the technical demonstration funded by maff …...composting the compost production in livestock...

Composting The compost production in livestock farms

and its application to crop farms to enhance production

through soil improvement July 14, 2015, in Nghe An

By A. Koyama

The Technical Demonstration funded by MAFF Japan What is composting?

Vietnamese traditional compost, manure with lime. Wet, smell, sticky, heavy, long time to mature…

What is composting?

Japanese compost, manure with rice straw, sawdust... Dry, less smell, less sticky, light, short time to mature…

What is difference? Composting is aerobic microbial decomposition of organic materials such as animal manure. Microorganisms that require air to decompose organic materials. Japanese way is

(1) to remove excessive water through mixing dry organic matter such as rice straw and saw dust and

(2) to maximize aeration through turning over.

(1) Removing excessive water

A. Mixing dry organic materials such as rice straw, saw dust, dried sesame stem, dried corn stem, tree leaves… that absorb excessive water of manure

B. Covering a heap of organic materials with plastic sheet prevents rainwater for coming in.

(1) Removing excessive water

After adjusting water level, grasp the material by hand tightly. When you open your hand, If the shape is kept, water level is still too high. If it is broken slightly, it is OK.

別添資料 6　ワークショップ発表資料 1

(2) Maximizing aeration

A. Turning over every week is Japanese traditional way to allow air coming into a heap of compost materials.

B. But it requires labor. C. PVC pipes with many small holes should

be buried into a heap to allow air coming in.

D. Packing into a small mesh bag is another effective method to expose organic materials to air.

(2) Maximize aeration – PVC pipe

Making holes to PVC pipes

50 mm

50 mm

ø 8 mm

Make layers with manure, rice straw, sawdust to form a heap.[sandwich] Put 2 or 3 PVC pipes for air circulation. Cover the heap with plastic sheet for preventing rain water

(2) Maximize aeration – PVC pipe (2) Maximize aeration – PVC pipe

Layer system Manure=> Saw dust=> Rice straw=> Manure again...

Continue piling up materials to make a heap and cover it with a plastic sheet

(2) Maximize aeration – PVC pipe (2) Maximize aeration – PVC pipe


Mix manure with rice straw and sawdust and put into mesh feed bags. Mesh allows air coming in.

(2) Maximize aeration – mesh bag

Mix manure with sawdust and rice straw. Pack it into a mesh bag

(2) Maximize aeration – mesh bag

Why composting?

What is difference between crops with matured compost and those without compost? 1. Yield goes up. Size and number 2. Quality goes up.

a. Higher sugar content=>Tasty b. Stronger scent=>Good smell c. Better keeping=>Fresh for a long time

Why composting? Diameter Weight Sugar content

With matured compost

With non-matured compost

With chemical fertilizer only

Chemical fertilizer only 1.8kg/head

3 yrs compost application 2.6kg/head

10 yrs compost application 3.4kg/head

Why composting?

Chemical fertilizer only 70g/head

3 yrs compost application 290g/head

10 yrs compost application 750g/head

Why composting?


Effect of compost

A. Nutrition to crop => N, P, K, Ca, Mg… B. Increase soil softness => Sound root development => Better water drainage => Better aeration

Effect of compost 1 Nutrition

Nutrition varies on types of compost.

Type of compost H2O N P K Cattle manure with bedding

66 2 4 7

Pig manure with bedding 53 10 14 10 Chicken manure with rice straw

39 12 22 15

Unit: Kg of N, P2O5, K2O/ton of compost Source: Soil & Fertilizer Dictionary (Japan)

Prime Minister Award Farmer in Okinawa, Japan

Effect of compost 2 Soil softness

0

6.4

11.4

3.5

6.6

12.8

3.5

8.4

16.2

10cm

20cm

30cm

Hardness of soil (Unit: mm of Yamanaka hardness measure)

Dept

h

20t/ha 10t/ha 0t/ha


Compost makes soil soft (Tottori, Japan)

