the truman administration and bolivia

8/17/2019 The Truman Administration and Bolivia

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Ijaee K. Fbre

J@ @FGMEM_V^@OMßE V^QG@E ]NBJMSM@

(Vr`fuoomÿe faj prÿjbib)

Afmt`fb y punjmo`fb pbrVda Xaeesyjv`em` _t`ta Qemvarsmty Xrass.>800



>

X^ßJBIB FAJ V^@FQOVB^

Aj jmnrb ‚Vda Vrugè @fgmemstr`tmbe èf Nbjmvm`‗ as ue axoajaeta jmnrb.Xbr asb tr`fuka aj prÿjbib. @oj`r` v`rmbs `spaotbs fa j` pbjçtmo` fa jbsAA.QQ. ae rajòmÿe `, ue tag` qua ebs as guy saesmnja; Euastr`srmquaz`s e`tur`jas - ae asta o`sb aj ast`ðb - qua ebs d` fap`r`fbtètbs carboas gbgaetbs fa fbjbr ètas qua fa ibzb.

Aj taxtb tmaea j` vmrtuf fa gatarebs, fa megafm`tb, ae prbcuef`so`vmjòmbeas. Xbr akagpjb, ²quí fm`njbs d` p`s`fb, p`r` qua euastr`srmquaz`s e`tur`jas sa d`yè objbo`fb ae obetr` fa ebsbtrbs2

Fasfa memombs faj _mijb TT, jjav`gbs `fajèta vmibrbs`s juod`s sbom`jas,

p`r` avmt`r aj f`ðb, prmeomp`jgaeta faspuís fa j` Iuarr` faj Odòb. Ajçgpatu targmeÿ obe íxmtb; J` Obestmtuomÿe fa 0.=?4. Ae ajj` sapj`sg`rbe jbs èdajbs qua astmgàn`gbs, d`nç` qua jbir`r. Faomfmgbsqua aj ast`fb ibz`n`, ` p`rtmr fa asa gbgaetb, faj fbgmemb brmime`rmbsbnra tbf`s j`s sustèom`s faj rameb gmear`j (@rt. 089), tè eaoas`rm`sp`r` iaear`r ue ‚ríimgae aobeÿgmob‗ qua raspbef` ` jbs prmeompmbs fa

kustmom` sbom`j (@rt. 083).

Xbr jb tètb Nbjmvm` jjaiÿ ` j`s puart`s fa j` _aiuef` Iuarr` Guefm`j,obe fmod`s `spmròmbeas n`kb aj nr`zb. Aetbeoas, quí p`sb p`r` pargmtmrqua j` Obecaraeom` fa ^çb fa Kèamrb (aearb fa 0.=6>), ebs taefmasasagakèta tr`gp`, tètb ` ebsbtrbs obgb ` euastr`s ‚sustèom`s fajrameb gmear`j‗. @ jbs fajai`fbs nbjmvmèbs ` j` Obecaraeom` eb jas

metaras`n` jb qua pufmasa ast`njaoar euastr` Obestmtuomÿe, gaebs ` jbs`jjç rauemfbs; Em sa aetar`rbe em jas metaras`n`. @j g`riae fa tbfbs(`s)

Xrasmfaeta Aermqua Xað`rèf`; ‚J` prbsparmf`f

òtu`j faj p`çs faguastr` qua ` Nbjmvm` jb quagaebs ja obevmaea as j` p`z‗.



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ebsbtrbs(`s), faomfmarbe qua aj ast`ðb eb ar` euastrb, smeb fa j` ‚oùs`fa jbs `jm`fbs‗ y qua, ae asta saetmfb, aj rbj faj p`çs saiumrç` smaefb ajfa prbfuomr gmear`j fa ast`ðb p`r` prbpbrombe`rjb ` fmodb njbqua, `tr`vís fa jbs AA.QQ.; ¡Kust`gaeta jb obetr`rmb fa jb asormtb!

²OQÀEFB CQMGB_ AEAGMIB_ FA @JAG@EM@2

Aj gaoèmsgb akaout`fb ae j` Obecaraeom` cua `stutb; Jbs AA.QQ.agpuk`rbe ` jbs p`çsas `garmoèbs ` rbgpar rajòmbeas obe jbs ‚X`çsasfaj Aka‗ y ` qua jas faoj`r`sae j` iuarr`, p`r` iaear`r ue `gnmaetagmjmt`rmz`fb ae tbfb aj obetmeaeta, fa t`j gèar`, qua tbf`s j`s eòmbeassa smetmasas bnjmi`f`s ` ‚sbjvaet`r j`s eaoasmf`fas fa jbs X`çsas

@jm`fbs‗, furèta tbfb aj obecjmotb níjmob. Jbs Ast`fbs Qemfbs, ` ebgnrafa tbfbs, faomfmarbe trèscarmr j` prbfuoomÿe faj obetmeaeta, dòm` susaeb. âobrfagbs nravagaeta, j`s prmeomp`jas rasbjuombeas `prbn`f`sae g`tarm` aobeÿgmo`;

âsbjuomÿe MM; Cbgaet`r aj ùgaetb fa j` prbfuoomÿe fag`tarm`jas astr`tíimobs (ast`ðb), eaoas`rmbs p`r` j` iuarr`.

âsbjuomÿe MMM; X`r` aj sbstaemgmaetb fa j`s aobebgç`s metare`s,j`s eòmbeas prbfuotbr`s fa g`tarm`s prmg`s y fa g`qume`rm`smefustrm`jas, fanaràe sugmemstr`rj`s ae oètmf`fas sucmomaetas.

âsbjuomÿe TM; _a fana mevartmr o`pmt`jas ae j`s rapûnjmo`s`garmoè`s.

@dbr` nmae, aj Xrasmfaeta fa Nbjmvm`; Aermqua Xað`rèf`, ae vaz fafacaefar j` Obestmtuomÿe, faoj`rÿ ` jbs ‚X`çsas faj Aka‗ aeagmibs fajbs(`s) nbjmvmèbs(`s), qua ar` aj òuarfb tbg`fb obe jbs ‚n`rbeas fajast`ðb‗ y aj Ibnmareb fa jbs AA.QQ. Fa ast` gèar`, aj p`çs y` pbfçòugpjmr, obe trèqumjmf`f, su gmsmÿe astr`tíimo` fa prbfuomr y `n`staoarobe ast`ðb. Xarb d`y gàs; Ae ue òtb r`strarb, aj Ibnmareb faoratÿprmgarb j` ‚gbvmjmzòmÿe iaear`j‗ y tmagpb gàs t`rfa, faoj`rÿ j` iuarr` `

@jagèm`; ¡Qe p`çs obe aj qua Nbjmvm` eb tmaea em obst`s em crbetar`s,p`r` `tò`r!

Asta òtb ax`sparÿ j`s fur`s rajòmbeas fa prbfuoomÿe o`pmt`jmst`s, quaarè j`s prmgbrfm`jas ae aj p`çs. Ae acaotb, cçkaesa ae j` gbvmf`; _m jbsibnareètas eb d`nçè tbg`fb ae ouaet` jbs metarasas faj p`çs ae jbsòuarfbs fa ^mb fa Kèamrb, gaebs raspat`rçè jbs fa jbs gmearbs`saet`fbs ae jbs o`gp`gaetbs gmearbs. J` faoj`r`tbrm` fa‚gbvmjmzòmÿe iaear`j‗ fmot`f` pbr aj Ibnmareb, cua aetaefmf` pbr jbs

‚n`rbeas faj ast`ðb‗, obgb aj faraodb ` cbrz`r j` prbfuotmvmf`f fajtr`n`kb gmearb. @ òtu`r obgb sm j`s pbnjòmbeas astuvmasae ‚n`kb



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nèfar`s‗. Aj ûemob cme fa jbs agpras`rmbs, ar` aj fa ùgaet`r j`prbfuoomÿe n`kb obefmombeas fa iuarr`. As faomr, èujèfb faraodbs ysme ùgaetb fa s`j`rmbs. J` o`gp`ð` targmeÿ ae jb qua taeç` quatargme`r; Xrbtast`, sunjavòmÿe y g`tèz`; J` G`sòra fa O`t`vm fa

0=6>.

J@ G@_@OÂ AE XA^_BE@.

²PQÍ I@E@GB_2

@j eb aeobetr`r ue ou`frb qua guastra j` avbjuomÿe fa jbs praombs fajast`ðb fa gèar` oj`r`, aeobetr`gbs ueb faj _arvmomb Iabjÿimob fa jbsAA.QQ., parb faj çefmoa fa praombs faj gmear`j, qua as ue` gafmfàst`fçstmo`. _me agn`rib, ae aj aetaefmfb qua j` ourv` astà nmaefmsað`f`, dagbs objbo`fb ae raou`frb, aj praomb fa ue` ‚jmnr` cme`‗ faast`ðb ae oaet`vbs fa fÿj`r ast`fbuemfaesa, tètb p`r` aj `ðb fa

0.=6>, qua as ouèfb sa cmrg` aj òuarfb fa prbvmsmÿe faj gmear`j ` jbsAA.QQ., obgb p`r` aj fa 0.=01, ípbo` fa j` Xrmgar` Iuarr` Guefm`j,ue` racaraeom` ` j` qua tbfbs òufae ` j` dbr` fa dòar obgp`ròmbeas.²Ja suimara `jib aj iràcmob2



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AJ @_XAOVB AFQO@VMSB.

Ga p`raoa qua ` j` Obecaraeom` fa ^çb, fanarç` d`nar `smstmfb j` orag`fa j` metajmiaeom` nbjmvmè`. Xbr akagpjb ue` fupj` obestmtumf` pbr FbeG`rmèb Xarÿ y _arimb @jg`r`z (dòmaefb `nstròomÿe fa su af`f, quaae asa aetbeoas ar` fa o`tbroa `ðbs), iaeta qua, obe saiurmf`f,dunmasa pbfmfb dòar craeta, ae `jiue` gafmf`, ` jbs gbestrubs. Xarbasta tmpb fa prbcasmbe`jas, qua ouast` guodb tmagpb aj cbrg`rjbs y quaeb d`y ae j` c`rgòm`, o`sm smagpra dè smfb sustmtumfbs pbr miebrètaspbjçtmobs. Avmfaetagaeta t`j eb as aj o`sb fa jbs yèqums qua `smstmarbe` j` Obecaraeom`, guemfbs faj cmrga prbpÿsmtb fa dòar fèz`r ` su

rmtgb ` gafmb guefb. Xuas nmae, smrv` asta gbgaetb p`r` mesmstmr ae jèaoasmf`f fa obet`r obe ue` mestmtuomÿe fa afuoòmÿe suparmbr, fbefasa puaf` uemr aj paes`r obe aj dòar. Qe` fbefa jb qua sa fmoa, sadì`. Eb ue` fbefa jb qua sa faomfa sa trèscbrga ae ue bnkatmvb bue` obgpataeom` afuo`tmv`.



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OBEOJQ_MBEA_

@dbr` nmae, fçièga astmg`fbs(`s) `gmibs(`s); ²Ae 0.=6>;

0. ²Ar` pbsmnja eaibom`r ue praomb gakbr p`r` euastrbs gmear`jas2>. ²Ar` aj gbgaetb p`r` `rrmasi`rsa obe ue` imiètaso` cuefmomÿeae Nbjmvm`2

?. ²Axmstç` j` cuarz` sbom`j sucmomaeta y eaoas`rm`, p`r` mgpbearsasbnra jbs tr`mfbras ` j` Obestmtuomÿe fa 0.=?42

Xbfrç`gbs asormnmr obe jatr`s fa brb ae euastr` Obestmtuomÿe; Pua j`srmquaz`s e`tur`jas axmstaetas ae Nbjmvm` sbe euastr`s. ¡Gaetmr`!, èmeiûe p`çs b agpras` axtr`kar` ja mgpbrt` ue njafb t`j faoj`ròmÿe,ùequa j` asormnmísagbs sbnra jbs gurbs fa pmafr` fa Vm`duèòb.¡Ebs dè vmstb jbs o`joatmeas! y euastr` raspuast` smagpra d` smfb,d`st` `dbr`, ratÿrmo`; Mesormnmrj` ae j` Obestmtuomÿe faj 0.=?4 b ae j` faj>.88=. @j cme`j, miu`j saiumgbs axpbrtèfb ‚g`tarm`s prmg`s‗… obgbsmagpra.

Aj jmnrb ouyb prÿjbib jas mevmtb ` jaar - ¡bkmtb!, tr`fuomfb ae gm astmjb -`yuf` ` parcmj`r raspuast`s. As ueb qua ravaj` jbs euavbs `mras fa j`sbombjbiç` ast`fbuemfaesa. Ja da `ð`fmfb v`rm`s cbtbs qua sa smagprasbe nmaevaemf`s y `jiuebs pmas fa pàime`, mgpbrtètas p`r` aetaefar ajasormtb. Aetra p`ríetasms, aj ùtbr Fbe Ijaee K. Fbre, eb tmaea em mfa` fagm n`rr`n`s`f` pmr`t`. Asparb sa` obgpraesmvb obe su ir`tumtbtr`fuotbr.

K. @jobn` @rm`sAJ V^@FQOVB^



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MEV^BFQOOMßE

Aj 03 fa botunra fa >.88?, v`rmbs o`gmbeas o`ri`fbs fa tr`n`k`fbrasnbjmvmèbs fasoaefçè ` j` Omuf`f fa J` X`z Nbjmvm`, p`r` `yuf`r `farrbo`r ue ríimgae mgpbpuj`r, obrruptb y fao`faeta, `cmrg`fb ae jàobebgç` fa jmnra garo`fb. Aj bnkatmvb ar` `gpjm`r j` fagboròm`nbjmvmè` y tbg`r aj obetrbj fa j` rmquaz` obetaemf` ae aj sunsuajb fa jèòmÿe. Eb ar` j` prmgar` vaz qua t`j obs` suoafç`. Ae `nrmj fa 0.=1> jbsgmearbs sa brièmz`rbe p`r` facaefar ` Sçotbr X`z Astaessbrb, ` sup`rtmfb, aj Gbvmgmaetb Eòmbe`jmst` âvbjuombe`rmb (GE^), y ` j`âvbjuomÿe Eòmbe`j, fa j` bcaesmv` fa ue` ‚bjmi`rquç` jmnar`jobestmtuombe`j‗.

_a dè astufm`fb y fbougaet`fb j`sòombeas qua jbs AA.QQ., aj CGM y ajNèob Guefm`j, faspjai`rbe furètasams `ðbs (>.888 `j >.883), p`r` meomt`r` j`s íjmtas nbjmvmè`s ` prasarv`r ajbrfae ast`njaomfb. Jbs fbougaetbsguastrè qua aj eabjmnar`jmsgb faj‚Obesaesb fa Y`sdmeitbe‗ y j`gmjmt`rmzòmÿe fa j` arr`fmoòmÿe fa j`

obo`, obgb p`rta fa j` Iuarr` obetr`j`s Frbi`s‗, `jjè`rbe aj trmuecbprasmfaeom`j fa Avb Gbr`jas y j` `sçfaebgme`f` ‚Varoar` âvbjuomÿeNbjmvmè`‗. Xarb guy pbob sa d`

è`jmz`fb aj rbj qua tuvb Y`sdmeitbe ae jbs avaetbs qua obefukarbe ` j`âvbjuomÿe Eòmbe`j ae 0.=1>.

J` dmstbrm` fa j` fmpjbgòm` faj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb, faspuís fa j`

_aiuef` Iuarr` Guefm`j, cua aj rasujt`fb fa j` obevariaeom` fa trasirèfas còtbras;

0. Aj ascuarzb fa D. Vrugè pbr cbrk`r ue brfae o`pmt`jmst` jmnar`jijbn`j, ` p`rtmr fa j` farrbt` fa jbs eòmbe`jmsgbsj`tmeb`garmoèbs.

>. Jbs ascuarzbs fa j` rbso` nbjmvmè` pbr gètaearsa ae aj pbfar,craeta ` jbs `vèoas ravbjuombe`rmbs qua sa suoafmarbe fa fa0.=63 ` 0.=1> (aj saxaemb).

?. J` faomsmÿe fa jbs pjèmcmo`fbras fa j` saiurmf`f eòmbe`j fajast`fb fa jbs AA.QQ., p`r` `saiur`r ue` cuaeta pargèaeta fa



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`n`staomgmaetb fa ast`ðb n`r`tb, vmt`j p`r` j`s mefustrm`s fafacaes` ae j` Iuarr` Crç`, qua sa tr`fukb ae ue odbqua aetra ajeòmbe`jmsgb suf`garmoèb y j` daiagbeç` fa jbs AA.QQ.

Xbr su j`fb, jbs qua oumf`nè faj brfae ae asa aetbeoas ae Nbjmvm`, smnmae obet`nè obe aj `pbyb fa AA.QQ. eueo` pravmarbe qua aj gmsgbd`nrç` fa sar gutmj`fb pbr j` Obrpbròmÿe Cmeèomar` fa âobestruoomÿe(^CO), ue` ìaeom` fa jbs AA.QQ., ora`f` pbr Darnart Dbbvar p`r` j`raouparòmÿe faj p`çs juaib fa j` Irè Faprasmÿe. Íst` ast`n` fbt`f`fa axoapombe`j ùtbrmf`f p`r` òuguj`r stbols fa Ast`ðb yfasgètaj`r aj o`rtaj metareòmbe`j faj ast`ðb, qua furèta fío`f`s sad`nç` fafmo`fb ` gbjast`r ` Y`sdmeitbe.

@dbr` nmae, ` pas`r fa j` sbjmomtuf fa `pbyb ` jbs AA.QQ., pbr p`rta faou`trb ibnmarebs nbjmvmèbs y furèta sams `ðbs, p`r` avmt`r aj `soaesbfa X`z Astaessbrb - Vbgàs Gbeka Iutmírraz, Aermqua Dartzbi I,G`gartb Qrrmbjìbmtm` D. y faj Ir`j. Duib N`jjmvmàe ^. - aj Fap`rt`gaetbfa Ast`fb fa Vrugè pracmrmÿ miebr`rjbs, `sugmaefb qua axìar`nè.Íst` pbob `faou`f` smtuòmÿe, jjavÿ ` qua jbs fmpjbgàtmobsast`fbuemfaesas axpras`sae su fasòuarfb obe t`jas òtmtufas. Xarb ajast`jjmfb fa j` iuarr` `rr`strÿ ` ^bbsavajt ` miebr`r meojusb j`sfaomsmbeas fa jbs taoeÿor`t`s sbnra j` mgpbrtòmÿe fa prbfuotbs orçtmobs(obgb aj ast`ðb y j` ibg`), y prboafmÿ pbr su ouaet` ` obgpr`rj`s, ùe` s`nmaef`s qua jbs taoeÿor`t`s t`gnmíe j`s nuso`nè, ùequa `jgaebr praomb pbsmnja.

Aj tag` faj ast`ðb `rr`str`n` o`f``ðb ` j` ^CO, ` jbs n`rbeas faast`ðb y ` jbs raprasaetètas faIrè Nrat`ð` ` ìrm`s eaibomòmbeas.Vbfb jb qua jbs nbjmvmèbs fasa`nèar` aj gakbr praomb pbsmnja p`r` jbs

gmear`jas, p`r` `sç pbfar cmeèom`rsus gbfast`s racbrg`s y pbstari`rfa `jiue` gèar`, j` meavmt`njatrèscbrgòmÿe ravbjuombe`rm` fajp`çs. Xarb ` pas`r fa `jiuebs íxmtbs, miu`j jjaiÿ j` ravbjuomÿe ` ueèòmÿe qua ast`n` ae nèo`rrbt`, obe sus gmear`jas astòmbe`fbs aejbs puartbs odmjaebs ` j` aspar` fa nuaebs obetr`tbs, gmsgbs quaeueo` jjai`rbe.

