the translation procedures of neologism in the … · the translation procedures of neologism in...
TRANSCRIPT
THE TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF NEOLOGISM
IN THE STRAWBERRY SHORTCAKE BILINGUAL BOOKS
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One
By:
KURNIA HESTI
1111026000047
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2017
i
ABSTRACT
Kurnia Hesti, The Translation Procedures of Neologism in the StrawberryShortcake Bilingual Books. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Adab andHumanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017.
This research was aimed to identify and analyze the types of neologisms inthe four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, their translation procedures whichwere applied by the translators to translate the SL neologisms into the TLincluding analyze the translation procedures which are used to preserve the SLneologisms into the TL. By using qualitative analysis method, the writer describeddata analysis with related study of neologisms by Newmark’s theory. The datawere collected by using content analysis technique which was only collecting themain data of neologisms and their translation procedures. The result showed thatthere were three types of neologisms which are occurred in these Bilingual Bookssuch as new coinage, old word with new sense and transferred word. The Salon-O-Matic occurred in new coinage type, salon in old word with new sense type andsmoothies, lemon bars, manicure, pedicure, pajamas, ballet, strawberrycheesecake, café and plum tart occurred in transferred word type. Meanwhile, thetranslators translated these neologisms in those types of neologisms by applyingfour translation procedures; couplet (transference and descriptive equivalent),transference, naturalization and functional equivalent. Furthermore, from thesefour translation procedures, there were only three translation procedures whichstill preserved them as SL neologisms based on their originality in the TL such ascouplet, transference and naturalization.
Keywords: Neologisms, Types of Neologisms, Translation Procedures
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare and that, to the best that this submission is my own work and
that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously
published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent
has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university
or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been
made in the text.
Jakarta, July 2017
Kurnia Hesti
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
All praises to be Allah SWT, the Lord of Universe, who amazingly guides
the writer in the process of making this thesis. Peace and Salutation be upon the
greatest Prophet Muhammad SAW, companions and adherents, who had change
the world from the stupidity into the ingenuity.
On this occasion, the writer wants to say many thanks to my beloved
parents; Mrs. Sugiyem and Mr. Dugel Hariono who have been keeping, teaching,
advising and supporting me in moral or financial even prayed for both my
graduation and successful while reaching my dreams as a Translator.
Alhamdulillahhirabbil ‘alamin, it is all because of you Ma, Pak. No words can
explain how grateful I am to have you in my life. Thank you so much Ma, Pak
and I apologize for billion times because of the lateness of my graduation. The
writer also wants to give her gratitude to Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd as the
writer advisor for his time, guidance, kindness and contribution while correcting
and helping her to finishing her thesis.
The writer would like to express her appreciation to the following people,
namely:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag, the Dean of Faculty of Adab and
Humanities, States Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
vi
2. Drs. Asep Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and
Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.
3. My thesis examiner Mr. Agus Suriyadi M.M and Mrs. Danti Pudjiati
M,Hum M.M. I thank to both of you for giving me much suggestion to
make a better thesis in my thesis examination.
4. All the Lecturers of English Letters Department and the administration
staff who have helped the process of making this thesis.
5. The writer’s beloved brother, Arif Ilham Rosidi. Just enjoy your study in
Akademi Pimpinan Perusahaan (APP) Jakarta this year bro. Hope you can
achieve what you want here. Never give up on your dreams and Don’t
forget to make our self and our parents proud! Love you bro!
6. Tri Hariyono, S.Psi. Thank you so much for being my senior in any
aspects. I also thank to you for always push me to finishing my thesis. I
apologize for always making you mad because of my procrastination.
However, I am truly hoped that you can enjoy your Magister study over
the next two years. Let’s get success and pour much sugar in a cup of our
life, Amin.
7. The writer’s beloved friends in Translation Satillah Fitriyanti and beloved
friends in Linguistic; Dewi Mustika Arifiani, Nurul Aini Saputri and Riska
Rahman. Thank you so much for every memory that we have been through
for the first time we met until now. Let’s get success guys!
vii
8. The entire writer’s friends in Translation; thank you so much for studying,
discussing, laughing and sing along at Huppy Puppy Bintaro in the last
seasons. It’s really fun guys!
9. The writer’s little friends, Zakira Izza Rafifa, Christopher Tyrell Narendra
and Ahmad Aditya Zajuli. Thank you very much for always making me
smile and laugh every time we studied together. Do not be lazy to study
and do not forget to be awesome my kids.
10. The writer’s friends in REMNI (Remaja Masjid Nurul Ikhsan) and
IRMAPA (Ikatan Remaja Masjid Se-Paninggilan). Thank you for always
remind me to finishing my thesis, although it takes a long time to write.
11. To Google Books who was helping me to give the references for my data
analysis. Thank you so much Google Books, you helped me a lot!
12. To all people and friends that are not mentioned one by one, “Thank you
so much”
Hopefully, this thesis can be beneficial to all parties, especially for
the writer herself and the readers generally. May Allah SWT will always
bless and protect us anytime and anywhere we are, Amin.
Jakarta, July 2017
The writer
vii
THE LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The Neologisms and Their Translation Procedures in the four
Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books …………………….…………. 33
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ i
APPROVEMENT ....................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION ....................................................................................... iii
DECLARATION ........................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................... v
THE LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................ ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The study ................................................. 1
B. Focus of The study........................................................... 4
C. Research Questions.......................................................... 5
D. Significance of The study................................................. 5
E. Research Methodology..................................................... 5
1. The Objectives of Research ........................................ 5
2. The Method of Research ............................................ 6
3. The Technique of Data Collection and Data Analysis.. 6
4. The Instrument of The Research................................. 7
5. The Unit Analysis ...................................................... 8
CHAPTER II THE THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research............................................................ 9
B. Concept............................................................................ 12
x
C. Definition of Translation.................................................. 12
D. The Translation Procedures.............................................. 13
E. Neologisms ...................................................................... 20
F. The Types of Neologisms ................................................ 22
CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS/ FINDINGS
A. The Data Description ....................................................... 32
B. The Data Analysis............................................................ 34
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ..................................................................... 57
B. Suggestions...................................................................... 60
BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................... 63
APPENDICES
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
In the children’s literature, the author tends to create many kinds of new
words in order to present a fully magical world, because child image is a very
complex issue; on the one hand, it is something unique, based on each
individual’s personal history.
According to Riitta Oittinen whose the study focus on the translating for
children, explains that children’s literature is a literature which is produced and
intended for the children or as literature read by the children.1It has its own
special future such as often illustrated and tend to be read aloud. The other
characteristic of the children’s literature arethe two main characters; the good one
and the bad one, simple languages, does not have any criminality aspect, a family,
friendship, adventurous, hero theme, etc.
Later, the author’s deliberate choice of words in the children’s literature or
other text leads to a concentration of certain features called as neologisms.2
Neologisms are new words, word-combinations or fixed phrases that appear in the
1Riitta Oittinen, Translating for children, (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 2000),p.612 Chapman, R, The Language of English Literature: An Introduction to literary stylistics,(London: Edward Arnold, 1982),p.51
2
language due to the development of social life, culture, social, science,
engineering, etc.3
Nowadays, many kinds of book have been produced and marketed in
Indonesia whether it is written by the local author or foreign author. The books
which are marketed often in Indonesia can be found as fiction, school books,
reference, dictionary cooking, computer, internet, children’s literature etc.
According to statistic data from IKAPI (Ikatan Penerbit Indonesia), the books
which are marketed often by the publisher is children’s book or children’s
literature.4 The data shows the percentage of the children’s book or children’s
literature which are marketed in Indonesia has increased in 2013 and 2014. The
percentage of the children’s literature in 2013 shows 22,31% and it has increased
into 22,64% in 2014. This statistic shows that the production and marketing of
children’s literature has been giving a high contribution for the market share in
Indonesia.
On the other hand, the imported books have also dominated the market
share of book in Indonesia. It can be seen that there are many kinds of imported
books which have been translated in the bookstore. These imported books which
have been translated can be found as novel, medical, computer, internet,
children’s literature, etc. And, from all these imported books, children’s literatures
have become one of the attractive literatures which are marketed and translated
3Forough Sayadi, The Translation of Neologisms volume 16, No.2 April 2011. Retrievedfrom http://www.translationjournal.net, accessed on March, 23rd 20154 IKAPI-Statistik, Buku Indonesia dalam Angka, retrieved fromhttp://www.ikapi.org/statistik, accessed on July, 28th 2017
3
often by the publisher.5 It is because, the story of it is more imaginative and
entertaining than the local story which the story is more educating the children.
And then, Newmark explains that neologisms are the biggest professional
translator’s problem while doing the translation.6 It is because, the majority of
them have a single meaning and it can be translated out of context, but many of
them soon acquire new meaning in the Target Language (TL) and sometimes lose
the old meaning. Neologisms can be found in many kinds of text such as
economic, medical text, science, computer, industrial and even in the children’s
literature. Through this explanation, it is a fact that translation becomes very
important to solve this kind of problematic aspect both in the imported children’s
literature and the other text.
While doing the translation, the translator gives their knowledge and
ability to produce a high quality translation by applying some procedures, method,
techniques, strategies and etc.7 The application of the procedures, method,
technique and strategies in translating a text is not only helping the target readers
while reading and understanding the translation text but also helping the
translators in translating the whole text and the smaller unit of the text such as
word, phrase, clause, sentence, cultural aspect or even neologisms in the
children’s literature or the children book especially the picture story book.
Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story book
which consisting of neologisms. Strawberry Shortcake story has been popular
5Andy Bayu Nugroho, Punslation dalam Karya Sastra Anak, Journal, p.1 Retrieved fromhttp://digilib.uny.ac.id accessed on July 28th 20176 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988),p.1407FransSayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan, (Tangerang Selatan: Transpustaka,2014), p.18
4
since 1980. The story and the characters has also been relaunched and redesigned
four times in 1980, 2003, 2007 and 2009. The story appears as many kinds of
product such as TV series, movies, picture story books and bilingual books.
The writer takes four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books to analyze the
neologisms in this research. In four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, there
are several neologisms which are classified into the types of neologisms. The
example of neologisms in the story which is classified into one of the types of
neologisms known as new coinage is Salon-O-Matic. It is classified into new
coinage type, because it is a derived word which is formed by attaching the suffix
O-Matic after the base salon. Then, the translators are translated it by applying
couplet procedure which is transferring and describing it in the story. Since it does
not exist in Bahasa, this translation procedure can preserve it based on its Source
Language (SL) originality in the TL.
Based on this explanation, the writer is interesting to choose the topic
about the translation of neologisms in order to analyze the types of neologisms
which are found in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books including their
translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate the SL
neologisms into the TL. Moreover, the writer is also interesting to analyze the
translation procedures which are used to preserve those SL neologisms into the
TL.
B. Focus of the Study
Based on the background explains above, this research will be focused on
the analysis of the types of neologisms which are found in the four Strawberry
Shortcake Bilingual Books, the translation procedures which are applied by the
5
translators to translate those SL neologisms into the TL based on Newmark’s
theory including the analysis of translation procedures which are used to preserve
those SL neologisms based on their originality in theTL.
C. Research Question
In this research, the writer will focus on the three research questions:
1. What kinds of types of neologisms are foundin the four Strawberry
Shortcake Bilingual Books?
