Training MethodsContinuous Training: Involves working for a sustained period of time without rest. It improves cardio-vascular fitness.Circuit Training: Involves performing a series of exercises in a special order called a circuit. Each activity takes place at a 'station'.Interval Training: Involves alternating between periods of hard exercise and rest. It improves speed and muscular endurance.Fartlek Training: Involves varying your speed and the type of terrain over which you run, walk, cycle or ski. It improves aerobic and anaerobic fitness.Plyometrics: A plyometric movement is quick, powerful move that increases muscular power, which translates to higher jumps and faster sprint times. This can include jumping / bounding activities.Weight Training: Uses weights to provide resistance to the muscles. It can improve muscular strength, endurance and power.HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training): a form of interval training, alternating short periods of intense anaerobic exercise with less-intense recovery periods. Usual HIIT sessions may vary from 4–30 minutes.

The Training Principles

SpecifityTraining must be matched to the needs of the sporting activity to improve fitness in the body parts the sport uses.

ProgressionStart slowly, gradually increase the amount of exercise and keep overloading. Use FITT to make progress in training:

Frequency – How often you

train.

Intensity – How hard you train.

Time – How long you train for.

Type – Which methods of

training to use e.g. weight, circuits etc.

OverloadFitness can only be improved by training more than you normally do. You must work beyond your limits to see training benefits.

ReversibilityAny adaptation that takes place as a result of training will be reversed when you stop training. If you take a break or don’t train often enough you will lose fitness.

TediumTraining gets boring unless there is some variety.

Year 9 – The PE Knowledge - Spring Term

The Components of FitnessCardiovascular endurance: The ability of our heart and lungs to cope with exercise over a long period of time. Test = 12 Min Cooper Run / Bleep TestMuscular Endurance: The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to repeatedly contract or keep going without rest. Test = 1 min sit up testSpeed: The ability of the body to move quickly.Test = 30M Sprint TestStrength: The ability of the muscular system to exert force for a short period of time. Test = 1 rep max testFlexibility: The range of movement which you have around a joint. Test = Sit and Reach test Agility: The ability to change the body’s position efficiently. Test = Illinois Agility Run

Short Term Effects of ExerciseHeart: Increased Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output.Long term: Cardiac Hypertrophy. Lower resting heart rate. Increased SV / CO.Muscles: Increase in muscle temperature. Increase in muscular contractions. Lactic acid produced.More Oxygen to working muscles.Long term: Muscular hypertrophy.Lungs: Increased respiratory rate, tidal volume,minute ventilation.Long term: Increased strength of intercostals.Blood vessels/flow: Blood flow increases to working muscles and decreases to digestive system. Vascular shunt mechanism.Long term: Capilliarisation

Year 9 - The Art Knowledge - Spring 2

The Formal Elements

Line A mark made by a moving point on a surface.

Tone The different qualities of darkness and light.

Shape The outline of an object.

Colour Different Hues formed by light refracting on surfaces.

Pattern A repeated decorative design.

Texture The feeling of a surface e.g. rough/smooth.

Form The three dimensional quality of an object.

Critical Analysis A way of analysing artwork that includes six key areas.

Context Why and when the artwork was made.

Content The symbols, materials and images used in the work.

Process How the work was made.

Mood How the work makes you feel.

Form How the formal elements have been used in the work.

Evaluation Your opinion/ judgement of the work.

Pop Art is an Art Movement that

began in…

The 1950’s

American Pop Art can be described

as…

Made by American Artists about American Popular Culture.

British Pop Art can be described as…

Made by British Artists about American Popular Culture.

Three key American Pop Artists are…

Roy LichtensteinAndy Warhol

Robert Rauschenberg

Three Key British Pop Artists are…

Richard HamiltonDavid Hockney

Peter Blake

Roy Lichtenstein’s work is mostly influenced by…

American comic books

Andy Warhol’s work is mostly influenced

by…

Celebrities and big brands e.g. Coca Cola.

Onomatopoeia A word that sounds like the thing it describes when you say it e.g. Pop

Ben Day Dots Small black or coloured dots used in comics to show colour and tone.

Clay A type of mud that can be used to make sculptures

Kiln A very hot oven that you cook clay in to make it go hard

Wedging Banging clay on a hard surface to remove air from it

Score and Slip A technique used to connect two pieces of clay.

Melody (the tune)

LEITMOTIF

A tune that repeats throughout a film – to represent a character, object or idea in the film

For example: The ‘twinkling’ Hedwig’s Theme from Harry Potter which is played on a Glockenspiel

A leitmotif can be used to give a hint to what will happen later in the film. If you hear some menacing, minor chords in the background you might guess that something bad is about to happen

Scalic

The notes used are close to each other and do not leap. For example: A fast ascending scale might suggest soaring or flying

Motif A short tune that repeats

Chromatic

A tune that uses very small steps and moves up and down using the black and white notes. For example: the two-note Jaws motif. Usually creates a creepy or uneasy feel

TremoloA tune that uses trembling or ‘shaking’ way. Often on a violin (like a roll on a steel pan)

Harmony (The chords)