As mgpbsmnja s`nar obe oartaz` - ` pas`r qua aj _aorat`rmb @smstaeta faAst`fb _prumjja Nr`fae jb emaiua - sm j`s od`puoarç`s fa j` ^CO cuarbe



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j`s raspbes`njas fa j` âvbjuomÿe Eòmbe`j y faj trmuecb faj GE^. Aj_aorat`rmb fa Ast`fb Fè @odasbe, gàs oùtb, oraa qua j`s pbjçtmo`s faj` ìaeom` obetrmnuyarbe ` fanmjmt`r jbs ou`trb ibnmarebs nbjmvmèbs.

V`gnmíe as pbsmnja qua j` ormsms faj Ast`ðb eb d`y` smfb j` oùs` fa j`âvbjuomÿe Eòmbe`j ùequa, p`r` aj dmstbrm`fbr K`gas Fuelarjay; ‚jbqua p`sÿ cua ue fas`stra; gmaetr`s aj st`tus qub axmstaeta sa mn`fasmetairèfb ràpmf`gaeta, aj fa sus bpbeaetas sa obesbjmf`n`‗. Aeacaotb, obimfbs aetra tras nèf`s; Jbs obespmr`fbras faj GE^, jbs ujtr`-raòombe`rmbs faj ast`ðb y jbs j`tmcuefmst`s qua fbgme`nè o`sm tbf` j`vmf` fa j` sbomaf`f nbjmvmè`, jbs raiçgaeas ètas omt`fbs eb pbfçèdòar emeiûe gbvmgmaetb.

Xarb, p`r` qua quafa oj`rb, t`gnmíe ast`n` j` fasuemÿe, j`meobgpataeom` y j` meast`nmjmf`f fa jbs AA.QQ. qua ja mgpmfmarbeobgpraefar j` meutmjmf`f fa ou`jqumar metaetb pbr obetrbj`r aj p`çs, smequa astb smiemcmqua sunastmg`r ` j` `fgmemstròmÿe fa Vrugè. Xbr sams`ðbs, sa pargmtmÿ ` j` ^CO `nus`r fa su pbsmomÿe gbebpbjmst`,objboèfb pbr fajèta su fasab fa o`stmi`r tètb ` jbs n`rbeas fajast`ðb obgb ` jbs ibnmarebs nbjmvmèbs, varf`farbs p`ràsmtbs fa jbsmgpuastbs obnr`fbs. _m dunb `jiue` pbsmnmjmf`f pbr jbir`r ue nuaetírgmeb gafmb, aetra j` astìeòmÿe y j` ravbjuomÿe, j` ^CO j` ajmgmeÿ.

J@ XBJÇVMO@ FA XB_VIQA^^@ FA AA.QQ. AE _QF @GÍ^MO@

Vrugè ra`jgaeta ast`n``tr`p`fb pbr j`s at`p`s cme`jas faj` _aiuef` Iuarr` Guefm`j, j`raobevarsmÿe ` ue` aobebgç` fap`z, aj eòmgmaetb fa j` Iuarr`Crç` ae Aurbp` y @sm`, j` n`t`jj`pbr ue euavb brfae aobeÿgmob

ijbn`j (paesèfb smagpra ae ueo`pmt`jmsgb jmnar`j), y pbr jbspbobs raoursbs qua sa pbfrçè`smie`r ` @gírmo` J`tme`. _m ajDagmscarmb Boomfaet`j cuamemom`jgaeta cuaeta fapraboupòmÿe oaetr`j fa j`fmpjbgòm` ast`fbuemfaesa, su

agariaeom` obgb ue sûpar pbfar o`gnmÿ cuartagaeta su smtuòmÿe, `j

taear qua ìuèt`r prasmbeas sbnra sus raoursbs aobeÿgmobs, gmjmt`rasy fmpjbgàtmobs, ae ue gbgaetb ae qua, `fagàs, oraoç` aj eòmbe`jmsgb



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ravbjuombe`rmb ae _uf @gírmo`. _a memomÿ aetbeoas, ue` ípbo` fasuoasbs p`r`jajbs, ae gafmb fa ue pèbr`g` obecusb, qua mgpmfmarbe j`cbrgòmÿe fa ue obesaesb dmstbrmbiràcmob sbnra jb òbetaomfb obe j`srajòmbeas fmpjbgàtmo`s metar`garmoè`s fa pbst iuarr`.

As pbsmnja qua aj memomb fa j` Iuarr` Crç`, d`y` smfb aj qua gàsobetrmnuyÿ `j fasobeomartb. _tapdae ^`na jb dòa ebt`r obe j` smiumaetacr`sa; ‚Jbs dmstbrm`fbras fa AA.QQ. fasmieè `j parmbfb 61-38 obgbueb fas`cbrtue`fb, sbsb a mesmiemcmoèta, e`vaièfb aetra j`s pbjçtmo`sfa j` ‚Nuae` Saomef`f‗ y j`s fa j` ‚@jmèz` p`r` aj Xrbirasb‗. J`g`ybrç` fa jbs dmstbrm`fbras ja `trmnuyae ` j` prasmfaeom` fa Vrugè, ueoajb ètmobguemst` ae @gírmo` j`tme` gàs vmibrbsb `ûe, qua aj fa jbsètarmbras prasmfaetas. _m nmae j` Fbotrme` Vrugè obevboÿ ` ueoraomaeta ètmobguemsgb a metarvaeombemsgb ae Aurbp` y @sm`, t`gnmíerafukb `j gmsgb tmagpb, su metarís pbr @gírmo` J`tme`, y` qua paes`n`qua ar` ue àra` sme g`ybr `gae`z` obguemst`, t`j qua pufmasae `jtar`rjbs prbyaotbs y tàotmo`s ast`fbuemfaesas.

Eb oraagbs qua d`y` axmstmfb irè praboupòmÿe aetra jbs pbjçtmobs fa`jtb vuajb, puas j` axtaesmÿe faj obguemsgb ` p`rtmr fa 0.=61, aràso`s`. Eb sa tbg`nè obgb sarmbs, jbs ascuarzbs fa K. Afi`r Dbbvary su CNM, p`r` parsaiumr aj obguemsgb ae @gírmo` J`tme` ae jbsou`raet`s. V`gpbob sa obeoafç` guodb orífmtb ` `quajjbs jçfarasj`tmeb`garmoèbs qua òus`nè ` sus rmv`jas fa obguemsgb, puas arùe garb fmsoursb p`r` `tràr j` `taeomÿe y aj `pbyb fa AA.QQ.

Xrbetb aj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb obgpraefmÿ qua j` Q^__ eb taeç`g`ybr metarís ae aj dagmscarmb boomfaet`j y qua j` mfabjbiç` fajobguemsgb - `j astmjb sbvmítmob - taeç` pbob saetmfb ae p`çsas fbefaprafbgme`n` ue cmarb eòmbe`jmsgb o`tÿjmob rbgèb y ue`mefapaefaeom` oajbs`gaeta rasiu`rf`f`. @uequa aj daodb qua susfmpjbgàtmobs raod`z`sae p`rtmomp`r ae ue` o`gp`ð` obetr` ue aeagmib

meaxmstaeta, jjavÿ ` paes`r ` jbs orçtmobs fa Vrugè qua dmzb pbob obetràj obguemsgb ` emvaj ijbn`j y ae _uf @gírmo`. Ae acaotb, p`r` j`rauemÿe fa aspaom`jmst`s ae metajmiaeom` ra`jmz`f` ae j` [be` faj Oè`jfa Xè`gà ae aearb fa 0.=69 sa sbstaeç` qua; ‚aj obguemsgb eb aseugírmo`gaeta mgpbrtèta (y` qua obetrbjè, sÿjb aj 08% fa jbsvbtètas), axoaptb ae `jiuebs p`çsas fbefa còtbras aspaom`jasobetrmnuyae ` su oraomgmaetb‗.

Ae 0.=18 aj Ibnmareb fa jbs AA.QQ. sÿjb d`nç` jbir`fb mfaetmcmo`r `

omaetb omeouaet` ‚ast`jmemst`s‗ y >.888 ‚saiumfbras‗ ae tbf` Nbjmvm`. Ajobguemsgb ar` tè fínmj ae asta p`çs qua ae 0.=1?, jbs mzqumarfmst`s em



00

smqumar` jbir`rbe ‚cbrg`r ue craeta obe jbs ast`jmemst`s pbrqua eb v`jç` j`pae`‗. X`r` ^bnartb @jaxèfar, aj gàs mecbrg`fb sbnra jbs smefmo`tbsae aj Dagmscarmb Boomfaet`j, aj X`rtmfb Obguemst` fa Nbjmvm` ar` aj gàsmeiaeub fa j`s @gírmo`s. _aiûe jbs mevastmi`fbras, ae 0.=69 b 0.=64,

jbs AA.QQ. sa jèz`rbe obe ue` ratÿrmo` ètmobguemst` èmg`fbs pbr j`soraomaetas taesmbeas obe j` Q^__. Jasjma Natdajj y Mè ^bxnbrbuidaxpjmoè oÿgb jbs irèfas prboasbs fagboràtmobs, akaout`fbs pbr j`g`ybrç` fa j`s eòmbeas ae @gírmo` J`tme` `j targme`r j` _aiuefÌuarr` Guefm`j, quaf`rbe ae e`f` ae jbs omeouaet`s. _a `trmnuya quaasta obetr`tmagpb cua aj rasujt`fb fa ue` sarma fa còtbras aobeÿgmobs,pbjçtmobs, sbom`jas a metareòmbe`jas, parb eb cua `sç puas aj mgpujsbast`fbuemfaesa, tètb p`r` aj fas`rrbjjb fagboràtmob obgb p`r` j`racbrg`, eb taeçè ue ajagaetb ètmobguemst` smiemcmo`tmvb.

Ae acaotb, Natdajj y ^bxnbrbuiguastrè qua gmaetr`s j`s ajmtasfbgastmo`s ae tbf` @gírmo` J`tme`juod`nè ae obetr` fa tbfbgbvmgmaetb fa g`s`s quametaet`sa usurp`rjas aj obetrbj, jbsAA.QQ. eb ra`jmz`rbe emeiûegbvmgmaetb ae obetr` fa jbs qua`taet`nè obetr` j`s mevarsmbeasaxtrèkar`s b obetr` j` axpbrtòmÿefa j`s obfmom`f`s g`tarm`s prmg`s.Avmfaetagaeta p`r` jbs quaaetbeoas fas`rrbjj`nè j` pbjçtmoàe jbs AA.QQ., ue` g`ybrfagbor`tmzòmÿe d`nrç` pbfmfbmeoragaet`r aj pbfar fa jbs irupbseòmbe`jmst`s, obe bnkatmvbsbpuastbs ` jbs fa AA.QQ.

Obgb aj obguemsgb taeç` tè pbob `rr`mib, cjbraomarbe jbs p`rtmfbs‚sbom`jmst`s e`tmvbs‗ b ‚sagm-sbom`jmst`s‗. _aiûe ^bnart @jaxèfar, jbsobguemst`s fak`nè fa obet`r `jjç fbefa btrbs gbvmgmaetbs pbjçtmobs ysbom`jas d`nçè o`ptur`fb j` mgìmeòmÿe fa j` omuf`fèç`. @ pas`r fajbs ascuarzbs fapuastbs pbr jbs fmpjbgàtmobs fa Vrugè pbr fasounrmrobguemst`s, eb sa aeobetr`rbe guodbs. Jb qua sç d`jj`rbe, cua ueeûgarb parturn`fbr fa gbvmgmaetbs eòmbe`jmst`s o`sarbs.J`s iaearòmbeas pbstarmbras fa dmstbrm`fbras jbs dè faebgme`fb

‚eòmbe`jmst`s ravbjuombe`rmbs‗ b ‚pbpujmst`s‗ y obestmtuçè p`r` jbsjui`rtaemaetas fa Vrugè ue` varf`far` `gae`z`. Meojusb j` gmsg`



0>

iaeta faj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb ast`n` ae fasòuarfb obe jbseòmbe`jmst`s ravbjuombe`rmbs ùequa jbs gmsgbs, j` g`ybr p`rta fa j`svaoas, arè gàs ètmobguemst`s qua ajjbs gmsgbs. V`j aj o`sb faj

@X^@ ae aj Xarû, @oomÿe Fagboràtmo` ae Saeazuaj`, aj GE^ ae Nbjmvm`

y jbs Xarbemst`s ae @riaetme`, varf`farbs n`ju`rtas obetr` ajobguemsgb. Fa daodb, arè gbvmgmaetbs obgprbgatmfbs obetr` jbsèígmobs ast`jmemst`s y jbs trbtslmst`s. Astbs gbvmgmaetbs ybrièmzòmbeas gujtm-oj`smst`s, obgpatçè (y raiuj`rgaeta trmuec`nè),ae tbf`s j`s n`t`jj`s ajaotbr`jas mgpbrtètas fbefa sa kui`n` j` ja`jt`ffa jbs tr`n`k`fbras y oj`sas n`k`s.

²Ja fmb Vrugè `jiue` mgpbrtèom` ` jbs gbvmgmaetbs ètmobguemst`sae _uf @gírmo` b ` ou`jqumar` fa astbs irupbs qua nmae dunmasaepbfmfb sar obgp`ðarbs fa juod` fa Y`sdmeitbe furèta j` Iuarr` Crç`,t`j obgb suoafmÿ obe Amsaedbwar y aj GE^2 Xrmgarb aj Fap`rt`gaetbfa Ast`fb metaetÿ furèta omeob `ðbs, fasast`nmjmz`r aj ibnmareb faKuè Xarÿe ae @riaetme`. Xarb aj gmsgb sa d`nç` mgpuastb ` sç gmsgbj` t`ra` fa njbqua`r aj `soaesb faj GE^ ae Nbjmvm` y dòar nuae`sgmi`s obe jbs raiçgaeas gmjmt`ras qua parsaiuçè vmbjaet`gaeta, ` jìaeta faj @X^@ y @oomÿe Fagboràtmo`.

Jbs mevastmi`fbras, smiumaefb jbsp`sbs faj dmstbrm`fbr F`vmf Iraae, dèfagbstr`fb qua p`r` aj Fap`rt`gaetbfa Ast`fb fa Vrugè, jbseòmbe`jmst`s ravbjuombe`rmbs`gae`z`nè jbs metarasas aobeÿgmobsfa jbs AA.QQ., meojusb gàs qua jbsobguemst`s. Ae su jmnrb ‚J` pbjçtmo` faj` nuae` vaomef`f y aj ùtbrmt`rmsgbae aj X`rìu`y‗, pjèta` ue astufmb fao`sb qua rafacmea y axpèfa su tasms; Pua jbs metarasas fa AA.QQ. arè

nàsmo`gaeta aobeÿgmobs y fafmo`fbs ` axpèfmr fa gèar` ìrasmv`,jb qua j`s iaearòmbeas pbstarmbras vaefrçè ` jj`g`r ‚Aj Obesaesb faY`sdmeitbe‗.

K`gas _malgamar, `j var jbs o`sbs fa Nbjmvm` y Iu`tag`j`, t`gnmíe,bcraoa parsu`smv`s y obgpradaesmv`s axpjmoòmbeas sbnra jbs ascuarzbsast`fbuemfaesas pbr faso`rrmj`r aj eòmbe`jmsgb aobeÿgmob ae ajDagmscarmb, ouybs pjèas sa vaçè aetbrpaomfbs, nàsmo`gaeta, pbr ajparbemsgb ae @riaetme`. Xbr asb, aj puetb oj`va fa j` o`gp`ð` pbr

ast`njaoar ue brfae jmnar`j o`pmt`jmst` y obgaromb gujtmj`tar`j ae _uf @gírmo` n`kb ja daiagbeç` fa AA.QQ., ar` j` @riaetme`. Xarb, p`r` jbs



0?

AA.QQ., Xarÿe ar` ue` aspaoma fa cíemx c`somst`, qua rasuriç` fasfa j`soaemz`s fa j` _aiuef` Iuarr` Guefm`j, oj`gèfb ue fas`rrbjjbeòmbe`jmst` ast`t`j, ùt`rquç` a mefapaefaeom` aobeÿgmo`; Aj irèpbrt`vbz faj eòmbe`jmsgb ravbjuombe`rmb.

Xarb Xarÿe eb ast`n` sbjb. Axmstçè v`rmbs gbvmgmaetbs ae _uf @gírmo`qua, `jaet`fbs pbr aj trmuecb fa jbs `jm`fbs, juod`nè t`gnmíe ae obetr`fa sus bjmi`rquç`s, nusoèfb bnkatmvbs sagakètas; Qe` g`ybrfagbor`tmzòmÿe y raebvòmÿe aobeÿgmo`. Guod`s vaoas, jbsfmpjbgàtmobs fa Vrugè sa vmarbe `j gafmb fa n`t`jj`s aetra jbs ìaetasfaj o`gnmb ravbjuombe`rmb y j`s íjmtas fa j` ‚vmak` bjmi`rquçòbestmtuombe`j jmnar`j‗.

@ vaoas jbs fmpjbgàtmobs ast`fbuemfaesas quaf`nè fmsiust`fbs pbrj`s cètbod`f`s fagboràtmo`s b pbr j` raprasmÿe ` j`s g`s`s akaromt`f`b pbr j` astìeòmÿe qua, fa gèar` raiuj`r, `p`raoçè ae guod`seòmbeas fa J`tmeb @gírmo` y qua ajjbs eb pbfçè `pby`r. Xarb f`n` ajo`sb qua j`s bjmi`rquç`s, ae ûjtmg` mestèom`, gètaeçè j` ast`nmjmf`f,`pjùfçè jbs o`pmt`jas fa AA.QQ. y taeçè aj metarís pbr prasarv`r ajgmsgb brfae aobeÿgmob qua jbs pbjçtmobs ast`fbuemfaesas quarçèaxtaefar.

Jbs ascuarzbs fa Kbria I`mtàe ae Objbgnm` pbr trèscbrg`r aj X`rtmfbJmnar`j ae ueb fa g`s`s, `faou`fb p`r` j` racbrg`, oùsÿ gmafb ae ajFap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb. V`gnmíe jbs ‚faoagnrmst`s‗ y aj ‚Iumÿe ^bkb‗fa E`t`jmomb Ibez`jas, jj`g`rbe j` `taeomÿe fa AA.QQ. dòm` ajX`rìu`y. B aj o`sb fa Kbsí Darrar` faj Qruiu`y qua obe jbs‚objbr`fbs‗, `gae`z`n` ` jbs ‚njèobs‗, meojusb ` vaoas obe j` `yuf`fa Xarÿe. B Odmja, obe su X`rtmfb Obguemst` qua parmÿfmo`gaeta, ae`jmèz` obe jbs eòmbe`jmst`s (` jbs qua aj agn`k`fbr Nbwars jj`g`n`‚parbemst`s‗), tr`n`k`n` p`r` sunvartmr j` ob`jmomÿe faj Xrasmfaeta I.Ibez`jas Smfaj` (faj X`rtmfb ^`fmo`j). _m nmae jbs qua fas`rrbjj`nè j`

pbjçtmo` ae jbs AA.QQ. tbjar`nè j`s òombeas fa @oomÿe Fagboràtmo` aeSaeazuaj` y faj @X^@ ae aj Xarû, eueo` pufmarbe raobeomjm`rsa obe ajeòmbe`jmsgb. Jb qua jj`g` j` `taeomÿe as qua aj Fap`rt`gaetb faAst`fb, d`jjÿ gàs obecbrt`nja tr`n`k`r obe jbs faspÿtmobs raiçgaeasgmjmt`ras, qua fastmtuyarbe ` `gnbs p`rtmfbs faj pbfar ae 0.=64.