2. How are those SL neologisms translated into the TL by the translators?
3. What are the translation procedures used to preserve those SL
neologisms based on their originality in the TL?
D. Significance of the Study
The writer hopes that this research will enlarge and gives significant
impact to the study of the translation of neologisms especially in the children’s
literature and other literatures commonly. Besides, the writer also hopes that this
research will give educative information, enlarge the knowledge and become one
of the references research not only for the writers but also for the student in
English Letters Department while conducting the research about the neologisms,
types of neologisms and their translation procedures in the near future.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objectives of Research
Based on the research questions above, the objective of this research can
be stated to identify and analyze the types of neologisms which are found in the
four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, their translation procedures which are
applied by the translators to translate those SL neologisms including to analyze
6
the translation procedures which are used to preserve those SL neologisms based
on their originality into the TL.
2. The Method of Research
The writer uses qualitative method to analyze the neologisms in the four
Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, their translation procedures which are
applied by the translators to translate those SL neologisms into the TL including
to analyze the translation procedures which are used to preserve those SL
neologisms into the TL. Through this method, the data that will be collected and
analyzed are words not numbers.8 Thus, the writer chooses this method to conduct
this research.
3. The Technique of Data Collection and Data Analysis
Based on the method of this research, the writer uses content analysis
technique to collecting the data. By doing a content analysis, the writer will
collect the main neologisms data and their translation procedures in the four
Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books. As the first step, the writer reads and signs
the neologisms in the Bilingual Books. This technique is applied to help the writer
while identifying the neologisms in the story. In the following step, the writer
decides the translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate
these neologisms. This technique held to help the writer while identifying the
translation procedures which are applied by the translator to translate the
neologisms in those types of neologisms. As the last step, the writer analyzes the
typesof neologisms and their translation procedures which are applied by the
translators to translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms into a table.
8 Prof. Dr. Afrizal, M.A. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, (Jakarta: PT Raja GrafindoPersada, 2015), P.13
7
This technique is applied to help the writer while analyzing the types of
neologisms which are found and their translation procedure which are applied by
the translators to translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms.
Furthermore, the writer takes some steps to analyze the data based on Newmark’s
theory:
1. Reading the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books
2. Identifying and signing the neologisms
3. Identifying the translation procedure which are applied by the translator to
translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms
4. Classifying the types of neologisms including their translation procedures
into a table
5. Analyzing the types of neologisms
6. Analyzing the translation procedures which are applied by the translators
to translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms
7. Analyzing the translation procedures which are used to preserve the SL
neologisms into the TL
8. Concluding the entire data analysis
4. The Instrument of the Research
The writer herself becomes the instrument to analyze the data. She reads
some books, e-book, dictionary, article, learns the translation of neologisms’
theory and the translation procedure’s theory to analyze the data finding in the
four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books.
8
5. The Unit of Analysis
The units of analysis of this research are four Strawberry Shortcake
Bilingual Books which are targeted for the children age 6+ entitle Makeover
Madness (Dandanan Kacau), My First Sleepover (Pesta Piyama), Ballet School
(Sekolah Balet) translated by Windrati Hapsari and Berry Bitty Bakers (Pembuat
Kue di Kota Berry Bitty) translated by Widya Ayu Ningrum. These books are
published by Erlangga from division of Erlangga for Kids, on August 2011.
9
CHAPTER II
THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research
The research about neologisms has been done by some scholars in many
kinds of subject. The writer finds three previous researches about translation of
neologism as the reference for her research.
The first research is about “Correspondence in Translating English
Neologisms into Persian: an Example from Children’s Fiction” written in 2013
by Maryam Panahi, Ne’matullah Somoossi, Mohsen Samadi and Seyyed Amir
Reza Mohamadian. In this research, the writers try to examine the correspondence
between English neologisms and the Persian equivalents in the children literature
entitle Harry Potter and The Order of the Phoenix. The writers use the DTS
(Descriptive Translation Strategies) to analyze the possible correspondences
between the types of English Neologisms and Persian Neologisms. There are
seven types of neologisms in this research; new collocation, new coinages, old
words with new sense, blends, derivation, acronym and eponym. Finally, the
writers find that new collocation type appears often and it is equivalent both in SL
and TL. Nevertheless, the translator fails to give a direct correspondence for the
type of neologisms such as new coinages, blends and derivation in translating
10
English neologisms into Persian. It is because, Persian language does not have any
neologistic feature for this type of neologisms.1
The second research is about “A Model for Cognitive Process of
Neologisms Translation” held on January-March 2014 by Seyyed Mohammad
Moghadas and Masoud Sharififar. This research focuses on the cognitive process
of professional translators; called as problem solving, in translating neologisms
from English source text into Persian using TAPs (Think- aloud Protocols)
Method. They used a video recording to know the behavior of some translators
(participants) during the problem solving. After that, the video is analyzed based
on the coding scheme of Krings (1986) and Gerloff (1986) for translation
strategies in problem solving and problem indicators. Moreover, the writers use
the model of information processing to explain the verbalization of participants
concerning the problem solving (Ericsson & Simon, 1984, 1993). Finally, the
result shows that the professional translator used some cognitive strategies to
performing their translation task and the complexity in translating neologisms
depends on their own competence. Those cognitive strategies are recognition
(identification of the problem), linguistic analysis (phonology, morphology,
semantic, pragmatic and syntax), inference (intended meaning before
comprehension), comprehension (using translation aids), decision making
1Mariam Panahi, Ne’matullah Somoossi, Mohsen Samadi and Seyyed Amir RezaMohamadian. (2013). Correspondence in Translating English Neologisms into Persian:an Example from Children’s Fiction. Life Science Site Journal Vol.10 (9s):352-360(ISSN:1097-8135). Retrieved from http://lifesciencesite.com, accessed on May, 8th 2015
11
(choosing between two or more option), revision (editing the solution) and
monitoring (comparing source text and target text). 2
The third research is about “The Translation of Neologisms: Challenges
for the Creation of New Terms in Indonesian Using a Corpus-based Approach”
held on May 2012 by Dr. Karnedi MA. This research focuses on the analysis of
some professional translation activities in translating English neologisms into
Indonesian in a number of economic texts. The writer lists some words as the
keywords such as price, demand, supply, income and labor involving the British
National Corpus to provide the elicitation of neologisms in the ST. The data is
processed by using a computer program that has been widely used in Corpus
Linguistic research called Word Smith Tool version 5.0. The writer also does a
literature review based on the Newmark’s theory of translation of neologisms.
Then, he finds that collocation and acronym are the dominant type of neologisms.
Finally, the result shows that every translator has different creation in translating
English neologisms into Indonesian in economic text. The creation of new terms
in the economic text from different professional translator can enrich the Glossary
of English-Indonesian Technical Terms (GOEIT) or Glossarium Istilah Asing-
Indonesia for example Equilibrium price (Harga ekuilibrium; harga
keseimbangan), Commodity price (Harga komoditi; harga komoditas) etc.3
2Seyed Mohammad Moghadas & Masoud Sharififar. (2014). A Model for CognitiveProcess of Neologisms Translation. International Journal of English Language &Translation Studies Vol-2, Issue-1, 04-19. Retrieved from http://www.eltsjournal.org,accessed on May, 10th 20153Dr. Kardimin, MA. (2013). The Translation of Neologisms: Challenges for the Creationof New Term in Indonesian using Corpus Based Approach. International Journal of
12
Based on the three previous researches above, the writer is also interested
in conducting a different research about neologisms. In this research, the writer
uses children’s literature Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books as the unit
analysis to analyze the criteria that makes the words in the Bilingual Books can be
classified as neologisms and the translation procedure which is applied to translate
each neologism from SL to TL.
B. CONCEPT
A. Definition of Translation
Definition of translation comes in various ideas among the theorists.
According to Nida, there are three basic factors in dealing with the differences in
translation; the nature of the message, the purpose or the purposes of the author or
by the proxy of the translator, and the type of the audience.4 Based on these
factors the theorists from different era have their own idea about translation. In the
1940s, Jakobson explains that translation is such a reported speech.5 It means
when the translator receives a message from a source of language, she or he
recode and transmits it into another language.
Then, in the 1960s, Nida whose the study concerned on the Bible
translation explains that translation reproduces the message in the SL to TL both
in meaning and style.6 Then, he emphasizes that the aim of translation is not only
Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 5, May-2012 1 ISSN 2229-5518.Retrieved from www.ijser.org/researchpaper, accessed on May, 12th 20154Eugene A.Nida, Toward a Science of Translating, (Leiden: The Netherlands, 1964),p.1565Roman Jakobson, On Linguistic Aspect of Translation, (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1959), p:1446Eugene A Nida and Charles R Taber, The theory and practice of translation, (Leiden:The Netherlands,1969), p.12
13
reproducing the message with a good meaning in the TL, but also reproducing it
with a good grammatical and lexical adjustment. In the same era, Catford also
gives explanation about translation. He defined translation as the replacement of
textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another
language (TL).7 It means that not all the material from SL is translated but it is
replaced by TL equivalent, for example the textual material is grammar or lexical.
Thus, while doing a translation process the translator must replace the grammar in
SL with the equivalent grammar in TL.
Meanwhile, in the 1980s, Newmark whose the study is also discussing
about translation of neologisms explained that “translation is rendering a
meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the
text”.8 It means that translating is not only changing a language from Source
Language (SL) into Target Language (TL) but also conveying the meaning of the
text in order to make the target reader understanding the message easily. In the
following years; 1984, Larson whose the study focuses on the meaning states that
“translation consists of transferring the meaning of source language into the
receptor language”.9 He explained that the form of language can be changed but
the meaning of it must be held constant.
B. The Translation Procedures
Some of theorist uses different terms to mention translation procedure.
According to Newmark, procedures are used to translate the sentences and the
7J.C Catford, A Linguistic theory of translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistic, (London:Oxford University Press, 1965), p.208 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988), p.829 Mildred Larson, Meaning-Based Translation: Second Edition, (Maryland: UniversityPress of America, Inc 1998), p.3
14
smaller units of language.10 It used to overcome the problem of translation at the
level of word, phrase and sentence. Meanwhile, Molina and Amparo Hurtado
Albir use the term ‘technique’ as the way to translate the micro unit of a text.11
The translation technique describes and affect to the smaller sections of the
translation. Based on Newmark, there are eighteen procedures to translate the
sentence and the smaller unit of the language including the neologisms. Those
translation procedures can be seen as follow:12
1. Transference
This type is transferring word from SL to TL text. It is known as loan word or
transcription. There are some words that commonly transferred; names of all
living things and dead people, geographical and topographical names (including
newly independent countries), name of periodical and newspaper, title of literary
works such as plays and films, private companies and institution, etc.
SL: Malawi
TL: Malawi
2. Naturalization
This procedure adapts the SL word to the normal pronunciation then the
normal morphology (word-forms) in the TL.
SL: Ice cream
TL: Es Krim
10 Newmark, op.cit. p.8111 Molina and Amparo Hurtado Albir, Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic andFunctionalist Approach, Meta XLVII, 42 2002. Retrieved from www.erudit.org, accessedon May 14th 2015 p.50812Newmark, ibid, p.81-93
15
3. Cultural Equivalent
This is an approximate translation procedure where SL cultural word is
translated by the TL cultural word.
SL: “A” level exam
TL: Ujian SPMB13
4. Functional Equivalent
This procedure is applied to cultural word, requires the use of a culture-free
word, sometimes with a new specific term or adds a particular term. Therefore, it
generalizes or neutralizes the SL word.