Case 1 Chiba, Japan Case 2 Saitama, Japan

39

39

22

54

37

9

Solid %

Liquid %

Gas %

1 yr 3 yrs

37

37

26

46

36

18

Solid %

Liquid %

Gas %

0 yr 3 yrs


Diameter Weight Sugar content

With matured compost

With non-matured compost

With chemical fertilizer only



Evaluation tests on compost

To evaluate how the differences between immature and mature compost, and soil

using simple test tools

By T. Yanagisawa Fujihira Industry Co., Ltd.

i. Prepargermination test sheet, Sprinkle seeds on it

ii. Pour 10ml of extracted solution to experimental plot and control

Control : Distilled water Test plot : Extracted solution

1.1 “Tanepita” Germination test 1. Tools and equipment for tests

1.2 “Seed pack” Root growth test i. Sprinkle the seeds on germination test sheet, ii. Cut the sheet as per below photo and place 2pcs. of on the top of bag cut sheet. iii. Pour extracted solution 30ml

Color scale

Centrifuge

Spoon

Pen filler Centrifuge tube Gloves

Reagent bottle 15cc x 10pcs

Storage box

1.3 “Dr.Compo” Maturity test for compost

Evaluation in 3 stages, in comparison with color scale III : Amber and clear brown - Matured II : Dark brown – Middle phase I : Black muddy - Initial maturation phase

1.4 “Dr.Soil” Nutrient balance check for soil “Dr.Soil” is field soil testing kit for nutrient balance check after application to soil

Feature : Extraction at once for 9 parameters

Compost and soil Samples are taken from four farms as below. Farm A : Dairy Farm Farm B : Dairy Farm Farm C : Pig/Cattle/Chicken Farm

Farm D : Pig/Cattle/Chicken Farm Compost and soil samples are collected from those farms. 8 compost samples 5 Soil samples

2. Samples


3. Test method

Komatsuna seed

“Tanepita” ii. Root growth test

“Seed pack” i. Germination test

3.1 Procedure : Extraction for Germination & Root growth test Prepare extracted solution from compost Compost 5g + Distilled water 50ml ↓Stir for 30min by horizontal stirrer ↓Filter (Medical gauze, double folded) ↓Get the solution

A 10ml for germination test B 30ml for root growth test

3.2 Germination test i. Prepare germination test sheet, and sprinkle seeds on it ii. Pour 10ml of extracted solution to experimental plot and control

Control : Distilled water Test plot : Extracted solution

iii. Keep in the dark place for 3 days

Compost A (Germination rate 38%

Germination rate = Number of sprouts in experimental plot number of sprouts in control (Control = Distilled water)

Compost B (Germination rate 100%

Evaluation for Germination test

Germination rate : 100%= 5 80-100% = 4 60-80% = 3 less than 60% = 2 0% = 1

TOTAL SCORE = Germination rate + Appearance 8-10 : Growth inhibition material in the sample compost was not observed < 7 : Suspected the influence of growth inhibition material

Appearance : Observed leaves, roots and rootlet =5 Observed leaves and roots =4 Observed either leaves or roots =3 Observed sprout bud =2

No buds = 1

3.3 Root growth test i. Sprinkle the seeds on germination test sheet. ii. Cut the sheet as per below photo and place 2pcs of on the top of bag cut sheet. iii. Pour extracted solution 30ml.


Keep it in dark place for 3 days

Compost B Compost A

Evaluation for Root growth test

Photo: Cultured for 5 days in dark place

Measure the length

Correlation between germination rate and root growth observed.

Left : Germination rate 38% Right : Germination rate 100%

Collected 8 compost sample from 4 farms

A-1 A-2 A-3 B-1

B-2 C-1 D-1 D-2

4. Test results Result of germination test Kept 3 days in the dark place

Result of maturity test

B-2 C-1 D-1 D-2

A-1 A-2 A-3 B-1

Germination Root Maturity % Mark Appear. TOTAL

score cm

(3days) By

Dr.Compo Distilled

water 96 5 4 9 3.4 ---

A-1 100 5 4 9 4.4 III A-2 100 5 4 9 4.1 III A-3 90 5 4 9 4.7 --- B-1 100 5 5 9 4.5 I B-2 100 5 5 10 4.1 II C-1 94 5 5 10 4.0 II D-1 93 5 5 10 4.7 III D-2 96 5 3 8 4.2 II

Results of germination,root growth & maturity test


4.1 Compost-Case1 Left is used for

immature compost and right for well-mature one in Diễn Châu.

