the truman presidency the fair deal national health care national health care federal aid to...

The Truman PresidencyThe Truman Presidency

The Fair DealThe Fair Deal National Health CareNational Health Care Federal aid to educationFederal aid to education Civil rights legislationCivil rights legislation Funding for housingFunding for housing Farm programFarm program

* Congress blocked most of the * Congress blocked most of the proposed reforms. Truman did proposed reforms. Truman did succeed in raising min. wage & succeed in raising min. wage & greater inclusion for social security. greater inclusion for social security. Maintained several New Deal Maintained several New Deal programs, and laid groundwork for programs, and laid groundwork for civil rights.civil rights.

Social Changes of the Truman YearsSocial Changes of the Truman Years

GI Bill:GI Bill: Problem – Problem –

unemployment and unemployment and education of veteranseducation of veterans

Solution – GI Bill Solution – GI Bill (Servicemen’s (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of Readjustment Act of 1944) provided 1944) provided education funds and education funds and low interest home low interest home loansloans


The Suburbs:The Suburbs: Housing boom Housing boom

led to led to movement into movement into the suburbsthe suburbs

• Levittown – Levittown – 17,000 home 17,000 home project on project on Long Island, Long Island, NYNY

• Other Other “Levittowns” “Levittowns” sprang upsprang up

“Levittown” in Pennsylvania

LevittownLevittownA common sight in the mid-20th century, this photo shows a white middle-class family moving into their new suburban home in Levittown, New York; one of the first truly mass produced suburbs. Levittown would soon become the model for post-war suburban sprawl across the country.

Due to its mass-produced nature, the Levittown house soon became synonymous with homogeneity and dullness. Most of these communities did not have any black families because of their racial exclusiveness; in Levittown for example the initial lease called for only whites to be allowed to live in its homes.


Baby Boom:Baby Boom: Confidence in Confidence in

the economy the economy and prosperity and prosperity of America – of America – 50 million 50 million babies babies between 1945-between 1945-19601960


Rise of the Rise of the Sunbelt:Sunbelt: Migration of Migration of

largely GI largely GI families to the families to the warm weather warm weather statesstates

Led to shift in Led to shift in industry and industry and influence influence outside of outside of North EastNorth East


Civil Rights:Civil Rights: Jim Crow Jim Crow

dominates dominates under “Plessy” under “Plessy” verdictverdict

Truman ends Truman ends discrimination discrimination in gov’t and in gov’t and militarymilitary

Sets stage for Sets stage for Brown v BOEBrown v BOE

Segregation existed in most of American during the Truman administration. Significant progress towards equality would still be years away.


Rooting out Rooting out Communism in Communism in America:America: House Un-American House Un-American

Activities Commission Activities Commission (HUAAC) – (HUAAC) – Recommissioned to Recommissioned to seek out Communist seek out Communist influence (they used to influence (they used to chase Nazis)chase Nazis)

Investigated Hollywood, Investigated Hollywood, Boy Scouts, etcBoy Scouts, etc

CA Senator, Richard Nixon “Red Hunter”


Rooting out Rooting out Communism in Communism in America:America: Alger Hiss Case – State Alger Hiss Case – State

Dept. official accused of Dept. official accused of leaking classified docs. leaking classified docs. Convicted of perjury, Convicted of perjury, NOT espionageNOT espionage

- Many wondered if - Many wondered if communists had communists had

infiltrated infiltrated highest highest levels of gov’tlevels of gov’t

CA Senator, Richard Nixon “Red Hunter”


Rooting out Rooting out Communism in Communism in America:America: Rosenburg Case – Rosenburg Case –

Soviets developed A-Soviets developed A-bomb based on U.S. bomb based on U.S. secrets stolen by secrets stolen by Manhattan Project Manhattan Project scientist Klaus Fuchs. scientist Klaus Fuchs.