Dissonance When the notes/chords ‘clash’ and don’t sound right together. Can sound scary or uneasy

Diatonic When all the notes used fit the chords and fit together. For example: The National Anthem

PerfectCadence

The music ends with chord V then I. It sounds like the music has finished – like a musical full stop

Composers of Film Music/Video Games

John Williams, Hans Zimmer, John Barry

Year 9 - The Music Knowledge - Spring 2 AoS 4 – Music for Film and Video Games

Genres of Film

Thrillers The mood is serious and tense. The composer wants to create a sense of tension and action

Horror/ Violence

The mood is tense and scary. The composer wants to create a sense tension and unease. The composer wants to make you jump byusing silence before a climax

Romance The mood is happy and warm. The composer wants to create a sense of joyfulness and soaring emotions

Supernatural The mood is weird and strange. The composer wants to transport you to a strange place. For example: synthesized sounds and distortion

War/Battle The composer wants to create action and to replicate sounds of guns and weapons

Timbre (The sound)

Synthesizers Can be used to create weird, and unusual or electronic sounds

Strings Can have a warm, loving sound or can be used to create a scratchy, scary sound

Percussion Can sound angry and aggressive like guns or a heart-beating

Brass Create a loud, heroic sound

Voices Can sound mysterious or eerie

Creating a Mood

HAPPINESS/JOY/TRIUMPH/SOARING EMOTIONS:

• Major tonality• An ascending melody• Repeated chords • Strong accents

PANIC/ACTION:• Fast tempo• Strong accents• Rising scales or melodies• Rhytmic Ostinato (guns?)

SUSPENSE/INTRIGUE/TENSION/UNEASE:• Low-pitched notes• Sustained notes or chords• Chromatic movement

Slow tempo (that gets louder)• Ostinato • Tremolo Strings • Dynamics get louder

SADNESS/LONLINESS: • Minor tonality• Descending scale or melody• Strings or Piano• Slow tempo• Low pitch

SHOCK:• Sudden change in dynamics or tempo• Sudden silence• Sudden change in pitch

HAPPY ENDING: • Perfect Cadence • Gets gradually slower or quieter

BATTLEFIELD:• Rhythm ostinato + Fast tempo • Percussion (Timpani, Cymbals) • Loud dynamics• Brass instruments/chords- triumph

Dynamics (the volume)

Crescendo Music gets gradually louder over a period of time

Diminuendo Music gets gradually softer over a period of time

Sforzando Music is suddenly very loud!

Rhythm (The beat)

Ostinato A rhythm repeating over and over For example: a rhythm ostinato might sound like a gun firing

Solve Find the unknown Solve to find 𝑥:2𝑥 + 1 = 52𝑥 = 4𝑥 = 2

Unknown The letter in an equation 2𝑥 + 1 = 5𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

Expand Multiply out the bracket in the expression

2 𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑥 + 10

Rearrange Make another letter the subject of the equation

Make x the subject2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧2𝑥 = 𝑧 − 𝑦

𝑥 =𝑧 − 𝑦

2

Subject The letter of the equation which is on its own on one side

𝑥 =𝑧 − 𝑦

2𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

Linear An equation which forms a straight line on a graph

2𝑥 + 5 = 𝑦

Quadratic An equation containing a power which forms a curved line on a graph

2𝑥2 + 5 = 𝑦

Simultaneous A pair of equations that have the same solutions for the unknown

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 102𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14

Year 9 - The Maths Knowledge – Spring 2

𝑥 > 2 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2

𝑥 ≥ 2 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 2

𝑥 < 2 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2

𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 2

2 < 𝑏 < 4 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 4

2 ≤ 𝑏 ≤ 4 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 4

Exterior angles of a polygon add up to 360⁰

Interior angles of a polygon add up to n – 2 x 180⁰ (where n is the number of sides)

Angles around a point sum to 360°

Adjacent angles on a straight line sum to 180°

Vertically opposite angles are equal

Interior angles in a quadrilateral sum to 360°

Interior angles in a triangle sum to 180°

Base angles in an isosceles are equal

All angles in an equilateral are 60°

When finding missing angles we use the appropriate angle fact as our reasons

Corresponding angles are equal

Alternate angles are equal

Co-interior angles sum to 180

Location Equator, South America (Brazil), Asia (Indonesia), Africa (Congo).

Climate Hot and wet (humid). No seasons. Temperature range: 25-35°CPrecipitation range: 160 – 330mm/month

Vegetation Very dense and varied (e.g. banana and rubber trees)

Animals Very dense and varied (e.g. apes, parrots, jaguars, insects)

ADAPTATIONS• The trees can grow to over 40 meters high in order to find

sunlight.

• Lianas are woody vines that start at ground level and use trees to climb up to the upper canopy where they spread from tree to tree to get as much light as possible.

• The leaves have drip tips to shed heavy rain.

• Large buttress roots support the tall trees.

• Some plants have very large leaves so they can catch as much sunlight as possible. Plants, such as the fan palm, have large fan-shaped leaves which are segmented so that excess water drains away easily.