Growth in right dish is grater than left.

Maturity test by Dr. Compo supports the result through clear separation.

D-2 Raw manure

D-1 Matured compost

Samples are from the same heap of compost in Nghĩa Đàn.

Left is from near an air pipe and right is from top of the heap.

Well air circulation makes well mature compost.

Maturity test supports the result.

B-2.Near an air pipe

B-1.Top of the heap

4.2 Compost-Case2

Collected 4 soil samples from 2 farms (Farm A &C)

A-1 A-2 C-1 C-2

4.3 Soil nutrient test

A-1 is from good grassland and A-2 is soil close to a manure pit in Nghĩa Đàn.

C-1 is peanuts poor growing soil and C-2 is well growing soil in Diễn Châu.

NH4-N NO3-N P2O5 K2O pH*

A-1 1 <1 25 20-30 5.5

A-2 10 10 150 70-100 6.0

C-1 1 <1 50 70 7.5

C-2 1-5 <1 75 35 7.0

Unit : mg/100g pH : Measured by Midori-kun

Results of Soil nutrient test

Implication of soil nutrient test It is implied that well growing plant soil has its

own relevant amount of NO3, NH4, P2O5 and K2O. Because poor growing plant soil has been put

fertilizer year by year without any checking. As a result, poor plant soil has been over or

under fertilized. It may be necessary to check soil nutrient.


July

14,

201

5, in

Ngh

e An

By

Itsu

o Sh

imoh

ira ,

DVM

PhD

“The

Tech

nica

l Dem

onst

ratio

n of

Com

post

ing

and

Tria

l of

Com

post

Circ

ulat

ion

in N

ghe

An”

supp

orte

d b

y M

AFF

Japa

n

Japa

n’s E

xper

ienc

e in

Li

vest

ock

Was

te M

anag

emen

t an

d Co

mpo

st C

ircul

atio

n M

easu

res a

nd S

trat

egy

Cont

ents

1.

Basic

Info

rmat

ion

for C

ompo

st P

rodu

ctio

n an

d Ci

rcul

atio

n

- H

istor

y of

Was

te M

anag

emen

t of L

ives

tock

Far

ms a

nd C

ompo

st

utili

zatio

n in

Cro

p Fa

rms i

n Ja

pan

2.

Cont

rol M

easu

res a

nd S

trat

egy

of C

ompo

st p

rodu

ctio

n an

d its

Ci

rcul

atio

n in

Japa

n 1)

Regu

latio

n an

d S

trat

egy

to c

ontr

ol W

aste

Man

agem

ent i

n Li

vest

ock

farm

s 2)

Deve

lopm

ent o

f the

tech

nolo

gy fo

r com

post

pro

duct

ion

in L

ives

tock

fa

rms

3) R

egul

atio

n an

d st

rate

gy to

Enh

ance

to U

tilize

the

Com

post

in th

e Cr

op F

arm

4)

Deve

lopm

ent o

f the

tech

nolo

gy a

nd sy

stem

for c

ompo

st u

tiliza

tion

HHist

ory

of W

aste

Man

agem

ent o

f Liv

esto

ck F

arm

s and

Co

mpo

st C

ircul

atio

n in

Cro

p Fa

rms i

n Ja

pan

1960

: Dr

aft a

nim

al fo

r far

min

g, U

tilize

the

man

ure

for f

ertil

izer,

Insu

ranc

e et

c.

1960

1980

Sepa

rate

d fr

om c

rop

farm

ing,

Impr

ove

the

prod

uctio

n by

sing

le it

em

1980

Im

prov

e th

e pr

oduc

tiviti

es, P

ollu

tion

by th

e w

aste

from

Li

vest

ock

1999

“Act

on

the

Appr

opria

te T

reat

men

t and

Pro

mot

ion

of

Util

izatio

n of

Liv

esto

ck M

anur

e St

rict c

ontr

ol o

f w

aste

man

agem

ent”

20

04 :

Stric

t reg

ulat

ion

on th

e w

aste

man

agem

ent i

n Li

vest

ock

farm

s.