Investigation turned up Investigation turned up Rosenburgs in Rosenburgs in espionage involvementespionage involvement

Julius and Ethel Rosenburg


Rooting out Communism in Rooting out Communism in America:America: Joseph McCarthy – Gained Joseph McCarthy – Gained

power and popularity by power and popularity by making claims about making claims about communists in State Dept. communists in State Dept.

Massively powerful with Massively powerful with working class – feared by working class – feared by gov’t leadersgov’t leaders


Rooting out Communism in Rooting out Communism in America:America: Army-McCarthy Hearings – Army-McCarthy Hearings –

McCarthy claimed the Army McCarthy claimed the Army was infiltrated. was infiltrated.

Hearings were played out on Hearings were played out on TVTV

McCarthy looked like a bully McCarthy looked like a bully and could never provide and could never provide evidence of ANY of his claimsevidence of ANY of his claims

Lost credibilityLost credibility

I- The Korean WarI- The Korean War

A. Korean Peninsula divided Following A. Korean Peninsula divided Following Japanese surrenderJapanese surrender

1. Soviet backed North Korea1. Soviet backed North Korea

2. U.S. backed South Korea2. U.S. backed South Korea

B. 1950- North Korea attacks South B. 1950- North Korea attacks South KoreaKorea

1. Quickly pushed south to the South 1. Quickly pushed south to the South Korean capital of Seoul Korean capital of Seoul

2. U.S. gets U.N. to send troops (mostly U.S)2. U.S. gets U.N. to send troops (mostly U.S)

a. defense halts offensea. defense halts offense

3. General MacArthur (from Philippines campaign 3. General MacArthur (from Philippines campaign

in in WWII ) launches offensiveWWII ) launches offensive back to border of back to border of ChinaChina

a. Chinese respond by moving troops to a. Chinese respond by moving troops to Korean borderKorean border

4. MacArthur urges Pres. Truman to bomb China 4. MacArthur urges Pres. Truman to bomb China in in order to win in Korea order to win in Korea

a. Truman refusesa. Truman refuses

1.Fears of a WWIII1.Fears of a WWIII

2. fires Mac Arthur2. fires Mac Arthur

C. McCarthyism C. McCarthyism

1. Senator George McCarthy leads crusade to rid 1. Senator George McCarthy leads crusade to rid U.S. of CommunistU.S. of Communist

a. exaggerated claims and made-up a. exaggerated claims and made-up evidenceevidence

The Eisenhower PresidencyThe Eisenhower Presidency

““I Like Ike”I Like Ike” NonpoliticianNonpolitician War heroWar hero Won on the promise to Won on the promise to

end the Korean Warend the Korean War Modern RepublicanismModern Republicanism

• Came to accept many New Deal Came to accept many New Deal programs as “a fact of modern life” programs as “a fact of modern life” and even expanded programs like and even expanded programs like Social Security. Would oppose Social Security. Would oppose national healthcare and other national healthcare and other expansive New Deal ideals. He did expansive New Deal ideals. He did however back the Federal highway however back the Federal highway Act of 1956 - $27 billion for new Act of 1956 - $27 billion for new highway system. highway system.

Social Changes of the Eisenhower YearsSocial Changes of the Eisenhower Years

Middle class: Middle class: Rise of middle class Rise of middle class

• Fast foodFast food• Disneyland Disneyland • Credit cardsCredit cards

Social Changes of the Eisenhower YearsSocial Changes of the Eisenhower Years Consumer culture: Consumer culture:

TV – 6 stations in TV – 6 stations in 1946, 442 in 19561946, 442 in 1956

• Advertising boomAdvertising boom• Attendance at movies Attendance at movies

shrank drastically shrank drastically • Critics claim Critics claim

TV/advertising TV/advertising compromised compromised America’s moralsAmerica’s morals