]` sa` ae Aurbp` b ae @sm`, Vrugè juodÿ pbr aj brfae fagboràtmob,raobestruyaefb @jagèm` y aj K`pÿe b rastùrèfb j` prbsparmf`f aeAurbp` Boomfaet`j. Xarb, ae _uf @gírmo`, n`t`jj`n` sÿjb p`r` prasarv`r

aj vmakb brfae, obetr` j`s `jtare`tmv`s eòmbe`jmst`s. Aj astufmb fa_malgamar ravaj` qua ast` cua j` tbrpa vmsmÿe fa AA.QQ. `pjmo`f` `j o`sb



06

faj @jtmpjèb Nbjmvmèb. Xarb eb cua sÿjb aj GE^ fa Sçotbr X`zAstaessbrb - qua obgb aj parbemsgb, ar` obesmfar`fb aqumvbo`f`gaetaue` obpm` faj c`somsgb aurbpab - smeb qua j` puie` pbr jbsobeoaetr`fbs fa Ast`ðb nbjmvmèb astrasÿ tètb j` aobebgç` fa jbs

AA.QQ. qua, `j `p`raoar j`s euav`s bcart`s faj ast`fb `riaetmeb, cuarbeaetaefmf`s obgb gèmbnr`s ae obetr` fa su saiurmf`f eòmbe`j.

Jbs dmstbrm`fbras ast`fbuemfaesas, obgb Kbde Odmjf, Odastar Xòd y^biar Vr`sl, dè mevastmi`fb oÿgb j` `fgmemstròmÿe fa Vrugègmjmt`rmzÿ sus rajòmbeas fmpjbgàtmo`s obe @gírmo` J`tme`, ` tr`vís fa jÒbecaraeom` fa ^çb, qua targmeÿ ae pjèas fa obbparòmÿe gmjmt`r yprbvboÿ j` astèf`rmzòmÿe faj `rg`gaetb. @ j` fasaspar`f` eaoasmf`ffaj ast`ðb nbjmvmèb sa d`nç` `ð`fmfb ue` btr` uriaeom`, j` fa iaear`rue`s euav`s rajòmbeas obe Nbjmvm`.

V`j obgb Amesaedbwar jb raobebomÿgàs t`rfa; ‚sarç` gakbr taear aj CbrtLebx jjaeb fa ast`ðb qua fa brb‗. Aeacaotb, AA.QQ., prbfuoç` guy pbobast`ðb, y` sa` p`r` sus eaoasmf`fasomvmjas b gmjmt`ras, y j` _aiuef` Iuarr`Guefm`j d`nç` nbrr`fb j` mefustrm` faasta gat`j. Ast` cua j` r`zÿe p`r` qua,fa prbetb, Nbjmvm` `fqumrmasa tèt`mgpbrtèom` p`r` Y`sdmeitbe, obgbeueo` j` tuvb y eueo` j` vbjvarç` ` taear.

Ast` o`raeom` faj gat`j, ae jbs `ðbs pbstarmbras ` j` iuarr`, dmzb qua j`fmpjbgòm` fa AA.QQ. cuasa obefuomf` tètb pbr aj Fap`rt`gaetb faAst`fb obgb pbr j`s ìaeom`s fa obgpr`s, mest`j`f`s ètas y faspuísfa j` Iuarr`. Jb ir`va ar` qua `gn`s taeçè ìaef`s fmcaraetas, ouy`sobesaouaeom`s objbo`rbe `j Ibnmareb fa Nbjmvm` `j nbrfa faj fas`stra,

y` qua su saiurmf`f eòmbe`j y su ast`nmjmf`f quaf`rbe sunbrfme`f`s `j` fagèf` fa j` raobevarsmÿe fa jbs AA.QQ. y ` j` raobestruoomÿe faAurbp`.Xarb, ae vaz fa metaet`r aegaef`r, b pbr jb gaebs gmtmi`r aj f`ðboùs`fb, j` `fgmemstròmÿe fa Vrugè, sme qua axmstmasa g`ybr`gae`z` obguemst`, smgpjagaeta sa prap`rÿ p`r` aecraet`r j`sobesaouaeom`s fa j` vaemfar` faprasmÿe ae _uf @gírmo`. J` g`ybrç` faj`s eòmbeas ae @gírmo` J`tme` sa d`nçè naeacmom`fb furèta jÌuarr`, axpbrtèfb irèfas oètmf`fas fa g`tarm`s prmg`s ` jbs

`jm`fbs ` nuaebs praombs, jb qua `dbr` d`nç` jjai`fb ` su cme. Jbs quadòçè j` pbjçtmo` ae jbs AA.QQ. obgpraefmarbe qua, ae ouètb j`



01

prbfuoomÿe fa @sm` y Aurbp` sa rapusmasa, taefrçè qua oas`r fmod`sobgpr`s, jb qua jjav`rç` ` qua sa jas oujp`sa pbr j` faprasmÿe qua sa`fvaefrç`. ] `sç cua y, pbr supuastb, ‚j` `gmst`f pbr jbs AA.QQ. safarrugnÿ‗. Ae btr`s p`j`nr`s, praoms`gaeta ae aj gbgaetb qua aj

eòmbe`jmsgb r`fmo`j ast`n` ae su oûspmfa, aj brfae aobeÿgmob fapbstiuarr` prbgbvmfb pbr Y`sdmeitbe, `yufÿ ` ora`r ue ojmg` qua cuaae fatrmgaetb fa j` fmpjbgòm` fa AA.QQ.

Aj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb sa aecraetÿ ` ue` bj` fa ratbs eòmbe`jmst`s,oj`r`gaeta fmrmimfbs ae obetr` faj brfae aobeÿgmob qua Vrugèmgpujs`n`. Xarb j` faomsmÿe fa ísta, jb d`nç` aeo`fae`fb ` j`mgpbtaeom` p`r` akaroar aj pjaeb obetrbj fa j` pbjçtmo` axtarmbrast`fbuemfaesa. Nbjmvm` bcraoa, t`j vaz, ue akagpjb gàs oj`rb sbnra astatag`.

J@ XBJÇVMO@ AOBEßGMO@ FA NBJMSM@

Gmaetr`s AA.QQ. sa gbstr`n` obgb j` eòmÿe gàs ast`nja y prÿspar`faj Dagmscarmb, meojusb faj guefb, j` Nbjmvm` fa ètas fa j` MM Iuarr`Guefm`j ast`n` aetra j`s gàs meast`njas y pbnras. Aeojùstr`f` fanmfb` j` Iuarr` faj Xòçcmob, d`nç` ìuèt`fb gàs fa sasaet` ibnmarebs aesus prmgarbs omaetb vameta omeob `ðbs. Xarb su tmarr` ar` tbfb ue tasbrb

fa rmquaz`s. Asp`ð` agpazÿ obevmrtmaefb j`s gme`s fa pj`t` fa Xbtbsçae tugn`s fa gmjjbeas fa e`tmvbs. _`qua`rbe j` raimÿe y aecuraomarbeobe sus fur`s òombeas ` j` cutur` Nbjmvm`. Eb bnstèta, juaib faobequmst`f` j` mefapaefaeom`, sus suoasbras eb sa fasvm`rbe guodbfaj trmsta akagpjb mnírmob. Jbs tr`zbs aobeÿgmobs y sbom`jas faj p`çspargèaomarbe o`sm miu`jas ` jbs objbem`jas. J` rbso` raagpj`zÿ ` jbsasp`ðbjas y jbs dòaef`fbs, varf`farbs saðbras cauf`jas, axpjbt`nèfa gèar` ruf` ` j`s g`s`s mefçiae`s p`r` sò`r prbvaodb ` j` tmarr`.



03

J` rbso` ast`n` obgpuast` pbr fbs irupbs, j` `rmstboròm` dòaef`t`rm`y jbs rmquçsmgbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb, qua d`nçè fbgme`fb pbr fío`f`stbf`s j`s còat`s fa j` vmf` pbjçtmo` y aobeÿgmo` faj p`çs.Xrmeomp`jgaeta j` ajmta njèo` rur`j, qua iròm`s ` qua fataet`n` o`sm j`s

gmsg`s vmak`s raij`s, pbfç` akaroar ue fbgmemb pbjçtmob saoèta ae j`g`ybrç` fa jbs fap`rt`gaetbs, pbr jb qua o`sm eb eaoasmt`n` fap`rtmomp`r ae j` p`jastr` fa j` pbjçtmo` eòmbe`j. Jbs mgpuastbs qua saobnr`nè arè rmfçoujbs (fa gaebs faj 0,1%), n`s`fbs `fagàs ae j`sprbpm`s t`sòmbeas sunv`jbr`f`s fa j`s pbsasmbeas.

Oj`r`gaeta `g`s`nè sus cbrtue`s sbnra j`s asp`jf`s fa j` cuarz` fatr`n`kb mefçiae`, qua j`nbr`n` obe darr`gmaet`s y pràotmo`s qua o`sm ebd`nçè o`gnm`fb ae gàs fa tras smijbs. Objbebs `p`roarbs, fmcçomjas fafmstmeiumr fa jbs smarvbs, obet`nè obe pbo`s bpbrtuemf`fas y aso`sbsmeoaetmvbs p`r` prbfuomr `jib gàs. Gmaetr`s qua jbs tarr`taemaetas, o`smsme i`stbs, a meirasbs vmrtu`jgaeta i`rètmz`fbs, taeçè pbr astb gmsgb,gaebs `jmomaetas p`r` `rrmasi`r su juor`tmvb y p`r`jmz`fb smstag`.

N`kb aj smstag` fa ‚raet` pbr tr`n`kb‗, `rraef`nè sus p`roaj`s ò`gnmb fa tr`n`kb jmnra pbr tras b ou`trb fç`s ` j` sagè`, jb qua`fagàs jas fak`n` j` jmnart`f fa pafmr sarvmombs parsbe`jas `fmombe`jas -aj ‚pbeiua`ka‗ y aj ‚gmtè`ka‗. J`s g`s`s mefçiae`s, j` g`ybrç` fad`nj` ‚`yg`r`‗ b quaodu`‗, ètas qua asp`ðbj, ast`nè tè `msj`f`s faj` pbjçtmo` aobeÿgmo` eòmbe`j obgb ae asa aetbeoas. _aiûe K`gasAspy, ue fmpjbgàtmob fa AA.QQ., ouèfb sa d`nj`n` fa ‚Nbjmvm` ‚y faj‚nbjmvmèb‗ bnvm`gaeta sa ast`n` dòmaefb racaraeom` ` j`s ‚oj`sasfbgmeètas y jatr`f`s‗ y eb ` jbs mefmbs fa tr`n`kb ascbrz`fb b ` btrbstr`n`k`fbras gèu`jas. Puaf`nè axojumfbs, tbfbs jbs mevbjuor`fbs aej`nbras ìrçobj`s prmgmtmv`s fa sunsmstaeom` qua arè aj rasujt`fb faue` obgnmeòmÿe obe jbs `spaotbs gàs pas`fbs faj cauf`jmsgb y fa jàsoj`vmtuf.

Meojusb, fa òuarfb `j omaetmst` `pbjçtmob K. G. G`jjby, j` ‚oujtur`fbgmeèta‗ vaç` ` j` omuf`f obgb ue rapbsmtbrmb fa j` omvmjmzòmÿe y, ` j`dòmaef`, obgb su `vèz`f` ae juod` obetr` j`s g`s`s mefçiae`s._magpra saiûe G`jjby, tbfb jb qua quaf`n` cuar` faj obetrbj fa jbsdòaef`fbs, ar` ‚aj smstag` eòmbe`j‗. Ísta ast`n` oaetr`fb ae J` X`z,j` o`pmt`j, y sa axtaefç` ` Obod`n`gn`, Brurb, Xbtbsç, _uorameojuyaefb ` jbs o`gp`gaetbs gmearbs astèeçcarbs. J`s ajmtas fa j`tmarr`, fbgme`nè tbt`jgaeta aj o`gpb y jbs akaoutmvbs gmearbs -aspaom`jgaeta jbs ‚tras irèfas‗ n`rbeas faj ast`ðb - fmrmiçè j`s

omuf`fas y jbs o`gpbs gmearbs. @dbr`, sm sa pmaes` qua j`saxpbrtòmbeas fa gmear`j fa Ast`ðb y btrbs, obestmtuçè gàs faj



09

bodaet` pbr omaetb fa j`s axpbrtòmbeas nbjmvmè`s, sa obeojumrà quaíst` ar` j` aspme` fbrs`j fa j` eòmÿe.

J` mecjuaeom` fa ast`s parsbe`s sa axtaefç` gàs `jjà fa jb aobeÿgmob.

Xbr akagpjb @r`g`yb ar` aj fuaðb fa J` ^`zÿe, aj gàs irèfa amecjuyaeta parmÿfmob faj p`çs. Dbsodsodmjf taeç` ue obetrbj p`rom`j sbnra‚Qjtmg` Dbr`‗, gmaetr`s X`tmðb pbsaç` ue taromb fa Aj Fm`rmb. @ tr`vís fasu rmquaz`, pbfar y obetrbj sbnra j` g`ybrç` fa j`s ebtmom`s, jbs ‚n`rbeasfaj ast`ðb‗ obestmtuçè jb qua jbs orçtmobs jj`g`nè ‚aj supar -ast`fb‗qua, fa jakbs, aesbgnraoç` `j ibnmareb eòmbe`j. Xarb kust`gaeta pbrasta daodb, pbr su rmquaz`, smagpra arè aj njèob ` j` dbr` fa paes`rae racbrg`s, puas sa paes`n` qua jbs n`rbeas ast`nè bnjmi`fbs `pì`r, ae o`jmf`f fa mgpuastbs, j` p`rta faj jaÿe, p`r` sbstaear `jast`fb. Astb sme bjvmf`r qua j` `rmstboròm` dòaef`t`rm`, `jm`f` fa j`rbso`, o`sm eb pì`nè e`f`. Dbsodsodmjf ar` obesmfar`fb obgb aj quagàs p`rtmomp`n` ae pbjçtmo`, @r`g`yb ar` aj ranajfa y X`tmðb aj gàscbrgmf`nja, pbr sar ueb fa jbs dbgnras gàs rmobs faj guefb, aj ‚ray fajAst`ðb‗.

Aj mgparmb qua cuefÿ X`tmðb ar` aebrga. Agpazÿ obe j` ‚J` _`jv`fbr`‗,ue` gme` qua, pbr `jiûe tmagpb, prbfukb aj fmaz pbr omaetb faj Ast`ðb fatbfb aj guefb, jbirèfb obe aj p`sb fa jbs `ðbs, obetrbj`r jbsyòmgmaetbs gàs rmobs fa Nbjmvm`. Iròm`s ` sus ièèom`s, ae 0.=>= sa`pbfarÿ faj obetrbj fa j` cuefmfbr` meijas` Ymjjm`g D`rvay fa =1.888 V,p`r` jb qua cuefÿ j` ‚Obesbjmf`taf Vme _gajtars‗, Jtf`.‗ Ae 0.=?6, armimÿue` sbomaf`f èÿemg` ae Faj`w`ra; J` ‚Iaear`j Vme _gajtars

Mefustrmas‗, `jm`f` ` j` ‚E`tmbe`j Ja`f Ob.‗. @ðbs gàs t`rfa sa obgprÿbtr`s qumeoa cuefmombeas, aetra `jagè`s a meijas`s, `sç obgb v`rm`s



04

gme`s, tbf`s ae aj suf asta `smàtmob. _u ebgnra sa vbjvmÿ smeÿemgb faast`ðb, t`j obgb aj fa Daery Cbrf ar` aj faj ùtbgÿvmj. @uequa X`tmðbgurmÿ ae 0.=69, su dmkb @etaebr obetmeuÿ obe j` bnr`, `saiurèfb ajjai`fb fa jbs X`tmðb qua parsmstmÿ furèta aj saxaemb faj qua sa d`nj`

ae asta jmnrb.

_m nmae jbs ‚n`rbeas faj ast`ðb‗ ast`nè pbr aeomg` fa j` pbjçtmo`nbjmvmè`, eb jb ast`n` aj paquaðb nuriuís omt`fmeb qua, fmraot` bmefmraot`gaeta, fapaefç` fa `quíjj` p`r` pbfar obestmtumrsa ae p`rta faj` oj`sa pbjçtmo`, jmi`f` ` j` rmquaz` cmeèomar` fa `quíjjbs. Asta irupbsbom`j ast`n` obgpuastb, g`ybrgaeta, pbr jbs agpja`fbs fa j`sobgp`ðç`s gmear`s; Nurÿor`t`s, `nbi`fbs, fbotbras y btrbsprbcasmbe`jas. Vbfbs ajjbs sa aeo`ri`nè fa ora`r p`rtmfbs pbjçtmobs yfa gèak`r jbs ibnmarebs. V`gnmíe p`rtmomp`nè raiuj`rgaeta ae j`sajaoombeas y ae j`s metrmi`s pbr aj pbfar.J`s ajaoombeas pbeçè `j fasounmartb, o`f` omartb tmagpb, jbs rçimfbsjçgmtas qua prmv`nè faj faraodb ` vbtb `j 48% fa j` eòmÿe. X`r` vbt`rd`nç` qua sar jatr`fb, prbpmat`rmb y obet`r obe `jiue` rmquaz`. Xbrfío`f`s, e`f` d`nç` o`gnm`fb. J`s gmsg`s còombeas y `jmèz`s faJmnar`jas obe âpunjmoèbs y _bom`jmst`s b fa smgpjas sbjf`fbs, quan`t`jj`nè pbr obetrbj`r aj ibnmareb p`r` metaet`r, ae ouètb sa pufmasa`jiue` racbrg` fa g`qumjj`ka. Xarb pbr fan`kb fa sus paquað`sfmsput`s, ast`n` smagpra prasaeta aj parfur`nja y bgemprasaeta vmakbbrfae fa j` rbso`.

Eb as axìar`fb faomr qua aj pbfar - aobeÿgmob y pbjçtmob - fa jbsn`rbeas tr`squmj`n` fa o`nb ` r`nb, j` eòmÿe. Vètb X`tmðb obgb sus



0=

btrbs oÿcr`fas ‚n`rbeas faj ast`ðb‗ ae ouètb pbfçè ragmtçè susièèom`s ` òombemst`s axtrèkarbs b nmae jbs oè`jmz`nè ` juor`tmv`smevarsmbeas cuar` faj p`çs. Xbr jb tètb, aj v`jbr rataemfb

0 faj Ast`ðbnbjmvmèb ar` axoapombe`jgaeta n`kb p`r` j` eòmÿe. ] obgb jbs

obeoaetr`fbs nbjmvmèbs arè prboas`fbs, cuefmfbs, tr`n`k`fbs yj`gme`fbs, ae j`s cànrmo`s fa Irè Nrat`ð` y Dbjèf` (`jiue`s vaoasae jbs AA.QQ.), aj rbj fa j` gmearç` faj ast`ðb ae Nbjmvm` sa rafuoç` ` j`smgpja axtròomÿe. _mgÿe X`tmðb pbsaç` j` g`ybrç` fa j`s cuefmombeas faAst`ðb ae aj guefb y, obesmiumaetagaeta, eb dmzb o`sm e`f` pbrastmguj`r aj oraomgmaetb b j` mevarsmÿe, ae j`s btr`s mefustrm`s faj

@jtmpjèb. V`gpbob gakbr`n` jbs s`j`rmbs fa sunsmstaeom` qua pì`n` `jbs gmearbs, jb qua dunmasa pbfmfb iaear`r `jiûe garo`fb p`r` jbsnmaeas fa obesugb jbo`jas y pbr jb tètb, axpèfmr aj fas`rrbjjb‗ (KbdeVdbnure). Meojusb sa pbfrç` faomr qua jbs agpras`rmbs gmearbs, `j ebaeobetr`r mevarsmbeas qua v`jiè j` pae` fa dòarsa ae Nbjmvm`,pracmrmarbe obetmeu`r axpbrtèfb, ` cbefb, su o`pmt`j axoafaeta.