2006

: Enf

orce

Law

“En

hanc

e th

e O

rgan

ic A

gric

ultu

re”

20

12: R

evise

“Th

e Fe

rtili

zer R

egul

atio

n Ac

t “

Regu

latio

n an

d La

w: “

Act o

n th

e Ap

prop

riate

Tre

atm

ent

and

Prom

otio

n of

Util

izatio

n of

Liv

esto

ck M

anur

e”(1

)

1Ba

sic st

anda

rd fa

cilit

ies &

man

agem

ent p

roce

dure

of W

aste

M

anag

emen

t w

hich

mus

t be

enf

orce

d st

ricte

r com

plia

nce

by th

e fa

rmer

s -

Faci

litie

s suc

h as

man

ure

stoc

king

pla

ces

-Pr

efec

ture

gov

ernm

ent c

an b

e in

volv

ed in

the

insp

ectio

n,

reco

mm

enda

tion

and

com

man

d to

the

farm

s to

impr

ove

the

was

te

man

agem

ent

-Th

e pu

nish

men

ts b

e de

cree

d fo

r fai

lure

to o

bey

abov

e re

gula

tions

-

The

law

pro

vide

s an

exce

ptio

n to

the

abov

e ru

le fo

r “ve

ry sm

all s

cale

” liv

esto

ck fa

rm

別添資料8　ワークショップ発表資料3

Regu

latio

n an

d La

w: “

Act o

n th

e Ap

prop

riate

Tre

atm

ent

and

Prom

otio

n of

Util

izatio

n of

Liv

esto

ck M

anur

e”(2

) 2

Gove

rnm

ent a

ctio

n to

pro

mot

e of

util

izatio

n of

live

stoc

k m

anur

e In

itial

Act

ion

Plan

for 1

0 ye

ars(

1999

-200

8)

New

Act

ion

plan

(200

8-20

16)

incl

udes

-

Stre

ngth

en th

e co

oper

atio

n be

twee

n liv

esto

ck fa

rm a

nd c

rop

farm

- C

ompo

st p

rodu

ctio

n b

ased

on

the

dem

and

from

the

crop

farm

- F

acili

tate

the

utili

zatio

n of

live

stoc

k m

anur

e fo

r ene

rgy

prod

uctio

n -

Each

pre

fect

ural

gov

ernm

ent d

esig

n th

e St

rate

gy, b

ased

on

the

Nat

iona

l Ac

tion

plan

-

Gove

rnm

ent s

uppo

rt (t

ax in

cent

ives

, low

inte

rest

loan

and

sub

sidize

d pr

ojec

t etc

.,) to

enc

oura

ge th

e in

trod

uce

the

faci

litie

s for

man

ure

trea

tmen

t Th

e la

w w

as e

nfor

ced

in 1

999,

but

it w

as c

arrie

d in

to e

ffect

from

200

4

afte

r lap

se o

f 5 y

ear g

race

.

Deve

lopm

ent o

f tec

hnol

ogy

1

A. D

rain

pip

e m

etho

d w

ithou

t man

ual t

urni

ng o

ver f

or

smal

l far

ms

Heap

of s

olid

man

ure

mix

ed w

ith ri

ce st

raw,

saw

dus

t, ric

e br

an e

tc.,

Temperature

With

dra

in p

ipe

With

out d

rain

pip

e

Dura

tion

of th

e co

mpo

stin

g

Deve

lopm

ent o

f tec

hnol

ogy

2

B.

Bag

com

post

ing

met

hod

for s

mal

l far

ms

Plas

tic sh

eet

Drai

n pi

pe

Drai

n pi

pe

With

out D

rain

pip

e W

ithou

t Dra

in p

ipe

Com

post

ing

in m

esh

bag

is pr

actic

al fo

r sm

all f

arm

s. D

rain

pip

es in

side

of a

bag

en

hanc

e ae

robi

c de

com

posit

ion

with

out

turn

ing

over

by

hand

.