SL: The House of Common
TL: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR)
5. Descriptive Equivalent
This procedure is different with functional. Descriptive equivalent describes
the word from SL into TL because the word in SL has no equivalence in TL.
SL: They were celebrating their annual Thanksgiving Day
TL: Mereka merayakan hari peringatan panen tahunan
6. Synonymy
This procedure is used if the word in SL has no one-to one equivalent. The
translator can use another word in the TL, because the word itself is not too
important and not affected to the context of text.
SL: The Advanced Guard
TL: Pengawal canggih
13 Hoed, op.cit, p.78
16
7. Through Translation
This procedure is used to translate such a common collocation, names of
organizations, phrase or compounds literally. It is also known as calque.
SL: Junior High School
TL: Sekolah Menengah Pertama
8. Shifts or Transposition
This procedure involves a change of grammar from SL to TL. There are four
types of shift or transposition:
- First, change the word from singular to plural.
SL: A pair of trousers
TL: Sebuah celana14
- Second, the type is required when SL grammatical equivalence does not
exist in the TL.
SL: I’m confused
TL: Bingung aku15
- Third, this type is the one where literal translation is grammatically
possible but the usage of it is not sound natural in the TL.
SL: It was an arduous to climb up the mountain
TL: Sungguh sukar mendaki gunung itu16
14Rochayah Machali, Pedoman bagi Penerjemah: Panduan Lengkap Bagi Anda yangIngin Menjadi Penerjemah, (Bandung, PT Mizan Pustaka, 2009), p.9015Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan, (Tangerang Selatan:Transpustaka,2014), p.5516Machali, op.cit, p. 97
17
- Fourth, this type is the replacement of virtual lexical gap by a grammatical
structure.
SL: He is very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant
TL: Ia sangat baik (sekali), tetapi istrinya sangat sombong17
9. Modulation
This procedure is used to define variation through a change of point of view
or perspective and very often a category of thought from SL into TL.
SL: The laws of Germany govern this Agreement
TL: Perjanjian ini diatur oleh hukum Jerman.18
10. Recognized translation
This procedure uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any
institutional term. Moreover, the translators can also gloss or show disagreement
with the official version.
SL: Trade Minister
TL: Menteri Perdagangan
11. Translation Label
This procedure is a provisional translation, usually of a new institutional term
which should be made in inverted commas.
SL: Jumping out and laughing, shouting, ‘I’ve found you!’
TL: Melompat dan tertawa sambil berteriak, ‘Aku menemukanmu!’
17Sayogie, op.cit, p. 5618Hoed, op.cit, p.74
18
12. Compensation
This procedure is used when the word loss of meaning, sound, metaphor or
pragmatic. So, it changes into another part of in a contiguous sentence.
SL: Green with envy
TL: Cemburu
13. Componential Analysis
This procedure is splitting up a common lexical unit into its sense
components and the result often one to two, three or four translations.
SL: He’s been stayed for 2 months in his Bungalow
TL: Dia telah menempati rumah barunya selama dua bulan
14. Reduction and Expansion
- The translator uses reduction to reduce the meaning of SL lexical unit into
TL.
SL: The month of fasting for Moslems
TL: Ramadhan
- Then, the translator uses expansion to expand the meaning of SL lexical unit
into TL.
SL: Whale
TL: Ikan paus (The word ikan is added in the TL because the word paus have
a varieties of meaning for instance, Paus in Indonesia means as Pemimpin
umat Katholik sedunia)19
19Dr. Kardimin, M.Hum, PintarMenerjemah: Wawasan Teoritik dan Praktek,(Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2013), p.88
19
15. Paraphrase
This procedure is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a
segment of the text. It is used in an anonymous text which is poorly written.
SL: He looks green at the gills
TL: Dia kelihatan pucat
16. Other Procedure
This procedure follows Vinay and Dalbernet procedure:
- Equivalence means as unfortunately named term implying approximate
equivalence, accounting for the same situation in different terms.
- Adaptation means as use of a recognized equivalent between two
situations, it is a matter of cultural equivalence commonly.
SL: Dear Sir
TL: Dengan Hormat
17. Couplets
Couplets is a combination of some procedures in translating a text.
SL: Daun Mangkokan
TL: Daun Mangkokan; a leaf for cooking that looks like a bowl20
18. Notes, Addition, Glosses
Newmark gives four options to have additional information:
1. Within the text
The translator use round brackets or square brackets to make corrections of
material or moral fact where appropriate within the text.
20 Apriliyanti Sirait, The Translation of Indonesian Local Spices from Indonesian toEnglish- A Translation Criticism, retrieved from http://www.academia.edu accessed on26th July 2017
20
2. Notes at the bottom of page
This procedure becomes a nuisance when they are too lengthy and numerous.
3. Notes at the end of the chapter
This procedure is often irritating if the chapters are long since they take too
long to find.
4. Notes or Glossary at the end of books
This procedure should be referenced with the book page numbers at the top.
D. Neologisms
The using of neologisms can be found in many kinds of subject such as in
the economic, medical, science and technology and also in the children literature.
Neologisms is considered as the biggest translator problem while doing a
translation process because there are many words which cannot be found in the
dictionary although the meaning of it is familiar. Nowadays, the number of it has
increased steeply because of the media, writers, educators or even a public figure.
The internet has also created for numbers of neologisms such as the using of
prefix e- in e-mail, e-business, e-commerce etc. The term neologisms originally
come from Greek vἐo- néo which means “new” and λὀɣoς- lὀgos which means
“speech or utterance”.21According to Silvia, whose the study focused on the
terminology viewed neologisms as ”the new words or new meanings assigned to
the existing words”.22 On the other hand, the term Neologisms can be explained
as “Membentuk kata baru atau kata lama dengan makna baru” or “sebuah
21Kristen Malmkjair, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, (London and New York: Routledge,2006), p.60122 Silvia Pavel and Diana Nolet, Handbook of Terminology, (Minister of Public Worksand Government Services Canada, 2001), p.20
21
ekspresi yang baru dibuat, seringkali memberikan efek sesuatu yang baru atau
individualitas, berlawanan dengan archaism dan pemakaian kontemporer”.23
According to Newmark, neologisms can be defined as “a newly coined
lexical unit or existing a lexical unit that acquire a new sense”.24 It means that a
neologism sometimes is not only introducing a new word in the language, but also
introducing a new sense for the existing lexical unit. Furthermore, Niska describes
neologisms as “a loan word in the form of directs loan and loan translations or
newly coined term; either morphologically new words or by giving existing words
a new semantic content”.25 In brief, neologisms are a new way to express an idea
or concept which was previously expressed by other words or in some cases may
not have existed. Thus, Silvia emphasizes that the acceptance of neologisms
depends on some factors; the brevity, handle ability, ease of retention and the
potential for derivation or productivity, but the main factor is the term should
reflect the characteristics of the concept it designated.26 Besides, neologisms can
be formed not only from new word or the existing word with a new meaning but
also giving an existing word a new part of speech without necessarily changing its
written form.27 For instance, “If I press the key, my computer will blue screen”.
The word “blue screen” has become a verb in the sentence although the original is
made up from noun + adjective.
23Sudjana dan Suci Budiawati, Glosarium Terminologi Penerjemahan: Bahasa Inggris-Indonesia, (Universitas Gunadarma, 2013), p.6324 Newmark, op.cit, p.14025Helge Niska, Explorations in translational creativity: Strategies for interpretingneologisms. (Workshop paper: Stockholm University, 8th Augusts 1998). Retrieved from:http://lisa.tolk.su.se/kreeng2.htm, accessed on May, 28th 201526Silvia, op.cit, p.2127Lynee Bowker and Jennifer Pearson, Working with a Specialized Language: A PracticalGuide to using Corpora, (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), p.214
22
According to Cabre, she explained that “to state a word or a unit as
neologisms or not, there are several parameters to concern”.28 First is diachrony,
a word or unit is a neologisms if it has arisen recently. Second is lexicography, a
word or a unit is a neologisms if it is not in a dictionary. Under this criterion, a
word or unit is neologisms if it is not appear in the lexicographical corpus chosen
as reference corpus. Third is systematic instability, a word or a unit is a
neologisms if it exhibits sign of formal instability, like morphological, graphic
and phonetic, or semantic instability; and the fourth is psychology, a word or a
unit is a neologisms if a speaker perceive it as new unit.
E. The Types of Neologisms
Newmark has been classified the neologisms into 12 types including the
translation procedure to translate the SL neologisms into the TL:29
E.1 Existing Lexical Items with New Sense
E.1.1 Old words with new sense
These types are divided into two categories:
E.1.1.1 Words with new sense
This type does not normally refer to the new object or process, therefore it
is rarely technological. The old word with new senses is usually translated by a
word that already exists in the TL by a brief functional or descriptive term.
28M. Teresa Cabré, Terminology: Theory, Methods and Application ed. by Juan C. Sager;translated by Janet Ann De Cesaris, (Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1999), p.20529Newmark, op.cit, p.141
23
Old Wordwith New
Senses
Periods of time The Meaning
Gay30
(from Old
French gai)
12th Century It is known as a surname (Philippus de Gay)
in English.
14th Century It means as full of joy, merry, light-hearted
or carefree. This meaning is very commonly
used in speech and literature.
17th - 19th Century It means an overall tinge of promiscuity.
20th Century It is specifically used to mean Homosexual.
It is translated into homoseksual in the TL.31
E.1.1.2 Collocation with new sense
Existing Collocation with New Sense tends to be a cultural or non-cultural
term. If the referent (concept or object) exits in the TL, there is usually a recognized
or through translation. Meanwhile, if the referent does not yet exist, the translator
gives an economical descriptive equivalent in the TL. According to Cambridge
Online Dictionary, collocation means as a word or phrase that is often used with
another word or phrase, in a way that sounds correct to people who have spoken
the language all their lives, but might not be expected from the meaning.32 There
are about six main types of collocations such as adjective+noun, noun+noun (such
as collective nouns), verb+noun, adverb+adjective, verbs+prepositional phrase
(phrasal verbs) and verb+adverb.
