the transformation of europe 1500’s – 1700’s -major changes & conflict within european...
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The Transformation of Europe1500’s – 1700’s
-Major changes & conflict within European Christendom.(today’s focus)
-The establishment of constitutional states and absolute monarchies.
-The Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
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The Protestant Reformation: reasons for religious divisions
• Renaissance leads to more secular interests for the Popes.– Engaged in warfare to expand Papal
territories & interests.
– Involved in patronage of the arts and building projects : St. Peter’s Basilica designed by Michelangelo for Pope Julius II
• Many Church officials corrupt or not fully trained to lead communities in worship.
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The Spark : The sale of indulgences
• An Indulgence is a “pardon” for one’s sins – instead of performing penance, one can pay the Church.
• Indulgences can even be granted to souls already in purgatory to shorten their stay.
• Martin Luther, a German monk, reacts to the selling of indulgences to support St. Peter’s construction.
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Martin Luther reacts….• October 1517 Luther wants to
simply debate the sale of indulgences in his 95 Theses, but this is seen as an attack on the Church.
• 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicates him, but he continues to preach in home town of Wittenberg.
• 1521 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V orders Luther to take back his statements…he refuses and continues to preach.
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Martin Luther calls for changes...
• A halt in the sale of indulgences (seen as fraud)
• The translation of the Bible into local vernaculars.
• An end to “priestly authority”; proclaims the Bible is the only source of Christian authority (not the priests & Pope)
• Allows monks & priests to marry.
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Reasons for ML’s success
• The Printing Press: Europe since mid 1400s had a growing literate population.
• Many princes in the Holy Roman Empire saw political and economic advantages if they split from Roman Catholicism
• By mid 1500’s ½ of Germany is Protestant.
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Other religious divisions
• King Henry VIII of England – creates the Anglican Church after the Pope does not allow him to divorce wife who doesn’t produce male heir.
• Calvinism – John Calvin introduces new ideas in Switzerland & France. Imposes a more strict code of morality and discipline– Geneva becomes the center of Calvinism– Most successful in Scotland & the Netherlands
• A once united Christian Europe gone by mid 1500s
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The Counter Reformationan attempt to win back followers
• The Council of TrentMtgs btwn 1545 & 1563
- goal is to investigate abuses & to initiate reform
- More religious schools created to train properly & instill high level of morality.
• Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
- created by St. Ignatius Loyola in 1540.
- Intense education in all areas for members; the goal was to be able to impress & out-argue opponents.
- Aggressive missionary work in Asia and the Americas
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WITCH HUNTS
• Predominant in region btwn Germany & France in the Rhineland. (Also carried to the colonies to New England)
• The belief that in exchange for service to the devil, witches gain powers such as flying.
• Who were the victims? 95 % female, mostly the poor, old, single, or widowed. Approx. 110,000 tried & 60,000 killed.
• Why? Used as scapegoats for bad times (crops, death, fires, etc)• Ends by 1700s mostly, last execution in Switzerland 1782.
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Religious Wars
• French Wars : 36 Years Catholic monarchs persecute Protestants (1562- 1598)
• 1588 Spanish King Phillip II unsuccessfully attacks Queen Elizabeth’s England (leads to a major European power shift)
• Spanish Netherlands revolts vs. Spain due to religious differences & desire for independence– By 1610 the United Provinces (Netherlands) created in
the north, the south remains Catholic (modern Belgium)
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The 30 Years War (1618-1648)
• Begins when Holy Roman Emperor tries to force Bohemian Region to return to Catholicism.
• Germany was the battleground 1/3 of German population killed and land laid to waste. – Most destructive European war before 20th century.
• An international war: Spanish, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Polish, French, Russian.
• Peace of Westphalia: political borders redrawn, German princes could choose religion, HRE’s power dissolved.
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