Dura

tion

of th

e co

mpo

stin

g

With

out d

rain

pi

pe

With

dra

in p

ipe

Vario

us a

erat

ion

pro

cedu

res f

or c

ompo

stin

g by

Mac

hine

Man

ure

is tu

rn o

ver b

y W

heel

road

er

1-2

times

/ w

eek

Man

ure

is fo

rcib

le a

erat

ed b

y bl

ower

fro

m

the

pipe

in th

e bo

ttom

of t

he b

urn

Man

ure

is m

ixed

by

stee

l win

gs w

ith th

e fo

rcib

le a

erat

ion

by b

low

er in

side

the

tank

Man

ure

is tu

rn o

ver b

y th

e ro

tary

mix

ing

mac

hine

whi

ch is

mov

ed a

utom

atic

ally

in th

e co

mpo

st b

arn.


Deve

lopm

ent o

f the

tech

nolo

gy fo

r Was

te m

anag

emen

ts

Uni

que

equi

pmen

t and

mac

hine

to b

e ap

plie

d in

larg

e sc

ale

farm

Auto

mat

ic tu

rn-o

ver m

achi

ne in

the

com

post

bar

n

Liqu

id a

nd S

olid

m

anur

e Se

para

tion

Fo

rcib

le a

erat

ion

and

com

post

ing

in th

e ta

nk

Horiz

onta

l typ

e

Vert

ical

type

Aera

tion

Aera

tion

by b

low

er in

the

burn

Blow

er

Turn

ove

r by

han

d

Drai

n Pi

pe Tu

rn o

ver

by M

achi

ne

Rota

ry tu

rn

over

Mac

hine

Tank

aer

atio

n M

achi

ne

Larg

e Fa

rm

Smal

l Fa

rm Mid

dle

Farm

Com

post

fo

r Soi

l Im

prov

emen

t

Com

post

as

fe

rtili

zer

Low

High

Deve

lopm

ent o

f the

tech

nolo

gy fo

r Was

te m

anag

emen

ts in

Japa

n

(Fea

ture

s of C

ompo

st)

(Initi

al C

ost)

Aera

tion

by

blo

wer

(T

o be

app

lied)

By Ta

nk fe

rmen

tatio

n

By R

otar

y fe

rmen

tatio

n

Com

paris

on o

f the

che

mic

al c

ompo

nent

s of P

oultr

y Co

mpo

st p

rodu

ced

by Ta

nk o

r Rot

ary

ferm

enta

tion

Mac

hine

Sour

ce: C

hubu

Eco

Com

pany

By Ta

nk fe

rmen

tatio

n

By R

otar

y fe

rmen

tatio

n

By Ta

nk fe

rmen

tatio

n :

By R

otar

y fe

rmen

tatio

n: U

nder

hig

h te

mpe

ratu

re

(>70

) fo

r 1 w

eek,

N

itrog

en re

mai

ned

in

Com

post

Und

er lo

w te

mpe

ratu

re

(50

) for

1 m

onth

N

itrog

en ch

ange

to

Amm

onia

and

rele

ased

3 E

nhan

ce th

e Co

oper

atio

n w

ith C

rop

prod

uctio

n fa

rm

- Es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f com

post

pro

duct

ion

cent

er

Colle

ctin

g m

anur

e Li

vest

ock

farm

s

Turn

ove

r by

m

achi

ne

Prod

uce

com

post

Anal

yze

and

Pack

ing

Stor

age

com

post

Tran

spor

t to

the

Com

post

cen

ter

Crop

fa

rms

Com

post

Cen

ter

A cr

op c

oop/

com

pany

Re

ques

t of c

ompo

st,

soil

anal

ysis

and

guid

ance

of f

ertil

izatio

n

Com

post

Coo

rdin

ator


(3)

Enha

nce

the

Coop

erat

ion

with

Cro

p fa

rms

-Mat

chin

g be

twee

n liv

esto

ck fa

rm a

nd C

rop

farm

by

the

Coor

dina

tor

- Tra

inin

g th

e ex

tens

ion

wor

kers

and

adv

isor f

or th

e co

mpo

stin

g an

d ot

her t

echn

ical

issu

es fo

r the

was

te m

anag

emen

t of l

ives

tock

Trai

ning

cour

se

No.

