the unification of china. period of warring states state of qin western state in china during its...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Unification of China
![Page 2: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Period of Warring States
• State of Qin
• Western State in China during its Warring Period
• Rises to Power during the Fourth and Third century B.C.E.
• Ruthless and short rule that establishes many of the precedents that define China
![Page 3: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Warring States Period
![Page 4: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Period of Warring States
• Influenced by Legalist Scholars
• Systematic CENTRALIZED, bureaucratic rule
• Powerful Armed forces, Iron Weapons
• Methodical growth to dominate and rule China
• By 221 B.C.E. the king of Qin proclaims himself the First Emperor of China
![Page 5: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Qin Shih Huang-di
• Stripped power from the nobility (Zhou dynasties mistake was to give them too much power)
• “Weakening the branches to strengthen the trunk”
• Capital of Xian
• Meritocracy for implementation of government policy
![Page 6: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Qin Shih Huang-di
• Great Wall
• Hated by Confucians and Daoists
• Burned all books save medicine, fortune-telling, and agriculture because they were useful
• Buried hundreds of scholars alive who criticized him
![Page 7: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Legalism
• Emphasis on development of the state– Ruthless, end justifies the means
• Role of Law– Strict punishment for violators– Principle of collective responsibility
• Han Feizi (280-233 BCE)– Forced to commit suicide by political
enemies
![Page 8: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Legalist Doctrine
• Two strengths of the state– Agriculture– Military
• Emphasized development of peasant, soldier classes
• Distrust of pure intellectual, cultural pursuits• Historically, often imitated but rarely praised
![Page 9: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Unification of China
• Generous land grants under Shang Yang
– Private farmers decrease power of large landholders
– Increasing centralization of power
• Improved military technology
![Page 10: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The First Emperor
• Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221-210 BCE) founds new dynasty as “First Emperor”
• Dynasty ends in 207, but sets dramatic precedent
• Basis of rule: centralized bureacracy
• Massive public works begun– Incl. precursor to Great Wall
![Page 11: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
China under the Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E.
![Page 12: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Resistance to Qin Policies
• Emperor orders execution of all critics
• Orders burning of all ideological works
• Some 460 scholars buried alive
• Others exiled
• Massive cultural losses
![Page 13: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Qin Centralization
• Standardized:– Laws– Currencies– Weights and measures– Script
• Previously: single language written in distinct scripts
• Building of roads, bridges
![Page 14: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Massive Tomb Projects
• Built by 700,000 workers
• Slaves, concubines, and craftsmen sacrificed and buried
• Excavated in 1974, 15,000 terra cotta soldiers unearthed
![Page 15: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tomb of the First Emperor
![Page 16: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Han Dynasty
• Civil disorder brings down Qin dynasty 207 BCE
• Liu Bang forms new dynasty: the Han (206 BCE-220 CE)– Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE)– Interruption 9-23 CE– Later Han (25-220 CE)
![Page 17: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Early Han Policies
• Relaxed Qin tyranny without returning to Zhou anarchy
• Created large landholdings
• But maintained control over administrative regions
• After failed rebellion, took more central control
![Page 18: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Han Centralization
• The Martial Emperor: Han Wudi (141-87 BCE)
• Increased taxes to fund more public works
• But huge demand for government officials, decline since Qin persecution
![Page 19: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Confucian Educational System
• Han Wudi establishes an Imperial University in 124 BCE
• Not a lover of scholarship, but demanded educated class for bureaucracy
• Adopted Confucianism as official course of study
• 3000 students by end of Former Han, 30,000 by end of Later Han
![Page 20: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Han Imperial Expansion
• Invasions of Vietnam, Korea
• Constant attacks from Xiongnu– Nomads from Central Asia– Horsemen– Brutal: Maodun (210-174 BCE), had soldiers
murder his wife, father
• Han Wudi briefly dominates Xiongnu
![Page 21: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
East Asia and central Asia at the time of Han Wudi, Ca. 87
B.C.E.
![Page 22: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Patriarchal Social Order
• Classic of Filial Piety– Subordination to elder males
• Admonitions for Women– Female virtues:
• Humility, obedience, subservience, loyalty
![Page 23: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Iron Metallurgy
• Expansion of iron manufacture– Iron tips on tools abandoned as tools entirely
made from iron
• Increased food production
• Superior weaponry
![Page 24: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Other technological Developments
• Cultivation of silkworms– Breeding– Diet control
• Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms
• Development of paper– Bamboo, fabric abandoned in favor of wood
and textile-based paper
![Page 25: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Population Growth in the Han Dynasty
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
220 BCE 9 CE
Population (millions)
• General prosperity• Increased agricultural
productivity• Taxes small part of
overall income• Produce occasionally
spoiling in state granaries
![Page 26: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Economic and Social Difficulties
• Expenses of military expeditions, esp. vs. Xiongnu
• Taxes increasing
• Arbitrary property confiscations rise
• Increasing gap between rich and poor– Slavery, tenant farming increase– Banditry, rebellion
![Page 27: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Reign of Wang Mang (9-23 CE)
• Wang Mang regent for 2-year old Emperor, 6 CE
• Takes power himself 9 CE
• Introduces massive reforms– The “socialist emperor”– Land redistribution, but poorly handled
• Social chaos ends in his assassination 23 CE
![Page 28: The Unification of China. Period of Warring States State of Qin Western State in China during its Warring Period Rises to Power during the Fourth and](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cd95503460f949a2eff/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Later Han Dynasty
• Han Dynasty emperors manage, with difficulty, to reassert control
• Yellow Turban uprising challenges land distribution problems
• Internal court intrigue
• Weakened Han Dynasty collapses by 220 CE