• The forest floor is very dark and damp. There is little growth here as the sunlight cannot reach this layer.

• Trees have shallow roots as there is only a shallow layer of fertile soil.

USES OF THE RAINFOREST AND THEIR POSITIVE & NEGATIVE IMPACT

Logging Cutting down hardwood trees to sell.Good: jobs, money for developmentBad: habitat loss, loss of animal biodiversity, climate change

Hydro-electricenergy

Build dam and reservoir to create and sell hydro-electric energy. (e.g. Belo Monte dam in Brazil)Good: jobs, money for development, cheap, clean, renewable energyBad: habitat loss, tribes forced to move, loss of animal biodiversity

Mining Digging to extract iron ore, aluminum, copper, tin and gold to sell.(e.g. The Carajas Mine in Brazil)Good: jobs, money for development.Bad: habitat loss, loss of animal biodiversity, climate change

Building roads

Logging companies, cattle ranches, farms, mines need roads to reach them and transport products to the coast to export = roads built.Good: jobs, improved transportation, easier import/export industriesBad: habitat loss, loss of animal biodiversity, climate change

Urban growth Increasing population = increasing urban areas.(e.g. Manaus’ pop. Grew 22% between 2000 – 2010 reaching 1.7million)Good: reduced pressure of large cities, jobs, improved transportationBad: habitat loss, climate change,

Subsistencefarming

When you farm enough food to live off, not to sell to make money. It is a sustainable farming practice. They use slash and burn to clear the land.Good: sustainable (only farm what they need)Bad: slash and burn = habitat loss, loss of animal biodiversity

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE RAINFOREST - meeting the needs of today, without harming the environment in the future.

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT – DEBT RELIEF

Areas of the rainforest are given monetary value and used to repay outstanding debt. • e.g. Peru owes the USA money. The USA cancels part of

their debt in exchange for an agreement that Peru will conserve/look after part of their rainforest.

SELECTIVE LOGGING

Trees are only felled (cut down) when they are mature (fully grown). As a result the rainforest canopy is preserved where many of the animals live.

Unfortunately, sometimes when a mature tree is felled, up to 30 other trees are damaged getting the tree out of the forest.

PROMOTING RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Rainforest Alliance are charities that give their logo to products that are produced sustainably. Consumers can then choose to buy products from sustainable sources.

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT – CARBON SINK

Trees remove carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and are therefore known as carbon sinks. Rainforests are protected due to their role in reducing global warming.• e.g. The Gola Forest in Sierra Leone (Africa) is protected

for its role in reducing global warming, using money from the European Commission, French Government and NGOs.

NATIONAL PARKS

Areas are protected from development and deforestation.

• e.g. The Tumucumaque National park in Brazil is the largest in the world. It protects over 38,000 square kilometres of rainforest.

ECOTOURISM – SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Tourist resorts (hotels, restaurants) that use sustainable practices to reduce their impact.• e.g. renewable energies, water tanks, grey water, local

employees, use local produce and materials.

Year 9 - The Geography Knowledge - Spring 2 – THE TROPICAL RAINFOREST

Year 9- Judaism Beliefs and Teachings- Keywords

10

commandme

nts

Ten laws given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai

Charity Providing help/love to those in need

Circumcision Removal of the foreskin from the penis

Covenant An agreement between God and the Jewish people

Free will Belief that God has given people the opportunity to

make decisions for themselves

Halacha Collection of Jewish laws based on written and oral

torah.

Judgement God will judge you based on your actions and

reward/punish as a result

Justice Bringing about what is right and fair, making up for a

wrong that has been committed

Merciful God showing compassion or forgiveness to humans

Messiah Anointed one. Leader of the Jews who will be born at

some point.

Mitzvot Jewish rules or commandments

Monotheistic Belief there is only one God

Omnipotent Almighty, unlimited power

Omnipresent Everywhere at all times

Omniscient Know everything

Orthodox

Jews

Jews who believe the Torah is the direct word of god,

given to Moses. Every word must be followed

Pikuach

Nefesh

The oligation to save a life, even if doing so breaks Jewish

law

Promised

land

The land of Israel/Canaan which God promised to the Jews

Rabbi Jewish religious leader

Reform Jews Group that tries to bring Jewish beliefs into modern day

life, focus on Tikkun Olam. Don’t believe the Torah came

from God

Resurrection The belief that at the end of the world the body will rise

and God will judge them

Shabbat Jewish holy day of the week, Friday evening to Saturday

evening

Shekhinah Divine presence of god

Shema Jewish prayer that tells Jews there is only one god

Talmud Commentary on the Torah, purpose is to teach. Made up

of Mishnah and Gemara (the oral law)

Temple The centre of Jewish worship, meeting place between God

and priest

Tenakh First five books of the bible plus Prophets and Writings

Tikkun Olam Being involved in God’s work to sustain the world e.g.

protecting environment, social justice

Torah First five books of the bible

Year 9- Judaism Beliefs and Teachings- Quotes

Topic Quote Meaning

Concept and nature of God

‘Hear O Israel! The lord is our God, the Lord is one. You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart’

There is only one god and you must love God. You must not worship any other Gods.