Tra

inin

g

No.

of P

artic

ipan

t

Rem

arks

Co

mpo

stin

g

72

3,65

3 W

ater

tr

eatm

ent

45

2,05

2 O

dor

prot

ectio

n 18

93

7

Coor

dina

tor

94

2,18

5 In

clud

ing

advi

sor

Tota

l 22

9 8,

827

Impr

ovem

ent s

oil b

y us

ing

the

com

post

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e re

sult

anal

ysis

of S

oil

Esta

blish

the

Soil

Anal

ysis

Labo

rato

ry fo

r the

app

ropr

iate

ap

plic

atio

n of

the

Com

post

with

Che

mic

al fe

rtili

zer

Nat

iona

l

Pref

ectu

ral

Agric

ultu

re

Coop

erat

ive

Deve

lop

new

te

chno

logy

of S

oil

Anal

ysis

Anal

ysis

the

subs

tant

ial

com

pone

nts

of th

e so

il

Nat

iona

l In

stitu

te

Lab

Ag E

xten

sion

Cent

er 4

47 L

ab

(100

%)

Ag C

oop

337

Lab

(55,

.2%

) An

alys

is th

e ba

sic

com

pone

nts

of th

e so

il (P

H, E

C, N

itrat

e N

etc

.)

Impr

ovem

ent o

f Soi

l by

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FFour models of crop-livestock cooperation

for compost utilization in Nghe An Province

Model . Composting in a small crop-livestock mixed farm

Goal: Introduction of simple composting methods and application of compost to self fields under guidance and soil analysis by DARD

A crop coop/companyGuidance on composting & fertilization

Extension Center (DARD)

A small scale crop-livestock mixed farm

Pig/Beef cattle/chicken

Groundnuts

ManureSimpleComposting

Compostapplication

Vegetables

Fruits

Guidance & soil analysis


Model 2: Cooperation of small dairy farms and crop farms

Goal : Introduction of labor-saving composting methods in a dairy farm that emitslarge amount of manure and provision of the compost to crop farms nearby

A crop coop/companyRequest of compost Soil analysis and guidance of fertilization

Extension Center (DARD )

Guidance

A small dairy farm

Dairy cowManure Roughage

Compostapplication

FruitsA crop farmcompost

Compostapplication

Labor-saving composting

Vegetables Groundnuts


Model 3 Cooperation of medium livestock farms and crop farms with a compost center

Goal: Establishing a compost center by a crop coop/company and producing high quality crops based on soil improvement by compost application

A medium livestock farm

Compost application

A crop farm

manure


Extension Center (DARD )

Pig

Crop coop/company


Compost center with machinery

Vegetables

VegetablesCattle

Chicken

Vegetables

Vegetables

Vegetables


Model 4 Cooperation of a medium or large livestock farm and crop farms

Goal : Establishing a large composting facility in a large livestock farm and provide high quality compost to the crop farms

Extension center (DARD)