30Online Etymology Dictionary, retrieved from http://www.etymonline.com/gay accessedon June, 2nd 201531Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/homo-2accessed on June, 2nd 201532 Collocation, retrieved from http://www.dictionary.cambridge.org accessed on July, 27th
2017
24
For Example:
SL: Tug-of-love (an informal Bristish noun) 33
TL: Hak Asuh atau Hak Asuh Anak
E.2 New Forms
E.2.1 New Coinages
According to Oxford Online Dictionaries, coinages mean the invention of
new word or phrases.34 Meanwhile, Newmark explains that there is no such thing
as a brand new word.35 If the word does not derive from various morphemes, then it
will be more phonaesthetic or synaesthetic. According to Lieber, derived words
means as new lexemes that are formed with prefixes and suffixes on a base and the
process by which they are formed known as derivation. 36 The base is the part of a
word which the affix is attached, for instance wipe is the base of unwipe.37
Frequently, the base is a free morpheme; a morpheme which can stand alone as
words. For instance; wipe, head, bracelet etc. Meanwhile, the morpheme which
cannot stand alone as words called as bound morpheme, and the former of bound
morpheme are prefixes suffixes and others. A derived word can be also formed by
combining two pre-existing words in language known as compound word for
instance babysit and spaceship.38
33 Herlinda Putri, The Translation of Neologisms (Neologisms and The Phenomena),Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu accessed on 31st July 201734Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromwww.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/English/coinage accessed on June, 4th 201535 Newmark, op.cit, p. 14236 Rochelle Lieber, Introducing Morphology, (New York: Cambridge University Press,2010), p. 3337 Ibid, p.3338 James R.Hurford, Brendan Heasley and Michael B.Smith, Semantics A Coursebooksecond edition, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p.227
25
A step in derivation is actually not one process but three processes.39 First is
morphological process. It changes the shape of an existing word by adding a prefix
or suffix morpheme to an existing root morpheme. Second is syntactic process. It
changes the part of speech of a word, for instance from verb to noun. And third, is a
semantic process. It produces a new sense. But, derivation sometimes do not
involving these three processes. It sometimes involves both semantic and syntactic
processes without morphological process and morphological and semantic process
without syntactic process. For instance:
Teach: teacher
Morphological process: add suffix -er
Syntactic process: change verb to noun
Semantic process: produce word donating an agent
In principle, in fiction, any kind of neologisms should be recreated. If it is a
derived word then it should be replaced by the same or equivalent morpheme; if it
is a phonaesthetic then it should be given phonemes producing the same sound-
effect (naturalization). However, the translation always considers the principle of
equivalent naturalness in mind.
For Instance:
SL: Firebolt (It is a compound word where the term fire and bolt have been put
together to compose a brand name for the best brooms in the world)40
TL: Firebolt
39 Ibid, p.22840 Emma Prené, (2012). Thesis: Dumbledore, Remembrall and OWLs Word formationprocesses of neologisms in the Harry Potter books, Linnӕus University School ofLanguage and Literature. Retrieved from http://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2.../FULLTEXT01.pdf accessed on June,5th 2015
26
On the other hand, the main new coinages are brand or trade name and it is
usually transferred if the brand name is marketed in the TL culture, but if the trade
has no cultural or any identifying significance, the proper name may be replaced by
a functional or generic term.
For Instance:
SL: Revlon (brand name)
TL: Revlon or Lipstick or Fashionable American (if the brand name has no cultural
or any identifying significance).
E.2.2 Derived Words (including Blends)
This type deals with some derive words analogy from ancient Greek or Latin
usually with suffix such as –ismo, -ismus, -ija, etc which is naturalized in the
appropriate language. This word forming procedure is employed mainly to
designed (non-cultural) scientific, technological, industry and medical rather than
cultural institutional term. Normally, they have naturalized suffixes. But, the
translator cannot apply the process automatically. The translator has also to consult
with ISO (International Standard Organization) glossary, whether there is already
recognize translation. Second, whether the referent yet exists in the TL culture;
third, how important it is. The last, whether it is worth transplanting at all, if he
thinks that he is justified in translating it then he should put it in inverted commas.
For Instance:
SL: Haematology is derived from the Greek term haȋma means as blood and the
Greek suffix -logy which denotes the academic study of certain fields 41
41 C.T.Onions et al (ed). The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, (London: OxfordUniversity Press,1966), p.423
27
TL: Hematologi42
E.2.3 Abbreviation
Abbreviation means as “A short form of a word or phrases”.43 It is different
from acronym which is pronounced as a full word. Abbreviation is commonly
spelling out each letter. It has always been the common type of Pseudo-neologisms,
probably more common in French than in English. Unless they coincide, they only
wrote out in the TL.
For Instance:
SL: WHO (World Health Organization)
TL: Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia
E.2.4 Collocations
Collocation means as “A word or phrase that is often used with another word
or phrase”.44 Newly collocation (noun compounds or adjective plus noun) are
commonly appear in social science or computer language. The translator has no
authority to create their own neologisms on this type, especially in the computer
language. The computer term and social science are translated by recognize
translation. If the term does not yet exist in the TL, it must be transferred and add a
functional or descriptive term.
For Instance:
SL: Commodity Market from economic science
42 Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/profaccessed on June, 6th 201543 www.dictionary.cambridge.org, accessed on June 6th 201544 www.dictionary.cambridge.org, accessed on June 7th 2015
28
TL: Pasar Komoditi or Pasar Komoditas 45
E.2.5 Eponyms
Eponyms means as “The name of an object or activity that is also the name of
the person who first produced the object or did the activity”. 46Any word from
proper name refers directly to a person (including toponyms; the study of name
place, their origin, meaning, use and typology). When eponyms refer directly to a
person, they are transferred in the TL without difficulty. When derived from object,
eponyms is a brand name (derive from the inventor or discoverer). They are
transferred in the TL until the brand name is equally well known. The new eponyms
are derived from geographical name. Most commonly, they originate from the
product from the relevant area such as cheese, wines, sausages, etc. They are added
with a generic term until the product is well enough known.
For Instance:
SL: Shakespearean (Relating to William Shakespeare or his writings).47
TL: Shakespearean
SL: Honda (A brand name from the inventor; Soichiro Honda).48
TL: Honda
SL: Champagne (derived from the region in French where it is produced).49
45Glosarium, Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia,retrieved from http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium June, 7th 201546 www.dictionary.cambridge.org, accessed on June 13th 201547Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Shakespearean accessed on June, 13th 201548Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/honda, accessed on June,13th 201549Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/champagne accessed on June, 13th2015
29
TL: Sampanye; (Minuman yang mengandung alcohol, dibuat dari sari anggur
cemerlang (berasal dari daerah Champagne, Prancis))50
E.2.6 Phrasal Words
New Phrasal words are only restricted to English’s facility in converting verb
into noun. This type of neologisms is translated by giving its semantic equivalent.
For Instance:
SL: Trade (v) Trade off (n)
TL: Menjualkan.51
E.2.7 Transferred Words
They transferred commonly in the several languages whether cultural or
cultural overlap for instance, name of imported foodstuff, clothes and cultural
manifestation. According to De Anda, Cultural overlap means as the extent to
which the norm sets of two or more cultural group are similar.52 The similarity lays
in norms system between organizational culture and micro cultural identity group
of its member. These neologisms are usually translated like any other cultural word
which is transferred the SL neologisms together with a generic term and the
requisite specific detail in the TL depends on the target reader and setting.
For Instance:
SL: Ssamjang
50Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/sampanyeaccessed on June, 13th 201551John M. Echols and Hassan Sadily, op.cit, p.59952 Taylor Cox, Jr., Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research and Practice,(San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1994), p.72
30
TL: Ssamjang (saus pedas dan kental yang biasa digunakan dalam masakan
korea)53
SL: Kungfu
TL: Kungfu (seni bela diri asal Cina)54
E.2.8 Acronyms
Acronyms are an increasingly common feature of all non-literary texts for the
reason of brevity and euphony. Acronyms are “words which are formed from the
first letters of other words and which are pronounced as full words.”55 Acronyms in
science are transferred in the TL since it has become internationalisms. Acronyms
for institutions and names of companies are usually transferred. Then, Acronyms
for international institutions are usually through-translated. Meanwhile, Acronyms
for national political or social organization are transferred and translated its name
depend on the interest of the target reader.
For Instance:
SL: Radar (Radio detecting and ranging)
TL: Radar, since it has became internationalisms
SL: ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)56
TL: Persatuan Negara Asia Tenggara
53Buku Ensiklopedia Dunia, retrieved fromhttp://doenjang.ma.web.id/ind/Ssamjang_stieigi_doenjang-ma.html accessed on June,18th 201554Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/kungfuaccessed on June, 18th 201555 www.dictionary.cambridge.org, accessed on June 18th 201556 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, retrieved fromhttp://www.asean.org/asean/asean-member-states accessed on June, 21 2015
31
E.2.9 Pseudo-neologisms
Pseudo-neologisms appear as a generic word which is stand in for a specific
word. Abbreviations have always been a common type of pseudo-neologisms.
For Instance:
SL: KPK
TL: Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (Indonesia Corruption Eradication
Commission)
32
CHAPTER III
DATA ANALYSIS/FINDINGS
A. The Data Description
The data of neologisms below are taken from four Strawberry Shortcake
Bilingual Books. There are ten neologisms which are occurred in these Bilingual
Books. Those are the name of salon chair; Salon-O-Matic, the old word with new
sense; salon, the cultural overlap; manicure and pedicure and the cultural
manifestations; smoothies, lemon bars, pajamas, ballet, strawberry cheesecake,
café and plum tart. This analysis will identify and analyze the types of neologisms
based on the classification of Newmark’s theory of the translation of neologisms.
Meanwhile, the writer finds that there are four translation procedures which
are applied by the translators to translate the neologisms in those types of
neologisms. The translation procedures which are applied by the translators to
translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms can be found as couplet
(transference and descriptive equivalent), transference, naturalization and
functional equivalent. These translation procedures are also analyzed based on
Newmark’s theory. Then, the classification of neologisms into the types of
neologisms in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books and theirs
translation procedures which are applied by the translators can be seen through the
table as follow:
33
Table 1: The Neologisms in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books
and Their Translation Procedures
No. Source Language(SL) Neologisms
Target Language(TL) Neologisms
The Types ofNeologisms
TheTranslationProcedures
1. “It’s the Salon-O-Matic,”said LemonMeringue.
“Ini Salon-O-Matic, kursi salonajaib,” kata LemonMeringue.
NewCoinage; Aderived word
Couplet(TransferenceandDescriptiveEquivalent)
2. Later, StrawberryShortcake stoppedby the salon to visitLemon Meringue.
StrawberryShortcakeberkunjung kesalon LemonMeringue.
Old wordwith newsense; It hasnew sensenowadays
Transference
3. At StrawberryShortcake’s café,Lemon Meringuemade a batch ofsmoothies.
Di Café StrawberryShortcake, LemonMeringue membuatsmoothies.
Transferredword;culturalmanifestationof the UnitedStates
Transference
4. She got out thesugar and started tomake a new batchof lemon bars.
Ia mengambil guladan mulai membuatlemon bars lagi.
Transferredword;Favoriteclassicdessert in theSouthernUnited States
Transference
5. “It does manicureslike magic, givesperfect pedicures,and styles hairfaster than you’veever seen before!”
“Ia bisa melakukanmanikur denganajaib, pedikurdengan sempurnadan menata rambutlebih cepatdaripada yangpernah kalianlihat!”
Transferredword;Culturaloverlap ofChina andEgypt
Naturalization
34
6. As StrawberryShortcake lookingthrough thepajamas, she got agreat idea.
Saat StrawberryShortcake sedangmemilihbaju tidur, iamendapat idebagus.
Transferredword;Culturalmanifestationof Hindi
FunctionalEquivalent
7. Lemon Meringuesays she is notgood at ballet.
Lemon Meringuemengatakan iatidak bisa menaribalet.
Transferredword;Culturalmanifestationof Italy
Naturalization
8. “I’m going to makea strawberrycheesecake!” saidStrawberryShortcake
“Aku akanmembuatstrawberrycheesecake!” seruStrawberryShortcake
Transferredword;Culturalmanifestationof New York
Transference
9. At the café, PlumPudding andStrawberryShortcakemeasured andmixed theiringredients.
Di cafe, PlumPudding danStrawberryShortcakemengukur danmencampur bahan-bahan kue.
Transferredword;Cultural wordof French
Transference
10. “I want to make aplum tart,” addedPlum Pudding.
