the theory of plate tectonics - boundaries, stresses, and faults 1.what is the theory of plate...
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The Theory of Plate Tectonics - Boundaries,
Stresses,and Faults
1. What is the theory of plate tectonics?2. What are the three types of plate boundaries?
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What are Plates?• The Earth’s crust and
upper mantle (Lithosphere) are broken into sections called plates
A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust.
Plates move around on top of the mantle like rafts
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What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?The theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle.
• Plates move slowly in different directions
Cause different geologic events (like earthquake, volcano, etc.)
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What makes the plates move?
Convection Currents in the mantle move the plates as the core heats the slowly-flowing asthenosphere (the elastic/plastic-like part of the mantle).
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FAULT – Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other.
The edges of Earth’s plates meet at plate boundaries. Extended deep into the lithosphere
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What are the three types of boundaries?
• Divergent Boundaries• Convergent Boundaries• Transform Boundaries
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Divergent BoundariesA plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.
RIFTING causes
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
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How is the rock pulled at Divergent Boundaries?
Rock gets THIN in the middle as it is pulled apart.
This STRESS is called
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What happens when the rock SNAPS from the Stress of Tension?
A Normal Fault (fault is a break in Earth’s crust)
Rock drops down as it breaks
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What happens next at Divergent Boundaries?
• A geologic feature or event…May form RIFT VALLEYS on continents
SEA-FLOOR SPREADING in the ocean
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Helpful Hints…• Divergent is like “dissecting” or “dividing”
• If you pull warm bubble gum or silly putty, it will thin in the middle until it is stressed so much that it breaks.
• Happens on land & under H2O
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Features of Divergent Boundaries• Mid-ocean ridges• rift valleys• fissure volcanoes
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How is the rock pushed at convergent boundaries?
A plate boundary where two plates move towards each other.
Boundaries between two plates that are colliding
This stress is called COMPRESSION
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Convergent Boundaries
• Places where plates crash (or crunch) together or subduct (one sinks under)
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There are 3 types of Convergent Boundaries…
Ocean plate colliding with a less dense continental plate
Subduction Zone: The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.
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There are 3 types of Convergent Boundaries…
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What else happens at Convergent Boundaries?
VOLCANOES occur at subduction zones
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Andes Mountains, South America
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• Ocean plate colliding with another ocean plate
• The less dense plate slides under the more dense plate creating a subduction zone called a TRENCH
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Aleutian Islands, AlaskaAleutian Islands, Alaska
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• A continental plate colliding with another continental plate
• Have Collision Zones:–A place where folded and thrust faulted
mountains form.
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• May form Mountain Ranges.These are Folded Mountains, like the Himalayas or
the Rockies.
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What happens when the rock is squeezed from the Stress of
Compression?• A REVERSE FAULT• Rock is forced upward as it is squeezed.
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Helpful Hints…
• Convergent = “Connecting” boundaries• May work like a trash compactor smashing
rock. – Rock goes crunches up to make folded mountains.– Rock goes down “under” @ subduction zone.
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Transform BoundariesA plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite direction.
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How is the rock broken at Transform Boundaries?
• Rock is pushed in two opposite directions (or sideways, but no rock is lost)
• This stress is called SHEARING
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What happens next at Transform Boundaries?
• May cause Earthquakes when the rock snaps from the pressure.
• A famous fault @ a Transform Boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California.
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San Andreas Fault, CA
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What happens when the rock is sheared (or “cut”) from the Stress of
Shearing?• A STRIKE-SLIP FAULT• Rocks on each side of the fault slip past
each other as they break.
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Helpful Hints…
• Shearing means cutting (“Shears” are like scissors)
• Transform boundaries run like trains going past each other in different directions & they shake the ground!
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Can you match the boundary name correctly with its diagram?
A._____________B._____________C._____________
Plate Boundaries:
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Plate Boundaries:
• Correct Answers:
A.DivergentB.ConvergentC.Transform