Pig/cattlechicken Roughage/feed crop

A medium or large livestock farm

FruitsA crop farm

Compost application

Large composting facility

GroundnutsVegetables

Manurecompost


Compost application


別添資料 10 ワークショップの質疑応答記録

1. pHが低い土壌の地域では、堆肥化の際に石灰は混ぜるべきか。

→回答石灰が発酵を妨げることがあるので、原料に石灰を混ぜることはしない方がいい。堆

肥化が完了した後に混ぜるか、もしくは堆肥とは別に、土壌に入れて酸度矯正を図るとよい。

2. 日本のタンク式堆肥では窒素（硝酸態窒素）の含有量が多いとのことだが、それは作物や

摂取する人間にとって悪いのではないか。

→回答窒素成分は適量であれば作物の生育に必須の栄養なので、そうした堆肥を使いすぎず、

適量使うことが重要。

3. 日本のEM菌について聞いたことがあるが、なぜ今回の堆肥化技術でこうした製品につい

て紹介しないのか。

→回答商品化された菌を使わなくても、自然の菌で十分に堆肥化できる。堆肥化を進めてく

れる自然の菌が繁殖する環境条件を作り出すことが最も重要。特に、空気の通りをよくするこ

と。

4. 堆肥材料の量と堆肥化にかかる時間の関係は？山が大きくなれば長期間かかるか。

→回答一般に、手作業のみで堆肥を作る場合は、原材料の量が増えれば堆肥化にはおのずと

時間がかかる。ただし、大きな山でも、塩ビ管をたくさん刺して空気の通りを確保するといっ

た方法で時間を短縮することは可能。

5. 畜糞と副材料の割合は。

→回答「豚糞100kg＋オガクズ8kg＋稲わら20kg」「牛糞100kg＋オガクズ5kg＋稲わら25kg」

で水分やCN比がバランスするので、まず試してみてほしい。

6. 木の葉も使えるか。

→回答有毒なものでない限り、使える。乾いたものを入れる。

別添資料 11 小テストとアンケート調査の内容

小テストとアンケート

あなたの現在の職業を以下の選択肢から１つ選んでください。

A. 農家

B. 民間企業社員

C. 農協職員

D. 地方農業普及員

E. DARD 職員

F. 郡、村役場職員

G. その他（）

I. 以下の質問について、正しいと思うものを１つ選んで下さい

1. 日本式堆肥とベトナム式従来堆肥を表すもので、正しいものを１つ選んでください。

A. 日本式堆肥の調整には畜糞は使用せず、稲わらとおが粉のみを使用する

B. ベトナム式の従来堆肥は、乾燥していて軽い

C. 日本式堆肥の調整の際には、好気的な条件に留意する

2. 日本式の堆肥調整方法として正しいものを１つ選んでください

A. 余分な水分を吸収するために、稲わらやおが粉を混ぜる

B. 調整後完熟までに６ヵ月待つ必要がある

C. 降雨の際には、雨に濡らすためにカバーを掛けない

3. 日本式堆肥調整の際に、穴の開いた塩ビ管を埋める理由を１つ選んでください。

A. 内部の熱を逃すため

B. 切り返しの代わりに空気を内部に送るため

C. 降雨の際の雨水を内部に入れるため

4. 日本堆肥を畑に応用すると何がおきますか？以下から１つ選んで下さい。

A. 継続的に施肥することで、作物の収量が年々増加する。

B. 作物中の糖分濃度は低下し、食味が悪くなる

C. 作物の新鮮度の保持が難しくなる

5. 日本式堆肥を応用すると土壌には何が起きますか。以下から１つ選んで下ささい。

A. 粘度が高まり、時に作物の生育に悪影響を与える

B. 土壌中の空気含量が高まり、柔らかくなる

C. 乾燥することにより作物の根の発育を阻害する

II. 日本式堆肥生産・利用に対する関心度合いに関する以下の質問について、該当する回答

を１つ選択してください。ただし、あなたが複数の職業（畜産農家、耕種農家、それ以外）に

従事している場合は、それぞれの立場でお答え下さい。

(畜産農家向け)

あなたは日本堆肥生産について取組むとすれば、以下のうちどれが該当しますか。１つ選ん

でください。

A. 今月中にも取り組みを始める

B. もし、追加の技術指導が得られるのであれば、始めたい

C. 興味はあるものの、具体的な取り組み時期については未定

D. 全く興味はない

(耕種農家向け)

あなたは日本式堆肥の施肥に取組むとすれば、以下のうちどれが該当しますか。１つ選んで

ください。

A. 今月中にも取り組みを始める

B. もし、追加の技術指導が得られるのであれば、始めたい

C. 興味はあるものの、具体的な取り組み時期については未定


(それ以外)

あなたは日本堆肥生産の普及について、どのようにお考えですか？

以下のうちから１つ選んでください。

A. 関心がるので、普及にすぐにでも取組むべきだ

B. 関心がある、普及には追加の情報を入手してから取組むべきだ

C. 関心があるが、普及には野外での栽培試験データが必要である


the technical demonstration funded by maff …...composting the compost production in livestock...

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