Dysfunctional Dysfunctional Foods:Foods:

How the Contemporary American How the Contemporary American Food System Creates Food System Creates

Imbalanced Bodies, Minds and Imbalanced Bodies, Minds and BehaviorsBehaviorsMargaret Adamek, University of MNMargaret Adamek, University of MN

Class of 1989Class of 1989February 9, 2005February 9, 2005

How many of you know How many of you know someone…someone…

Who has struggled with alcoholism?Who has struggled with alcoholism? Who suffers from depression or anxiety?Who suffers from depression or anxiety? Who has chronic issues with their weight Who has chronic issues with their weight

or struggles with eating disorders?or struggles with eating disorders? Who has a child with hyperactivity or Who has a child with hyperactivity or

attention deficit issues?attention deficit issues? Who has been diagnosed with diabetes?Who has been diagnosed with diabetes? Who has a family with one or more of Who has a family with one or more of

these issues?these issues?

solving weight solving weight issuesissues

Standard Approach: Individual Standard Approach: Individual ResponsibilityResponsibility Cut caloriesCut calories Increase activityIncrease activity Reduce soft drink and fast food Reduce soft drink and fast food

consumptionconsumption Reduce time spent watching television Reduce time spent watching television

and playing video gamesand playing video games

Why doesn’t this work?Why doesn’t this work? Sugars (sweeteners and refined Sugars (sweeteners and refined

carbohydrates) have a drug effect on carbohydrates) have a drug effect on the brainthe brain

Sugars cause the body to release its Sugars cause the body to release its own opiates (beta endorphin)own opiates (beta endorphin)

Sugars act on the same Sugars act on the same neurotransmitter system as alcohol, neurotransmitter system as alcohol, morphine and heroinmorphine and heroin

You have a population in a constant You have a population in a constant state of withdrawal, craving and relapsestate of withdrawal, craving and relapse

Obesity

Diabetes

ADHD EatingDisorders

Anxiety

Depression

Alcoholism

RootCause

from branches to roots: the effects of diet on people

caffeinesugar & amphetamine

…..the unraveling web

neurochemical neurochemical roots of the roots of the

problemproblem

Volatile blood sugarVolatile blood sugar Low serotoninLow serotonin Low beta endorphinLow beta endorphin Low dopamineLow dopamine

Glucose molecule

Volatile blood sugarVolatile blood sugar Tired all the time for Tired all the time for

little reasonlittle reason Restless and edgyRestless and edgy Confused/foggy/Confused/foggy/

spaceyspacey Irritable and easily Irritable and easily

frustratedfrustrated CrankyCranky Short-fusedShort-fused

Low serotoninLow serotonin DepressedDepressed ImpulsiveImpulsive Short attention spanShort attention span ScatteredScattered AggressiveAggressive ReactiveReactive Craving sweets and Craving sweets and

carbohydratescarbohydrates Serotonin peptide

Low beta endorphinLow beta endorphin Low pain toleranceLow pain tolerance Low self-esteem and Low self-esteem and

feels inadequatefeels inadequate TearfulTearful Sensitive to criticismSensitive to criticism Feels isolatedFeels isolated Seeks crisisSeeks crisis Feels victimizedFeels victimized Craves sugar and fatCraves sugar and fat

Beta endorphin peptide

Low dopamine Correlated with unhappinessCorrelated with unhappiness Linked to aggressive behavior and Linked to aggressive behavior and

violenceviolence Lack of ‘positive emotionality’Lack of ‘positive emotionality’ Protein intake positively influences Protein intake positively influences

dopamine productiondopamine production

dopamine peptide

Restoring health, land and Restoring health, land and foodfood

Dietary change is very difficult, even Dietary change is very difficult, even when more healthful options are when more healthful options are availableavailable

The ‘addicted body’ must be The ‘addicted body’ must be stabilized to assist in the rejection of stabilized to assist in the rejection of the contemporary dietthe contemporary diet

As the land and diet are brought into As the land and diet are brought into balance, so too must the bodybalance, so too must the body

Theory of Sugar SensitivityTheory of Sugar SensitivityKathleen DesMaisons, Ph.DKathleen DesMaisons, Ph.D

DBA/C57 mice – inherited DBA/C57 mice – inherited suite of biochemical suite of biochemical deficits that give rise to a deficits that give rise to a set of emotional and set of emotional and physical symptomsphysical symptoms

Individuals who suffer Individuals who suffer from this profile seek out from this profile seek out foods or substances that foods or substances that elevate these deficits…elevate these deficits…