J` pbjçtmo` nbjmvmè` ast`n` astrmot`gaeta obecme`f` ` n`t`jj`s aetra j`sajmtas, ` p`rtmr faj usb fa raij`s oumf`fbs`gaeta prasormt`s. Obgb jbsmgpuastbs sbnra aj ast`ðb prbvaçè meirasbs sucmomaetas, j` bjmi`rquçèb eaoasmt`n` ra`jmz`r o`gnmbs smiemcmo`tmvbs ae j` pbjçtmo` aobeÿgmo`,p`rtmouj`rgaeta sm j`s gmsg`s pbfrçè obefuomr ` qua sa fas`ta ue`ravbjuomÿe sbom`j. Jb qua eb qumt` qua `jiuebs gastmzbs y njèobs,partaeaomaetas ` j` oj`sa pbjçtmo`, jbir`rè obgpraefar qua aj vmakbbrfae ar` prbcuef`gaeta facaotubsb; Vbfbs aetaefçè qua jbsprmvmjaimbs qua fataet`nè, sa jbs garaoçè. X`r` jbs qua ebpartaeaoçè ` j`s oj`sas prmvmjaim`f`s, aj mgparmb fa jbs ‚n`rbeas fajast`ðb‗ sa d`nç` javèt`fb ‚`j obstb medugèb fa j` tunaroujbsms, j`gmsarm` y aj `tr`sb‗, ae ue` eòmÿe ouyb meirasb par oàpmt` ar` ajsaiuefb gàs n`kb ae aj Dagmscarmb.

X`r` faomrjb fa gèar` smgpja, jbs bcmom`jas fa AA.QQ. eb obgpraefçè

‚oÿgb jbs mefmbs faj @jtmpjèb pbfçè tbjar`r tè nrut`jas obefmombeas fatr`n`kb y `fagàs, sbnravmvmr‗. X`r` ueb fa jbs agn`k`fbras fa AA.QQ.,sm sa obgp`r`nè jbs o`gp`gaetbs gmearbs nbjmvmèbs obe jbs o`gpbsfa tr`n`kb cbrz`fb ae j` _mnarm` rus`, ‚astbs arè garbs pmoemos fatr ̀ n`kb‗. Eb axìar`n`; Ae jbs sbnrapbnj`fbs a mecaotbs o`gp`gaetbsgmearbs, eb sÿjb eòçè emðbs g`jeutrmfbs, smeb qua `fagàs d`nç` ue`t`s` ‚axìar`f`gaeta `jt`‗ - ùequa eb gafmf` - fa gbrt`jmf`f mecètmj.

0 Aj S`jbr Aobeÿgmob âtaemfb, as j` fmcaraeom` aetra aj S`jbr Aobeÿgmob Iaear`fb y aj S`jbrAobeÿgmob Fmstrmnumfb. (Ebt` faj tr`fuotbr).



>8

Obe ièèom`s fa ` jb guodb, bodb $Q_/sagè`, jbs gmearbs, fagèar` rutme`rm`, p`s`nè fboa dbr`s aetar`s tr`n`kèfb ae j` gme`. Aej` fa Xujò`yb, fa prbpmaf`f fa Dbsodsodmjf, sa aspar`n` quatr`n`k`sae ou`raet` y bodb dbr`s, ue` vaz `j gas.

X`r` j` g`ybrç` fa jbs bnsarv`fbras j`s obefmombeas fa vmf` ae ajmetarmbr fa j`s gme`s arè mgpbsmnjas fa sar fasormt`s. J`s tagpar`tur`spbfçè `joèz`r jbs 0?1»C (19»O)< aj pbjvb fa j` rbo` jjae`n` aj `mra yjbs pujgbeas y aj fmÿxmfb fa o`rnÿe nurnuka`n` kuetb `j ìu` daj`f`qua ibta`n` faj taodb. Gmjas fa gmearbs `t`vm`fbs sbjb obe uet`p`rr`nb y nbt`s fa ibg`, tr`n`k`nè ascbrz`f`gaeta d`st` qua ueòomfaeta gmearb b ue` aecargaf`f targme`sae obe sus vmf`s. Qeastufmb ra`jmz`fb ae 0.=10, ranaj`n` qua aj >8 % fa jbs gmearbs sucrçèfa smjmobsms, aj 90% fa tunaroujbsms y ue taromb fa btr`s aecargaf`fasraspmr`tbrm`s.

X`r` ue gmagnrb faj aqumpb fa mevastmiòmÿe fa j` BEQ, faspuís faomeob b sams `ðbs, vmrtu`jgaeta tbfbs jbs tr`n`k`fbras o`çè vçotmg`s faj` smjmobsms. Xbr jb tètb eb ar` sbrpraefaeta qua j` asparèz` fa vmf`fa jbs gmearbs astuvmasa pbr fan`kb fa jbs ou`raet` `ðbs b qua, p`r`cme`jas fa j` _aiuef` Iuarr` Guefm`j, o`sm j` gmt`f fa jbs tr`n`k`fbrasae j`s gme`s fa X`tmðb astuvmarbe cbrz`fbs ` tr`n`k`r n`kb aj smstag` fa‚aeièoda‗ (obesormpomÿe).

Jbs fbs irupbs qua obgpbeçè j` rbso`, ora`rbe fbs aobebgç`sfmstmet`s qua metarvaeçè fa ue` gèar` obeourraeta p`r` iaear`r ueastr`c`j`rmb p`trÿe fa sunfas`rrbjjb. Xbr su j`fb, j`s paquað`sgmiròmbeas faj @jtmpjèb dòm` j`s gme`s, axòarn`nè aj prbnjag`,puas fançè sbpbrt`rjb tbfb, p`r` `sç pbfar `yuf`r ` sus c`gmjm`s.Vr`n`k`nè ` `jtmtufas fa gàs fa 06.888 pmas (6.?88 g), g`stmoèfbobo` y `jmgaetàefbsa fa o`rea `riaetme`, gètao` y trmib fa jbsAA.QQ., `rrbz odmjaeb, `zûo`r ounè` y vmstmíefbsa obe rbp` paruè`. @

pas`r qua j` g`ybrç` fa j` pbnjòmÿe ast`n` fafmo`f` ` j` ìrmoujtur`, ajp`çs ar` orçtmo`gaeta fapaefmaeta fa jbs prbfuotbs axtrèkarbs (y fa`quajjbs fa metaro`gnmb fa `jmgaetbs pbr ast`ðb). @uequa j`s irèfasàra`s faj ebrta y asta, nbjmvmèbs raprasaet`nè, saiûe ue fmpjbgàtmobfa AA.QQ., ‚megaesbs raoursbs vçriaeas‗, pargèaoçè meartas fanmfb` j` meo`pòmf`f b c`jt` fa fasab fa jbs mefmbs faj @jtmpjèb, p`r``f`pt`rsa ` j`s obefmombeas oaroè`s ` j` `jtur` faj g`r. Fa daodb, ae0.=1>, eb axmstç` ue` o`rratar` mgpbrtèta b ue` obeaxmÿe carrbvm`rm`,obe j`s zbe`s brmaet`jas.



>0

J` fagèf` fa j` aobebgç` faj ast`ðb ar` saeomjj` y fmraot`; Vaear càomjy obecm`nja òoasb ` jbs puartbs odmjaebs, p`r` pbfar axpbrt`r gmear`jasb p`r` mgpbrt`r g`qume`rm` y nmaeas fa brmiae aurbpab bast`fbuemfaesa. Xarb eb axmstç` aj gmsgb meoaetmvb p`r` obeaot`r

`quajj`s àra`s qua quaf`nè cuar` faj ‚smstag` guefm`j‗. Gàs fa trasqumet`s p`rtas arè tmarr`s n`k`s, mfa`jas p`r` j` mefustrm` fa j` g`far`,j` ìrmoujtur` b j` iè`farç`, sm sÿjb aj prbnjag` faj tr`n`kb y fajtrèspbrta sa pufmasa rasbjvar. @uequa ` faomr varf`f, d`nç` uepaquaðb garo`fb p`r` jbs prbfuotbs ìrçobj`s prbvaemaetas j`s tmarr`sn`k`s `sç obgb meoaetmvbs p`r` j` iaeta e`tmv` qua qumsmasa mrsa `tr`n`k`r ae j` kueij` o`jmaeta y obe aecargaf`fas mecaoombs`s, ` j` quaajjbs eb ast`nè `f`pt`fbs.

Qe` gmsmÿe fa j` BEQ ae 0.=10fatargmeÿ qua sa oujtmv`n` sÿjb ajfbs pbr omaetb faj suajb. Xbr suj`fb aj oaesb fa 0.=18 èbt`n` quagàs faj sataet` pbr omaetb fa j`pbnjòmÿe raomnç` sus meirasbs fa j`ìrmoujtur`. Obe ue` g`ybrç` fa j`pbnjòmÿe pbjçtmo`gaeta meòtmv` yaeièod`f` ` ue` ìrmoujtur` fasunsmstaeom` ae p`roaj`s asp`romf`spbr aj @jtmpjèb, j` eòmÿe ast`n`cbrz`f` ` mgpbrt`r j` g`ybr p`rta fasu obgmf`, g`qume`rm` y nmaeas faobesugb. Obgb rasujt`fb, j`mgpbrtèta cui` fa fmvms`s qua saprbfuoç`, astruk`n` ` j` sbomaf`f,qua jb ìuèt`n` tbfb ` cme qua ajibnmareb obetmeu`sa akaromaefb ue`

prasmÿe obestèta sbnra jbs ‚n`rbeas‗ y odèt`ka`rjbs pbr gàs

mgpuastbs.

Ae obrtb; ‚Eb d`nç` emeiue` fmcaraeom` aetra j` aobebgç` nbjmvmè` y j`fa ue o`gp`gaetb gmearb; Saefç` jb qua tbf` gme` vaefa y obgb tbfbo`gp`gaetb gmearb, obgpr`n` tbfb aj rastb‗. J` gafm` fa jbsrasmfaetas fa J` X`z obesugç` 0.488 o`j/fç`, ouèfb, pbr j` `jtmtuf,eaoasmt`n` ?.888, ae ue p`çs fbefa j`s tras ou`rt`s p`rtas fa supbnjòmÿe tr`n`k`n` ae j` ìrmoujtur` y fbefa aj ast`ðb d`nç` daodb faX`tmðb, ueb fa jbs dbgnras gàs rmobs faj guefb.



>>

J` rbso` usÿ pbr fío`f`s j` raprasmÿe, j` prbpìèf` y j` cuarz``rg`f` p`r` gètaear ` j`s g`s`s e`tmv`s y ` jbs gmearbs n`kb suobetrbj, parb tètb j`s fmcaraeom`s ae rmquaz` obgb j`s meaqumf`fasròm`jas, ast`nè smagpra prasaetas.

Ae jbs tramet`s, ue` euav` iaearòmÿe fa orçtmobs agarimÿ obgb oj`sapbjçtmo`. Ebs racarmgbs ` jbs qua surimarbe aetra jbs gmearbs, jbsagpja`fbs fa carrbo`rrmj y btrbs tr`n`k`fbras fa j` eòmaeta mefustrm`nbjmvmè`. J` p`smÿe fa astbs orçtmobs sa ìrèfÿ fanmfb ` fbs irèfasfas`stras bourrmfbs ae jbs tramet`s; J` Irè Faprasmÿe y j` o`t`strÿcmo`farrbt` fa Nbjmvm` ae j` Iuarr` obe aj X`rìu`y (0=?>-?1). @uequa j`Faprasmÿe fastruyÿ j` aobebgç` y prbvboÿ ue` ormsms pbjçtmo` ae Nbjmvm` -obgb ae j` g`ybrç` fa jbs btrbs p`çsas - jb gàs smiemcmo`tmvb cua j` òrafmsput` pbr jçgmtas, qua farmvÿ ae ue` iuarr` aetra jbs fbs p`çsas gàspbnras fa _uf @gírmo`. _me agn`rib y ` pas`r fa j`s vaet`k`s aetrbp`s y `rg`s, jbs nbjmvmèbscuarbe farrbt`fbs pbr jbsp`rìu`ybs. J` oùs` astuvbae j` mefaomsmÿe fa jbs jçfarasomvmjas< ae jbs ‚meaptbs, obrrutbsy obn`rfas bcmom`jas‗, y ae j`sfmsput`s pbjçtmo`s metare`s, qua`pj`st`rbe aj ascuarzbnbjmvmèb. Cme`jgaeta, Nbjmvm`targmeÿ pbr oafar 0.988 gmjj`sou`fr`f`s fa tarrmtbrmb, `jX`rìu`y. Aj cme`j fa j` Iuarr`gbstrÿ qua ‚t`j axtragb fameaptmtuf a meaqumf`f fajsmstag` tr`fmombe`j y sbom`jnbjmvmèb‗ (dmstbrm`fbr Y`jtrùfPumasar Gbr`jas), d`nç` f`fb euavbs çgpatus ` j`s racbrg`s r`fmo`jas,

sm as qua eb ` j` gmsg` ravbjuomÿe. Asta fasobetaetb prbgbvmÿ j``p`rmomÿe fa, pbr jb gaebs, ou`trb irèfas euavbs p`rtmfbs pbjçtmobs;Fasfa j` C`jèia _bom`jmst` Nbjmvmè`‗ `j trbtslmst` X`rtmfb Bnrarbâvbjuombe`rmb.

Aetra jbs prmeomp`jas jçfaras r`fmo`jas, ast`nè Kbsí @etbemb @roa y^mo`rfb @e`y`, faj X`rtmfb fa j` Mzqumarf` âvbjuombe`rm` (XM^), ue`brièmzòmÿe nuriuas` cbrk`f` ae asouaj`s y uemvarsmf`fas, quanuso`n` r`fmo`jmz`r ` jbs gmearbs y tr`n`k`fbras mefustrm`jas, fatràs fa

ue` vmsmÿe sbom`jmst` qua gbfaremoa Nbjmvm`, ùequa `j g`riae fajObgmetare - jmfar`fb pbr j` Q^__ y fa jbs mfa`jas g`rxmst`-jaememst`s -



>?

p`r` qua pufmasa ium`r aj oraomgmaetb faj prbjat`rm`fb nbjmvmèb. Iròm`s` su obevbo`tbrm` ` j` mefustrm`jmzòmÿe y ` j` racbrg` fa j` tmarr`, aj XMâxtaefmÿ `gpjm`gaeta sus rafas ` guod`s brièmzòmbeas j`nbr`jas.Xarb sus prbpÿsmtbs eb arè oj`rbs, puas p`r` pbfar gètaear sus

j`zbs obe j` rbso`, t`gnmíe d`nç` prbgatmfb gbfar`r y oè`jmz`r ajeòmbe`jmsgb fa j` oj`sa bnrar`. Ae jbs ou`raet`s aj XM^ y` ar` ajp`rtmfb pbjçtmob gàs ir`fa fa Nbjmvm`, ueb fa jbs guy pbobs qua obet`nòbe `jib p`raomfb ` ue` n`sa fa g`s`s. Xarb eb ar` aj ûemob quafas`cmÿ `j vmakb brfae.

V`gnmíe ast`n` aj GE^ fa X`z Astaessbrb, cuef`fb ae 0=60. Obet`nòbe kÿvaeas ax sbom`jmst`s fa j`s oj`sas `jt` y gafm`, obe vatarèbsfasaeoèt`fbs fa j` Iuarr` faj Odòb y obe ‚gbvmgmaetbs p`trmÿtmobsfa brmaetòmÿe sbom`jmst`‗. _u ebrta ast`n` ae jbir`r j` facaes` y`cmrgòmÿe faj eòmbe`jmsgb nbjmvmèb. _u gaes`ka ùequa vìb aràecàtmob. Obevbo`n` ` `tò`r `j ‚suparast`fb ètmeòmbe`j‗ fa j` rbso` y` ‚meobrpbr`r ` j` vmf` eòmbe`j ` gmjjbeas fa o`gpasmebs‗.

@ fmcaraeom` faj XM^, qua `spmr`n` ` obesbjmf`rsa fa ` pbob, ae j`soj`sas tr`n`k`fbr`s, jbs mgpòmaetas jçfaras faj GE^ nuso`nè boup`rfa gèar` megafm`t` aj pbfar, p`r` puri`r `j p`çs fa jbs ‚c`jsbs ytr`mfbras‗ y arr`fmo`r j` ‚mesbjvaeta psaufbfagboròm`‗. X`r` ajjb, j`metajaotu`jmf`f urnè` faj GE^, òtuèfb fa gèar` bpbrtuemst`, sad`nçè jmi`fb `j oraomaeta fasobetaetb ae jbs o`gp`gaetbs gmearbs,iaearèfb ue` cjbk` `jmèz` obe Kuè Jaodçe Bquaefb - ue` ax astrajj`faj cutnbj - ` qumae jb obevmrtmarbe ae _aorat`rmb Iaear`j fa j` pbfarbs`Cafaròmÿe _mefmo`j fa Vr`n`k`fbras Gmearbs fa Nbjmvm` (C_VGN). Faast` gèar` j` orçtmo` memom`j faj GE^ sa tuvb qua oaetr`r gàs ae j`r`pòmf`f fa jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb y ae sus orçgaeas, qua ae j`sobefmombeas ae aj o`gpb. X`r` aj GE^ ar` mgpbrtèta ue` `jmèz`gujtmoj`smst` qua pargmtmasa racbrg`s ir`fu`jas, pbr jb qua t`gnmíeoujtmv`n` `jmèz`s obe jbs bcmom`jas faj akíromtb.

@ pas`r qua @roa y X`z Astaessbrb obefuoçè prbgmsbrmbs gbvmgmaetbsomvmjas, t`gnmíe agarimÿ aetra jbs kÿvaeas bcmom`jas faj akíromtb, ue`taroar` cuarz`. Xarb ` fmcaraeom` faj XM^ y faj GE^, qua nuso`nèaxtaefar j` fagboròm` ae j` sbomaf`f nbjmvmè` ` p`rtmr fa `jmèz`s obejbs smefmo`tbs bnrarbs fa j` eòmÿe, ast` taroar` còomÿe, fa jbim`sgmjmt`ras sagm-saorat`s, obgb j` Astrajj` fa Dmarrb b ^`zÿe fa X`trm`(^@FAX@, ùequa cbrg`jgaeta ar` ‚_èt` Oruz‗), `spmr`n` pbrsbjuombeas ùtbrmt`rm`s ` jbs prbnjag`s fa Nbjmvm`. ^@FAX@, cuef`f` ae

ue o`gpb fa prmsmbearbs fa iuarr` `j cme`j fa j` Iuarr` faj Odòb, uemÿ` jbs kÿvaeas bcmom`jas fasaeoèt`fbs y fmsiust`fbs pbr j`



>6

meobgpataeom` fa jbs jçfaras omvmjas y gmjmt`ras. Nuso`n` j` raebvòmÿefaj àra` rur`j y j` ajmgmeòmÿe faj fbgmemb fa j` rbso` sbnra j` pbjçtmoèòmbe`j. Fasaeoèt`fbs gmjmt`ras, `j obest`t`r qua gmaetr`s ajjbspaja`nè ae j`s trmeodar`s `rrmasièfb sus vmf`s y j` fa sus trbp`s, j`

ajmta fa iaear`jas njèobmfas, sa prbtaiç` fatràs fa j`s jçea`s yi`st`nè su tmagpb prbgbvmaefb ‚pbjçtmobs `rrmnmst`s‗ y aeièodàefbsaae metrmi`s pbjçtmo`s.