* * All of the pressure to conform to All of the pressure to conform to the newest fashions and trends the newest fashions and trends as well as the suburban sprawl as well as the suburban sprawl lead to the popular notion among lead to the popular notion among historians the postwar 50’s were a historians the postwar 50’s were a decade of conformitydecade of conformity


Rock and Roll culture: Rock and Roll culture: Cross-over musicCross-over music

• Rhythm & Blues Rhythm & Blues w/Bluegrassw/Bluegrass

• Appealed to blacks and Appealed to blacks and whiteswhites

SexualitySexuality• Traditionalists repelled Traditionalists repelled

by Presley (and his by Presley (and his hips) and movie stars hips) and movie stars like Marilyn Monroe. like Marilyn Monroe.

• Playboy Magazine Playboy Magazine confirmed their fears!confirmed their fears!


The Beat Generation: :

Poets & WritersPoets & Writers•attacked what they saw attacked what they saw as the materialism, as the materialism, militarism, consumerism, militarism, consumerism, and conformity of the and conformity of the 1950s1950s•politically radical, and to politically radical, and to some degree their anti-some degree their anti-authoritarian attitudes authoritarian attitudes were taken up by activists were taken up by activists in the 1960s.in the 1960s.

Jack Keruac – On the Road, perhaps the defining work of the “Beats”


Civil Rights: Civil Rights: Montgomery Bus Montgomery Bus

BoycottBoycott• Protest over Protest over

segregation of AL segregation of AL bussesbusses

• Dr. Martin Luther King Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. comes to Jr. comes to prominence w/non prominence w/non violent approach to civil violent approach to civil rights protest.rights protest.

* Truman had taken steps to secure * Truman had taken steps to secure civil rights and secure equality in civil rights and secure equality in Armed Forces. Congress refused Armed Forces. Congress refused further actionfurther action


Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr. Formed the Southern Formed the Southern

Christian Leadership Christian Leadership Conference – Conference – organized organized the movement through the movement through churches, which thrived during churches, which thrived during segregation segregation


Civil Rights: Civil Rights: Brown v Board of EdBrown v Board of Ed

• Topeka, KATopeka, KA• Warren CourtWarren Court• Ordered desegregation Ordered desegregation

in schoolsin schools• Reversed Plessy v Reversed Plessy v

FergusonFerguson


Civil Rights: Civil Rights: ResistanceResistance

• 100+ Southern 100+ Southern Congressman signed Congressman signed “Declaration of “Declaration of Constitutional Principals”Constitutional Principals”

• Pledged unyielding Pledged unyielding resistance to resistance to desegregationdesegregation

• Little Rock 9 – 9 children – 9 children attempted to enter Little attempted to enter Little Rock’s Central High Rock’s Central High School. The military was School. The military was called to escort them called to escort them safely safely

Photo: starting from the back left, Ernest Green and Jefferson Thomas; Thelma Mothershed Wair, Minnijean Brown Trickey, Elizabeth Eckford; and front left, Terrence Roberts, soldier, Melba Pattillo Beals, Gloria Ray Karlmark and Carlotta Walls LaNier

*Historians have criticized Eisenhower (fairly) as president for his failure to push the civil rights agenda that began with Truman’s “To Secure These Rights Commission” in 1946 and to promote desegregation. To his credit he called upon the military to ensure the Supreme Court’s ruling would be enforced when necessary.(see cartoon on p. 877)


Civil Rights: Civil Rights: Operation WetbackOperation Wetback

Photo: starting from the back left, Ernest Green and Jefferson Thomas; Thelma Mothershed Wair, Minnijean Brown Trickey, Elizabeth Eckford; and front left, Terrence Roberts, soldier, Melba Pattillo Beals, Gloria Ray Karlmark and Carlotta Walls LaNier

*Historians have criticized Eisenhower (fairly) as president for his failure to push the civil rights agenda that began with Truman’s “To Secure These Rights Commission” in 1946 and to promote desegregation. To his credit he called upon the military to ensure the Supreme Court’s ruling would be enforced when necessary.(see cartoon on p. 877)