Sugar, fat, alcohol and Sugar, fat, alcohol and other drugs cause the other drugs cause the brain to produce opiatesbrain to produce opiates

C57

DBA

Sugar Sensitive Eating Sugar Sensitive Eating HabitsHabits

Skip breakfastSkip breakfast Low protein intakeLow protein intake Erratic mealtimesErratic mealtimes High intake of refined High intake of refined

carbohydrates and sugarscarbohydrates and sugars Frequent meal skippingFrequent meal skipping High consumption of caffeineHigh consumption of caffeine True of alcoholics and of True of alcoholics and of

‘C57’ sugar sensitive types‘C57’ sugar sensitive types

Research BaseResearch Base Sugar and alcohol evokes beta Sugar and alcohol evokes beta

endorphin endorphin (Gianoulakis 1994, 1996; Blass (Gianoulakis 1994, 1996; Blass 1991, 1995)1991, 1995)

Low serotonin, carbohydrate Low serotonin, carbohydrate craving, obesity and craving, obesity and depression depression (Wurtman 1986, 1995)(Wurtman 1986, 1995)

Fat consumption and beta Fat consumption and beta endorphin release endorphin release (Drewnoski 1983, (Drewnoski 1983, 1987, 1992)1987, 1992)

Serotonin, and relationship to Serotonin, and relationship to fat and sugar intake fat and sugar intake (Fernstrom 1971, (Fernstrom 1971, 1986, 1987, 1995)1986, 1987, 1995)

More ResearchMore Research

Sugar induces physical dependency Sugar induces physical dependency (Colantuoni and Hoebel 2002)(Colantuoni and Hoebel 2002)

Sugar is a ‘gateway’ substance that Sugar is a ‘gateway’ substance that increases likelihood of addiction to increases likelihood of addiction to other substances, e.g. other substances, e.g. amphetamines amphetamines (Hoebel 2003)(Hoebel 2003)

Sugar creates endogenous beta Sugar creates endogenous beta endorphin response endorphin response (Schoenbaum (Schoenbaum 1989)1989)

Sugar and fat together create Sugar and fat together create significantly increased consumption significantly increased consumption behavior behavior (Kelley 2003)(Kelley 2003)

More research…More research… Palatability/sweet taste Palatability/sweet taste

alonealone will evoke opiate will evoke opiate responseresponse (Hoebel)(Hoebel)

High fructose corn syrup High fructose corn syrup does not metabolize in does not metabolize in ways that other sugars ways that other sugars do, creating biochemical do, creating biochemical reactions that alter reactions that alter metabolismmetabolism (Bray 2003)(Bray 2003)

Further research….Further research…. Too much fructose alters metabolism Too much fructose alters metabolism

(Teff, 2004)(Teff, 2004)

One serving of soft drink per day One serving of soft drink per day increases a women’s chances of increases a women’s chances of Type II diabetes by 85% Type II diabetes by 85% (Schulze, 2004)(Schulze, 2004)

……and yet more!!and yet more!! Addiction mechanism in Addiction mechanism in

the rat is similar to the rat is similar to humans humans (Deroche-(Deroche-Gamonet et al., 2004)Gamonet et al., 2004)

Areas in brain activated Areas in brain activated in food craving are also in food craving are also activated in drug craving activated in drug craving (Raglund et al 2004)(Raglund et al 2004)

what do you get?

Steps toward StabilitySteps toward StabilityKathleen DesMaisons, Ph.D.Kathleen DesMaisons, Ph.D.

1.1. Eat breakfast Eat breakfast everydayeveryday – within one – within one hour of waking; adequate hour of waking; adequate protein; complex protein; complex carbohydratescarbohydrates

2.2. Journal Journal what and when what and when you eat/how you you eat/how you physically and physically and emotionally feelemotionally feel

Steps toward StabilitySteps toward StabilityKathleen DesMaisons, Ph.D.Kathleen DesMaisons, Ph.D.