“Aku inginmembuat plumtart, kata PlumPudding.
Transferredword;Culturalmanifestationof French
Transference
B. The Data Analysis
In this research, the writer takes ten neologisms as the data analysis from
four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books. Those neologisms are Salon-O-
Matic, salon, manicure and pedicure, smoothies, lemon bars, pajamas, ballet,
35
strawberry cheesecake, café and plum tart. In this chapter, these neologisms will
be described and analyze the data analysis based on Newmark’s theory.
1. SL: It’s the Salon-O-Matic,” said Lemon Meringue.
TL: Ini Salon-O-Matic, kursi salon ajaib,” kata Lemon Meringue. (Makeover
Madness; Dandanan Kacau)
Lemon Meringue is an expert with a comb and blow dryer. She runs and
owns a beauty salon in Berry Bitty City.1 One day, she was very busy at her salon
and decides to get a high-tech gadget named Salon-O-Matic to help her work in
her salon. According to Booij, Lehman and Mughdan, the term O-Matic in Salon-
O-Matic is originally derived from the term automatic and this suffix is
commonly used for the store or business name.2 It is proved by the establishment
of the American Company known as Ronco in 1960s.3 This company was
established by Michael Korey and Ron Popeil. This company sells and
manufactures much kind of automatic kitchen device and the suffix O-Matic is
used to name their products such as Chop-O-Matic, Dial-O-Matic and Veg-O-
Matic. These products are very popular and sold in a large amount. That is why,
Ronco, Popeil and the suffix O-Matic have become an icon of American popular
culture in that era.
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies Salon-O-Matic into new
coinage type. It is classified into new coinage type, because it is a derived word. It
1Strawberry Shortcake, retrieved from http://www.strawberryshortcake.com/friendsaccessed on August, 16th 20152Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehman, Joachim Mughdan, Morphology: Volume 1, (Berlin:Walter de Guyter GmbH & Co, 2000), p.19683Funding Universe, Ronco, Inc. History. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ronco-inc-history/ accessed onAugust, 16th 2015
36
can be considered as derived word, because it has formed by attaching the suffix -
O-Matic after the base salon to create a new term as Salon-O-Matic. Through this
process, the meaning of salon which refers to a place to get hair and beauty
treatment has also changed into salon chair which can do manicure, pedicure and
hair styling automatically after attaching by the suffix –O-Matic. Thus, the writer
classifies it into new coinage type.
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate Salon-O-
Matic by applying the couplet procedure in the TL. In the theory itself, it has been
explained that this neologisms especially the one appearing in fiction should be
recreated or translated into the same or equivalent morpheme. Meanwhile, there
are two translation procedures which are applied to translate Salon-O-Matic in the
story; transference and descriptive equivalent. Through this translation procedure,
Salon-O-Matic in the Makeover Madness (Dandanan Kacau) Bilingual Books is
not only transferred into Salon-O-Matic but also added with a description as kursi
salon ajaib.
In the story, the writer finds that this translation procedure only applies
once to translate Salon-O-Matic. Meanwhile, in the other page of the story it is
translated into Kursi Salon-O-Matic. Thus, the writer considers that the translation
kursi salon ajaib is a kind of description and classifies the translation procedure as
descriptive equivalent.
On the other hand, it describes into kursi salon ajaib not kursi salon
otomatis in order to adjust with the image of children magical world. The writer
also considers that the descriptive equivalent procedure can convey the meaning
37
of salon chair, which can do anything automatically like magic in the story, to the
target readers of Strawberry Shortcake.4
Moreover, the writer also considers that this translation procedure can be
applied to translate Salon-O-Matic. Since Salon-O-Matic does not origin from the
TL, the writer considers that the application of this translation procedure still
preserves the originality of it as the SL neologisms in the story.
2. SL: Later, Strawberry Shortcake stopped by the salon to visit Lemon
Meringue.
TL: Strawberry Shortcake berkunjung ke salon Lemon Meringue. (Makeover
Madness; Dandanan Kacau)
The term salon comes in English around 16th century from Old French
word “salon”.5 Then, the meaning of salon has been changed in English in a
period of times. In the 16th century, salon means as a large room or apartment in a
palace or a great house.6 This kind of room is usually used as a reception room for
a guest in a large house. Then, in the 17th and 18th century, salon is commonly
associated with French literal and philosophical movement. It is used to mean a
gathering for fashionable people such as writers or artist at the house of woman
prominent in high society.
4Eugene A Nida and Charles R Taber, The theory and practice of translation, (Leiden:The Netherlands,1969), p.2005Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary: Fourth Edition, (United Kingdom: OxfordUniversity Press,2008), p.3896Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/salon, accessed on August, 19th2015
38
Nowadays, salon is used specifically to mean a shop that gives customers
hair or beauty treatment.7 The meaning of salon as a place to get beauty treatment
or hair dressed has widely known in many countries and places including in
Indonesia. Based on this explanation, the writer classifies the neologisms salon
into old word with new sense type. It classifies into old word with new sense type,
because it is an old word with new sense where the meaning of it has been
changed in a period of times.
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate salon by
applying the transference procedure. In the theory itself, it has been explained that
this neologisms should be translated by applying functional and descriptive
equivalent. But, the writer finds that it is translated by applying transference
procedure. Through this translation procedure, it is only transferred without any
description in the story. Since the meaning or the concept of it refers to the same
concept which is a place to get hairdressing and beauty treatment both in Bahasa
and in the story, the writer considers that transference procedure can be used to
translate the neologisms in the old word with new sense type.
Moreover, the writer also considers that this translation procedure can be
applied to translate salon. It can be applied to translate it, because this translation
procedure still preserve the meaning of it as SL neologisms based on its
originality in the TL.
3. SL: At the Strawberry shortcake’s café, Lemon Meringue made a batch of
smoothies.
7Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary: Fourth Edition, op.cit, p.389
39
TL: Di Café Strawberry Shortcake, Lemon Meringue membuat smoothies.
(Makeover Madness; Dandanan Kacau)
Strawberry Shortcake runs and owns a café in Berry Bitty City. In her
café, Strawberry Shortcake prepares bread, sells delicious foods or snack and also
smoothies. According to Oxford Dictionaries, “smoothie is a thick and frosty
drink made with liquids and solid in blender or food processor”.8 Smoothies are
occasionally spelled smoothee or smoothy. In Bahasa, there is also the same
beverage which is also made from fruit. It is known as Juice. But, smoothies and
juice have different concept although these beverages have the same benefit.
According to Brown, he explained that “smoothies first used in blender
cook book in the early 1960s”.9 Since then, during the past decade this beverage
has become very popular from California beaches across the nation. To have a
batch of smoothies, the whole fruit is used as the main ingredient which usually
mixes with frozen yoghurt, milk or ice cream. Therefore, it always makes
smoothies looks so creamy and thicker.
Meanwhile, Juice is made by using a juicer where the whole fruit is not
used and it can be added with other ingredients or flavors such as Vitamin shot or
flavored syrup and the texture is lighter than smoothies.10 Based on this
explanation, the writer classifies smoothies into transferred word type. It classifies
into the transferred word type, because this beverage is the transferred cultural
manifestation of the United States.
8Ibid, p.49Ellen Brown, A Complete Guide to Smoothie, (United States of America: Penguin GroupInc, 2005), p.310An Hachette Livre UK Company, Juices and Smoothies: Over 200 Delicious Recipes,(Great Britain: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 2010, eBook edition) p.509
40
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate smoothies by
applying the transference procedure. In the theory itself, this neologisms should be
translated by applying transference procedure, functional equivalent or descriptive
equivalent procedure depends on the target reader and setting. Through the
transference procedure, it shows that smoothies are transferred with a special
signal (italic) in the story.
Since the Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story
book and there is no any equivalency of it in Bahasa, the writer considers that
smoothies are only transferred in the story without any adaptation into jus or any
specific detail for it. It is translated without any adaptation and any specific detail,
because the illustrations of smoothies have been given in the story. This
illustration is not only a decoration but also strengthening the message through the
repeating what is said in words.11 Therefore, the writer considers that smoothies is
only transferred in the story and write in Italic in order to present the United States
culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the knowledge of the target readers of
Strawberry Shortcake about the other culture.12.
Moreover, the writer considers that this translation procedure can be
applied to translate smoothies. It can be applied to translate it, because this
translation procedure still preserves it as SL neologisms based on its originality in
the TL.
11Riitta Oittinen, Translating for children, (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.2000),p.10812Benny Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan , (Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006),p.88
41
4. SL: She got out the sugar and started to make a new batch of lemon bars.
TL: Ia mengambil gula dan mulai membuat lemon bars lagi. (Berry Bitty Bakers;
Pembuat Kue di Kota Berry Bitty)
Berry Bitty City is held an annual baking contest. The residents in Berry
Bitty City are very excited to join, including Strawberry Shortcake and her berry
friends. Strawberry Shortcake, Plum Pudding and Lemon Meringue will be joined
the contest. Meanwhile, Raspberry Torte, Orange Blossom and Blueberry Muffin
would rather to taste the treats than bake them. According to Nunez, he explains
that “Lemon bars is one of American dessert bars”.13 He also explained that
“dessert bars is a type of American bar cookie which has the texture of a firm
cake or softer than usual cookie”.14 A dessert bars always serves during the
holiday, but it always consume all year nowadays. Later, this dessert bars appears
in many kinds of variation, such as lemon bars, chocolate coconut bars, pineapple
bars, almond bars, etc. Lemon bars and other bars would rather serve in a pan than
baked in oven and it cuts in a rectangle or square forms.
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies Lemon bars into transferred
word type. It classifies into transferred word type, because Lemon bars is one of
the perennial favorite classic dessert in the Southern United States which is only
transferred and become a new word in the TL.15
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate Lemon bars
by applying transference procedure. In the theory itself, it is explained that this
13 Christopher Nunez, My Baking Confession, (United States of America: Lulu Press, Inc.2015), p.3614Ibid, p.3615 Michel Sues, Advanced Bread and Pastry: A Professional Approach, (Canada: NelsonEducation, Ltd, 2009), p.435
42
neologisms should be translated by applying transference, functional equivalent or
descriptive equivalent procedure depends on the target readers and setting.
Through this translation procedure, it shows that Lemon bars are transferred
without any special signal (italic) or any specific detail in the story.
Since Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story
book and there is no any equivalency of it in Bahasa, the writer considers that
Lemon bars are only transferred without any adaptation into kue lemon or any
specific detail. It is translated without any adaptation and specific detail, because
the illustration of it has been given in the story. This illustration is not only a
decoration but also strengthening the message through repeating what is said in
words. Therefore, Lemon bars are only transferred in the story in order to present
the United States culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the knowledge of the
target readers of Strawberry Shortcake.
Then, the writer considers that this translation procedure can be applied to
translate Lemon bars. It can be applied to translate it, because this translation
procedure still preserves it as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
However, the writer considers that Lemon bars should be translated by
applying adaptation procedure into kue lemon in Bahasa. Since the equivalency of
Lemon bars exists as kue lemon in Bahasa with different concept from the SL, the
writer considers that it should be translated by applying adaptation procedure into
kue lemon in order to enrich the knowledge of the target readers in the TL about
their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach all the level of society.
43
5. SL: “It does manicures like magic, gives perfect pedicures and styles hair
faster than you’ve ever seen before!”