II- Global Cold WarII- Global Cold WarA. The Arms RaceA. The Arms Race

1. New Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev 1. New Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev predicted Communism would destroy predicted Communism would destroy Western Western democracies democracies

2. US + USSR emerge a two most powerful 2. US + USSR emerge a two most powerful countries in the worldcountries in the world

3. Compete in Arms race- nations compete 3. Compete in Arms race- nations compete to build the strongest, most powerful weaponsto build the strongest, most powerful weapons

a. a. US develops H- bomb (hydrogen)US develops H- bomb (hydrogen)

1. USSR follows1. USSR follows

b. China develops A-bomb then H- bombb. China develops A-bomb then H- bomb

c. Britain + France followc. Britain + France follow

B. StockpilesB. Stockpiles1. no country would use nukes for fear of 1. no country would use nukes for fear of

counter attackcounter attacka. weapon supplies built up anywaya. weapon supplies built up anyway

C. Space RaceC. Space Race1. Superpowers also competed in space1. Superpowers also competed in space

a. USSR launched Sputnik- the worlds 1a. USSR launched Sputnik- the worlds 1stst space satellitespace satellite

1. the west feared Soviet Nuclear 1. the west feared Soviet Nuclear attacks from spaceattacks from space

2.US forms National Aeronautics 2.US forms National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to gain control of and Space Administration (NASA) to gain control of space technologyspace technology

D. Cuban Missile CrisisD. Cuban Missile Crisis

1. Communist Fidel Castro leads revolution in 1. Communist Fidel Castro leads revolution in CubaCuba

a. force many into exilea. force many into exile

b. US trains exiles to launch invasion of b. US trains exiles to launch invasion of Cuba at the Bay of PigsCuba at the Bay of Pigs

1. Mission fails- US embarrassed1. Mission fails- US embarrassed

2. US learns that Soviets were building 2. US learns that Soviets were building nuclear missile bases in Cubanuclear missile bases in Cuba

a. US blockades Cubaa. US blockades Cuba

b. threatens Soviet shipsb. threatens Soviet ships

c. military on high alertc. military on high alert

d. Soviets back down after 13 daysd. Soviets back down after 13 days

III-Civil RightsIII-Civil Rights

A. Separate but equalA. Separate but equal

1.North= no official segregation but little 1.North= no official segregation but little voluntary mixingvoluntary mixing

2. South= lawful segregation2. South= lawful segregation

a. Plessey v. Ferguson- a. Plessey v. Ferguson- “segregation is legal as long as it’s equal.” “segregation is legal as long as it’s equal.”

* Became a road block to the civil rights * Became a road block to the civil rights movement*movement*

B. OppositionB. Opposition

1. NAACP- Nat’l Association for the 1. NAACP- Nat’l Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleAdvancement of Colored People

2. Thurgood Marshall- argued that 2. Thurgood Marshall- argued that segregation was unconstitutional (14segregation was unconstitutional (14thth Amendment- equal protection under the Amendment- equal protection under the law)law)

C. Breaking BarriersC. Breaking Barriers1. Baseball- Jackie Robinson 1. Baseball- Jackie Robinson

becomes the 1becomes the 1stst African American to play African American to play major league baseballmajor league baseball

a. a. Rookie of the year in 1947 w/ Rookie of the year in 1947 w/ Brooklyn DodgersBrooklyn Dodgers

2. Military- 1948 Pres. Truman ended 2. Military- 1948 Pres. Truman ended military segregationmilitary segregation

3. Schools- Brown v. Board of 3. Schools- Brown v. Board of EducationEducation

a. a. Topeka Kansas school sued for Topeka Kansas school sued for lack of equal facilities after a young girl had to lack of equal facilities after a young girl had to travel a great distance to an inferior schooltravel a great distance to an inferior school..

b. Principal denied entrance to b. Principal denied entrance to “all white” school in her neighborhood.“all white” school in her neighborhood.

c. Thurgood Marshall c. Thurgood Marshall represented the Browns and overturned represented the Browns and overturned segregation in schools. segregation in schools.