3.3. Eat three meals a dayEat three meals a day – spaced 5 – 6 hours – spaced 5 – 6 hours apart; adequate protein, apart; adequate protein, complex carbohydrates complex carbohydrates and vegetables; move and vegetables; move sugar consumption to sugar consumption to mealsmeals

4.4. Vitamins and Nightly Vitamins and Nightly PotatoPotato – vitamin C – vitamin C (free radical scavenger); (free radical scavenger); B-complex – aids in B-complex – aids in detoxification and detoxification and restoration; zinc; omega restoration; zinc; omega 3 fatty acids//potato for 3 fatty acids//potato for serotonin synthesisserotonin synthesis

Steps toward StabilitySteps toward Stability

5.5. Whites to BrownsWhites to Browns – slowly move – slowly move refined grains to refined grains to whole grainswhole grains

6.6. Remove SugarsRemove Sugars – – slowly remove slowly remove ‘overt’ and ‘covert’ ‘overt’ and ‘covert’ sweetenerssweeteners

Steps Toward StabilitySteps Toward Stability7.7. Stabilize Stabilize – beta endorphin receptor – beta endorphin receptor

increase and stabilization; explore increase and stabilization; explore food allergy issues; adequate fatty food allergy issues; adequate fatty acids consumption; increase insulin acids consumption; increase insulin receptor sites to heal insulin receptor sites to heal insulin resistanceresistance

Effects of dietEffects of diet Regulates blood sugarRegulates blood sugar – no dips and – no dips and

spikesspikes No ‘sleepies;’ less irritability; not moodyNo ‘sleepies;’ less irritability; not moody

Elevates serotoninElevates serotonin Able to say ‘no’ and no impulsive behaviorAble to say ‘no’ and no impulsive behavior

Increases beta endorphinIncreases beta endorphin Secure sense of self; strong self-esteem and Secure sense of self; strong self-esteem and

self-acceptanceself-acceptance Increases dopamineIncreases dopamine

Less aggressive, diminished violence and angerLess aggressive, diminished violence and anger

How do you feel?How do you feel? Consistent, steady energy without Consistent, steady energy without

fits of fatigue or drowsinessfits of fatigue or drowsiness Happy, upbeat, not feeling ‘done Happy, upbeat, not feeling ‘done

to’to’ Secure and relaxed – not anxiousSecure and relaxed – not anxious Productive and able to concentrateProductive and able to concentrate Compassionate and patientCompassionate and patient Good at self-careGood at self-care

Beta endorphinBeta endorphin Activating OpiatesActivating Opiates

Skipping mealsSkipping meals ‘‘Binge’ sugar doseBinge’ sugar dose Super Size Me – Super Size Me –

sugar and fatsugar and fat Compulsive Compulsive

exerciseexercise

Stabilizing OpiatesStabilizing Opiates Regular mealtimesRegular mealtimes Adequate food for Adequate food for

blood sugarblood sugar Removal of Removal of

excessive refined excessive refined carbscarbs

No sugar on an No sugar on an empty stomach!empty stomach!

Exercise & fun!Exercise & fun!

What are we seeing?What are we seeing? 92% long term success rate with 92% long term success rate with

alcoholism recoveryalcoholism recovery Drastic improvement in depression, Drastic improvement in depression,

ADHD, OCD, ODD, anxiety, weight, ADHD, OCD, ODD, anxiety, weight, self-esteem, diabetesself-esteem, diabetes

Improved triglycerides, lipids, blood Improved triglycerides, lipids, blood glucose levels, cholesterolglucose levels, cholesterol

Connecting the body to Connecting the body to communitycommunity

How we produce foodHow we produce food What we produceWhat we produce How we process foodHow we process food How we consume foodHow we consume food What are the economic, ecological, What are the economic, ecological,

cultural and health impacts?cultural and health impacts?

Healing the sacred web of life…Healing the sacred web of life…

• 64% of U.S. adults are estimated obese or overweight (NHANES 1999-2000)•31 % of Americans are estimated obese - (NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000) • 106% increase in obesity nationwide since 1981 (French et al. 2001)• 5 – 7% increase in obesity each year (CDC)• All but one state has 15% or greater rate of population as overweight (CDC)• 58% of Minnesotans are overweight or obese (CDC)

Obesity: Where are we today?

1991 1995

2002

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1991-2002

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman)

Diabetes – where are we Diabetes – where are we now?now?

70% of diagnosed Type II 70% of diagnosed Type II diabetes is attributable to diabetes is attributable to obesityobesity (NIDDK – NIH)(NIDDK – NIH)

6.3% of American 6.3% of American population is diabeticpopulation is diabetic (NIDDK-NIH)(NIDDK-NIH)

6% increase in diabetes 6% increase in diabetes per yearper year (NIDDK-NIH)(NIDDK-NIH)

Between 1990 -1998, Between 1990 -1998, prevalence of diagnosed prevalence of diagnosed diabetes increased 33%diabetes increased 33% (CDC 2002)(CDC 2002)

Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2000;23:1278-83; J Am Med Assoc 2001;286(10).

Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1990, 1995 Among Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1990, 1995

and 2000and 20001990 1995

2000

Depression & anxiety Depression & anxiety todaytoday

9.5% of American adults 9.5% of American adults suffers from depression each suffers from depression each year year (National Institutes of Mental Health - NIH (National Institutes of Mental Health - NIH Publication No. 01-4584 )Publication No. 01-4584 )

13.3% of American adults 13.3% of American adults suffer from anxiety disorders suffer from anxiety disorders (National Institutes of Mental Health - NIH (National Institutes of Mental Health - NIH Publication No. 01-4584 )Publication No. 01-4584 )

Attention deficit/Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder hyperactivity disorder

7.5%7.5% of children exhibit this disorder; 3 of children exhibit this disorder; 3 times as many boys as girls times as many boys as girls (data taken from (data taken from Minnesota; Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2002)Minnesota; Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2002)

80%80% of prescriptions for amphetamines of prescriptions for amphetamines are written for children diagnosed with are written for children diagnosed with ADHADHD D (DEA Congressional Testimony, 2000)(DEA Congressional Testimony, 2000)

Administration of amphetamines to Administration of amphetamines to children has risen 3000% in the last ten children has risen 3000% in the last ten years years (DEA Congressional Testimony, 2000)(DEA Congressional Testimony, 2000)

AlcoholismAlcoholism More than 50% of American adults More than 50% of American adults

have a close relative who has/had a have a close relative who has/had a drinking problem drinking problem (Dawson 1998)(Dawson 1998)

7.4% of American adults are 7.4% of American adults are dependent or abuse alcohol in 2000 dependent or abuse alcohol in 2000 (Grant 1994)(Grant 1994)

20% of individuals seeking primary 20% of individuals seeking primary healthcare are alcoholic healthcare are alcoholic (Bellas, Rand (Bellas, Rand Corporation, 2000)Corporation, 2000)

6.3% of adult Minnesotans report 6.3% of adult Minnesotans report chronic drinking chronic drinking (NIAAA 1984-2002)(NIAAA 1984-2002)

90% of alcoholics are likely to 90% of alcoholics are likely to experience at least one relapse experience at least one relapse during the four years after treatment during the four years after treatment (NIAAA 1989)(NIAAA 1989)

Economic Impact - Economic Impact - ObesityObesity

$78.5 billion in healthcare costs for obesity$78.5 billion in healthcare costs for obesity (National Health Accounts, CDC)(National Health Accounts, CDC)

7% of US healthcare costs are obesity-related 7% of US healthcare costs are obesity-related (French, 2003)(French, 2003)

$1.307 billion in healthcare costs for Minnesota$1.307 billion in healthcare costs for Minnesota (CDC)(CDC)

Obesity-related disability claims up 130% Obesity-related disability claims up 130% between 1984 and 1996 for ages 30 – 49between 1984 and 1996 for ages 30 – 49 (Rand (Rand

CorporationCorporation)) By 2020, 20% of healthcare expenditures By 2020, 20% of healthcare expenditures

would be for obesity-related issues.would be for obesity-related issues.

Economic Impact - Economic Impact - ObesityObesity

Obesity is associated with a 36% Obesity is associated with a 36% increase in inpatient and outpatient increase in inpatient and outpatient spendingspending

Obesity is associated with a 77% Obesity is associated with a 77% increase in medications (Sturm 2002increase in medications (Sturm 2002

Economic impact – Economic impact – depression/anxiety/alcoholidepression/anxiety/alcoholi

smsm Cost of depression is $83.1 billion Cost of depression is $83.1 billion (Greenberg (Greenberg

et al. 2003)et al. 2003) For diabetes….$98 billion per year For diabetes….$98 billion per year

(premature mortality, disability, healthcare (premature mortality, disability, healthcare costs, workloss)costs, workloss)

For alcoholism, estimated productivity loss For alcoholism, estimated productivity loss is $134.2 billion is $134.2 billion (NIAAA 2001)(NIAAA 2001)

Alcohol-related illness costs $87.6 billion; Alcohol-related illness costs $87.6 billion; premature death $36.5 billion premature death $36.5 billion (NIAAA 2001)(NIAAA 2001)

For alcoholism, estimated cost of alcohol For alcoholism, estimated cost of alcohol abuse is $185 billion for 1998 abuse is $185 billion for 1998 (NIAAA 2001)(NIAAA 2001)

impact on our childrenimpact on our children 27% of children are 27% of children are

overweight overweight (Centers for Disease Control)(Centers for Disease Control) Obesity rates among children Obesity rates among children

have doubled in the last ten have doubled in the last ten years and tripled for years and tripled for adolescents adolescents (Troiano, 1998)(Troiano, 1998)