TL: “Ia bisa melakukan manikur dengan ajaib, pedikur dengan sempurna dan
menata rambut lebih cepat daripada yang pernah kalian lihat!” (Makeover
Madness; Dandanan Kacau)
The French word manicures and pedicures are originally derived from
Latin manus means hand and cura means care.16 Meanwhile, pedicure is also
derived from Latin pes-, ped- means feet and cura means care.17According to
Oxford Dictionaries, the term manicure means as “A cosmetics treatment of the
hands involving shaping and often painting the nails, removal the cuticles, and
softening of the skin”.18 Meanwhile, the term pedicure means as “A cosmetic
treatment of the feet and toenails”.19 According to Knight, he explains that “the
habit of manicures and pedicures is an ancient practice of China and Egypt”.20
This practice is mostly associated with the royals. They are typically using dark
shades and red polish as the rules of classes.
Then, the popularity of manicures and pedicures begin with the production
of nail products in French during 1920s until 1970s. The production of nails
product are inspired by this ancient habit. By producing the nail products, the
16Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manicure, accessed on August, 24th 201517Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pedicure, accessed on August 24th 201518Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/manicure, accessed on August, 24th
201519Oxford Dictionaries, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pedicure,accessed on August, 24th 201520Gladys L. Knight, Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American PopularCulture: Volume 1-A, (United States: Greenwood, 1974), p.95
44
women in middle-class are enjoyed of going to a beauty parlor to get manicure
and pedicure. That is why, it makes manicures and pedicures being very popular
in French.21 Since then, many American women are also imitating this habit.
Nowadays, this habit became immensely popular in many countries in Indonesia
and enjoyed by adult, women or even men.
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies manicure and pedicure into
transferred word type. It classifies into transferred word type, because this ancient
habit is the cultural overlap of China and Egypt where French has make its
popular and being adopted in English.
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate manicure
and pedicure by applying naturalization procedure. In the theory itself, it has been
explained that this neologisms should be translated by applying transference,
couplet, functional equivalent or descriptive equivalent procedure depends on the
target readers and setting. But, the writer finds that in the Makeover Madness
(Dandanan Kacau) Bilingual Books it is translated by applying naturalization
procedure. Through this translation procedure, it is naturalized by adapting
manicure and pedicure into the normal pronunciation and morphology as manikur
and pedikur in the story.
And then, the writer considers that this translation procedure can be
applied to translate manicure and pedicure. It can be applied to translate manicure
and pedicure, because this translation procedure still preserves it as SL
neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
21Ibid, p.95
45
The writer also considers that this translation procedure can be applied to
translate manicure and pedicure, because the equivalency of these neologisms
exists in Bahasa as manikur and pedikur.22 Moreover, the writer considers that the
application of these translation procedures will enrich the knowledge of the target
readers in the TL about their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach
all the level of society.
6. SL: As Strawberry Shortcake looking through the pajamas, she got a great
idea.
TL: Saat Strawberry sedang memilih baju tidur, ia mendapat ide bagus. (My
First Sleepover; Pesta Piyama)
Strawberry Shortcake got an idea to have a sleepover party with her berry
friends. They are wearing many kinds of colorful pajamas in that party. The
spelling pajama is tending toward United States, meanwhile British tend to spell it
into pyjama. According to Merriam-Webster, pajamas are originally coming from
India.23 It has explained that when English come to India, they saw many people
there wearing a light loose trousers.24 This light loose trouser called as pajama.
Then, the English adopted both the word and the loose trousers from Hindi and
using it as the nightshirt to sleep in. And nowadays, the pajamas are widely
known as sleeping attire for many people either children or adults. Based on this
explanation, the writer classifies pajamas into transferred word type. It classifies
22Dendy Sugono dkk, op.cit. p.122 and p.13823Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pajamasaccessed on September, 3rd 201524Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pajamasaccessed on September, 3rd 2015
46
into the transferred word type, because this clothe is the transferred cultural
manifestation of Hindi and being adopted in English.
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates pajamas in
by applying functional translation procedure. Through this translation procedure,
pajamas are translated by applying its cultural free word into baju tidur. The
writer considers that it is kind of culture free word, because the writer cannot find
the origin of the translation baju tidur in Bahasa. Thus, the writer considers this
translation as culture free word.
However, the translators would rather translate pajamas into baju tidur
than piama. The writer considers that the translators would rather translate
pajamas into baju tidur than piama in order to enrich the knowledge of the target
readers in the TL about their own language.
On the other hand, the writer also considers that the applying of functional
equivalent procedure to translate pajamas into baju tidur can convey the meaning
or the concept of it to the target readers of Strawberry Shortcake story. It can
convey the meaning or the concept of pajamas to them, because this translation
has been very familiar for the target readers in the TL and many people are using
pajamas as their sleeping attire at night.
Since Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story
book, the illustration of pajamas will help them to understand the concept of it in
the story. It will help them to understand the concept of it, because this illustration
is not only a decoration but also strengthening the message through repeating
what is said in words.
47
Therefore, the writer also considers that this translation procedure cannot
be applied to translate pajamas. It cannot be applied to translate it, because this
translation procedure does not preserve baju tidur as neologisms in the TL. It does
not preserve it as SL neologisms in the TL, because the writer cannot find the
origin of baju tidur in Bahasa. In fact, it has the equivalency in Bahasa as piama.25
Thus, the writer considers that this translation procedure does not preserve it as
neologisms in the TL.
7. SL: Lemon Meringue says she is not good at ballet
TL: Lemon Meringue mengatakan ia tidak bisa menari balet. (Ballet School;
Sekolah Balet)
One day, Strawberry Shortcake and her berry friends are going to dance
class with Plum Pudding as their teacher. They are having a dance class in Plum
Pudding’s studio. In Plum’s studio, Strawberry and her berry friends are
practicing ballet. They skip, leap and spin together. According to Apel, he
explained that ballet is “a theatrical performance by a dancing group usually with
costumes and scenery, to the accompaniment of music but customarily without
singing or spoken”.26
The term ballet comes from the French word where its origin derives from
Italian word balleto means dancing.27 Many balleto were held especially during
the Renaissance in 15th century especially in Italy. In this era, the aristocrats had
money and time to pursue and fund artistic endeavors. Thus, they hired dance
25 Dendy Sugono dkk, op.cit.p.15026Wili Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music: Second Edition Revised and Enlarged,(Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press),p.7327 Michel Kennedy and Joyce Bourne Kennedy, The Oxford Dictionary of Music, (UnitedKingdom: Oxford University Press, 2013), p.50
48
teachers to instruct members of court to hold this dance for some occasions such
as wedding reception, reception of foreign sovereign and similar festive occasion.
Then, he also explained that “this dance was brought to France in 1533
when the Italian noblewoman Catherine de’ Medici married King Henry II”.28
She was a great admirer of dance and brought her knowledge about balli to the
French royal courts. She also performed balli to celebrate a family’s royal
member in 1581 and presented the Le Ballet Comique de la Reine (The Queens’s
Ballet Spectacle).29
A hundred years later, in 1643-1715, Louis XIV become a King of France
at the age of 5.30 He was loved to dance and performed in many court of ballets.
He also was charged of the music in that era. On these days, ballet is very famous
in French and it is performed by the court itself and very formal. The dancers
were wearing a heavy dress, wigs, high-heel and other trappings of court life.
After get its popularity in French, ballet has also spread and become popular in
many countries such as Russia, England, United States, etc. Nowadays, the most
widely known of ballet is a classical style that focuses on the female dancers.31
She becomes the most important figure in the stories and her movements become
expressive and lyrical. Their costume was also changed by wearing short white
tutus.
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies ballet into transferred word
type. It classifies into transferred word type, because this dance is a cultural
28Wili Apel, op.cit,, p.7329Robin Rinaldi, Ballet; Second Edition, (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2010),p.3030Michel Kennedy and Joyce Bourne Kennedy, op.cit, p.5031Robin Rinaldi, op.cit, p.32
49
manifestation of Italy where the word has been changed in French as ballet and
adopted in English. Nowadays, the spelling of ballet has been popular and widely
known throughout the world.32
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates ballet by
applying naturalization procedure. In the theory itself, it has been explained that
this neologisms should be translated by applying transference, couplet, functional
equivalent and descriptive equivalent procedure. But, the writer finds that ballet
has been translated by applying naturalization procedure. Through this translation
procedure, ballet is translated by adapting it into the normal pronunciation and
morphology into balet.
Moreover, the writer also considers that this translation procedure can be
applied to translate ballet in transferred word type. It can be applied to translate
ballet in transferred word type, because this translation procedure still preserves it
as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
8. SL: “I’m going to make a strawberry cheesecake!” said Strawberry Shortcake
TL: “Aku akan membuat strawberry cheesecake!” seru Strawberry Shortcake.
(Berry Bitty Bakers; Pembuat Kue di Kota Berry Bitty)
Berry Bitty City held a baking contest for its resident. Strawberry
Shortcake and her berry friends joined the contest. One day before the contest, she
and her berry friends were excited to see who could bake the berry best treats.
But, it is only Strawberry Shortcake, Lemon Meringue and Plum Pudding who
joining the contest. Raspberry Torte, Blueberry Muffin and Orange Blossom
32 Ballet, retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ballet, accessed onSeptember, 3rd 2015
50
would rather taste the treats than bake them. Strawberry Shortcake will make a
Strawberry Cheesecake; Lemon Meringue will make a lemon bars and Plum
Pudding will make a plum tart.
According to Bakers, Cheesecake has believed to have originated in
ancient Greece as being served to the athletes during the first Olympic Games in
776 BC.33 It has made by mixing some of ingredients such as flour, eggs and
honey which is baked. Then, according to Wilkins, the Romans were invented
Greece and the receipt has also known by them. They called cheesecake as
placenta or libum which is served for their God.34 In the 1000 AD, English starts
to know cheesecake from the Romans soldier who invented them and it becomes
popular in the early 15th century. Meanwhile, Cheesecake in the United States
was introduced by the Jewish immigrants from south and east Europe in the late
19th and early 20th century.35
Later, every country has different receipt for its own Cheesecake. This
different recipe usually depends on the region in which the cake was baked, as
well as the cultural background of the person baking. Strawberry Cheesecake is a
kind of New York style cheesecake. This typical New York cheesecake is rich and
has a dense, smooth and creamy consistency with the strawberry as the topping.36
It makes from cream cheese, cream, sugar and eggs. Based on this explanation,
33 Various Bakers, Grand Ma’s Best Cheesecake Recipe Collection, (United States ofAmerica: Demand Books, 2006), p.434Wikins, John M & Shaun Hill, Food in the Ancient World, (United States: BlackwellPublishing, 2006), p.235 Andrew F. Smith, The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink, (London:Oxford University Press, 2007), p.10736 NIR Bound of Consultants & Engineers, The complete Technology Book on FlavouredIce Cream, (India: Asia Pacific Business Press, Inc, 2013), p.81
51
the writer classifies Strawberry Cheesecake into transferred word type. It
classifies into transferred word type, because this cake is the transferred cultural
manifestation of New York style cheesecake.
