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NESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid NESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid semihumid zones semihumid zones (0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) (0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones semi-arid zones (0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50) (0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50) arid zones arid zones (0.03 < P/ETP < 0.20) (0.03 < P/ETP < 0.20) hyper-arid zones hyper-arid zones (P/ETP < 0.03) (P/ETP < 0.03)

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Page 1: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions.The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions.semihumid zonessemihumid zones (0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75)(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75)semi-arid zonessemi-arid zones (0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)arid zonesarid zones (0.03 < P/ETP < 0.20)(0.03 < P/ETP < 0.20)

hyper-arid zoneshyper-arid zones (P/ETP < 0.03)(P/ETP < 0.03)

Page 2: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

5 major regions of aridity

Page 3: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Desert Climate

Page 4: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

STS036-152-252 Tassili-N’-Ajjer (Plateau), Algeria March 1990The Tassili-N’-Ajjer, located in southeastern Algeria and considered part of the northern Sahara Desert, is a series of eroded sandstone plateaus (darker gray areas). Both the Tifernine Dune field and the larger area of dunes to the east result from complex wind regimes that prevail throughout this arid region that receives less than 4 inches (10 cm) of precipitation per year.

SAHARA DESERT EXAMPLE

During the Ordovician time period (505 to 438 mya) the Sahara was actually located at the South Pole (indicated by paleomag evidence). Well preserved striations, crescentic gouges, and boulder erractics.

In the early Tertiary Period (66 to 50 mya) there was a long interval of intense weathering which probably marked a period of much more humid conditions.

In the Late Cenozoic Era (40 mya) is when we

begin to see the onset of aridity in the Sahara.

Have Arid Conditions Been

Continuous?

Page 5: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Have Arid Conditions Been Continuous?Sahara Desert Example

During the Pleistocene (last 1.8 millions years) we have seen patterns of climatic oscillation.

90,000 years of aridity90,000 years of aridityDustDustSenegal River DepositsSenegal River Deposits

The last 10,000 years experience:1. moister conditions (glaciers recede)2. Around 4 to 5 kya there are drastic change back to more arid and semi-arid plant species in the fossil records.

Page 6: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Have Arid Conditions Been Continuous?Sahara Desert Example

• Take home message:– Present day arid landforms and landforms of the

inheritance (relict);– Temporal scales of temperature fluctuations long and

short have impacts on aridity;– Multiple environmental components leading to the

present day formation of arid conditions; and– Regardless of the desert environment, there have been

similar environmental change, but not exactly like the Sahara Desert.

Page 7: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Causes of Present Day Aridity

1. Trade WindsThe major low latitude deserts consist of parts of the Sahara, Kalahari and Arabian Deserts and all of the Great Sandy Desert of Australia.

Page 8: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Causes of Present Day Aridity

2. Semi-permanent High Pressure ZonesDeserts commonly associated with the subtropical highs are major portions of the Sahara, Kalahari and Arabian Deserts, Thar (Pakistan), Syrian, Lut (Iran), Gibson, Great Victoria and Simpson Deserts of Australia.

Page 9: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Causes of Present Day Aridity

3. Rainshadow -- Examples of deserts created by rainshadows are the Great Basin (Southwestern U.S.), Takla Makan (Xinjiang Uygur, China) and the Gobi Desert.

Page 10: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Kunlun MtnsKunlun Mtns

Tarim Basin

Page 11: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

4. Distance from a moisture source the Kara Kum (Turkmen), Kyzyl Kum (Uzbek) and Sary Ishikotrau (Kazakh) deserts of central Asia.

Page 12: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Causes of Present Day Aridity

5. Proximity to Cold Ocean Currents -- The currents that create some of these deserts are the Humboldt Current, which has its origins in the Antarctic region, helps to form the Atacama Desert (the driest desert in the world) the California Current, which has its origins near the Aluetian Islands, helps propagate the fog deserts of Baja California and finally the Benguela Current originating in the Antarctic, it flows along southwestern Africa where the Namib Desert is located.

Page 13: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

DESERT MORPHO-STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

Page 14: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Pediment and Inselberg

Page 15: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

RegReg from Libya

Gibber from Australia

Why should we care?1. Important from an archeological

perspective (pictograms and tools)2. micro-laminations in rock varnish indicator

of paleo-climate, and3. soil protection in arid environments.

Page 16: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Ergs

Page 17: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Ergs

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Cuesta-Form Landscapes

Page 19: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Cuesta-form Landscapes

Page 20: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Cuesta-Form Landscapes

Hoodoos

Page 21: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Cuesta-Form LandscapesArches

Page 22: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Basin and Range

Page 23: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Zagros Mtns., IranZagros Mtns., Iran

Page 24: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

Alluvial Fans

Page 25: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

PLAYAPLAYA

HORSTHORST

HORSTHORST

ALLUVIALFANS

ALLUVIALFANS

GRABENGRABEN

SPACE SHUTTLE RADAR IMAGE OF DEATH VALLEY

Page 26: The UNESCO index uses ratio values of P/ETP to delineate four broad arid regions. semihumid zones(0.50 < P/ETP < 0.75) semi-arid zones(0.20 < P/ETP < 0.50)

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