1. Violence erupted in 1. Violence erupted in many districts many districts

4. Rosa Parks – arrested for refusing 4. Rosa Parks – arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to white traveler to give up her bus seat to white traveler

a. the city’s African American a. the city’s African American boycott the busesboycott the buses

1. forced issues to the 1. forced issues to the supreme court over 1 year later.supreme court over 1 year later.

2.Won desegregation on 2.Won desegregation on buses.buses.5. Warren court - Earl Warren , Chief Justice Of 5. Warren court - Earl Warren , Chief Justice Of the Supreme Court.the Supreme Court.

a. sought to expand rights a. sought to expand rights b. Miranda v. Arizonab. Miranda v. Arizona

1. convicted based on 1. convicted based on confession w/out lawyer confession w/out lawyer

2. Led to “Miranda 2. Led to “Miranda Rights” You have The right to remain silent, right Rights” You have The right to remain silent, right to an attorney etc. to an attorney etc.

D. John F. KennedyD. John F. Kennedy

1. youngest ever US president1. youngest ever US president

2. mixed results2. mixed results

a. Bay of Pigs= not gooda. Bay of Pigs= not good

b. Space plan= goodb. Space plan= good

3. Assassination3. Assassination

a. Nov. 22 1963- Kennedy was a. Nov. 22 1963- Kennedy was shot in Texas by Lee Harvey Oswaldshot in Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald

1. America saw it on TV1. America saw it on TV

2. Oswald was shot while 2. Oswald was shot while being transferred.being transferred.

E. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.E. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

1. Baptist minister who prepared non-1. Baptist minister who prepared non-violent following that pressured gov’t to violent following that pressured gov’t to push anti- discrimination legislationpush anti- discrimination legislation

a. Pass Civil Rights Act of 1964 a. Pass Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Actand Voting Rights Act

1. banned discrimination in 1. banned discrimination in public places schools, hiring, and ensured public places schools, hiring, and ensured voting rightsvoting rights

a. Kennedy had a. Kennedy had begun this legislation prior to his begun this legislation prior to his assassination assassination

F. Black PowerF. Black Power

1. Many African Americans became tired of 1. Many African Americans became tired of King’s non- violent approachKing’s non- violent approach

a. leaders such as Malcolm X called for a. leaders such as Malcolm X called for separation of the racesseparation of the races

b. violence erupts, especially in Ghettosb. violence erupts, especially in Ghettos

1. poor run down neighborhoods1. poor run down neighborhoods

2. In the end both King and X are 2. In the end both King and X are assassinatedassassinated

a. X by black Muslims - 1965a. X by black Muslims - 1965

b. King by white segregationist - 1968b. King by white segregationist - 1968

1. Riots broke out across the 1. Riots broke out across the countrycountry

IV- The Vietnam WarIV- The Vietnam War

A. HistoryA. History1. Vietnam was a French Colony1. Vietnam was a French Colony2. Taken by Japan during WWII2. Taken by Japan during WWII3. Sought freedom following Japanese 3. Sought freedom following Japanese

surrendersurrendera. Indochina war- Ho Chi Minh, a a. Indochina war- Ho Chi Minh, a

communist, leads rebellion against Francecommunist, leads rebellion against France1. US supports Truman 1. US supports Truman

Doctrine (containment) and helps aid FranceDoctrine (containment) and helps aid France2. Minh’s troops defeat 2. Minh’s troops defeat

FrenchFrench

B. The US and VietnamB. The US and Vietnam

1. Vietnam divided1. Vietnam divided

a. N. Vietnam under Minh- a. N. Vietnam under Minh- Communist capital at HanoiCommunist capital at Hanoi

b. S. Vietnam under Ngo Dinh Diem b. S. Vietnam under Ngo Dinh Diem (noh din dee ehm)(noh din dee ehm)