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates Strawberry
Cheesecake by applying transference procedure. In the theory itself, this
neologisms should be translated by applying transference procedure, functional
equivalent or descriptive equivalent procedure depends on the target reader and
setting. Through the transference procedure, it is transferred in the TL without any
addition or adaptation for it. Since Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a
kind of picture story book, the writer considers that Strawberry Cheesecake is
only transferred without any cultural equivalent such as kue stroberi keju.37 It is
translated without any cultural equivalent for it, because the illustration of it has
been given in the story. This illustration is not only a decoration but also
strengthening the message through repeating what is said in words. Besides, the
writer also considers that Strawberry Cheesecake are only transferred in the story
in order to present New York culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the
knowledge of the target readers in the TL.
On the other hand, the writer considers that this translation procedure can
be applied to translate Strawberry Cheesecake. It can be applied to translate
Strawberry Cheesecake, because this translation procedure still preserves
Strawberry Cheesecake as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
37Kue Stroberi Keju, retrieved from http://sajiansedap.grid.id/kue/cake/kue-stroberi-keju ,accessed on September 6th, 19th 2015
52
However, the writer considers that Strawberry Cheesecake should be
translated by applying adaptation procedure into kue stroberi keju. Since the
equivalency of it exists as kue stroberi keju in Bahasa with different concept from
the SL, the writer considers that it should be translated by applying adaptation
procedure into kue stroberi keju in order to enrich the knowledge of the target
readers in the TL about their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach
all the level of society.
9. SL: At the café, Plum Pudding and Strawberry Shortcake measured and mixed
their ingredients.
TL: Di cafe, Plum Pudding dan Strawberry Shortcake mengukur dan mencampur
bahan-bahan kue. (Berry Bitty Bakers; Pembuat Kue di Kota Berry Bitty)
Strawberry Shortcake is hard worker that runs a café in Berry Bitty City.38
She makes various beverage and snacks in her café. According to Oxford
Dictionaries, the most common English spelling café was origin from French
word “café” in the late 19th century.39 It is used to name a coffee or a coffee
house. Nowadays, it is not only using to name a coffee or a coffee house but also
referring to a small restaurant where simple and usually quite cheap meals are
served.40
38 Strawberry Shortcake, Strawberry Shortcake Characters, retrieved fromhttp://strawberryshortcakeberrybitty.wikia.com/wiki/Characters , accessed on September,6th 201539 Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cafe, accessed on September, 16th
201540 Cambridge Dictionary, retrieved fromhttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cafe , accessed on June August, 20th
2015
53
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies café into transferred word
type. It classifies into transferred word type, because it is the transferred cultural
manifestation of French in English-language which is adopted by them and
become immensely popular throughout the world including in Indonesia.
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates café by
applying the transference procedure. In the theory itself, this neologisms should be
translated by applying transference procedure, functional equivalent or descriptive
equivalent procedure depends on the target reader and setting. But, the translators
are only transferred it in the TL without any naturalization into kafe. In fact, the
equivalency of café exists in Bahasa as kafe. 41 Since Strawberry Shortcake’s café
is illustrated in almost entire Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, the writer
considers that it is only transferred in the story without any naturalization into
kafe or cultural equivalent into kedai kopi. It is only transferred without only
naturalization, because this illustration is not only a decoration but also
strengthening the message through repeating what is said in words. Besides, the
writer also considers that Strawberry Cheesecake are only transferred in the story
in order to present New York culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the
knowledge of the target readers in the TL.
On the other hand, the writer considers that this translation procedure can
be applied to translate café in transferred word type. It can be applied to translate
café in transferred word type, because this translation procedure still preserves it
as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL
41Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/kafe,accessedon August, 22th 2015
54
However, the writer considers that café should be translated by applying
naturalization procedure into kafe. Since the equivalency of it exists in Bahasa as
kafe, the writer considers that café should be translated by applying naturalization
procedure into kafe in order to enrich the knowledge of the target readers in the
TL about their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach all the level of
society.
10. SL: “I want to make a plum tart,” added Plum Pudding.
TL: “Aku ingin membuat plum tart,” kata Plum Pudding. (Berry Bitty Bakers;
Pembuat Kue di Kota Berry Bitty)
Plum Pudding is a friendly dancer.42 She runs a dance studio in Berry Bitty
City. She joins the baking contest along with Strawberry Shortcake and Lemon
Meringue. She decides to make a plum tart for the contest. According toElizabeth,
plum tart has known as a French provincial cuisine.43 In French cooking, plums
are ingredients in a significant tradition of cake making. And, the Mirabelle plum
which is also known as the Mirabelle prune is a specific cultivar used to make
plum tart. This kind of fruit is identified by its small, oval shape, smooth-textured
flesh and especially by its red or dark yellow color.
Later, these plums in this open tart are usually cut into suitably sized
pieces. Besides, many countries such as Britain, United States, German, or Polish
have its own characteristic of this plum-based cake, ingredients and they have
different name for it. Based on this explanation, the writer classifies Plum tart into
42 Plum Pudding, Strawberry Shortcake Characters, retrieved fromhttp://strawberryshortcakeberrybitty.wikia.com/wiki/Characters , accessed on September10th 201543 Elizabeth David, French Provincial Cooking (Revised (ed.), (New York: PenguinBooks,1999), p.505
55
transferred word type. It classifies into transferred word type, because it is a
transferred French provincial cuisine both in English and Bahasa.
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates Plum tart by
applying the transference procedure. In the theory itself, this neologisms should be
translated by applying transference procedure, functional equivalent or descriptive
equivalent procedure depends on the target reader and setting. Through the
application of transference procedure, it is only transferred in the TL without any
cultural equivalent or specific detail.
Since Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story
book, the writer considers that plum tart is only transferred in the story without
any cultural equivalent such as kue plum.44 It is only transferred without any
cultural equivalent, because the illustration of it has been given in the story. This
illustration is not only a decoration but also strengthening the message through
repeating what is said in words.
On the other hand, the writer considers that this translation procedure can
be applied to translate plum tart in transferred word type. It can be applied to
translate plum tart in transferred word type, because this translation procedure still
preserves it as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL. Moreover, the
writer also considers that Plum tart is only transferred in the story in order to
present French culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the knowledge of the
target readers of Strawberry Shortcake.
44Resep Kue Plum, retrieved from http://id.recettepro.info/resep-kue-plum, accessed onSeptember 10th 2015
56
However, the writer considers that Plum tart should be translated by
applying adaptation procedure into kue plum. Since the equivalency of plum tart
exist as kue plum in Bahasa with different concept from the SL, the writer
considers that Plum tart should be translated by applying adaptation procedure
into kue plum in order to enrich the knowledge of the target readers in the TL
about their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach all the level of
society.45
45Dendy Sugono dkk, op.cit. p. 141 and p.175
57
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
To conclude my analysis, the writer concludes that the types of neologisms
which are found in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books are new
coinage, the old word with new sense and the transferred word. The neologisms
which is found in new coinage type is Salon-O-Matic. It is found into new
coinage type, because it is a derived word. It has derived from the base Salon and
the suffix (bound morpheme) –O-Matic which later creates a neologisms into
Salon-O-Matic. Then, the neologisms which is found in old word with new sense
type is salon. It is found into old word with new sense type, because it is an old
word with new sense which the meaning has changed in a period of times.
Meanwhile, the neologisms which are found in transferred word type can be found
as manicure and pedicure, smoothies, lemon bars, pajamas, ballet, strawberry
cheesecake, café and plum tart. These neologisms can be found into transferred
word type because manicure and pedicure are the cultural overlaps of China and
Egypt and smoothies, lemon bars, pajamas, ballet, strawberry cheesecake, café
and plum tart are the cultural manifestations of other culture.
Besides, the writer concludes that the translators have been translated those
SL neologisms into the TL by applying four translation procedures. The
translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate those SL
58
neologisms into the TL are couplet (transference and descriptive equivalent),
transference, naturalization and functional equivalent. The first translation
procedure; couplet (transference and descriptive equivalent) is applied to translate
Salon-O-Matic. Meanwhile, the translation procedure; transference is applied to
translate salon and transferred cultural manifestations such as smoothies, lemon
bars, strawberry cheesecake, café and plum tart. And then, naturalization
procedure is applied to translate ballet and the transferred cultural overlap
manicure and pedicure. Furthermore, the functional equivalence procedure is
applied to translate pajamas.
Based on this analysis, the writer also concludes that from four translation
procedures which are applied by the translators to translate the SL neologisms into
the TL, there are only three translation procedures which still preserve those SL
neologisms based on their originality into the TL. Those are couplet (transference
and descriptive equivalent), transference and naturalization procedure. Those
neologisms which are still preserves as SL neologisms based on their originality
in the TL are Salon-O-Matic, salon, smoothies, lemon bars, manicure and
pedicure, strawberry cheesecake, ballet, café and plum tart. Meanwhile, the writer
considers that the translation procedure; functional equivalent cannot preserve the
SL neologisms; pajamas based on its originality into the TL. It cannot preserve it
as neologisms in the TL, because its originality as pajamas do not preserve in the
TL. The translators would rather translate it into baju tidur than piama. In fact,
there has been its equivalency which preserves its originality as piama. But, the
translators would rather translate it as baju tidur than piama. Thus, the writer
59
considers that this translation procedure cannot preserve the SL neologisms
pajamas in the TL.
However, the writer also concludes that the cultural manifestations such as
Lemon bars, plum tart, café and strawberry cheesecake should be adapted,
naturalized or giving its equivalency in Bahasa. Thus, the writer considers that
these neologisms should be translated by applying adaptation, naturalization and
functional equivalent procedures. For instance, Lemon bars should be translated
by applying adaptation procedure into kue lemon, plum tart should be translated
by applying adaptation procedure into kue plum, café should be translated by
applying naturalization procedure into kafe and strawberry cheesecake should be
translated by its cultural equivalency into kue stroberi keju. According to Sugono,
the development of Bahasa Indonesia is aimed to avoid the using of foreign words
or phrases which the equivalency of them have been existed in Bahasa.1 Thus, this
equivalency should be applied by the translators while translating the neologisms
and any smaller unit of the language although the translation itself cannot preserve
those SL neologisms into the TL.
Moreover, the cultural manifestation smoothies which do not have any
equivalence yet in Bahasa is also need to look for its equivalency in Bahasa
Indonesia in order to broaden the using of Bahasa Indonesia in all the level of
society. Finally, the changing of Strawberry Shortcake’s character design and the
entire Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books can be seen in the Appendices.
1Dendy Sugono dkk, Pengindonesiaan Kata dan Ungkapan Asing,(Jakarta: Pusat BahasaDepartemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2005), p.4
60
B. Suggestions
After conducting this research, the writer would like to points some
suggestions for the writer herself, the translator and the next researcher. The main
suggestion for the writer herself is she has to be more aware and detail while
learning the theory of neologisms, because there are many kinds of subject in the
theory of translation of neologisms which are related to the linguistic subject.
Therefore, the writer herself has to looking for the relevant theory from the
linguistic subject in order to understanding Newmark’s translation of neologisms.
On the other hand, she also has to be very mindful of the Grammar and the
information for every data analysis while analyzing the neologisms, the types of
neologism and the translation procedures which are applied by the translators to
translate the neologisms in the story.
Meanwhile, the main suggestion for the translator is the translator herself
must be very mindful while choosing the translation procedures to translate the
neologisms in the types of neologism. It is because, the using of the translation
procedures to translate the neologisms will be affecting to the children’s ability
while understanding the story. This is pointed to the using of the transference
procedure to translate the neologisms such as smoothies, lemon bars, strawberry
cheesecake, café and plum tart. These transferred cultural manifestation are not
originally exists in Bahasa and when the writer asked to the two children (target
readers) who love Strawberry Shortcake story of its translation age 6 years and
one child age 8 years old, they are still difficult while understanding the concept
although the illustration of these transferred word have been given in the story.