God as creator ‘When God began to create heaven and earth…’Genesis- God created the world in six days and rested on the seventh

God is the creator of the world and everything in it, everything comes from God.

Life after death ‘Many of those that sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to eternal life, others to reproaches’

There will be a life after death, people will be resurrected in some form. Some will be punished and some will be rewarded

The messiah ‘Nation shall not take up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore’

When the Messiah comes, the world will all live in peace and harmony. There will be no war or anything bad in the world, it will be perfect.

Covenant with Abraham

‘I will make of you a great nation, I will bless you…’‘the lord your God chose you to be his treasured people’

God has promised the Jewish people that they will be blessed and cared for by him, become a great nation. As long as they believe in him and keep the commandments.

Justice ‘Do justice and to love goodness and to walk humbly with god’ God has created people to act in the right way, be kind and caring and to always act in the right way to each other.

Chesed You shall love him (the stranger) as yourself, for you were strangers in the land of EgyptThe world is built on chesed

Be kind to everyone, all of the time, whatever their situation. Even to strangers as Jews know what it is like to suffer in a foreign land.

Sanctity of life He who destroys one soul…it is as if he destroyed a whole world…he who saves one soul…it is as if he has saved a whole world’

Life is so precious and valuable, if one life is lost, it is as if the whole world had died. Every life is sacred and should be treasured.

Free will The blessing is obeying the commandments of your god….the curse is if you do not obey the commandments

You have the choice how you act, free will. Your actions haveconsequences, you can choose to obey God’s commandments or disobey them.

Tikkun Olam ‘a light to the nations’ Jews have an obligation to show others the right way to act in life, to lead the way for everyone else.

Year 9- Judaism Beliefs and Teachings- Key concepts

Topic Key beliefs

God Judaism is monotheistic, one god, whole, can never be divided. God is infinite and eternal. Creator of the world, omnipotent, benevolent, omniscient, and omnipresent. Cares for everyone. Given them laws to follow and will judge them on their behaviour.

Life after death

Not mentioned in the torah. No set beliefs. Righteous souls will be reunited with loved ones after death. Body dies, soul lives on. Some idea of judgement after the Messiah. Judged on our actions. Potential resurrection of the dead. Should focus on our life now, not future. Olam Ha Ba- world to come, good will enter paradise, bad will go to Gehinom and have their souls cleansed.

Messiah A future leader of the Jews, King of Israel, descendent of King David. Orthodox Jews- human Messiah will come and lead a Jewish government, all the laws of the Torah will be followed. Temple rebuilt, time of peace. Reform Jews- everyone should work together to bring about a world of peace, achieved through humanity working together.

Covenant A permanent link between God and the Jewish people. God needed a people he could ‘dwell’ in. Jews- chosen by God, responsibility of keeping the mitzvot. Covenant is binding forever. Abraham- God promised to make him the father of a great nation, bless his people and give them the promised land. Abraham promises to worship only one God and circumcise all Jewish males. Moses- God promised to look after the Jewish people and protect them, the Jews promised to obey his laws and keep the Sabbath day. Moses received the Torah on Mount Sinai.

Moral principles

Justice- bringing about what is right and fair. Guidance given on how to treat the poor, everyone needs to help them.Tzedakah- Justice and charity. Wealth is a loan, need to use it to help the less fortunate.Tikkun Olam- healing the world. Responsibility of mankind to look after the world God has given them. Brings about the messianic age. Social action, volunteering, prayer etcChesed- Guidance in the Torah about how to be kind. World is built on ‘Torah, god and chesed’. Create a society that is kind to everyone

Sanctity of Life Humans created n the image of god, created by god. Bodies belong to god. Preserving life is a duty. Death should be natural.Pikuach Nefesh- obligation to save a life, more important than keeping any other law. E.g. Break Shabbat to call an ambulance

Free Will and Mitzvot

Everyone has free will but your actions have consequences. Will affect you on judgement day. Should obey God’s commandments and follow all the 613 mitzvot, 10 commandments etc. Mitzvot govern relationship between man and God and man and man, how to behave in all situations.

Year 9- Judaism Practices- Keywords

Amidah ‘Standing prayer’, central prayer of Jewish

worship

Aron

Hakodesh

The Ark, holiest part of the synagogue, Torah

kept inside

Bar/Bar

Mitzvah

Celebration of a boy/girl coming of age.

‘Son/daughter of the commandment’

Bimah Platform in a synagogue from where the Torah

is read

Brit Milah Ceremony of male circumcision, removal of the

foreskin to keep the covenant

Chazzan/

Cantor

Person who leads the prayers in synagogue

Dietary

Laws

Rules that deal with foods that can be eaten,

how they are prepared etc

Gemara Commentary on the Mishnah, part of the

Talmud

Kaddish Prayer said by Jewish mourners that praises

God and asks for peace

Ketuvim The third section of the Tenakh, the writings

Kosher Food that meets the requirement of Jewish

laws

Marriage Legal union of two people as partners in a

relationship

Menorah A candlestick that holds 7 or 9 candles

Minyan A group of at least 10 adults, required for a

Jewish prayer service

Mishnah Part of Jewish oral law, part of the Talmud

Mourning Period of time spent remembering a person

that has died

Ner Tamid Eternal light, kept burning above the ark

Nevi’im Second section of the Tenakh, the prophets

Pesach

(Passover)

Festival in remembrance of the Jewish exodus from

Egypt

Rabbi Jewish religious leader and teacher

Rituals Religious ceremonies performed according to a set

pattern

Rosh

Hashanah

The Jewish new year

Shabbat Jewish holy day of rest, day of spiritual renewal.