1. US supports the south1. US supports the south

2. Violence2. Violence

a. Diem blocks unification of Vietnama. Diem blocks unification of Vietnam

b. hit and run “guerrilla” fighters b. hit and run “guerrilla” fighters terrorize villages controlled by Diem officialsterrorize villages controlled by Diem officials

1. become known as Vietcong1. become known as Vietcong

c. Diem becomes unpopular + c. Diem becomes unpopular + loses support of S. Vietnam + US pres. loses support of S. Vietnam + US pres. KennedyKennedy

1. assassinated in 19631. assassinated in 1963

2. Pres. Kennedy 2. Pres. Kennedy assassinated 3 weeks laterassassinated 3 weeks later

a. Lyndon B. Johnson a. Lyndon B. Johnson takes officetakes office

3. American involvement3. American involvement

a. “Domino theory” – if one a. “Domino theory” – if one country falls to Communism the country falls to Communism the surrounding nations will followsurrounding nations will follow

1.Johnson refused to lose 1.Johnson refused to lose in Vietnamin Vietnam

b. S. Vietnam’s gov’t becomes b. S. Vietnam’s gov’t becomes unstableunstable

1. military leaders gain + 1. military leaders gain + lose controllose control

2. Vietcong gain ground2. Vietcong gain ground

C. Unconventional WarfareC. Unconventional Warfare

1. US sends limited troops to defend 1. US sends limited troops to defend US basesUS bases

a. number drastically increased a. number drastically increased from 3,500 to ½ million between 1965- from 3,500 to ½ million between 1965- 19681968

2. Search + destroy missions2. Search + destroy missions

a. goal of US troops was to kill a. goal of US troops was to kill as many enemy troops possible, not gain as many enemy troops possible, not gain territoryterritory

1. Used napalm and “Agent 1. Used napalm and “Agent Orange”Orange”

3. The Tet Offensive3. The Tet Offensivea. N. Vietnamese launch a. N. Vietnamese launch

surprise attack on the New Year “Tet” surprise attack on the New Year “Tet” celebrationscelebrations

b. US eventually drives them b. US eventually drives them back causing mass casualtiesback causing mass casualties

1. US won but the deadly 1. US won but the deadly toll shocked Americans and cost public toll shocked Americans and cost public support for the war.support for the war.

D. A divided nationD. A divided nation1. Hawks & Doves1. Hawks & Doves

a. Hawks believed in the wara. Hawks believed in the warb. Doves thought the war was b. Doves thought the war was

unwinnable and morally wrong.unwinnable and morally wrong.1. Doves organized 1. Doves organized

protests + marchesprotests + marches2. Draft issues2. Draft issues

a. many burned draft cards and a. many burned draft cards and fled to Canadafled to Canada

b. Television images increased b. Television images increased tensiontension

E. Election of 1968E. Election of 1968

1. Johnson declines to run Dems 1. Johnson declines to run Dems nominate Hubert Humphreynominate Hubert Humphrey

a. demonstrators gathered a. demonstrators gathered outside of conventionoutside of convention

1. Deemed a riot situation 1. Deemed a riot situation Chicago policeChicago police

b.Richard Nixon wins the b.Richard Nixon wins the PresidencyPresidency

F. The War Winds DownF. The War Winds Down

1. Nixon withdraws troops1. Nixon withdraws troops

a. war expands to neighboring countries a. war expands to neighboring countries after N. Vietnam carried arms and supplies through after N. Vietnam carried arms and supplies through CambodiaCambodia