61
Based on this explanation, the writer suggests to the translators that they
might be giving the equivalency, adapting it or giving a specific detail for these
cultural manifestations. It is because, there is no any guarantee that the children
will understand if the translator prefer to match the illustration and the text like
has been explained by Oittinen. Therefore, the writer considers and suggests that
the translators need to giving the equivalency, adaptation or giving specific detail
for the transferred cultural manifestation in order to help the children in the TL
while understanding these neologisms or the story easily.2
The last suggestions are also pointed to English Letters Department student
who are interested in continuing the research of the translation of neologisms
especially in the children literature. Firstly, the writer suggests to the next
researchers that they have to be very mindful with Newmark’s theory of the
translation of neologisms, because the neologisms examples in this theory are
derived from the French neologisms. If the researchers have no any idea about the
example of French neologisms in his theory, they can use the English neologisms
which are having the same idea as a supporting theory. Secondly, the writer also
suggest to the next researchers that they should be learned the neologisms theory
and the translation procedures theory very carefully. If the next researcher does
not understand the theory of the translation of neologisms and the translation
procedure, it will be difficult to analyze the data. Because, the decision to identify
the types of neologisms and those translation procedures in the translation product
2BayuBudiharjo, (2011), Analisis Teknik, Metode dan Ideologi Penerjemahan danDampaknya terhadap Rima danKualitas Terjemahan dalam Buku Dwibahasa A KissGoodnight (KecupanSelamatMalam) and Me and My Dad!(Aku dan Ayahku!), Thesis,p.35. Retrieved from http://digilib.uns.ac.id, July, 14th 2017
62
sometimes overlapping with the other types of neologism and their translation
procedures. Therefore, the writer suggests to the next researcher that they have to
learn very carefully these theories in order to avoid misunderstanding while
analyzing the data. In addition, since the neologisms data in this research are only
ten, the next researchers might also collect more data while doing a research about
neologisms in the other children’s literature or the other text in the near future.
63
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
A. Eugene, Nida. (1964). Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: TheNetherlands
A. Eugene, Nida and Taber. (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation.Leiden: The Netherlands
Akmajian, Adrian,(et.al). (2010). Linguistics: An Introduction to Language andCommunication, Sixth Edition, Cambridge: The MIT Press
Bakers, Various. (2006). Grand Ma’s Best Cheesecake Recipe Collection, UnitedStates of America: Demand Books1
Bowker, Lynee and Jennifer Pearson. (2002). Working with a SpecializedLanguage: A Practical Guide to using Corpora. London and New York:Routledge
Catford. J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in AppliedLinguistic. London: Oxford University Press
Chomsky, Noam. (1965). Aspect of The Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The M.I.TPress
Cox, Taylor Jr., (1994). Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Researchand Practice, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers
Finch, Geoffrey. (2003). How to Study Linguistic: A guide to understandinglanguage 2nd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmilan
F. Smith, Andrew. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink,London: Oxford University Press
Gordon, Nancy D. (2004). Thomas A. McMahon, Brian L. Finlayson, ChristopherJ. Gippel, Rory J. Nathan, Stream Hydrology: An Introduction forEcologists, Second Edition (England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Hoedoro, Benny Hoed. (2006). Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, Bandung: PT.Kiblat Buku Utama
64
Kardimin. (2013). Pintar Menerjemah: Wawasan Teoritik dan Praktek,.Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
Kridalaksana, Harimurti. (2007). Pembentukan Kata dalam Bahasa Indonesia.Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Larson, Mildred. (1998). Meaning-Based Translation. Maryland: University Pressof America, Inc
Lieber, Rochelle. (2010). Introducing Morphology. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press
Malmkjair, Kristen. (2006). The Linguistics Encyclopedia. London and NewYork: Routledge
Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall
NIR Bound of Consultants & Engineers. (2013). The complete Technology Bookon Flavoured Ice Cream. India: Asia Pacific Business Press, Inc, 2013
Oittinen, Riitta. (2000). Translating for children. New York: Garland Publishing,Inc.
Pavel, Silvia and Diana Nolet. (2001). Handbook of Terminology. Minister ofPublic Works and Government Services Canada
Richards, Jack (et al). (1985). Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics,London: Longman Group Limited
Sayogie, Frans. (2014). Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan. Tangerang Selatan:Transpustaka
Sudjana dan Suci Budiawati. (2013). Glosarium Terminologi Penerjemahan:Bahasa Inggris-Indonesia. Universitas Gunadarma
Sugono, Dendy dkk. (2005). Pengindonesiaan Kata dan Ungkapan Asing.Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
65
Teresa. M. Cabré. (1999). Terminology: Theory, Methods and Application ed. byJuan C. Sager translated by Janet Ann DeCesaris. Netherlands:John Benjamins Publishing Company
Venuti, Lawrence. (2000). The Translation Studies Reader. London and NewYork: Routledge
Venuti, Lawrence. (1995). The Translator’s invisibility: A History of Translation.London: Routledge
Wikins, John M. & Shaun Hill. (2006). Food in the Ancient World. United States:Blackwell Publishing
E-Books:
A. Georges, Robert and Michael Owen Jones, Folkloristics: An Introduction,(United States of America, 1995)
An Hachette Livre UK Company, eBook edition. (2010) Juices and Smoothies:Over 200 Delicious Recipes. Great Britain: Octopus PublishingGroup, Ltd
Brown, Ellen. (2005). A Complete Guide to Smoothie. (United States ofAmerica: Penguin Group Inc
Ann. Barbara, Kipfer. (2011). The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference.Canada: John Wiley &Sons, Inc
Apel, Wili. Harvard Dictionary of Music: Second Edition Revised and Enlarged,Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
David, Elizabeth. (1999). French Provincial Cooking (Revised ed.), New York:Penguin Books, 1999)
E. Geert, Booij, Christian Lehman, Joachim Mughdan, (2000). Morphology:Volume 1, Berlin: Walter de Guyter GmbH & Co
Goldstein, Darra (Ed.). (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar And Sweet.United Kingdom: Oxford University Press
Haslan, S.M. (1978). River Plants. London: Cambridge University Press
66
Huang, Libo. (2015). Style In Translation: A Corpus-Based Perspective. China:Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press
Kennedy, Michel and Joyce Bourne Kennedy. (2013). The Oxford Dictionary ofMusic, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press
L. Gladys, Knight. (1974). Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places inAmerican Popular Culture: Volume 1-A. United States: Greenwood
Machali, Rochayah. (2009). Pedoman bagi Penerjemah: Panduan Lengkap BagiAnda yang Ingin Menjadi Penerjemah. Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka.
Nunez, Christopher. (2015). My Baking Confession. United States of America:Lulu Press, Inc
Pratana, Martha &Nanit. (2008). Masakan Nusantara Favorit. Yogyakarta:Gradien Mediatama
Rinaldi, Robin. (2010). World of Dance: Ballet, Second Edition. United States ofAmerica: Infobase Publishing
Suas, Michel. (2009). Advanced Bread and Pastry: A Professional approach.Canada: Nelson Education, Ltd
Journals and Thesis:
Sayadi, Forough. (2011). The Translation of Neologisms Vol.16, No.2 April.Retrieved from http://www.translationjournal.net, accessed onMarch 23rd 2015
Helge, Niska. (1998). Explorations in translational creativity: Strategies forinterpreting neologisms. (Workshop paper: Stockholm University, 8th
Augusts) Retrieved from: http://lisa.tolk.su.se/kreeng2.htm, accessed onMay, 28th 2015
Panahi, Mariam. Ne’matullah Somoossi, Mohsen Samadi and Seyyed Amir RezaMohamadian. (2013). Correspondence in Translating EnglishNeologismss into Persian: an Example from Children’s Fiction. LifeScience Site Journal Vol.10 (9s):352-360 (ISSN:1097-8135). Retrievedfrom http://lifesciencesite.com, accessed on May, 8th 2015
67
Dr. Kardimin, MA. (2013). The Translation of Neologisms: Challenges for theCreation of New Term in Indonesian using Corpus Based Approach.International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3,Issue 5, May-2012 1 ISSN 2229-5518. Retrieved fromwww.ijser.org/researchpaper, accessed on May, 12th 2015
Leadership Academy for Development, Indonesia’s Corruption Eradication.pdf,retrieved from http://fsi.stanford.edu accessed on June, 21 2015
Emma Prené, (2012). Thesis: Dumbledore, Remembrall and OWLs Wordformation processes of neologisms in the Harry Potter books,Linnӕus University School of Language and Literature. Retrievedfrom http://lnu.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2.../FULLTEXT01.pdfaccessed on June, 5th 2015
Dictionary:
M. John, Echols and Hassan Shadily. (2001). An English-Indonesian Dictionary.Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary: Fourth Edition. (2008). United Kingdom:Oxford University Press
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. (2008). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia PusatBahasa: Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama
E-Dictionary:
Online Etymology Dictionary, retrieved from http://www.etymonline.com/gayaccessed on June, 2nd 2015
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/homo-2accessed on June, 2nd 2015
Online Etymology Dictionary, retrieved fromhttp://www.etymonline.com/network accessed on June, 2nd 2015
Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromwww.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/English/coinage accessed on June,4th 2015
Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/phonaestheticsaccessed on June, 5th 2015
68
Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/matrimony accessed on June, 6th 2015
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/profaccessed on June, 6th 2015
Glosarium, Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia,retrieved from http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium June,6th 2015
Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Shakespearean accessed on June, 13th 2015
Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/honda, accessed onJune,13th 2015
Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/champagne accessedon June, 13th 2015
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved fromhttp://kbbi.web.id/sampanye accessed on June, 13th 2015
Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/salon, accessed onAugust, 19th 2015
Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manicure, accessed on August, 24th 2015
Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pedicure, accessed on August 24th 2015
Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved fromhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/manicure, accessedon August, 24th 2015
Oxford Dictionaries,http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pedicure,accessed on August, 24th 2015
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/manikur andhttp://kbbi.web.id/pedikur, accessed on August, 24th 2015
69
Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pajamas accessed on September, 3rd 2015
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), http://kbbi.web.id/bajutidur accessed onSeptember, 3rd 2015
Official Website:
www.wrangler.com accessed on June, 18th 2015
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, retrieved fromhttp://www.asean.org/asean/asean-member-states accessed on June, 212015
Strawberry Shortcake, retrieved fromhttp://www.strawberryshortcake.com/friends accessed on August,16th 2015
Funding Universe, Ronco, Inc. History. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ronco-inc-history/accessed on August, 16th 2015
Lemon bars, retrieved from https://cookpad.com/id/kuelemon accessed on August23rd 2015
Kue Stroberi Keju, retrieved from http://sajiansedap.grid.id/kue/cake/kue-stroberi-keju , accessed on September, 6th 2015
http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/ina-garten/lemon-bars-recipe accessed onSeptember, 6th 2015
Plum Pudding, Strawberry Shortcake Characters, retrieved fromhttp://strawberryshortcakeberrybitty.wikia.com/wiki/Characters , accessedon September, 6th 2015
Strawberry Shortcake, retrieved fromhttp://www.strawberryshortcake.com/friends accessed onSeptember, 12th 2015