^@FAX@ ast`n` cuartagaeta mecjuaeom`f` pbr aj obrpbr`tmvmsgb aurbpabfa jbs tramet`s y pbr ue saetmfb cuarta fa p`trmbtmsgb. @spmr`n` `ravmt`jmz`r j` eòmÿe ` tr`vís fa ue` gazoj` fbgístmo` fa ast`tmsgb

karàrqumob y ue vìb s`nbr fa smefmo`jmsgb. @uequa jbs gmjmt`ras arè j`gàs cbrgmf`nja darr`gmaet` fa j` rbso`, jbs bcmom`jas fa ^@FAX@ vaçèsu prbpm` juod`, sagakèta ` j` jmnr`f` ae j` Iuarr` fa j`Mefapaefaeom`; Xrboj`g`nè su fasab fa gbrmr ‚pbr aj ebnja mfa`j facbrk`r j` eòmbe`jmf`f‗.

_me agn`rib, ` pas`r faj oraomaeta jj`g`fb ` j` racbrg` r`fmo`j fasfaj`s oj`sas bnrar`s, pbr p`rta faj XM^, GE^, ^@FAX@ y btrbs p`rtmfbs ycòombeas euav`s, aj vmakb brfae pargèaoç` cmrga y n`kb obetrbj,



>1

furèta jbs prmgarbs `ðbs fa j` _aiuef` Iuarr` Guefm`j. Aj Ir`j.Aermqua Xað`rèf` faj O`stmjjb, Kaca faj Akíromtb fasfa aj ûjtmgb `ðb faj` Iuarr` faj Odòb, ièÿ càomjgaeta j`s ajaoombeas ` j` prasmfaeom` ae0.=68, ae obetr` fa su ûemob bpbeaeta Kbsí @etbemb @roa faj XM^.

@dbr` nmae, obgb j`s ajaoombeas fak`rbe ae oj`rb aj fasab fa gètaearaj st`tus qub, Xað`rèf` dmzb pbob pbr `pj`z`r jbs fas`cçbs pbr ajo`gnmb y jjaeÿ su i`nmeata obe gmagnrbs fa jbs p`rtmfbs tr`fmombe`jas;Jmnar`j, _bom`jmst` y âpunjmoèb. Xarb j` _aiuef` Iuarr` Guefm`j jacbrzÿ ` tbg`r faomsmbeas fmcçomjas.

@j prbfuomrsa j` axpèsmÿe k`pbeas` ae aj sufasta fa @sm` (0.=60),quaf`rbe obrt`f`s j`s cuaetas tr`fmombe`jas fa gmear`j fa ast`ðb quajjai`nè ` AA.QQ. y Irè Nrat`ð`. @eta ast` smtuòmÿe, Xað`rèf`bptÿ, fa gèar` faomfmf`, pbr j` obbparòmÿe tbt`j obe Y`sdmeitbe, `pas`r fa j` ouð` fa j` eòmbe`jmzòmÿe fa j`s prbpmaf`fas fa j`_tèf`rf Bmj, qua jbs ‚gmjmt`ras sbom`jmst`s‗ d`nçè objbo`fb ae Nbjmvmàe 0.=?9 obe su eòmbe`jmsgb fa pbst iuarr`.

Obe j` iuarr` ae pjaeb fas`rrbjjb, jbs qua facmeçè j` pbjçtmo` ae jbsAA.QQ., pjèmcmo`rbe uemr ` tbfb aj dagmscarmb obetr` aj ‚Aka‗ y `sç`saiur`rsa fa p`sb, ue` cuaeta obecm`nja fa ast`ðb p`r` j` mefustrm` faiuarr`. As` j` r`zÿe qua jas jjavb ` tr`n`k`r ue òaro`gmaetb obe ajIbnmareb fa Xað`rèf`. Ísta pbr su p`rta, èsmbsb pbr naeacmom`rsa faj` `yuf` aobeÿgmo` y gmjmt`r obrraspbefmaeta, òoafmÿ fa megafm`tb. Fmbj` nmaevaemf` ` ue` obgmsmÿe prasmfmf` pbr aj bcmom`j faj Fap`rt`gaetbfa Ast`fb; Garwme Nbdè>, aeo`ri`fb fa fas`rrbjj`r ue prbir`g` fafmvarsmcmoòmÿe aobeÿgmo` fa j` aobebgç` nbjmvmè`. _me dasmt`r, òaptÿv`rm`s gafmf`s ‚fae`zmcmo`fbr`s‗ y cmrgÿ ue pòtb fa `smstaeom` gmjmt`r ,parb obe j` obefmomÿe fa pì`r ` j` _tèf`rf Bmj ueb y gafmb gmjjbeasfa $Q_ pbr j`s prbpmaf`fas axprbpm`f`s, daodb qua sa acaotuÿ pbobfaspuís faj `t`qua fa Xa`rj D`rnbr (0.=60). _ÿjb aetbeoas aj Ibnmarebfa Xað`rèf`, pufb òoafar ` jbs príst`gbs fa tmpb Jaef-Ja`sa? fa

`smstaeom` cmeèomar`, eaoas`rmbs p`r` akaout`r jbs òuarfbs `joèz`fbsobe j` Gmsmÿe Nbdè.

> Ebt` faj tr`fuotbr. âcjaxmbeas fa G. Nbdè. @ vaoas ga praiuetb, sm jbs Ast`fbs Qemfbs dèasouod`fb tbfbs jbs obesakbs qua sa ja fmarbe p`r` `pj`z`r j` akaouomÿe fa fmodb prbir`g` \…W. Xbrjb gaebs, jbs nbjmvmèbs d`nrçè taemfb j` agbombeèta `tròomÿe fa ue` aobebgç` metare` oraomaetay fmvarsmcmo`f`, p`r` fmstràrjbs fa j` obetagpjòmÿe fasasparèz`f` fa sus gmsarm`s aobeÿgmo`s.dttps;//dmstbry.st`ta.ibv/dmstbrmo`jfbougaets/crus0=1>-16v86/f0=4

? Ebt` faj tr`fuotbr. ‚Jaef èf Ja`sa‗, ‚Xríst`gb y `rrmaefb‗. Jay Ast`fbuemfaesa fa 0=60. J`gmsg` ùtbrmz`n` `j prasmfaeta fa jbs Ast`fbs Qemfbs, ‚ouèfb jb obesmfara fa metarís p`r` j`facaes` eòmbe`j \…W, vaefar, pargut`r, trèsc armr, `rraef`r, prast`r‗, tbf` oj`sa fa `rtçoujbs p`r` j`

prbtaoomÿe faj ‚ibnmareb fa ou`jqumar p`çs ouy` facaes` aj Xrasmfaeta obesmfara vmt`j p`r` jbsAst`fbs Qemfbs‗. Cua ue rasp`jfb kurçfmob metareb ` j` prbyaoomÿe metareòmbe`j faj ibnmarebebrta`garmoèb.

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v04/d198

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v04/d198



>3

J` iuarr` òaroÿ ` j`s fbs eòmbeas ae ue òuarfb sme praoafaetas quaprbgatç` ue` vaeturbs` cutur` obbparòmÿe. @uequa d`nç` ue` eunaeair` ae aj dbrmzbeta; @ûe eb sa d`nç` faomfmfb ouàetb sa pì`rç` pbraj ast`ðb nbjmvmèb. Memom`jgaeta, Xað`rèf` d`nç` òapt`fb vaefarjas` jbs @jm`fbs tbfb aj Ast`ðb prbfuomfb, ` ue praomb n`stèta pbr fan`kbfa jb qua jbs nbjmvmèbs aspar`nè. Ae t`j saetmfb, jbs n`rbeas fajast`ðb obe aj `pbyb, `j gaebs tàomtb, fa jbs AA.QQ., sa fafmo`rbe àxprmgmr j` cuarz` fa tr`n`kb obetr`t`f`, p`r` `sç g`xmgmz`r j`prbfuoomÿe y j`s ièèom`s. Astb fatarmbrÿ cuartagaeta, j`s obefmombeasfa tr`n`kb ae j`s gme`s, fanmfb ` jbs obetr`tbs cmrg`fbs obe jbs AA.QQ.jbs ou`jas, saiûe jbs eòmbe`jmst`s ja obst`rçè ` Nbjmvm`, ae ajtrèsoursb fa tbf` j` iuarr`, `jib `sç obgb 318 gmjjbeas fa $Q_ aepírfmf`s. Aj tag`, prbvayÿ ` jbs fmsmfaetas, fa furbs `riugaetbs;

0. Jbs ‚obetr`tbs fasc`vbr`njas‗ p`r` j`s g`tarm`s prmg`s<>. Jbs obgprbgmsbs òbrf`fbs, p`r` obetrmnumr ` j` oùs`

fagboràtmo`<?. J` parsaouomÿe medugè` fa k`pbeasas y `jagèas `saet`fbs,

pbr guodbs `ðbs, ae aj p`çs (ue` parsaouomÿe brquast`f` pbr jbs

AA.QQ.).

Jbs obetr`tbs tr`karbe eb btr` obs` qua ‚fbjbr y agpbnraomgmaetb‗ ` jbsnbjmvmèbs. X`z Astaessbrb y aj GE^, sa obevmrtmarbe ràpmf`gaeta ae ajgàs mgpbrtèta irupb fa bpbsmomÿe, obe ue` orçtmo`, gazoj` faxaebcbnm` y bfmb, puastb qua Xað`rèf` d`nç` sunbrfme`fb jbsmetarasas eòmbe`jas. Xarb t`gnmíe ast`n` j` btr` nèfb, ètmrbsqumst`tr`fmombe`j.

@uequa G`jjby fasormna `j GE^ fa ast`s ípbo`s obgb ue paquaðbirupb fa metajaotu`jas qua sa fafmo`nè ` ‚ravbjvarj` tè ràpmfb obgb



>9

pbfçè‗, p`r` j` `fgmemstròmÿe fa ^bbsavajt sa obevmrtmarbe ae ajobgpbeaeta gàs pajmirbsb ae j` pbjçtmo` nbjmvmè`. @dbr` nmae,prasugmnjagaeta obe aj fasab fa `cmèz`r aj `pbyb ` Xað`rèf` y ` jòùs` @jm`f`, jbs ìaetas nrmtàemobs ` cmeas fa 0.=60 crìu`rbe v`rm`s

o`rt`s qua meormgme`nè ` ajagaetbs faj GE^ y `j ouarpb fa bcmom`jas,fa ast`r obespmrèfb obe jbs `jagèas, p`r` farrbo`rjb. Aj GE^ aeraspuast`, òusÿ `j i`nmeata fa Xað`rèf` fa d`nar crìu`fb j`so`rt`s. Xbr su j`fb aj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb, `j`rg`fb pbr aj`p`raeta nuae tr`tb qua aj e`zmsgb ja bcraoç` `j dagmscarmb boomfaet`j,òaptÿ j` p`tr`ð` obgb ra`j sme dòar g`ybr ouastmÿe.

Obgb rasujt`fb y pbr guodbs `ðbs, tbfbs jbs fmpjbgàtmobs fa AA.QQ.vmarbe ae aj GE^, ue irupb prb - e`zm, dmpÿtasms eb faj tbfb mekustmcmo`f`.Ae acaotb ae 0.=60, obe gbtmvb faj `soaesb fa Dmtjar `j pbfar, ueparmÿfmob faj GE^ afmtbrm`jmzÿ qua j` ‚jaoomÿe fa Dmtjar y j` Euav`

@jagèm`, ar` ue` jaoomÿe fa bptmgmsgb‗ y qua Nbjmvm` obe su dmstbrm` fapírfmf`s tarrmtbrm`jas obe tbfbs sus vaomebs, ‚tmaea guodb qua `praefarfaj janaesrùg‗. Qe` r`zÿe gàs p`r` qua jbs fmpjbgàtmobs fa AA.QQ.fa as` ípbo`, smagpra prafmspuastbs ` var tbfb avaetb ae @gírmo`J`tme` ` tr`vís faj prmsg` fa j` iuarr`, sa bnsasmbe`rè obe ue ‚GE^ètmkufçb y ètm AA.QQ.‗.

Aj >0 fa fmomagnra fa 0.=6> ue vmbjaetb meomfaeta ae j` ‚Gme` _mijb TT‗ fa O`t`vm, fa prbpmaf`f fa X`tmðb, orab j` bpbrtuemf`f qua aj GE^tètb d`nç` ast`fb asparèfb. Ouèfb jbs gmearbs brièmz`nè ue`prbtast` pbr j`s g`j`s obefmombeas y jbs n`kbs s`j`rmbs - iè`nè gaebsfa 0,18 $Q_/fç` - j`s trbp`s fa Xað`rèf` `nrmarbe cuaib sbnra ajjbs,g`tèfb faoae`s sm as qua eb oaetae`ras. Fa megafm`tb, tètb aj GEôbgb aj XM^, raebv`rbe sus ascuarzbs obetr` aj ibnmareb. Jbs jçfarasfaj GE^ njèfmarbe j` mfa` qua Xað`rèf` ar` ue` darr`gmaet` fa j`rbso` ae iaear`j y fa X`tmðb ae p`rtmouj`r. Xbr su p`rta aj parmÿfmob J`^`zÿe fa @r`g`yb, obefaeÿ ` jbs tr`n`k`fbras pbr su `càe pbr nuso`r

gakbr`s ae sus s`j`rmbs y `j`nÿ j` faomsmÿe prasmfaeom`j. J` G`sòra faO`t`vm axpusb j` dmpborasç` y j` nrut`jmf`f faj vmakb brfae. Dmzb quatbfbs vmasae, fa gèar` oj`r` y praoms`, ` ue ibnmareb prbcuef`gaetafasòrafmt`fb, meojusb èta jbs bkbs fa sus p`trbeas ast`fbuemfaesas.

Xað`rèf` pargèaomÿ ae aj pbfar pbr ue `ðb gàs, parb su suartaast`n` aod`f`. Aj XM^ sa boupÿ ae brièmz`r ue` ravuajt` pbpuj`r,guodbs iaear`jas agpraefmarbe sus prbpmbs ibjpas y aj GE^ cbrkÿ fbs`jmèz`s, ue` obe ^@FAX@ y j` btr` obe j` jbim` ‚Astrajj` fa dmarrb‗.



>4

Xarb, ue `ðb y ue fç` faspuís fa j` G`sòra, j` ‚âvbjuomÿe fa jbsG`ybras, agpraefmf` pbr aj GE^ y ^@FAX@, ièÿ j` o`rrar` pbr ajfarrbo`gmaetb fa Xað`rèf`.

_aiûe X`z Astaessbrb, aj GE^ astuvb aevuajtb ae eugarbsbs metaetbsfa ibjpa qua sa suoafmarbe pbr gasas y gasas. Sa`gbs; Aj Iaear`j aeKaca fa Xað`rèf` kurÿ ja`jt`f `j GE^, ` o`gnmb qua ísta jb `pby`sa `

jjai`r ` j` prasmfaeom`< aj Iaear`j Àeiaj ^bfrçiuaz, `p`raetagaetaoaroèb ` X`z Astaessbrb, t`gnmíe saòaroÿ p`r` sbjmomt`r j` p`rtmompòmÿe fajGE^ ae ue btrb ibjpa, cmeèom`fb pbrGùrmomb Dbsodsodmjf, ae as` bo`smÿeX`z Astaessbrb pusb cme ` jòbevarsòmÿe fmomíefbja `j iaear`j, qua‚aj ast`rç` aeoèt`fb fa p`rtmomp`r , sm^bfrçiuaz prbgatç` akaout`r `Dbodsodmjf `j fç` smiumaeta fa tbg`r ajpbfar‗< pbr ûjtmgb dunb ueb, tèta`fbpbo`s sagè`s ètas ae Obod`n`gn`,qua d`nrç` pbfmfb `joèz`r `Xað`rèf`. _u `jmèz` obe jbs bcmom`jas

kÿvaeas, obgb aj G`ybr Iu`jnartbSmjj`rrbaj Jÿpaz y jbs gmagnrbs fa

^@FAX@, jjavÿ ` X`z Astaessbrb ` obgpraefar qua taeç` qua gbvarsaràpmfb, puas Xað`rèf` pjèa`n` ue` o`gp`ð` ae obetr` faj GE^megafm`t`gaeta faspuís fa j` E`vmf`f fa 0=6?.

@ pas`r faj eûgarb fa arrbras obgatmfbs pbr aj GE^ y ^@FAX@,`p`raetagaeta aj prasmfaeta miebr`n` jbs ibjpas qua sa prap`r`nè aesu obetr`. Meojusb j` Agn`k`f` fa Aou`fbr ae J` X`z d`nç` jbir`fbobeboar jbs fat`jjas faj ibjpa ue fç` ètas fa bourrmr. Smjj`rrbaj

obecas`n` ` sus `gmibs aj 04 fa fmomagnra, qua ue` ravbjuomÿe ast`nàe oursb y X`z Astaessbrb gmsgb jb d`nç` èueom`fb ae ue` sasmÿe fajObeirasb. _me agn`rib, ` ûjtmgb gbgaetb jbs G`ybras Iu`jnartbSmjj`rrbaj, Afguefb Ebi`jas y @etbemb Xbeoa, prbgbvmarbe ue òuarfbobe Xað`rèf`, qua Ebi`jas jj`g`n` ‚ue aetaefmgmaetb p`trmÿtmob aefacaes` fa jbs metarasas fa j` eòmÿe‗. Vaeçè j` asparèz` faobevíeoaja p`r` qua `nèfbe`sa ` jbs ‚irèfas n`rbeas faj ast`ðb‗ y`j Mgparm`jmsgb Ebrta`garmoèb, èta jbs qua íj sa d`nç` ‚raefmfb‗ `jpòt`r ue ‚praomb rai`j`fb p`r` aj Ast`ðb, ` ebgnra fa j` uemf`f

obetmeaet`j, j` nuae` vaomef`f fa jbs puanjbs y j` facaes` fa j`fagboròm`‗. _ÿjb ouèfb Xað`rèf` raod`zÿ sus fagèf`s ^@FAX@



>=

y j` Xbjmoç` fa Vrèsmtb akaout`rbe aj ibjpa fa ast`fb, ae aj qua ebfarr`gÿ sèira, mevmstmaefb ` Smjj`rrbaj obgb prasmfaeta aj >? fafmomagnra fa 0=6?.

@ jbs nrmtàemobs, j` ravbjuomÿe `j sar akaout`f` pbr eòmbe`jmst`s fa‚oaetrb mzqumarf`‗ d`rtbs fa j` ‚obrrupomÿe a meacmomaeom` faj ètarmbribnmareb‗, jas p`raomÿ ‚`jib nuaeb‗ tètb p`r` Nbjmvm` obgb p`r` j`sEòmbeas Qemf`s.Xbr su j`fb, aj kaca fa j` Gmsmÿe Gmjmt`r fa AA.QQ. ae J` X`z,obesmfar`n` ` jbs ravbjuombe`rmbs obgb ‚p`trmbt`s smeoarbs `j puetb fajmfa`jmsgb‗. Xarb guodbs faj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb, jbs raod`z`rbefaebgmeàefbjbs ‚tbt`jmt`rmst`s‗ y ‚prb e`zms‗. Xdmjmp Nbes`j metaetÿaxpjmo`r `j _aorat`rmb fa Ast`fb Obrfajj Dujj, ae ue fat`jj`fbgagbràefug, qua jbs ‚me`gmstbsbs‗ òtbs y faoj`ròmbeas faj GE^ bjbs fa jbs bcmom`jas gmjmt`ras, arè sÿjb ue` ‚paquað` p`rta‗ fa susòtmvmf`fas y qua arè, `jib `sç obgb ue` raspuast` ‚ùtbgàtmo`‗ ` jbqua Xað`rèf` d`nç` daodb.