Friday evening until Saturday evening

Shiva Intense period of mourning that lasts for seven days

Star of

David

Symbol of Judaism, said to represent the shield of

King David

Synagogue A building for Jewish prayer, study and gathering

Tallit Prayer shawl

Talmud Rabbi’s commentary on the Torah

Tefillin Small leather boxes containing extracts from the

Torah, strapped to arm and forehead for morning

prayers

Tenakh 24 books of Jewish scripture

Torah Five books revealed to Moses by God. Jewish

written law

Yom

Kippur

A day of atonement, a fast day

Year 9- Judaism Beliefs and Teachings

Synagogue House of assembly, where Jews meet for prayer, worship and study. No rules about how the building should look. Centre of Jewish community, celebrate festivals, social and charitable work etc. Classes for people to learn about Judaism. No pictures of people- idols. Ark-holiest place, Torah kept inside it. When people face it, face towards Jerusalem and where the Temple was.

Worship Jews have to pray 3 times a day and need a Minyan to say certain prayers. Orthodox Jews- genders are separated for prayer but not in Reform. Men cover their head to prayer. Men wear tallit and tefillin to pray to remind them of God’s commandments. Prayers are in the siddur. Shema- reminds Jews there is one God. Amidah- praises god, ask for help, thanks god. Prayer is how Jews become closer to God.

Shabbat Friday evening to Saturday evening- day of rest, holy day. No work is allowed e.g. cooking, cleaning, writing. Commanded by God in the 10 commandments. Comes from the Genesis story where God rested on the 7th day. Shabbat seen like a bride and welcomed in. Friday night dinner- light candles, blessings over wine and bread.

Birth Having children fulfils God’s commandment to be fruitful and multiply. Babies named in the synagogue the Shabbat after birth. Brit Milah-Circumcision- removal of the foreskin to keep the covenant God made with Abraham.

Bar/BatMitzvah

Coming of age ceremony, take responsibility for practising their faith. Called to read from the Torah for the 1st time, lead part of the service, give a speech. Classes to prepare for this. Reform girls do the same, others may give a brief Torah lesson. Followed by a celebration.

Marriage Spiritual bond, fusing two souls to become one. Betrothal- the couple are engaged, set aside for one another. Wedding contract- gives husband’s duties to his wife etc Wedding- led by a rabbi, held under a chuppah, symbolises a couple’s home. Bride circles the groom, blessings over wine, exchange rings, sign contract, break glass with foot.

Death Recite Shema before death. Mourners tear clothes and cover mirrors. Person buried within 24 hours. Someone stays with the body, wrapped in tallit. Service in cemetery. Shiva- 7 days of intense mourning. Sit on low stools, no work. Prayers at their home. 30 days- no music, parties, shaving, cutting hair. 11 months- no parties, say Kaddish prayer for a year.

Kosher Kosher laws found in the Torah. Maybe for hygiene or community rules. Develops faith and self-control. Meat must be killed by a trained Jew with a sharp knife so the animal doesn’t suffer. Not kosher- pig, shellfish, insects etc. Jews cannot eat milk and meat together, several hours between them. Need milk and meat plates, cutlery, saucepans etc

RoshHashanah and Yom Kippur

Rosh Hashanah- Jewish new year. Day of judgement, god records their good and bad deeds, decides their future for the next year. People reflect on their behaviour. Celebrated like Shabbat, eat apples dipped in honey for a sweet new year. Blow shofar, ram’s horn, 100 times. Yom Kippur- holiest day. Day of atonement. Jews fast. No work, wear white, no leather. Believe God seals the book of Judgement, last chance to repent. Day spent in synagogue, confession their sins.

Pesach Recalls the night God passes over the houses of the Jewish slaves and killed the Egyptian firstborn. Celebrate freedom from slavery. Eat unleavened bread for one week, no chametz e.g. wheat, oats, rice. Clean their house to get rid of it. Last for 8 days, special meal called Seder for two nights. Eat matzah, bitter herbs, charoset, and there is a lamb bone and burnt egg. Reminds them of the story. Drink wine and celebrate freedom and entering of the promised land.

Year 10 - The History Knowledge - Spring 2

Whitechapel 1870-1900 Crime and Policing- Timeline

1. 1829 – Metropolitan Police created by Sir Robert Peel

2. 1873 – Sarah Fisher found guilty of killing her baby through exposure to cold weather whilst begging outside in November.

