PowerPoint-presentation

The Swedish Waste Management System

Part 1SwedenAvfall Sverige Swedish Waste Management 2Sweden9,4 million inhabitants450 000 km2

3Avfall Sverige Swedish Waste ManagementAn organisation in the Waste Management and Recycling Sector

400 members, primarily within the public sector, but also private enterprises

Through our members, we represent 99,9 % of the Swedish population

Our primary task is to represent and develop members by creating networks, providing information and training, and influencing decision-makersMember of Cewep, ECN, ISWA and Municipal Waste Europe4Avfall Sverige Swedish Waste ManagementOur members are responsible for municipal waste management provide services for other waste categoriesrepresent an important part of the infrastructure in the society We together - are aiming towards an environmentally correct and sustainable waste management, for the benefit of society5Part 2Waste a ResourceThe DevelopmentResponsibilitiesOperations6Waste - a resourceThe development of waste management systems in Sweden has been very successful. Today, waste is looked upon and used as a resource rather than a problem. An impressive 99 percent of the household waste is recycled as energy or material.

7Waste hierarchy

The development has been based on the so called european waste hierarchy, stating that the waste treatment shall, as far as possible, be prioritised in the following way:-prevention-preparation for reuse-reuse-recycling-other recycling, e.g. waste-to-energy-disposal.Deviations from the hierarchy may be sometimes necessary for technical, financial or environmental reasons.

8Unique results The results are unique from an international point of veiw. Sweden is one of the leading nations in waste management.

Source: US Environmental Protection Agency and Eurostats

9The development

1975Landfill62%Energy recovery30%Biological treatment2%Recycling (material)6%

2011Landfill1%Energy recovery51%Biological treatment15%Recycling (material)33%

10Important steps of development

Late 1800:Cholera-epidemic - start of municipal waste management

1950s: District heating systems developed

1970s and 80s:Oil crises - waste is being used for district heating

- In the 1800s the streets were the natural place for both waste and latrine. It was rinsed away with the rain and ended up in the watercourses. Latrine and waste was identified as spreading the disease. In the end of 1800s and beginning of 1900s all larger cities started with municipal waste management. The last cholera epidemic was 1873. The oil crises in 1970s and 1980s was a reason that Swedish cities started to use waste as a fuel for district heating.11Municipal waste planning compulsory Important steps of developmentProducers responsibility introducedLandfill taxintroducedBan on landfill of combustible waste Ban on landfill of organic waste and national target on food wasteHousehold waste to landfill per year (tonnes)

On-going national overview1990s: Extensive reconstruction of the waste management system starts with focus on waste as a resource. Municipal waste planning compulsory 1991. Producers responsibility introduced 1994.Landfill tax introduced 2000Ban on landfill of combustible waste 2002Ban on landfill of organic waste 2005Observation: between 1995 and 2011 the total amount of genereted waste increased with 27 %12Clear division of responsibilitiesProducers: Collection and treatment of waste within the Producers Responsibility

Waste generator:Citizens/households: Separation and leave/transport waste at indicated collection pointsCompanies/Industries: Handling of own generated waste Municipalities:Collection and treatment of municipal waste Information to householdsParliament/GovernmentSupervisory Authorities

Everyone participates in the effort: producers, businesses, municipalities and households. Households are responsible for separating and depositing waste at the various available collection points. Businesses hold the responisbility to make sure the own waste generated gets treated and recycled, on a free market. The municipalities are responsible for municipal waste (excluding waste with producers responsibility) and information to residents. Producers are responsible for their various product groups. Producer (manufacturer, producer, importer or similar) are responsible for establishing and operating system for management of their products when discarded. There is a legally established producers responsibility on Electronic waste, Packaging, Paper and cardboard, Tyers, Batteries, Medicines, Radioactive products and Cars. And the following volontary agreements: Office paper, Demolition waste, Plastic from farmers

Parliament and the government is responsible for setting up national environmental objectives and laws/regulations while authorities oversight the responsibility.