Aj GE^ y ^@FAX@ raprasaet`nè j`s jaiçtmg`s, raspat`njas y qumzàsme`joèz`njas `spmròmbeas fa omartbs saotbras fa j` iaeta nbjmvmè`._aiûe Jùraeoa Fuiiè, `jib gàs `travmfb, aj GE^ sa p`raoç` `jpbpujmst` Duay Jbei fa Jbusmè`; Aj GE^ ar` smeoarb `j obevbo`r `jjavèt`gmaetb fa j`s g`s`s, y` qua Nbjmvm` pbfrç` ‚fas`rrbjj`rsa ae

p`z, ir`fu`jgaeta, fasfa aj sagmcauf`jmsgb d`st` `jib oaroèb ` jòmvmjmzòmÿe faj _mijb TT‗. X`r` aj Xrasmfaeta ^bbsavajt eb d`nç` tmagpbp`r` j` mefaomsmÿe y aj _aorat`rmb Dujj ast`n` saiurb qua aj pbob `pbybprast`fb `j ibnmareb fa Xað`rèf`, d`nç` jbir`fb j` cbrgòmÿe fa uei`nmeata obgpuastb pbr omeob g`ybras, X`z Astaessbrb y fbsgmagnrbs faj GE^, `j p`raoar prb-e`zms.Meojusb mn` gàs jakbs, p`r` Dujj aj GE^ y jbs gmjmt`ras ast`nè‚obeaot`fbs ` irupbs e`zmst`s ae @jagèm` y @riaetme`‗, `fagàs faraomnmr `pbyb cmeèomarb fa cuaetas prb-e`zms. Xbr ajjb mgpujsÿ aj eb

raobebomgmaetb faj Ibnmareb fa Smjj`rrbaj, puas `nrç` j` asparèz` faprbvbo`r ue` obetr` ravbjuomÿe b pbr ûjtmgb j` pbsmnmjmf`f fa pbfarsò`r `j GE^ fa ae gafmb. @uequa jbs AA.QQ. obet`nè obe `jm`fbs aej`s btr`s eòmbeas faj dagmscarmb (axoaptb J` @riaetme`), Dujj eb fmkbue` p`j`nr` sbnra fa jb qua Smjj`rrbaj ast`n` fmspuastb ` dòar p`r`jbir`r aj raobebomgmaetb fa jbs AA.QQ. @ tr`vís fa vaj`f`s racaraeom`sb fa obevarsòmbeas suiastmv`s, fakÿ aetravar qua Dujj èsm`n` jàxpujsmÿe fa jbs `jagèas y k`pbeasas r`fmo`fbs ae Nbjmvm`, `sç obgbj` ajmgmeòmÿe faj GE^ faj i`nmeata.



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Fmodb y daodb. Ae `nrmj, Smjj`rrbaj sòÿ ` jbs gmemstrbs faj GE^ fa sui`nmeata y raagpj`zÿ ` jbs pracaotbs faj GE^ pbr bcmom`jas faj akíromtb<ae g`yb ougpjmÿ j`s fagèf`s fa jbs AA.QQ. `j axpujs`r ` 40`jagèas. Astb jjavÿ ` qua v`rmbs fmpjbgàtmobs fa AA.QQ. jas jjbvmasae

ruaibs pmfmaefb; ‚Xbr fmbs eb jbs raobebzoè‗, aetra ajjbs @r`g`yb ybtrbs bjmi`ro`s. X`r` kuemb, obe axoapomÿe faj Qruiu`y, tbf`s j`seòmbeas faj dagmscarmb d`nçè raobebomfb `j ríimgae. V`gnmíe jbsAA.QQ., obe j` asparèz` fa qua, f`f`s j`s pruan`s sbjmomt`f`s, ístapufmasa aefuraoar su pbstur` obetr` aj GE^ a meobrpbr`r ` btrbsp`rtmfbs ae aj ibnmareb. Agparb, ae jbs gasas smiumaetas, Smjj`rrbajcbrg`jmzÿ su `jmèz` obe aj GE^, ebgnrÿ ` X`z Astaessbrb obgbgmemstrb fa cmeèz`s y objboÿ ` btrbs gmagnrbs faj p`rtmfb ae v`rmbspuastbs ae aj i`nmeata. Ast` gèmbnr` ja pargmtmÿ `j GE^ obetmeu`r aeaj pbfar, ùequa `j praomb fa j` aeagmst`f fa j` rbso`, faj XM^ y fa jbsAA.QQ.

Smjj`rrbaj as vmstb obgb aj praoursbr fa j` âvbjuomÿe Eòmbe`j fa 0=1>.Ouèfb D`rry _. Vrugè sa obevmrtmÿ ae prasmfaeta ae `nrmj fa 0=61,Smjj`rrbaj y` ast`n` ae aj pbfar pbr gàs fa ue `ðb y gafmb. Jbs p`sbstaet`tmvbs qua d`nç` f`fb Smjj`rrbaj p`r` o`gnm`r j` obrrajòmÿe facuarz`s, ar` p`r` rasiu`rf`rsa fa j` rbso` y fa j`s oj`sas pbjçtmo`s.

@dbr` X`tmðb, @r`g`yb, Dbsodsodmjf y jbs dòaef`fbs, taefrçè quaobetaet`rsa obe akaout`r sus pjèas, `j metarmbr fa ue` fasasparèz`f`y gìujj`f` aobebgç` nbjmvmè`. _me agn`rib, p`r` jbs gàs `stutbsbnsarv`fbras, fmod`s racbrg`s d`nçè mevm`nmjmz`fb j` ravbjuomÿe. Jbssuoasbras fa Smjj`rrbaj, metaet`rbe furèta jbs smiumaetas smata `ðbs,`joèz`r aj fas`rrbjjb eòmbe`j, parb sme fasgètaj`r j`s oaetae`rm`sn`sas fa j` aobebgç` pbjçtmo` nbjmvmè`, ue` aspaoma fa o`gmebmetargafmb aetra j` prbgas` fa X`z Astaessbrb, j` ravbjuomÿe y j`metrèsmiaeom` fa j` rbso`.

J@ FMXJBG@OM@ FAJ A_V@ÐB AE J@_AIQEF@ IQA^^@ GQEFM@J

Gmaetr`s Y`sdmeitbe obefuoç` `j guefb dòm` ue brfae o`pmt`jmstìjbn`j, Nbjmvm` mesmstç` ae ue fas`rrbjjb eòmbe`j pbr jb ou`j, sufmpjbgòm` dunb fa `crbet`r `jiuebs gbgaetbs orçtmobs. Pumzà aj gàsfaomsmvb cua j` fastruoomÿe faj O`rtaj Metareòmbe`j faj Ast`ðb faspuísfa j` Iuarr`, y j` obestmtuomÿe fa ue gbebpbjmb èijb `garmoèbfastme`fb ` j` obgpr` fa Ast`ðb.



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Vbfb jb qua jbs ibnmarebs faj saxaemb eaoasmt`nè, p`r` sbjvaet`r susgbfast`s racbrg`s arè praombs ajav`fbs p`r` aj gmear`j fa Ast`ðb._ÿjb asb pbfrç` pravaemr ue vuajob fas`strbsb ae j` aobebgç`. Xarbd`nçè fbs prbnjag`s; _m nmae j` MM IG d`nç` objbo`fb ` Nbjmvm` obgb

ûemob prbfuotbr fa obeoaetr`fbs fa Ast`ðb p`r` jbs @jm`fbs, ajFap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb sa ascbrz`n` pbr njbqua`r `j GE^. Ajbptmgmsgb memom`j pbr j`s rajòmbeas aetra AA.QQ. y Nbjmvm`, oafmÿ aj p`sb` ue` smtuòmÿe sbgnrç`, èta aj fas`rrbjjb faj garo`fb metareòmbe`j fajAst`ðb, qua jb `caotb tbfb. @etas fa j` Iuarr`, Nbjmvm` prbfuoç` o`sm uesaxtb fa jbs obeoaetr`fbs fa Ast`ðb ` emvaj guefm`j. Fbs tarombsprbvaeçè fa jbs _tr`mts G`j`y6, prmeomp`jgaeta j`s Mefm`s Dbjèfas`sBrmaet`jas y G`j`y` y ue ebvaeb pbr p`rta fa Emiarm`, aj Obeib Naji`,_m`g y Odme`. Ae jbs ûjtmgbs sams `ðbs, jbs AA.QQ. d`nçè prbfuomfbsÿjb >.888 V/`ðb parb y `nsbrnmfb gàs faj ou`raet` pbr omaetb faj tbt`jfa j` prbfuoomÿe guefm`j. Aurbp` obesugç` aj btrb ou`raet` y omeob pbromaetb.

Ae 0.=>9 j` Obesbjmf`taf Vme _gajtars fa X`tmðb y j` Kbde Dbwasbe¶sJbefbe Vme Obrp. cuef`rbe ue o`rtaj fa prbfuotbras, aj ObgmtíMetareòmbe`j faj Ast`ðb (MVO), p`r` ast`nmjmz`r aj garo`fb guefm`j fajAst`ðb, prbtaiarsa fa j`s fav`st`fbr`s cjuotuòmbeas quaparmÿfmo`gaeta `zbt`nè ` j` mefustrm` y i`rètmz`r sus ièèom`s. Ae0.=?0, sa rauemarbe jbs raprasaetètas fa jbs gàs irèfas prbfuotbrasfa Ast`ðb (Nbjmvm`, Emiarm`, G`j`y` y j`s Mefm`s Dbjèfas`s Brmaet`jas),obe raprasaetètas fa sus ibnmarebs y prbfuotbras prmv`fbs, p`r`faomfmr sus oubt`s, j`s rastrmoombeas ` j` prbfuoomÿe y `sç ast`rprap`r`fbs p`r` suspaefar tbfbs jbs agn`rquas ae `jiûe gbgaetb -f`rja ue`s ‚vòòmbeas `j Ast`ðb‗ - obe aj cme fa ajav`r jbs praombs. J`seòmbeas obesugmfbr`s qua `smstçè `j avaetb, sm nmae òoafmarbeavaetu`jgaeta ` astbs prboafmgmaetbs, ae aj gbgaetb faomsmvb sa jaseaiÿ aj faraodb fa vbtb p`r` irè obestareòmÿe fa Y`sdmeitbe.

6 Ebt` faj tr`fuotbr; Jbs ‚_tr`mts G`j`y‗ (Astraodbs fa Gàjò`), cuarbe p`rta fa jbs ‚_tr`mts_attajagaets‗ (Ast`njaomgmaetbs fa jbs Astraodbs), objbem`s nrmtàemo`s ae aj sufasta fa @sm`. Eòmarbe ae 04>3 n`kb aj obetrbj fa j` Obgp`ðç` Nrmtàemo` fa j`s Mefm`s Brmaet`jas y fasfa

0439, astuvmarbe n k̀b obetrbj ast`t`j. _a fmsbjvmÿ ae 0=63 juaib fa j` MMIG. Arè ou`trb jbs`saet`gmaetbs; G`jò`, Fmefme, Xaeèi (Msj` Xrçeompa fa I`jas), y _mei`pur. Dby o`sm tbfbs cbrgèp`rta fa G`j`sm`, axoaptb _mei`pur.



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X`r` jbs gmearbs nbjmvmèbs ast` ‚o`rtajmzòmÿe agariaeta‗ p`r` us`rue` cr`sa fa Fuelarjay, ar` ue` naefmomÿe. Ae acaotb, craeta ` jbsobeoaetr`fbs fa jbs _tr`mts G`j`y, gàs purbs, òoasmnjas y càomjas faaxtràr, jbs fa jbs prbfuotbras nbjmvmèbs arè iaear`jgaeta fa n`kò`jmf`f, axtr`çfbs fa j`s gbet`ð`s fa Jbs @efas y ` gmjas fa gmjj`s faj

puartb gàs oaroèb. X`r` agpabr`r j`s obs`s, jbs tr`n`k`fbrasnbjmvmèbs, ùequa pbnragaeta pì`fbs, ast`nè gakbrraobgpaes`fbs qua sus obetr`p`rtas ae aj jakèb asta. Xbr ûjtmgb jbsn`rbeas faj ast`ðb jjav`nè j` o`ri` trmnut`rm` faj p`çs. Jbs axpartbs fajbs AA.QQ. astmg`nè qua aj obstb fa j` prbfuoomÿe ae Nbjmvm` ar` o`smaj fbnja qua aj fa jbs _tr`mts G`j`y. Xuas nmae, aj o`rtaj quafb obgb ajûemob gaoèmsgb qua ja pargmtç` `j Ast`ðb nbjmvmèb sar obgpatmtmvbèta jbs prbfuotbras meijasas y `jagèas faj jakèb brmaeta.

Xarb obgb j` mefustrm` gmjmt`r fa jbs AA.QQ. obesugç` g`smv`soètmf`fas fa Ast`ðb, nàsmo`gaeta p`r` c`nrmo`r obgmf` aej`t`f` ysbjf`fur`, ae kuemb fa 0.=68, jbs aeo`ri`fbs fa j` pjèmcmoòmÿe ae jbsAA.QQ., oès`fbs pbr fío`f`s fa ast`r ` garoaf fa j` MVO, pusmarbeae gbvmgmaetb ue` sarma fa `riuom`s qua oujgme`rbe, pbob faspuís facme`jmz`f` j` Iuarr`, obe aj obetrbj ast`fbuemfaesa faj obgarombmetareòmbe`j faj ast`ðb. Astb objboÿ ` Nbjmvm` ` fmspbsmomÿe faY`sdmeitbe.

Aj _unsaorat`rmb fa Ast`fb _uggar Yajjas, ètmompàefbsa tètb ` j`sfmsjboòmbeas qua pbfrçè prbvaemr fa j` Iuarr` obgb ` `quajj`s



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aobeÿgmo`s, prbpusb j` oraòmÿe fa ue` rasarv` fa 18.888 V fa Ast`ðby j` obestruoomÿe fa ue` cuefmomÿe fa Ast`ðb ae jbs AA.QQ., fmsað`f`p`r` tr`t`r jbs obeoaetr`fbs nbjmvmèbs fa N`k` Jay. Qe` cuefmomÿe y ue`rasarv`, kuetb ` ue` irè o`gp`ð` fa raomoj`ka, pbfrç` prbtaiar j`

mefustrm` fa AA.QQ. fa jbs obecjmotbs ae Aurbp` y aj Asta fa @sm` ypbsmnjagaeta, fastrbz`r ` j` MVO fa ue` vaz pbr tbf`s. ^bbsavajtòaptÿ j` memom`tmv` y ùtbrmzÿ ` j` Obgp`ðç` fa âsarv` fa Gat`jas faj` Obrpbròmÿe Cmeèomar` fa âobestruoomÿe1 \^COW ` obestrumr ue`cuefmomÿe fa Ast`ðb.

Cua ue` raspuast` oj`r` `j agn`rib `jagàe fa j` cuefmomÿe dbjèfas`fa @redag y `j tagbr fa qua j` Juctw`cca pufmasa objbo`r ` j`scuefmombeas meijas`s cuar` fa sarvmomb, ae ou`jqumar gbgaetb. J`Cuefmomÿe fa Ast`ðb fa Jbeidbre cua afmcmo`f` ae j` Omuf`f fa Vax`s,oaro` faj Xuartb fa I`jvastbe. Ja obstÿ `j Ibnmareb fa AA.QQ. bodbgmjjbeas fa $Q_, qua cuarbe `gbrtmz`fbs furèta j` Iuarr`. Ar`pbtaeom`jgaeta, j` cuefmomÿe gàs irèfa faj guefb y j` gàs varsàtmj.O`p`z fa prboas`r ou`jqumar tmpb fa obeoaetr`fbs fa Ast`ðb, faou`jqumar p`rta faj guefb.

J` ^CO obetr`tÿ ` j` cuefmomÿe dbjèfas`, j` imiètaso` NmjjmtbeG`stsod`ppmk p`r` obestrumr y bpar`r j` Cuefmomÿe fa Jbeidbre(O`pòmf`f fa 04.888 V/`ðb qua sa agpazÿ ` obestrumr ae 0.=6>),fanmfb ` su obebomgmaetb y su axparmaeom` tètb obe jbs obeoaetr`fbsnbjmvmèbs prbvaemaetas fa gae`s obgb ` jbs obeoaetr`fbs `juvm`jasfaj Jakèb Brmaeta. Xbr j` uriaeom`, sa axojuyarbe j`s euav`s tíoemo`spbr ast`r pbob prbn`f`s. Ae asta saetmfb, j` Cuefmomÿe fa Jbeidbre ebsa j` obestruyÿ obgb ue` raspuast` ` j` Iuarr`, smeb qua sa jàst`njaomÿ axpjçomt`gaeta, p`r` ‚ajmgme`r j` fapaefaeom` faj p`çs fajo`rtaj axtrèkarb faj Ast`ðb‗. Jbeidbre eb ar` j` gàs gbfare` fajguefb, parb pbfç` prboas`r tbfb aj Ast`ðb fa Nbjmvm` y t`j vaz, rasbjvarj` fagèf` fa AA.QQ. Xarb jbs `jtbs obstbs j`nbr`jas y su taoebjbiç`

vmak`, dmrmarbe su acmomaeom`. _a aspar`n` qua jbs prboasbs obe àomfbs yobgnustmnjas, obgnme`fbs obe ue trèspbrta n`r`tb fasfa Nbjmvm`,pbfrçè dòarj` obgpatmtmv` obe j`s cuefmombeas obgarom`jas aurbpa`s.

1 Ebt` faj tr`fuotbr; âobestruotmbe Cmeèoa Obrpbr`tmbe¶s Gat`js âsarva Obgpèy



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Jbs nrmtàemobs, qua kuetb ` X`tmðb fbgme`nè aj MVO, prmgarb metaet`rbefmsu`fmr ` j` @fgmemstròmÿe fa ^bbsavajt fa obestrumr t`j cuefmomÿe. Xarbèta j` eai`tmv`, pjèta`rbe cmrg`r ue obgprbgmsb p`r` qua j` Cuefmomÿefa Jbeidbre cuasa oarr`f` `j cme`jmz`r fa j` Iuarr`. Meeaoas`rmb asfaomrjb, parb tètb aj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Iuarr` obgb aj fa Ast`fb,raod`z`rbe j`s fbs patmombeas, `fuomaefb qua jbs AA.QQ. eueo` gàssarçè radaeas fa j` MVO. ] asb suoafmÿ ouèfb aj è`jmst` fajFap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb Darnart Cams, eaibomÿ su prmgar obetr`tb obejbs nbjmvmèbs ae 0.=68, pbr >1 `ðbs y p`r` tbfb aj Ast`ðb fa Nbjmvm` ‟ ue` oj`r` mefmoòmÿe fa jbs `gpjmbs cmeas fa jbs AA.QQ.

Jbs nrmtàemobs ast`nè dbrrbrmz`fbs èta j` parspaotmv` fa qua ajIbnmareb fa jbs AA.QQ. meirasa `j o`gpb faj prboas`gmaetb fajAst`ðb. Aetbeoas Cams jas raobrfÿ crç`gaeta, j`s fmsormgmeòmbeas yrastrmoombeas sucrmf`s furèta jbs ètarmbras >1 `ðbs, qua dmomarbemeavmt`nja asta s`jtb. ] ouèfb jbs nrmtàemobs `fukarbe qua j` cuefmomÿefa AA.QQ. pbfrç` tr`n`k`r sme ièèom`s, Cams jas raspbefmÿ qua ùequa‚prbn`njagaeta asb cuasa varf`f‗, eueo` j`s aei`ðbs`s tàotmo`smeijas`s y faj o`rtaj pbfrçè prbn`rjb.