3 1875 - Dwellings Act made it illegal for homes to be below a good standard. Because of the Act four thousand homes in Whitechapel were condemned as uninhabitable (the houses were illegal because they were so poor)

4 1875 – Henry Wainwright was executed for the murder of his lover Harriet Lane. Henry chopped up her body and buried it under a warehouse.

5 1877 - The Trial of the Detectives. Several senior detectives were found guilty of taking bribes from criminals.

6 1878 - CID set up. Central Investigation Division replaced the detectives who had been taking bribes. Based at Scotland Yard

7 1878 – Brawls between Christians and Jews in Whitechapel. Brawls started because Christians blamed Jews for overcrowded housing and lowering wages.

8 1883 – a government study of an area of Whitechapel finds out that out of 1100 families, 870 lived in one room

9 1885 - Charles Booth begins his survey of poverty. Booth’s research found that 35% of people were living in serious poverty in Whitechapel

10 1885 - Fenian bombs explode at Houses of Parliament and Tower of London

11 August, 1888 – The Whitechapel Murders: On the 30th September 1888 the ‘double event‘ occurs.

12 1888 – Sir Charles Warren resigns

13 1888 – at peak numbers H Division has 575 officers – 1 policeman for every 300 people. (Today there is one policeman for every 268 people. Crime is much lower, communication is much better and there is CCTV)

14 1888 - tests could tell if a substance was blood, but not if it was human or animal blood. If the police found a blood stained knife there could not check if was used in a murder or if it belonged to a butcher.

15 1901- fingerprints first used to convict a criminal for the first time in England

Whitechapel 1870-1900 Crime and Policing-. Key People

16 Henry Wainwright - was executed for the murder of his lover Harriet Lane. Henry chopped up her body and buried it under a warehouse. From his case we learn that Jack the Ripper was not the only brutal killer at work in Whitechapel at this time.

Year 9- The History Knowledge - Spring 2

17 Sarah Fisher - was found guilty of killing her baby through exposure to cold weather whilst begging outside in November. Fisher’s husband was ill and unable to work. Her ‘baby’ was actually 18 moths old and already suffering from tuberculosis a disease of the lungs caused by bacteria. Fisher used her child to get sympathy and money from passers by. We learn two things from her case. First, the desperation the poor were driven to get money to survive. Second, the lack of sympathy or help available from the courts or the government for the poorest.

18 Charles Booth – a ‘social reformer’m = a person who wanted to improve the lives of the poorest in society. Investigated the people of Whitechapel for four years creating maps showing how poor people were living on each street. From him we learn that Whitechapel contained many streets where everyone was of the poorest type. However, nearby were middle class people who lived comfortably.

19 The Lurkers – a gang of children who hid in Whitechapel's dark alleys and mugged passers-by.

20 Sir Charles Warren – in charge of the whole Metropolitan Police from 1886-88. Criticised after the ‘Bloody Sunday’ protest in 1887. He ordered a peaceful protest to be broken up with violence – one man was killed. He was on holiday in France at the time of the first Ripper murder and only returned after the second. He rubbed off a message on the wall in Goulston Street, ‘the Jewes are the men who will not be blamed for nothing’ a vital piece of evidence. His idea of using bloodhounds to track Jack was a good one, but the press made fun of him and it made him look stupid.

21 Jack the Ripper – the brutal murderer of a 5 women in Whitechapel from August 1888 to November 1888. Never caught, but was named Jack the Ripper because letters sent to the police and newspapers claiming to be from the murderer were signed ‘Jack the Ripper’.

22 Jack’s Victims – Mary Nichols (August 1888), Annie Chapman (September 1888), Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes (both 30th

September 1888), Mary Kelly (November 1888)

23 George Lusk – a builder and resident in. Set up the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee and received the ‘From Hell’ letter. We learn from him that the people of Whitechapel had lost faith in the ability of the police to catch Jack.

24 Burgho and Barnaby – the two bloodhounds brought in by Charles Warren to track Jack the Ripper.

Whitechapel 1870-1900 Crime and Policing-. Key Words.

25 Doss house - People who could not afford to rent a room in a house could rent a bed in a lodging house - ‘doss houses’ in slang. For fourpence a night you would get a bed of straw in a room with 60-80 other people. For tuppence a night you could lean against arope which was tied from one end of the room to the other. Every night 8,500 men, women and children would seek shelter in the 233

lodging houses (doss houses) in Whitechapel. The doss houses were swarming with rats, the beds were swarming with insects.

26 Peabody Estate – flats for poor people built by American philanthropist George Peabody.

27 Rookeries – the worst areas of housing. Overcrowded, dirty, poorly built, crisscrossed by narrow alleys.

28 The Old Nichol – One of the worst rookeries in Whitechapel. Knocked down in 1899. In it’s place was built the first council estate, the Boundary Estate.