1. Route known as Ho Chi Minh 1. Route known as Ho Chi Minh TrailTrail

2. Peace talks between US and N. Vietnam 2. Peace talks between US and N. Vietnam prove unsuccessfulprove unsuccessful

3. N. Vietnam closes in on Saigon 3. N. Vietnam closes in on Saigon

a. US evacuates all militarya. US evacuates all military

4. S. Vietnam surrenders to Communist 4. S. Vietnam surrenders to Communist controlcontrol

a. Saigon becomes HO Chi Minh Citya. Saigon becomes HO Chi Minh City

G. Vietnam’s effectsG. Vietnam’s effects

1. Public distrust- Citizens angry 1. Public distrust- Citizens angry about “Pentagon Papers”about “Pentagon Papers”

a. proved Gov’t misled citizens a. proved Gov’t misled citizens about warabout war

2. War Powers Act- Pres. could only 2. War Powers Act- Pres. could only send troops w/out Congressional send troops w/out Congressional declaration of war for 60 daysdeclaration of war for 60 days

3. Voting Age to 18- “If they are old 3. Voting Age to 18- “If they are old enough to fight and die in Vietnam they enough to fight and die in Vietnam they are old enough to vote.”are old enough to vote.”

H. Nixon’s PresidencyH. Nixon’s Presidency

1. Moon landing- Apollo II -July 20, 1. Moon landing- Apollo II -July 20, 19691969

2. Easing Cold War tensions- visited 2. Easing Cold War tensions- visited China to improve relationsChina to improve relations

a. also visited USSR and agreed a. also visited USSR and agreed to limitation of Nuclear weapons to limitation of Nuclear weapons

I - WatergateI - Watergate1. Police arrest 5 men who broke into 1. Police arrest 5 men who broke into

Democratic offices at Watergate, Democratic offices at Watergate, Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

a. men were hired by Nixon to spya. men were hired by Nixon to spy1. Men were paid by White 1. Men were paid by White

House to keep quietHouse to keep quiet2. Nixon brought to testify at Senate 2. Nixon brought to testify at Senate

Committee hearingCommittee hearinga. was proven to have knowledge a. was proven to have knowledge

of cover- upof cover- up3. As Congress took steps toward 3. As Congress took steps toward

impeachment Nixon resigned from office impeachment Nixon resigned from office

V- End of the Cold WarV- End of the Cold War

A. Reagan challenges the Soviet UnionA. Reagan challenges the Soviet Union1. Following a Soviet invasion of 1. Following a Soviet invasion of

Afghanistan Pres. Ronald Reagan declared the Afghanistan Pres. Ronald Reagan declared the Soviet Union “The Evil Empire”Soviet Union “The Evil Empire”

2. Reagan invests huge dollars2. Reagan invests huge dollarsa. helping Afghan Rebelsa. helping Afghan Rebelsb. the US militaryb. the US military

1. Developed more nuclear 1. Developed more nuclear weaponsweapons

2. Stealth bomber2. Stealth bomber3. Attempted SDI laser guided 3. Attempted SDI laser guided

defense systemdefense systema. shoot down enemy a. shoot down enemy

missiles missiles from spacefrom space1. Cost US billions1. Cost US billions

B. Soviets collapseB. Soviets collapse

1. Under intense pressure to spend and 1. Under intense pressure to spend and keep up w/ US and cost of Afghan war the keep up w/ US and cost of Afghan war the Soviet economy declinesSoviet economy declines

2. Soviet satellite countries began to 2. Soviet satellite countries began to break awaybreak away

3. East Germany tore down Berlin Wall3. East Germany tore down Berlin Wall

4. Soviet Union broke down and each 4. Soviet Union broke down and each of the 15 republics declared independenceof the 15 republics declared independence

VI- The Middle EastVI- The Middle East

A. Strict IslamA. Strict Islam

1. Ayatollah Rubolla Khomeini (roo 1. Ayatollah Rubolla Khomeini (roo hoh hoh luh koh may nee) takes control luh koh may nee) takes control of of Iran from the ShahIran from the Shah

a. Shah was anti- communist a. Shah was anti- communist but but non- democratic US ally non- democratic US ally