13Authorities and agencies

National levelParliamentNational environmental targetsThe Swedish Environmental Protection AgencyNational waste planProduces national legislation and guidelinesNational environmental courts (5 plus one superior):Gives permissions to larger treatment plantsRegional levelCounty Administrative Board - government authority (21 counties):Regional environmental targetsPermissions and control for most treatment plantsSupervision of the regional treatment capacityMunicipal levelMunicipal authorithies:Local enviroenmental targetsLocal waste plans and regulationsPermissions and control of smaller treatment plants

Authorities and agencies for waste regulations, permissions and supervision

14OperationsMunicipalities deal with their responsibility in different ways and design their own waste management organisation

Administration:Almost 50% have formed municipal waste management companies

Collection of municipal waste:30% inhouse operation70% contract to private operators

Treatment of municipal waste:35% inhouse operation65% contract to other operators, mainly municipally owned

Municipalities can decide how to organise their own waste management activities, separate or jointly with other municipalities. This option for municipal self-government is laid down in constitutional law. 15Co-operation

Co-operation the solution to an increasingly complex waste management:

Optimizing environmental and social benifitHandle the waste in a cost-effecient waySecuring competence

For many municiplaities, collaboration is a natural solution to attain the best possible environmental and social benefits, to achieve cost-efficient waste management and to guarantee the competence required, which benefits both residents and the environment.

Example of forms of municipal waste management co-operation among Swedens 290 municipalities: Common municipal waste company (20 regional companies in Sweden)Common municipal waste association (8 associations in Sweden with totaly 28 municipalities)Common board (4 common boards in Sweden with totaly 9 municipalities)Common procurement on specific issues matters

16Part 3Overview ModelInfrastructureCollectionRecovery and Recycling17Overview modelLooking closer at the waste chain, this is a principal model. Swedish waste management starts at the waste generation source, at the households or different kind of companies. An important task is to already at this stage minimize the generation of waste by efforts for prevention and minimization. Generated waste is collected and transported. Different treatment methods depending on the character of the waste, makes it possible to use the waste as a resource. Finally, new products are generated and re-used by the households and the companies.

18Public awarness - a success factorKey messages and tools for motivation and to facilitate collaboration:CommunicationDevelopment of self instructive systemsFeed back of the results and that what I do mattersEmphasize on the waste holders responsibility and participationWith a model built on source separation, household participation is an important success factor. 19Waste prevention in Sweden99 % material recycling or energy recovery today more focus on waste prevention Information, knowledge and behaviour success factorsLong tradition of reuse through flymarkets, second hand, collection at recycling parks, etcLargest challenge: decoupling between generated waste and economic growth

Generated household waste in Sweden is predicted to double 2010-2030 (Swedish EPA)Generated waste world wide is predicted to rise with 72 % 2010-2025(What a Waste-A global review of Solid Waste Management, mars 2012, World Bank Group)

Work according to the waste hierarcy Most important for us now is to work with waste prevention - makes most environmental good/benefit.Focus wastes identified as giving most postive environmental impact if not generated are for example food waste, textiles and electronic waste. This is where we put focus right now among the municipalities. 20InfrastructureCollection of waste from households based on source separationCurb side collection630 manned drop-off recycling centers5 800 unmanned recycling drop-off stations

Treatment and recycling of waste based on the charcter of the waste58 organic waste facilities 32 waste to energy plants79 landfills

Curb-side collection from apartment blocks and single-family homes for combustible and organic waste. A growing number of municipalities are also implementing curbside collection of packaging and newspaper.630 manned recycling centers throughout the country, receiving about 20 million visits annually, collecting about one third of all generated household waste. 5 800 unmanned recycling stations for packaging and newspaper that cover the entire country.

21Recycling centers

The more than 600 manned recycling centers across the country, receive about 20 million visits annually and collect about one third of all generated household waste. The households can drop off bulky waste, electronic waste and hazardous waste. Bulky waste is household waste that is too heavy, too bulky or otherwise inappropriate for collection in bags or bins.

A small proportion of the bulky waste, about ten percent, is collected through curbside collection.

The quantities of bulky waste and hazardous waste dropped off at recycling centres have increased significantly in recent years. Many municipalities have therefore adapted and modernized their recycling centres. Many smaller recycling centres have closed as municipalities are building new, larger centres better-suited to current waste quantities and number of visitors. 22Recycling and treatment

Different treatment methods depending on the character of the waste,makes it possible to use the waste as a resourceCombustible waste

Food waste

MaterialsNew productsDistrict heatingBiofertilizerBiogasElectricityHazardous waste can be treated with one or several of these methods, depending on the character of the waste.23Production of biogas and bio-fertilizerThe most increasing treatment methodEnergy recovery by the production of biogas used as a vehicle-fuelRecycling of nutritions to farming-land by the production of bio-fertilizerSource separation and quality assurance key words

During 2011, 322 GWh vehicle-fuel was produced from foodwaste replacing about 30 millions liters of petrol. 600,000 tonnes biofertilizer is produced yearly in Sweden.