‚Ae j` cbtb sa va j` bparòmÿe cme`j fa racmeòmÿe faj ast`ðb; Aj raobrta fa j`ran`n` y j` jmgpmaz` fa jbs jmeibtas fa ast`ðb purb, ae jbs gmsgbs gbjfasae jbs qua cua vòm`fb aj gat`j‗. J` cbtb ja partaeaoa ` j` Jmnrarç` fajObeirasb fa jbs AA.QQ. (_m puafa, obgp`ra j` cbtb obe j` fa euastrbsbnrarbs ae j` Cuefmomÿe fa Smetb - Brurb, ae j` gmsg` bparòmÿe).



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J`s obrpbròmbeas fa jbs AA.QQ. d`nçè metaet`fb guod`s vaoas ae ajp`s`fb `nrmr cuefmombeas ae jbs AA.QQ., tè sÿjb p`r` qua jbs meijasasj`s duefmarè ae j` nèo`rrbt`. Aj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb `spmr`n` ``n`staoar ` j` Cuefmomÿe fa Jbeidbre obe `jib gàs fa 0.888 V fa

obeoaetr`fbs/gas, parb asta suaðb obrrç` pajmirb, puas jbs obetr`tbsfastme`nè o`sm tbfb aj Ast`ðb nbjmvmèb ` Irè Nrat`ð`. ] obgb o`smtbfb aj Ast`ðb faj Jakèb Brmaeta (G`j`y`), ast`n` smtm`fb, j`scuefmombeas ae Meij`tarr` fapaefçè o`sm tbt`jgaeta fa j` prbfuoomÿe faX`tmðb. ] j` obs` eb ò`n`n` `dç, j` Cuefmomÿe fa @redag fa Dbjèf`,fbefa Dbsodsodmjf y @r`g`yb prboas`nè tr`fmombe`jgaeta susobeoaetr`fbs, ast`nè n`kb boupòmÿe E`zm. Xbr asta gbtmvb, tètb ajXrasmfaeta Xað`rèf` obgb Dbsodsodmjf `jaet`nè j` obestruoomÿe faj` Cuefmomÿe fa Jbeidbre; Eb sÿjb pbrqua j` obgpataeom` fa jbs AA.QQ.pbfrç` rbgpar j` fapaefaeom` fa jbs gbebpbjmbs nrmtàemobs, smeb pbrquaajjb pbfrç` pargmtmr qua jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb y aj ibnmareb pufmasae`fqumrmr fÿj`ras, ae vaz fa jmnr`s astarjme`s njbqua`f`s.

J` prmgar` bcart` fa jbs AA.QQ. pbr aj Ast`ðb nbjmvmèb, cua fa 6>o./JC3, ue pbob gakbr qua jb fa Jbefras pì`n` d`nmtu`jgaeta. Jbs

k`pbeasas dmomarbe su prbpm` bcart` ue pbob faspuís. Aj p`sb fa j`ssagè`s, gbstrÿ ` Xað`rèf` y ` jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb, qua ast`nèagn`ro`fbs ae ue` iuarr` fa `puast`s aetra j`s tras eòmbeas rmv`jas._m nmae X`tmðb vaç` ` j` Cuefmomÿe fa Jbeidbre obgb ue` gèar` fa‚jmnr`rjb‗ fa j`s rastrmoombeas fa jbs obetr`tbs nrmtàemobs ae astarjme`s,p`r` jbs btrbs n`rbeas fanmjmt`rç` j` pbsmomÿe fbgmeèta fa X`tmðb. Xarb,prbetb sa fmarbe ouaet` qua j` asp`f` obrt`n` ae `gnbs saetmfbs. Aeacaotb, jbs nbjmvmèbs èsm`nè 61 o./JC, p`r` ou`jqumar ir`fb fa gmear`jobeoaetr`fb, parb jbs AA.QQ. sÿjb bcraoç` 6>o./JC, pbr jbs fa `jt` jay.Fa tbf`s gèar`s, p`r` jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb j` pbsmnmjmf`f fa vaefarsus obetr`tbs obe jbs AA.QQ. arè ue` bpbrtuemf`f ûemo`, puas em j`scuefmombeas nrmtàemo`s em j`s dbjèfas`s fasa`nè prboas`r susobeoaetr`fbs fa n`k` jay. Xbr asb aj bnkatmvb ar` `saiur`rsa ue praomb

cmkb, puas `sç t`gnmíe jbir`rçè axpbrt`rjbs.

Y`sdmeitbe metaetÿ rbgpar aj mgp`sa, ùgaetèfb j` oètmf`f faast`ðb ` obgpr`r ` 04.888 V/`ðb, qua jbs nbjmvmèbs raspbefmarbe obebtr`s euav`s sbjmomtufas; Pua sa jas raobebzo` jbs obstbs fa cuefmomÿe.Faspuís fa gasas fa eaibomòmÿe, aj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb,èsmbsb pbr obgaez`r bparòmbeas ae j` Omuf`f fa Vax`s, cme`jgaetaòaptÿ pì`r ue praomb cmkb pbr omeob `ðbs, fa 64,1 o./JC p`r` ò`n`robe j` cuefmomÿe nrmtàemo` y `sugmr, `fagàs, j` raspbes`nmjmf`f pbr jbs

3 Ebt` faj tr`fuotbr. 6> o./JC, sa fana jaar obgb 6> oaet`vbs fa $Q_ pbr jmcr` cme` fa ast`ðb.



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obeoaetr`fbs òuguj`fbs ae jbs puartbs odmjaebs fa @rmo` y @etbcì`st`. Juaib fa fur`s eaibomòmbeas, jbs AA.QQ. agpaz`rbe òbgpr`r ue nuae pbroaet`ka faj Ast`ðb fmspbemnja p`r` jbs `jm`fbs, `gaebs fa j` gmt`f fa praomb qua sa pì`n` furèta j` Xrmgar` Iuarr`

Guefm`j.

Ae omartbs emvajas fa j` Irè Nrat`ð`, asta `rraijb smiemcmoÿ `jiboaroèb ` ue` o`tàstrbca. X`tmðb `dbr` `riúç` qua, ` eb sar qua jbsnrmtàemobs dmomarè obeou`s`r su praomb obe aj fa jbs AA.QQ., íj pbfrç`rbgpar su obetr`tb fa j`ri` furòmÿe y vaefar su ast`ðb ` j` ^CO. Aeue fatargme`fb gbgaetb, meojusb `gae`zÿ obe p`rtmomp`r aj gmsgb faj` jmomtòmÿe p`r` j` obestruoomÿe fa j` cuefmomÿe fa jbs AA.QQ. @ pas`rqua jbs nrmtàemobs eb d`nçè pbfmfb mgpafmr aj obetr`tb fa AA.QQ. obeNbjmvm`, sç metaet`rbe ò`n`r obe j` p`rtmompòmÿe fa jbs AA.QQ.,òbrfèfb obgpr`r tbf` j` prbfuoomÿe faj Ast`ðb nbjmvmèb pbr omeob`ðbs, ouèfb axpmr`sa aj òuarfb obe jbs AA.QQ. E`tur`jgaetaXað`rèf` y jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb raod`z`rbe aj òuarfb, ae jàsparèz` fa gètaear j` obgpataeom` aetra nrmtàemobs yast`fbuemfaesas ` j` aspar` fa gakbras rífmtbs. Xarb Xa`rj D`rnbr(fmomagnra fa 0.=60) y j` bcaesmv` k`pbeas` ae aj suf asta fa @sm` jbo`gnmÿ tbfb. @ gafmf` qua j`s cuarz`s k`pbeas`s boup`nè j` G`j`y`Nrmtàemo` y j`s Mefm`s Dbjèfas`s Brmaet`jas, jbs garo`fbs guefm`jasfaj Ast`ðb o`yarbe ae aj o`bs hpuas j`s cuaetas fa gmear`j p`r` jbs`jm`fbs y irè p`rta fa su o`pòmf`f fa cuefmomÿe, ast`nè o`ptur`f`s.



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Jbs nrmtàemobs y dbjèfasas ètmompàefbsa ` jbs curmbsbs `t`quas faDmtjar ae Aurbp`, d`nçè tr`sj`f`fb irè p`rta fa su o`pòmf`f facuefmomÿe ` G`j`y` y ` j`s Mefm`s Brmaet`jas, parb objboàefbj`sfmraot`gaeta ae aj o`gmeb faj `vèoa k`pbeís. Gàs faj 98% fa j`

prbfuoomÿe guefm`j fa Ast`ðb (y `ûe ue g`ybr pbroaet`ka fa jò`pòmf`f fa cuefmomÿe), o`yÿ ràpmf`gaeta ae gèbs faj Aka. Jbsjçfaras fa jbs AA.QQ. tuvmarbe qua aecraet`r j` fasìr`f`njaparspaotmv` fa aetr`r ` j` Iuarr` sme cuaetas vm`njas y` sa` fa ast`ðb bfa jàgme`s fa ast`ðb. @eta tè prao`rm` smtuòmÿe p`r` jbs `jm`fbs,Xað`rèf` y jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb obgpraefmarbe qua ar` ue`bpbrtuemf`f sme praoafaetas p`r` obevartmrsa vmrtu`jgaeta, ae j` ûemo`cuaeta fa Ast`ðb p`r` j` gàqume` fa iuarr` @jm`f`.

Eb ja jjavb guodb tmagpb ` X`tmðb aj f`rsa ouaet` fa jb qua astbmgpjmo`n`. Obe j` ìaef` fa obetrbj fa j` prbfuoomÿe fa j` MVO oaro` faaxpmr`r ` cmeas fa 0.=60, jbs nrmtàemobs sbjmomt`rbe su raebvòmÿe aetírgmebs c`vbr`njas. Jbs nbjmvmèbs aetaefmarbe qua sarç` ue` jbour`, ajfak`r qua j` Irè Nrat`ð` quaf`sa o`sm obgb axojusmv` obesugmfbr`furèta j` iuarr` y qua us`sa ` j` MVO p`r` ast`njaoar ue n`kb praombp`r` aj ast`ðb. Ae acaotb, ae 0.=6>, aj Ibnmareb fa Nbjmvm` y jbsprbfuotbras fa ast`ðb, d`nçè faomfmfb bntaear g`ybr jmnart`f p`rèaibom`r gakbras praombs tètb obe jbs AA.QQ. obgb obe Irè Nrat`ð`.Ast` j` r`zÿe p`r` qua X`tmðb, aso`jf`fb pbr j`s rastrmoombeaso`gnm`rm`s nrmtàemo`s, raod`z`sa raebv`r aj obetr`tb. Jb qua íj `jp`raoar eb tuvb ae ouaet`, cua qua `j fasfað`r ` j` MVO, ast`n`qumtèfb aj ûemob mgpafmgaetb p`r` j` oraòmÿe fa ue` `jmèz` nrmtàemobast`fbuemfaesa, guy metaras`f` ae suprmgmr aj praomb faj Ast`ðb quaajjbs obesugçè.

Cua ae asa gbgaetb qua aj X`jòmb fa Ydmtad`jj, ` pas`r fa su irè‚bfmb vmsoar`j‗ ja prbpusb ` Y`sdmeitbe ue` ‚pbjçtmo` obgûe‗ p`r`‚pravaemr ou`jqumar metaetb fa odèt`ka‗. @uequa X`tmðb cme`jgaeta cmrgÿ

j` raebvòmÿe (qua prbetb sa fasgbrbeÿ pbr j` mev`smÿe k`pbeas` faG`j`y` y j`s Mefm`s Dbjèfas`s Brmaet`jas), aj f`ðb ast`n` daodb y ajo`rtaj y` eueo` gàs akaroarç` j` ùtbrmf`f qua ue` vaz tuvb. Faòuarfb `j pbjmtÿjbib Jùraeoa Ydmtada`f, X`tmðb y jbs n`rbeas fajast`ðb `j còmjmt`r ue` `jmèz` aetra j` Irè Nrat`ð` y jbs AA.QQ.,me`fvartmf`gaeta d`nçè aetrai`fb aj obetrbj faj garo`fb qua taeç` j`rbso`, `j Ibnmareb fa jbs AA.QQ.] astb `cjbrÿ fa ` pbob, `j obetmeu`r pmfmaefb Xað`rèf` @r`g`yb yDbsodsodmjf qua aj praomb n`sa p`r` jbs obeoaetr`fbs fa Ast`ðb, fanç`

sar fa 31 o/JC. Dbsodsodmjf fa qumae jbs fmpjbgàtmobs fa jbs AA.QQ.faoçè qua ‚eb sa `gmjè`n` ae j`s eaibomòmbeas‗, oj`gÿ qua tbf`s



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sus gme`s, axoaptb Objqumrm, ast`nè prbfuomaefb ` pírfmf` obe jbspraombs fa 0.=60< t`gnmíe dmzb ebt`r qua j` ^CO, pbr btrb j`fb, d`nç`fbnj`fb aj praomb faj pjbgb qua jbs AA.QQ. mgpbrt`n`.

@ pas`r qua jbs nrmtàemobs d`nçè prbgatmfb pì`r ` X`tmðb aj gmsgbpraomb qua Y`sdmeitbe pì`n` ` @r`g`yb y Dbsodsodmjf, eb pbfçè‚aetaefar pbr quí jbs ast`fbuemfaesas b aj âmeb Qemfb, fançèsbgatarsa `j odèt`ka nbjmvmèb‗ y` qua ‚jbs nbjmvmèbs fapaefçètbt`jgaeta fa jbs garo`fbs fa AA.QQ. b faj âmeb Qemfb obgb ûemobsfastmebs fa su ûemo` y vmt`j axpbrtòmÿe‗. J. Ydmtad`jj prasmbeÿ p`r` quaj` `fgmemstròmÿe fa ^bbsavajt eb ùgaet`sa aj praomb pbr e`f` ae ajguefb. @j cme`j, jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb òapt`rbe jbs 38 o/JC `gafm`fbs fa 0.=6? y Xað`rèf` òaptÿ eb fmot`r em euavbs mgpuastbsem rastrmoombeas ` jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb. Ouèfb aj obetr`tb fanç` sarraebv`fb ae kuemb fa 0.=6?, jbs nbjmvmèbs fagèf`rbe, pbr jb gaebs,98 o/JC y sa tbp`rbe obe j` metrèsmiaeom` fa su obetr`p`rta. Xað`rèfèb sÿjb tuvb ‚`v`rmom` y vmst` obrt`‗, smeb qua, `fagàs, vmbjÿ aj òuarfb`j mgpbear euavbs mgpuastbs ` j` prbfuoomÿe fa ast`ðb, `j pafmr ueajav`fb pbroaet`ka fa j`s fmvms`s. Xarb t`gnmíe jbs prbfuotbras vmbj`rbeaj obetr`tb, `j aevm`r ` AA.QQ. axoasmv`s oètmf`fas fa obeoaetr`fbsfa n`k` jay. Asta aj gbtmvb pbr aj ou`j jbs pjèmcmo`fbras fa AA.QQ.mesmstmarbe ae qua sa fanç` gètaear jbs praombs d`nmtu`jas pbr ue btrb`ðb.

Aj fasòuarfb sa `rr`strÿ d`st` fmomagnra fa 0.=6?, ouèfb Smjj`rrbajfarrboÿ faj pbfar ` Xað`rèf`. Xarb obgb jbs AA.QQ. y` pbsaçè ue`rasarv` ‚`faou`f`‗ p`r` jbs smiumaetas fbs `ðbs fa j` iuarr` y ajakíromtb ‚y` eb ast`n` tè praboup`fb pbr aj `n`staomgmaetb fa ast`ðb‗,aj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb raobgaefÿ qua j`s eaibomòmbeas sasuspaefmarè. Fa ast` gèar`, Smjj`rrbaj y jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb,tuvmarbe qua vmvmr obe aj praomb fa 38 o/JC d`st` fmomagnra fa 0.=66,ouèfb jbs AA.QQ. òoafmarbe ` meoragaet`r ae >,1 o aj praomb. Cua

aetbeoas qua Smjj`rrbaj gèfÿ qua sa meoragaet`sae jbs s`j`rmbs fa jbstr`n`k`fbras y eaiÿ, `j gmsgb tmagpb, qua jbs naeacmombs `joèz`sae `jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb. Xbr su j`fb X`z Astaessbrb, euav`gaeta p`rtafaj i`nmeata obgb gmemstrb fa cmeèz`s, faoratÿ qua aj 38% fa j`sfmvms`s pbfçè sar rataemfbs pbr aj ibnmareb.

Ae kujmb fa 0=61, Y`sdmeitbe ra`sugmÿ j`s eaibomòmbeas p`r` ueeuavb obetr`tb a mesmstmÿ ue` vaz gàs ae qua aj Ibnmareb fa Nbjmvm` ebprbgujiua euav`s rastrmoombeas ` jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb y qua ístbs

pìuae pae`s ajav`f`s pbr jbs agn`rquas axoapombe`jas fa ast`ðb fan`k` jay. _m nmae aj praomb faj ast`ðb d`nç` oraomfb v`rmbs oaet`vbs pbr



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jmnr` cme`, sa `vaome`n` ue` obetròomÿe fanmfb `j euavb obetr`tb fajsmiumaeta `ðb. Ae acaotb, obe K`pÿe oaroèb ` sar farrbt`fb, jbspjèmcmo`fbras fa jbs AA.QQ. prasìm`nè aj prbetb ratbreb fa jbs G`j`y_tr`mts ` jbs pbfaras objbem`jas y cuasa ou`j cuasa j` vaet`k` qua X`tmðb

y Xað`rèf` tuvmarbe ae 0=68, ràpmf`gaeta mrç` fas`p`raomaefb. Asomartb qua sa aspar`n` ue` meavmt`nja aso`sas fa ast`ðb d`st` qua j`prbfuoomÿe fa jbs G`j`y _tr`mts vbjvmasa ` ast`r fmspbemnja parb, iròm`s` j` Cuefmomÿe fa Jbeidbre, j`s o`gp`ð`s ìrasmv`s fa raomoj`ka y ajobetr`tb obe Nbjmvm`, j` Kuet` fa Xrbfuoomÿe fa Iuarr` (Y`r XrbfuotmbeNb`rf), ast`n` jmst` p`r` sbjvaet`r j`s eaoasmf`fas fa iuarr` faAA.QQ.

Xarb j` cme`jmzòmÿe fa j` iuarr` ae Aurbp`, ‚agpabrÿ j` smtuòmÿe‗. J`g`rme` obetmeu`n` pmfmaefb irèfas oètmf`fas fa ast`ðb, `sç obgb j`seòmbeas jmnar`f`s p`r` pbfar raobestrumrsa. Xbr su j`fb, j` mefustrm`fbgastmo` agn`ro`f` t`gnmíe ae su raobevarsmÿe, sbjmomt`n` fa miu`jgèar`, ue` pbromÿe.

Ouèfb aj K`pÿe sa rmefmÿ ae ìbstb fa 0.=61, j`s obs`s èf`nè g`j;Aj ast`ðb fa G`j`y _tr`mts eb ast`n` jmstb. Fas`jaet`fb, aj fmraotbrArwme Sbiajsèi fa j` Fmvmsmÿe fa Ast`ðb, Xjbgb y Omeo fa j` Kuet` faXrbfuoomÿe fa Iuarr`, paes`n` qua j` obs` parfur`rç` pbr tbf` j` vmf`.Xarb t`gnmíe ast`n` j` pbjçtmo` fa tmarr` `rr`s`f` qua d`nçè `sugmfbjbs meijasas ae G`j`y` `j prmeompmb fa j` Iuarr` y jbs ou`trb `ðbs faiuarr` a metaes` o`gp`ð` iuarrmjjar` k`pbeas`, qua fakb `j p`çs smefrì`s y sÿjb 61 gme`s ae bparòmÿe. Jb omartb as qua jbs omaetbs fapaquað`s obgp`ðç`s gmear`s aurbpa`s y odme`s, tètb `jjç obgb aeOdme`, eb pbfçè cmeèom`r ue` tbt`j rastùròmÿe fa j`s mest`jòmbeasfastrumf`s furèta j` Iuarr`.