1. Revolution led to US 1. Revolution led to US hostages in 1979 hostages in 1979

B. Persian Gulf War- 1990B. Persian Gulf War- 1990

1. Iraq’s leader + brutal dictator Saddam 1. Iraq’s leader + brutal dictator Saddam Hussein invaded neighboring country of Hussein invaded neighboring country of KuwaitKuwait

a. Kuwait= rich in oil producing a. Kuwait= rich in oil producing countrycountry

2. US pres. George H. W. Bush fears 2. US pres. George H. W. Bush fears Iraq’s intention of controlling Middle East’s oil Iraq’s intention of controlling Middle East’s oil supplysupply

a. Sends troops + UN sanctionsa. Sends troops + UN sanctions

b. demand Iraq’s withdrawalb. demand Iraq’s withdrawal

1. Hussein refuses1. Hussein refuses

VIII- TerrorismVIII- Terrorism*use of violence, often against civilian *use of violence, often against civilian

targets to force political or social changetargets to force political or social change

A. Terrorism outside the US.A. Terrorism outside the US.

1. 1988 Airplane bombing over 1. 1988 Airplane bombing over Scotland killed 189 AmericansScotland killed 189 Americans

2. 1996- 2000 terrorists in Africa + 2. 1996- 2000 terrorists in Africa + Middle East attack American Embassies Middle East attack American Embassies + ships+ ships

B. Terrorism in the USB. Terrorism in the US1. World Trade center 19931. World Trade center 1993

a. middle- eastern terrorists a. middle- eastern terrorists explode truck bomb explode truck bomb

beneath beneath the Twin Towersthe Twin Towers1. 6 dead, 1,000 injured1. 6 dead, 1,000 injured

2. Oklahoma City- 19952. Oklahoma City- 1995a. truck bomb attacked federal a. truck bomb attacked federal

office buildingoffice building1. 168 dead, including from 1. 168 dead, including from office day care centeroffice day care center2. carried out by 3 2. carried out by 3

Americans Americans who who opposed the gov’t.opposed the gov’t.

3. World Trade Center- 20013. World Trade Center- 2001

a. Arab terrorists seize 4 a. Arab terrorists seize 4 passenger jets from Boston passenger jets from Boston

1. 2 crashed into World 1. 2 crashed into World Trade Center Trade Center

2. 1 into the Pentagon in 2. 1 into the Pentagon in Washington D.C. Washington D.C.

3. 1 crashed in PA after 3. 1 crashed in PA after passengers rushed the passengers rushed the terroriststerrorists

4. US and UN coalition 4. US and UN coalition launch air and ground attack launch air and ground attack

on on Iraqi capital at BaghdadIraqi capital at Baghdad

VII- The Election of 2000VII- The Election of 2000

A. George W. Bush( R) vs. Al Gore (D)A. George W. Bush( R) vs. Al Gore (D)

1. Gore wins slim pop vote victory1. Gore wins slim pop vote victory

2. Bush wins electoral vote2. Bush wins electoral vote

B. Controversy in FloridaB. Controversy in Florida

1. Dem’s claim ballots were 1. Dem’s claim ballots were misleading causing many to vote for the misleading causing many to vote for the wrong candidatewrong candidate

a. also claim improper a. also claim improper rejecting of many votes especially in high rejecting of many votes especially in high African American regions.African American regions.

2. Dems demand recount2. Dems demand recount

a. Florida court orders recounta. Florida court orders recount

b. Republicans take issue to b. Republicans take issue to Supreme Court Supreme Court

1. declare recount null1. declare recount null

2. declare Bush the winner 2. declare Bush the winner despite loosing the despite loosing the popular popular vote vote

*Oh yeah, George Bush’s brother just *Oh yeah, George Bush’s brother just happened to be the Governor of Florida! happened to be the Governor of Florida! Coincidence? You decide.Coincidence? You decide.

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