29 H – Division - the Metropolitan Police was split into 22 divisions. H–Division patrolled Whitechapel.

30 Whitechapel Workhouse - The workhouse offered a meal and a bed. It was the very last resort of the poor because conditions were terrible. Men, women and children were separated. A uniform had to be worn. Boring repetitive work had to be completed for 12 hours a day in silence

31 C.I.D. – Central Investigation Division – group of detectives set up in 1878 to investigate serious crimes.

32 Penny Dreadful – a cheap, sensationalist newspaper that contained lurid stories of crimes.

33 Ten Bells Pub – all the Ripper’s victims drank here. Pubs were places of refuge for the poor. They could drink away their worries, it was warm and there was company

34 Sweatshop – workshop where conditions are poor, pay is low and workers work long hours. Examples are tailors and matchmaking. Matchmaking had the added danger of phossy jaw. The chemicals in the matches caused jaw bones to rot away.

35 From Hell letter –letter sent to George Lusk containing half a kidney claiming to be from Jack the Ripper. Another famous letter was the ‘Dear Boss’ letter.

37 Whitechapel Vigilance Committee – vigilante group set up by George Lusk to patrol Whitechapel and protect people from Jack the Ripper.

38 Criminal class – a large group of professional criminals who lived amongst the poorest in society

39 Anarchism – belief that all government should be abolished.

40 Socialism - belief that richer people should pay higher taxes to pay for improvements to the lives of the poor.

41 Fenian – a Irish group that wanted Ireland to be independent from Britain. Planted bombs in London. Made people fear Irish immigrants

43 The Times and The Daily Telegraph – ‘establishment’ newspapers. This their readers supported the government and the police and blamed poor people for their own problems.

44 The Pall Mall Gazette and Punch– left wing newspapers that criticised the ‘establishment’ (government and the police) for not realising that poor people weren’t to blame for poverty and need help

45 Coroner – doctor who examines dead bodies to find out how they died.

46 Cholera - is very bad diarrhoea caused by bacteria in your stomach. These diseases exist when water is contaminated with sewage.

47 Infant mortality – child deaths, 55% of children died before they were 5 years old in Whitechapel

Year 9 - The History Knowledge - Spring 2

50. DAFT For all source questions follow these steps…1.Description: read the description that comes with the source (this

will ALWAYS give you useful info on what the source is about)

2. Annotate: underline and circle important people/objects/words you

can see in the source and the description

3. Fact: Match any knowledge from your exercise book or your head to

what you have annotated.

4. Translate: Now can you say in one sentence why this source was

produced? This source was produced to…Encourage? Compliment?

Persuade? Convince? Criticise? Mock?

Source 2:A cartoon from Punch magazine September 1888. It’s title was ‘Blind Man’s Buff’

Source 1:Part of Booth's map of Whitechapel1889. The lighter areas are "well-to-do"; the darker are “vicious semi-criminal".

I can infer that there were many poor people living in Whitechapel in 1889 who may have been criminals, because I can see many dark areas shaded on the map. Booth described the people living their as ‘vicious and semi criminal’. I can also infer that there were many escape routes for criminals because I can see many narrow alleyways on the map. This is not surprising because I know that there was a gang in Whitechapel called the Lurkers that hid in dark alleyways and robbed passers by. This source was produced to convince the government that there was in areas like Whitechapel was severe. Therefore the source is useful because we learn how social reformers like Booth tried to persuade the government to take action, by researching the problem and writing books.

I can infer that the police are not very good at catching criminal’s because the policeman has been drawn wearing a blindfold and the criminals are dodging out of his way. I can infer that people living in Whitechapel did not help the police with their investigations because in

the background a criminal is ripping down a wanted poster. This is not surprising because I know many police were not professional, of the Met’s first 1,000 recruits, 200 were sacked for drunkenness. The very first policeman was sacked– for being drunk on duty – four hours after being given the job. Because of this people did not trust the police. This source was produced to mock the police and criticise their efforts to catch Jack the Ripper. Therefore this source is useful because we learn the attitudes of a national magazine and it’s readers towards the police. The view that they were not doing a good job seems to have been widespread.

Source 3:Police sketch of the body of Catherine Eddowes. The Jack the Ripper murders were some of the first where police sketched the crime scene

Year 9 - MFL Knowledge - Spring 2

Avoir des projets

Les jobs Le futur Point de grammairedevenir to become

être to be

gagner to earn

économiser to savealler to go

faire to do

prendre to take

Comment dit-on ?

I am going to go to University______________________

I (have) earned ten pounds______________________

I would like to become a policeman/woman______________________

l'agent de police policeman

le/la boucher(-chère) butcher

le/la boulanger(-gère) baker

le/la facteur(-trice) postman

le/la coiffeur(-euse) hairdresser

le/la fermier(-ière) farmer

l'infirmier(-ière) nurse

le/la policier(-ière) policeman

l'informaticien(ne) IT worker

l'ingénieur(e) engineer

le/la maçon(ne) builder

le/la mécanicien(ne) mechanic

le/la plombier(-ière) plumber

le/la vétérinaire vet

l'avocat [m] lawyer

le comptable accountant

le débouché(job) prospect

; (job) opportunity

le dessinateur de mode fashion designer

disponible available

l'entreprise [f]firm

; enterprise

l'entretien [m] interview

l'interprète [m] interpreter

l'année sabbatique[f] gap year

l'apprenti(e) apprentice

la liberté freedom

avoir envie de to want to

l'avoir l'intention (de) to intend (to)