Collection and treatment of source-separated food waste increased by 20 percent in 2010 compared with 2009 and close to 60 percent of Swedens municipalities have now introduced collection systems for source-separated food waste and an additional 70 municipalities are planning to follow suit.

Through anaerobic digestion of biological waste, biogas, consisting of methane and carbon dioxide, is produced. Biogas is renewable and can be used, after upgrading, as an environmentally sound vehicle fuel or for heating. The biogas produced from waste, corresponds with over 30 million liters of petrol/gasoline.

Anaerobic digestion also produces digestate, which is an excellent fertilizer with a high nutrient content. Using digestate instead of mineral fertilizer returns nutrients to the soil, including phosphorus, which is a finite resource. The Swedish organic label KRAV and the Swedish Seal of quality Svenskt Sigill kvalitetsrd approve digestate based on source-separated food waste, which is certified. Facilities that produce compost or digestate from separated bio-waste, including food waste from the food industry, can undergo certification to use quality labels on their product.24Generation of district heating and electricity

Covers around 20 % of the total district heating in Sweden, equals the needs of 900 000 homesProduces electricity corresponding to the needs of 250 000 homesAdvanced and secure flue gas treatment Most of the rest-products can be recycled

Total energy production 2011:District heating: 13,5 TWhElectricity: 2 TWh(including industral waste)Waste-to-energy is an effective and environmentally safe method for producing energy from waste, well established in Sweden. It provides both heat and electricity. Waste-to-energy is a method well suited for waste which cannot be treated in any other way.All cities have large district heating systems which need energy most of the year, benefiting from the waste-to-energy plants spread among the country.

Rest products are landfilled or recycled:Bottom ash (15 % weight) is recycledFly ash (3-5 % weight) is deposited/recycled

25Efficient and clean waste incineration

Sweden has had strict standards limiting emissions from waste incineration since the mid-1980s. Since then, incineration capacity has trebled and energy production has increased five-fold, while most emissions have fallen by between 90 and 99 percent. This is thanks to ongoing technical development and better waste sorting.

For example, emissions of heavy metals from waste incineration into the air have fallen by almost 99 per cent since 1985. The total emissions of dioxins from all of the countrys waste incineration plants have fallen from around 100 g to less than 1 gram during the same period.

26

From landfills to modern recycling facilities(Illustrator: Per Josefsson)

When the need of landfill capacity is decreasing, the landfill areas have been transferred into modern recycling facilities, preparing and pre-treating the waste for further treatment. Typical activities are: -collection and recovery of landfill gas,-sorting of bulky waste,-sorting of slag from waste to energy plants-seasonal storage of cumbustible waste-composting of garden waste-biological treatment of contaminated soil, etc. 27An integrated part of a holistic system

ProductsMaterial recyclingWasteIncinerationLandfillVehicle fuelBiogasCooling/ heating productionBiosolidsFarmsSewage water cleaningAnaerobic digestion

Electricity productionOther fuelsHouseholdsTo be able to use the resoureces in the most sustainable and efficient way, all technical infrastructure systems are connected. This is the principal model for a Swedish sustainable city. The waste management system is integrated in the heating system, vehicle fuel system, fertilizer system, etc. 28Part 4Waste EconomyMeans of ControlSuccess FactorsVision and Long Term Goals29Waste economyMunicipal waste: All costs covered by municipal waste fees (not by taxes) Tariffs decided by each municipal boardNon-profitAllowed to be differentiated to encourage source separation for recycling

Municipal waste within producers responsibility:Costs covered by a fee added to the price of every product

Municipalities and producers handle the management of household waste. The municipal costs are charged as a separate waste collection fee while the producers costs as a fee included in the price of the product. The local councils set the municipal waste collection fees and the producers decide on the amount of the product fee.

Many municipalities which introduced the voluntary collection of food waste, use the fee as a means of control. Those who choose a food waste subscription pay a lower fee than those who choose to deposit mixed waste.

30Waste feeAverage yearly fee per household 2011:

Houses: 240 EURFlats: 150 EUR

Average daily fee per householdThe average fee for a household is 5.50 SEK/day (about 50 cent) This is corresponding to about a fourth of the prices for a swedish newspaper or sending 8 SMSs.

The fee includes costs for -collection, including the service costs at the recycling centres for the collection and handling of bulky waste and hazardous household waste. -treatment -administration, such as waste planning, customer service, invoicing and information

The fee is often based on one fixed and one variable fee. The base fee is in average 40 % of the total fee. About 30 municipalities use weight based fee.