@ûe gàs, j` briujjbs` pbjçtmo` mgparm`j, èta aj crò`sb fa su obgarombmetareòmbe`j, mgpmfmÿ qua jbs nrmtàemobs sbjmomt`sae j` `smstaeom` fa jbs

AA.QQ. p`r` j` rastùròmÿe fa j` prbfuotmvmf`f ae G`j`y`. Xbr suj`fb, aj ibnmareb dbjèfís y j` Nmjjmtbe G`stsod`ppmk (ae j` qua fmodbibnmareb pbsaç` aj 3> % faj obetrbj), brfae`rbe `j cme`j fa j` Iuarr`, ajmegafm`tb raagpj`zb fa sus aqumpbs fastme`fbs ` sus bparòmbeasastèeçcar`s ae j`s Mefm`s Dbjèfas`s Brmaet`jas, ùequa sme g`ybrasparèz` puas, obgb aj fmraotbr Sbiajsèi axpjmoÿ juaib, j`prbfuoomÿe `j cme`j d`nrç` fa ast`r fatargme`f` pbr ue MVO rastùr`fb.Ae sç ‚eb ast`n` guy aetusm`sg`fb obe ue rastùròmÿe prbet`, acaotmv`y obstbs`‗ fa j` gmearç` ae aj _uf Asta fa @sm`, puas pbfrç` ò`rra`r j`

sbnraprbfuoomÿe.



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X`r` jbs pjèmcmo`fbras fa jbs AA.QQ. ast`n` oj`rb qua eb sa fanç`pargmtmr ` j` MVO aj raobestmtumrsa. J` MM Iuarr` Guefm`j d`nç` ibjpa`fb`j o`rtaj faj ast`ðb y ` j` Brièmzòmÿe Metareòmbe`j faj Obgaromb(MVB); @dbr` jbs AA.QQ. pbfç` cmemqumt`rj`.

Aj O`pçtujb SM fa j` O`rt` fa j` MVB fmspbeç` qua tètb prbfuotbrasobgb obesugmfbras, pbsaçè miu`jas faraodbs ae ou`jqumar òuarfbmetareòmbe`j sbnra ‚g`tarm`s prmg`s‗. @ s`nar; J` prbdmnmomÿe fa cmk`rpraombs, j`s rastrmoombeas ` j` prbfuoomÿe brfae`f`s pbr aj ibnmareb, jbssmstag`s fa oubt`s u btrbs asquag`s fa ast`nmjmzòmÿe. _maefb asa ajo`sb Fbe`jf Laeeafy, cueombe`rmb faj Fap`rt`gaetb fa Ast`fb faAA.QQ., prboj`gÿ qua j` MVO y` eb ougpjç` emeiue` ‚cueomÿe vàjmf`‗.F`f`s j`s omrouestèom`s, eb oùsÿ sbrpras` qua jbs fmpjbgàtmobsnbjmvmèbs bpme`sae qua j` MVO fanç` sar rastùr`f` y ‚ravmt`jmz`f` obej` `yuf` fa fmbs y aj obeoursb fa jbs obesugmfbras, p`r` `saiur`r aj`rgbembsb fas`rrbjjb fa ue` mefustrm` qua naeacmom`sa ` tbf`s j`seòmbeas‗.

Xrbetb obebomarbe qua j` prbfuoomÿe fa G`j`y`, n`kb j` prasmÿe fajIbnmareb Nrmtàemob (` su vaz prasmbe`fb pbr jbs AA.QQ.), quaf`n` `jg`riae. Jbs fajai`fbs fa Nbjmvm` y fa j`s Mefm`s Dbjèfas`sBrmaet`jas, nuso`nè fasaspar`f`gaeta ue` cÿrguj` qua s`jv`sa ` j`

MVO; _`nçè qua sm eb pms`nè ‚su`va‗ tbfb aj tmagpb, targme`rçè pbr ‚paja`rsa‗ obe j` `jmèz` èijb-`garmoè`.



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Ouèfb aj agn`k`fbr nbjmvmèb pmfmÿ ue` pùs`, p`r` qua j` MVOpufmasa obetmeu`r d`st` qua j` trèsmomÿe targme`r`, jbs AA.QQ.raspbefmar be fa gèar` ‚meaquçvbo`‗; Eb. Ae ebvmagnra fa 0.=63, `‚suiaraeom` fa jbs AA.QQ.‗, (ùequa p`r` aj agn`k`fbr nbjmvmèb

^mo`rfb G`rtçeaz S`ri`s, aj tírgmeb ‚prasmÿe‗ dunmasa smfb gàs`faou`fb), quafÿ cbrg`jgaeta fmsuajt` j` mestmtuomÿe qua ja pargmtç` `Nbjmvm` obgpatmtmvmf`f ` j`rib pj`zb.

Ae jui`r fa j` MVO jbs pjèmcmo`fbras meijasas y ast`fbuemfaesas,obestmtuyarbe ue` Gas` faj Irupb fa Astufmb faj Ast`ðb, obgb ue‚prmgar p`sb axparmgaet`j‗ p`r` jbir`r ue òuarfb sbnra g`tarm`sprmg`s p`r` j` MVB, ae j` qua saiûe ajjbs, sa pbfrç` jbir`r ue`‚`tgbscar` fa nuae` vbjuet`f‗. Xrbetb quafÿ ae oj`rb qua aj Irupb faAstufmb ‚eb ar` aj aspòmb p`r` jbir`r òuarfbs p`r` faomfmr sbnra aj`n`staomgmaetb fa Ast`ðb‗, smeb ue` ‚bpbrtuemf`f‗ p`r` ue ‚`gpjmbmetaro`gnmb fa mfa`s, fa mecbrgòmÿe‗ y fa obgpmjòmbeas ast`fçstmo`s‚gar`gaeta rutme`rm`s‗.

J` ^CO obesmfar`n` qua j` MVB y` ar` meûtmj y ‚obetmeuÿ jjavèfb ` o`nbrauembeas saorat`s, jèzèfb `gae`z`s, `nmart`s b vaj`f`s, yòusòmbeas fa g`j` ca‗. J` varf`far` ùtbrmf`f p`r` raimr j`prbfuoomÿe y aj praomb faj Ast`ðb, quafÿ ae aj Obgmtí Obgnme`fb fajAst`ðb (OVO), obe safa ae Y`sdmeitbe. Qeb fa sus prmeomp`jas pjèasar` aj fa mevartmr acmomaetagaeta, sus pbobs raoursbs ` p`rtmr fa j``smieòmÿe fa oubt`s eòmbe`jas. Vbfb astb j` objboÿ o`sm obe aj obetrbjtbt`j sbnra j`s g`tarm`s prmg`s qua ja metaras`nè. Ae asta g`rob, jbsnurÿor`t`s meijasas y ast`fbuemfaesas fa j` OVO, fatargme`rbe quatbfb aj Ast`ðb nbjmvmèb fanç` sar vaefmfb ` jbs AA.QQ., sme metaras`rqua aj fa X`tmðb y` astunmasa obgprbgatmfb ` j` Irè Nrat`ð`.

X`r` j` ^CO, j` OVO ar` j` irè bpbrtuemf`f p`r` qua AA.QQ. y j` IrèNrat`ð` pufmasae metaet`r aguj`r aj emvaj qua j` MVO ue` vaz tuvb. Fa

daodb, ouèfb ue` eòmÿe targme`n` pbr eaibom`r ue praomb, faspuísfa gasas fa nrut`jas eaibomòmbeas, pbr jb iaear`j jbs prbvaafbras jbobevartçè ae aj ‚praomb guefm`j‗, qua jbs btrbs prbfuotbras fançèòapt`r. Aj o`rtaj fa j` MVO quafÿ raagpj`z`fb pbr aj ‚o`rtaj èijbast`fbuemfaesa‗, tè prapbtaeta qua `jiuebs prbfuotbras nbjmvmèbs faast`ðb, pracarçè eaibom`r obe aj pbtaeom`j ‚garo`fb imiètasob‗ fa j`Q^__.

Xarb dunmarbe btrbs `joèoas. Jbs aeo`ri`fbs fa j` pjèmcmoòmÿe ae jbs

AA.QQ. obesmfar`nè qua j` fastruoomÿe fa j` MVO ar` sÿjb aj prmgarp`sb p`r` j` èmqumjòmÿe fa tbf`s j`s rastrmoombeas qua fmodbs ast`fbs



6>

prbfuotbras fa Ast`ðb d`nçè mgpuastb `j obgaromb faj Ast`ðb. J` MVOd`nç` tr`n`k`fb gèobgue`f`gaeta p`r` mgpbear t`jas rastrmoombeas,gèmpujèfb j`s axpbrtòmbeas g`j`y`s fa ast`ðb aetra 0.=8? y 0.=>6.Xbr su j`fb, aj ibnmareb nrmtàemob d`nç` fastrbz`fb jbs pjèas

ast`fbuemfaesas p`r` ast`njaoar cuefmombeas, ètas fa j` _aiuefÌuarr` Guefm`j. Ae asta saetmfb, j`s rastrmoombeas nbjmvmè`s quaf`nè`j emvaj fa ue fat`jja; Qe eûgarb ‚mecmemtasmg`j‗ fa nbjmvmèbs quapì`nè `jiûe mgpuastb ` ue ibnmareb eòmbe`j, qua ast`n` cuef`fbo`sm tbt`jgaeta, ae ue smstag` nmzètmeb fa mgpuastbs ` j` prbfuoomÿe y` j` vaet` fa Ast`ðb.

] ae varf`f, arè omaetbs fa mgpuastbs; @ j`s axpbrtòmbeas, jbsmgpuastbs jbo`jas, jbs mgpuastbs mefmraotbs ` nmaeas aspaoçcmobs, jbsmgpuastbs ` jbs meirasbs, `quajjbs fastme`fbs ` j`s trèscaraeom`sgmear`s, jbs mgpuastbs ` jbs fmvmfaefbs y `j obgaromb metareòmbe`j._aiûe jbs AA.QQ. rbef`nè jbs01 o/JC fa gmear`j fa ast`ðb axpbrt`fb.Xarb ast` jmst` eb meojuya jbs faoratbs qua raiuj`rgaeta sa punjmo`nè(‚obe craouaeom` ratrbòtmvbs‗) sbnra ùgaetbs s`j`rm`jas u btrbsnaeacmombs sbom`jas p`r` jbs tr`n`k`fbras b meojusb `jiuebs euavbsmgpuastbs, obgb ueb obegagbrèfb aj 688 èmvars`rmb fajfasounrmgmaetb faj Oarrb fa Xbtbsç. Vbfb asta asquag`, pargmtç` ajcmeèom`gmaetb fa j`s mgpbrtòmbeas faj ibnmareb nbjmvmèb.

Aj smiumaeta p`sb, bnvmb p`r` jbs AA.QQ., tè prbetb jjaiÿ aj parmbfb fapbst-iuarr`, cua aj fa ajmgme`r asta jbob a mgprafaomnja asquag` famgpuastbs, ae aj ou`j j` Omuf`f fa J` X`z taeç` 634 fmcaraetas y ajibnmareb eòmbe`j btrbs ?33, aetra mgpuastbs y o`ri`s. âsujt` mrÿemobqua j` obefuoomÿe ast`fbuemfaesa faj ‚jmnra garo`fb‗, eb dunmasatr`n`k`fb, ` tr`vís fa j` MVB, p`r` qua ístbs cuasae raiuj`fbs fagèar` aqumt`tmv` ae vaet`k` fa jbs nbjmvmèbs, `j gaebs pbr `jiuebs`ðbs.



6?

Xbr btrb j`fb, j` Iuarr` y j` boupòmÿe k`pbeas` d`nçè p`r`jmz`fb j`prbfuoomÿe fa ast`ðb ae j`s Mefm`s Brmaet`jas y G`j`y`, ùequa, obgby` sa s`na, aj ast`ðb nbjmvmèb eb pbfç` obgpatmr obe aj `juvm`j fa`gn`s raimbeas. Xbr su p`rta, j` rastùròmÿe fa ue` prbfuoomÿe ebrg`jae jbs G`j`y _tr`mts `ûe ast`n` jakè` parb j` oraomaeta fagèf` pbr ajgat`j p`r` j` raobestruoomÿe fa pbst-iuarr` iaearÿ aso`sas, jb qua cuafa nuae ùiurmb p`r` jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb y aj Ibnmareb fa Nbjmvm`.

J` faomsmÿe fa jbs AA.QQ. fa gètaear sus bparòmbeas fa cuefmomÿe aeVax`s, qua p`r` j` ^CO ar` ‚j` gèar` gàs acaotmv` fa `saiur`r j`p`rtmompòmÿe fa jbs AA.QQ. ae aj jmgmt`fb guefb fa j` prbfuoomÿe‗,fanarç` d`nar i`rètmz`fb ue` obgpataeom` naeacmombs` p`r` jbsprbfuotbras nbjmvmèbs. Xarb eb, ` gafmf` qua aj ast`ðb agpaz`n` `sar raimfb pbr aj ríimgae fa j` ^CO, ‚j` g`tarm` prmg` gàs obetrbj`f`‗faj guefb, jbs fmpjbgàtmobs nbjmvmèbs memom`nè, obe pbob b e`f` fa

vaet`k`, sus eaibomòmbeas èu`jas obe jbs oruajas taoeÿor`t`s fa j`^CO.

J` ^CO, aj Gmemstarmb Nrmtàemob fa @n`staomgmaetb y jbs cuefmfbrasprmv`fbs fa Dbjèf`, tbfbs naeacmom`rmbs fa j` cuarz` faj Obgnmeaf VmeObggmtaa (OVO), cbrz`rbe ` jbs g`j`ybs, ` jbs nbjmvmèbs, ` jbsemiarmèbs y ` jbs mefbeasmbs, ` vaefar sus axpbrtòmbeas prmg`rm`s ùe ûemob pbstbr. X`r` kustmcmo`r su gbebpbjmb, j` ^CO `fukb qua jbs trasirèfas prbfuotbras fa ast`ðb arè orÿemo`gaeta meast`njas y qua j`

ormsms ae ou`jqumar` fa ajjbs, pbfrç` ‚smiemcmo`r sarm`s o`raeom`s



66

guefm`jas‗. Qe `riugaetb qua oj`r`gaeta mn` ae naeacmomb fa jbsAA.QQ.

Aj prmgar bnkatmvb fmpjbgàtmob fa jbs nbjmvmèbs ae asta parmbfb cua j` fa

metaet`r ajufmr asta `stutb smstag`. Xarb aj gaoèmsgb ast`n` o`jouj`fbp`r` fmrmimr ` jbs irèfas mefustrm`s ‚o`sm axojusmv`gaeta obetr` j`mefustrm` faj ast`ðb ae Nbjmvm`‗. _u crò`sb, jb prafmkarbe oj`r`gaeta,pbfrç` `rr`str`r, ` j` ‚faojmeòmÿe y ` j` rume`‗ ` j` mefustrm` gmear`prmv`f` faj ast`ðb ae Nbjmvm`, meojumfb tbfb aj brfae pbjçtmob qua jb raiç`.Nbjmvm` sa d`jj`n` ae ue` obyuetur` orçtmo`, aj vmakb brfae pbjçtmob yaobeÿgmob sa fatarmbr`n` ràpmf`gaeta y pbfç` obj`ps`r ae jbssmiumaetas `ðbs. V`j vaz dòm` ue` paquað` trèscbrgòmÿe dòm` `jibgàs gbfareb b obestrumr ue` sbomaf`f gàs miu`jmt`rm` b, cme`jgaeta, ` j`gmsg` ravbjuomÿe. X`tmðb y jbs n`rbeas faj ast`ðb d`nçè s`juf`fb y`jaet`fb j` metrbgmsmÿe fa jbs AA.QQ. ae jbs garo`fbs faj ast`ðb, parbastbs euavbs gàstrbs fa j` gèmpujòmÿe prbetb sa fmarbe ouaet` quasus `spmrètas ` s`jv`fbras, pbfçè sar tè aibçst`s obgb ajjbs

gmsgbs.Aj rasujt`fb fa asta obgpjakb

kuaib, fagbstrÿ j`meo`pòmf`f fa j` fmpjbgòm`fa jbs AA.QQ., p`r` pravar aj`fvaemgmaetb fa j`âvbjuomÿe Eòmbe`j, suobetrmnuomÿe ` j` guarta fatras ibnmarebs suoasmvbs y ajfa racbrz`r y prbvaar`smstaeom`, meobesomaetagaetaas omartb, ` ue gbvmgmaetbobesmfar`fb, fasfa fmstmet`s

ÿptmo`s, obgb ‚E`zm‗, ‚Xarbemst`‗ y ‚Obguemst`‗.

J`s eaoasmf`fas fa j` saiurmf`f eòmbe`j, parsbemcmo`f`s ae j` ^CO ysu faomsmÿe pbr ora`r rasarv`s fa ast`ðb, mev`jmf`rbe j`s prmbrmf`fasfmpjbgàtmo`s fa jbs AA.QQ. y, ` tr`vís fa ue prboasb obevujsmbe`fb,`prasur`rbe ue` ravbjuomÿe ètmo`pmt`jmst` qua taeç` obgb bnkatmvb,fasast`nmjmz`r `j g`ybr `n`staoafbr fa j`s mefustrm`s fa facaes` fa jbsAA.QQ., sm as qua eb ` tbf` j` Obrfmjjar` fa Jbs @efas.

Jbs o`pçtujbs qua smiuae ax`gmeè, ae `jiûe fat`jja, j`s rajòmbeas faj` @fgmemstròmÿe fa Vrugè obe sams fmstmetbs ibnmarebs fa Nbjmvm`. Aj

O`pçtujb 0 obe aj Ibnmareb supuast`gaeta ‚c`somst`‗ fa Iu`jnartbSmjj`rrbaj y fa su `jm`fb aj GE^, ouyb prmgar ascuarzb fa racbrg` sbom`j



oujgmeÿ obe aj jmeod`gmaetb faj prasmfaeta. Aj O`pçtujb > qua fat`jj` jbsmetaetbs fa j` Kuet` fa Vbgàs Gbeka Iutmírraz y j`s íjmtas nbjmvmè`s pbrraoupar`r aj obetrbj fa j` eòmÿe y fa raobestrumrj` n`kb j` prasmfaeom`fa Aermqua Dartzbi y sus c`jj`f`s memom`tmv`s fmpjbgàtmo`s ae Nuaebs

@mras y Y`sdmeitbe. Jbs O`pçtujbs 6 y 1 axpjmoè jbs ascuarzbs faG`gartb Qrrmbjìbmtm` pbr ajmgme`r `j GE^, obetrbj`r ` jbs n`rbeas fajast`ðb y `saiur`r ue obetr`tb p`r` aj Ast`ðb qua pufmasa avmt`rj`ravbjuomÿe qua sa vaç` vaemr. Aj O`pçtujb 3 d`nj` fa jbs fasaspar`fbsascuarzbs faj Iaear`j Duib N`jjmvmàe pbr jbir`r òuarfbs obe j` ^CO. AjO`pçtujb 9 obgmaez` obe j` âvbjuomÿe Eòmbe`j fa 0.=1> y aj ríimgaefa Sçotbr X`z Astaessbrb y targme` obe aj `jak`gmaetb fa Vrugè fa j`prasmfaeom` ae 0.=1?. J`s obeojusmbeas tboè nravagaeta jbs prmgarbsfç`s fa j` `fgmemstròmÿe fa Amesaedbwar, ouèfb pbr cme agaria uegàs sbcmstmo`fb, smeb acaotmvb, òaro`gmaetb ` Nbjmvm`.

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