laisser tomber to drop

l'avenir [m] future

l'idée [f] idea

le rêve dream

le journal newspaper

le/la candidat(e) candidate

espérer to hope

rêver to dream

compter sur to count on

Compter to count

aller à l’université to go to university

faire un appretissage to do an aprenticeship

un stage work experience

Au boulotle boulot job

le petit job part-time job

l'employeur [m] employer

le/la patron(ne) boss

l'employé(e) employee

varié varied

gagnerto earn

; to win

recevoir to receive

la livre (Sterling) pound (sterling)

mettre de l'argent de

côtéto save money

économiser To saveI will be a an engineer______________________

I will take a gap year______________________

(a) Magnets have a north and south pole.

(b) The magnetic field is strongest at the poles

(a) Scalar quantities have a magnitude (size) only

(b) Vector quantities have a magnitude and a direction

Year 9 – The Knowledge – Science – Spring 2

(c) Scalar quantities: distance, mass, temperature, speed, time

(d) Vector quantities: displacement, velocity, all forces, acceleration.

(a) A force is a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object

(b) Contact forces: the objects are touching for the force to occur e.g. friction, air resistance, thrust, pushing force, tension, water resistance

(c) Non-contact: the objects are not touching for the force to occur e.g. magnetism, gravitational force, electrostatic force

(a) Weight is the force acting on an object due to gravity

(b) Weight and mass are directly proportional to each other.

(c) Centre of mass: A single point in an object at which all of the weight of an object appears to act.

(d) Weight is measured using a calibrated spring-balance (a newton meter).

(a) Resultant force: The single force that has the same effect as all of the original forces acting together.

d

tv

V

W

gm

Air resistance 10N

Weight10N

6. Speed and Velocity

Transport Average speed (m/s)

Aeroplane 250

Train 70

Car 30

Cycling 6

Running 3

Walking 1.5

(Sound) 330

(c) Speed is a measure of how quickly an object

is moving and does not show

direction (scalar quantity.)

(d) Velocity is a measure of how

quickly an object is moving and the direction it is

moving in (vector quantity.)

s

tv

(d) Circular motionwhen an object

moves in a circle, because it’s direction

is changing, it’s velocity will be

changing, even if it is moving at exactly the

same speed.

(a) Distance-time graph (b) Velocity-time graph

(c) Vector diagrams show all the size and direction of any vector quantity

(a) Flat line = stationary

(b) Diagonal line = constant speed

(c) To calculate distance travelled: look at Y axis

(d) To calculate speed, use the line method to extract two distances and two times and then calculate using the equation.

(e) If curved, speed is not uniform so draw a tangent!

(a) Flat line = constant velocity

(b) Diagonal line = accelerating

(c) To calculate distance travelled: calculate area under the graph

(d) To calculate velocity: look at y axis

(e) To calculate acceleration: use the line method to extract two values and calculate using the equation.

(b) v2 – u2 = 2as

Final velocity2 – initial velocity2 =

2 x acceleration x displacement

Voldemort Takes Uber 2 Assassinate Snape

(c) Δv

ta

(d) Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m/s2

(a) Acceleration is how quickly an object changes velocity.

8. Acceleration

7. Graphs

(a) Newton’s First Law: An object will continue in a constant state of motion unless acted upon by an external force.

I.e. if the resultant force = zero, stationary objects remain stationary, moving objects continue to move at a constant speed.

(b) Newton’s Second Law: F=ma

Force = Mass x Acceleration

(N) (kg) (m/s)2

Fat Men Accelerate

Force is directly proportional to acceleration (i.e. when force is doubled, acceleration is doubled.

Mass is inversely proportional to acceleration (i.e. when mass is halved, the acceleration is doubled.

(c) Newton’s Third Law: Whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite.

9. Newton’s Laws

(b) Free body diagrams these are an example of a vector diagram showing the forces acting on the centre of mass.

Measurement Unit (words) Unit

Speed Metres per second

m/s

Velocity Metres per second

m/s

Distance Metres m

Displacement Metres m

Weight Newtons N

Gravitational Field Strength

Newtons per Kilogram

N/kg

Mass Kilograms Kg

Time Seconds S

Acceleration Metre per second squared

m/s2

Force Newtons N

Moment Newtonmetres Nm

(a) Moment: The turning effect caused by a force.

M

dF

(a) Levers: Force multipliers!

(a) *Insulators become charged when they are rubbed together.

*This causes friction.

*Friction causes the electrons to move from one surface to another.

*The surface with lots of electrons becomes negatively charged, the surface that has lost electrons becomes positively charged.

(b) Like charges repel. Opposite charges attract.

(c) Electric field diagrams show the effect that the sphere would have on a positively charged particle.

F

am

(c) Electromagnets can be turned on and off and are created by wrapping a coil of wire (solenoid) around an iron core.

(d) Electromagnets can be strengthened by the 3Cs (larger CIRCUMFERENCE, more COILS, more CURRENT).