31Costs for municipal waste management

Cost for municipal waste management, 2010, average

32Means of controlEnvironmental objectivesGovernment regulations, bans, and taxes, for example:Tax on landfilling (since 2000)Ban on landfilling of combustible waste since 2002Ban on landfilling of organic waste since 2005Differentiated municipal waste tariffsMunicipal waste planning and regulationsInformation and communication

There are several ways to reduce the environmental impact of waste management, improve resource efficiency and increase recycling. They can either be information-based or administrative or financial means of control.

33Important success factors

Waste management is a public serviceClear division of roles and responsibilities enable necessary investmentsClear national environmental targets showing the directionLong-term regulations and economical steering instrumentsCo-operation between municipalitiesCo-operation within municipalites (Waste-, Energy-, Water-, Urban- planning-, etc departements)Collaboration between public and private sectorsFocus on communication and public engagement

34Avfall Sveriges visionBNPEconomic growthGenerated waste Zero waste! Long-term goals until 2020:Decoupling between generated waste and economic growth Strong upward movement in waste hierarchy

There is no waste or zero-waste. This is AvSV vision for the future. It does NOT mean we are working towards recover or recycle all household waste, but that we should strive towards not generating any waste. Utopia? We can not have anything but a 0-vision for waste its not creadible - particularly when we say we are working with environmental issues, for a better environment.To achieve this vision we have set some long term goals for 2020:- To decouple the connection between amount of waste and economic growth. To move even stronger, faster up in the waste hiearchy. 35Part 5Waste Management on Export A new Swedish Platform36Aim with the new platformTo facilitate the export of Swedish knowledge about waste management, products and services within the waste sector, through cooperation among municipalities, municipal companies and the private sector.

The development of waste managament systems in Sweden has been very successful and the results are unique from an international point of veiw. Today, waste is looked upon and used as a resource rather than a problem.

Many other countries has been aware of this, and wants to learn more about the Swedish waste management system and how it has been built up. Daily, contacts are taken from different countries with different requests on knowledge transfer from Sweden. However, standing alone, the municipalities and companies have limited resources and possibilities to success in spreading knowledge about Swedish waste management in the world.

37A strategy based on cooperationSwedish waste management- municipalities- municipal companies- private companies (technology suppliers and knowledge suppliers)One strong platform with a unique combination of competencesNow, a strategy is beeing developed, that is build on co-operation between the public and private sector within waste management. Together they will form one strong platform for export of Swedish waste management knowledge and technology with a unique combination of competenses.

The platform is developed within the framework of the Swedish Association of Waste Management. The association has got 400 members from public and private sector. The platform has been formed as a project. As support to the project leader, there is a new established Working Group, with members from public and private sector.

38What we are doing Defining offers to form a product catalogue Making an inventory of resources matching the offers Developing business models for co-operation between municipalities and companies in order to be able to form the strongest offer Preparing a routine for canalize and asset incoming requests Taking part in pilot projects in different countries to be able to further develop our models and routines

We are defining offers that will form a product catalogue We are making an inventory of resources available within the municipalities and companies matching the different offers We are developing business models for co-operation between municipalities and companies in order to be able to create the strongest offer We are preparing a routine for canalize and asset incoming requests on studyvisits, need of support, etc, from different countries in order to prioritize in a systematic way 39OffersQuestionsHow do we find the form/organisation to achieve what we want with our waste management system?

How should we form our waste management system on an overview level?

We are in the need of treatment capacity, but we do not have the funds or time to prioritize to build up all capacity right nowMatching offersManagement on local, regional and cluster level: Co-operation, organization, waste economy, waste fee construction, etcWaste management in sustainable urban development: System design, waste planning, solutions for collection- and sorting systemsProviding treatment capacity (incluing solutions for logistics) as a transfer solution. 40OffersQuestionsWe know what we want to build, but we need support in setting up the plant/facility.

We have got a plant/ facility. But we want to improve in running and maintain it, and get the most out of it.

We want to reach the public, the decision makers or other stakeholders with our message.

We want to train our personnel.

Matching offersSetting up different waste facilities: Financing possibilities, feasibility studies, procurement, construction, etc

Operation, support and optimization of different waste facilities

Communication and campaigns (raise awareness)

Training courses overseas or in Sweden, offer internship possibilities.

41Swedish Waste Management on Export

Project leader:Jenny strmjenny.astrom@avfallsverige.se+46-70-5136612

Working group chair:Thomas Nylundthomas.nylund@gastrikeatervinnare.se+46-26-178489

avfallsverige.se/in-english/waste-management-on-export/

Contact and information