victory September 2, 1945: V-J Day = Victory in Japan Day (Formal surrender)in Japan Day (Formal surrender)

U.S. Occupation of JapanU.S. Occupation of Japan

►Similar trials held for Japanese war criminalsSimilar trials held for Japanese war criminals

►7 out of 28 leaders were found guilty and 7 out of 28 leaders were found guilty and sentenced to death (including Tojo)sentenced to death (including Tojo)

►U.S. occupied Japan for 6 years under the U.S. occupied Japan for 6 years under the direction of General Douglas MacArthurdirection of General Douglas MacArthur Called for a New Constitution (w/ free elections and Called for a New Constitution (w/ free elections and

women suffrage)women suffrage) Introduced a free market economyIntroduced a free market economy