Children born in the year 2000 Children born in the year 2000 have a 33% chance of becoming have a 33% chance of becoming diabetic if they’re boys; 39% if diabetic if they’re boys; 39% if they’re girlsthey’re girls (Venkat Narayan et al, 2004)(Venkat Narayan et al, 2004)

Childhood tantrums are positively Childhood tantrums are positively correlated with obesitycorrelated with obesity (Agras et al. (Agras et al. 2004)2004)

Diabetes

Obesity

DepressionADHD

Alcoholism

EatingDisorders

Public HealthCrisis

How do these public health issues relate to

diet?

Change in Carbohydrate Change in Carbohydrate ConsumptionConsumption

Increase of 50% in refined carbohydrates Increase of 50% in refined carbohydrates from 1970 from 1970 (USDA Economic Research Service)(USDA Economic Research Service)

Americans consume less than one serving Americans consume less than one serving per day of whole grains per day of whole grains (USDA Economic Research (USDA Economic Research Service)Service)

4000+% increase in consumption per annum 4000+% increase in consumption per annum per person of high fructose corn syrup per person of high fructose corn syrup (USDA (USDA Economic Research Service)Economic Research Service)

Additional average 300 daily calories Additional average 300 daily calories consumed attributed to increase in consumed attributed to increase in carbohydrate consumption carbohydrate consumption (CDC 2004)(CDC 2004)

U.S. Sugar IntakeU.S. Sugar Intake Sugar intake rose 30 percent between 1983 and Sugar intake rose 30 percent between 1983 and

1999 and was at 158 pounds per person/year 1999 and was at 158 pounds per person/year (Center for Science in Public Interest – (Center for Science in Public Interest – 222.cspinet.org/new/sugar_limit.html)222.cspinet.org/new/sugar_limit.html)

Candy and Other Confectionary Products:US Per Capita Consumption, 1966 – 2000, Pounds/ Year

US Per Capita High Fructose Corn Syrup Disappearance1967 – 2000, Pounds / Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1970-74 1975-59 1980-84 1985-89 1990-1994 1995-99

Num

ber

of L

arge

-Siz

e Po

rtio

ns

Intr

oduc

ed

Year

Introduction of new, larger portions, 1970–1999.

Young & Nestle 2002

Portion sizesPortion sizes Energy dense, nutrient poor foods comprise Energy dense, nutrient poor foods comprise

27% of diet (+ 4% alcohol) 27% of diet (+ 4% alcohol) (Kant 2000)(Kant 2000) Standard portion size for factory-made Standard portion size for factory-made

cookies exceeds USDA standards by 700%; cookies exceeds USDA standards by 700%; muffins by 333%, and bagels by 195%muffins by 333%, and bagels by 195%

French fries, hamburgers and sodas increased French fries, hamburgers and sodas increased 2 – 5 times since 19702 – 5 times since 1970

7-11 Big Gulp contains the caloric equivalent 7-11 Big Gulp contains the caloric equivalent of more than one third the energy of more than one third the energy requirement of large segments of American requirement of large segments of American population population

(Young and Nestle 2002)(Young and Nestle 2002)

Media AttentionMedia Attention The Sunday Telegraph – UKThe Sunday Telegraph – UK – Food Industry – Food Industry

has known for years that foods high in fat has known for years that foods high in fat and sugar impact consumption and sugar impact consumption (August 2003)(August 2003)

Atlanta ConstitutionAtlanta Constitution – “Sugar Nation” – “Sugar Nation” Series Series (November 2002)(November 2002)

New York Times Sunday MagazineNew York Times Sunday Magazine – “What – “What if It’s All Been a Big, Fat Lie?” if It’s All Been a Big, Fat Lie?” (July 2002)(July 2002)

World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization – “Diet, – “Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases” Diseases” (February 2003)(February 2003)

Our love affair with fast Our love affair with fast foodfood

One in four adults eats fast food One in four adults eats fast food everyday in the United Stateseveryday in the United States

One in three children eats fast food One in three children eats fast food everyday in the United Stateseveryday in the United States

Soft drink consumption up 135% since Soft drink consumption up 135% since 19771977

Average number of soft drink servings Average number of soft drink servings per day climbed from 1.96 in 1977 to per day climbed from 1.96 in 1977 to 2.39 in 2001 2.39 in 2001

Policy AttentionPolicy Attention Soda machines and Soda machines and

fast food removed fast food removed from schoolsfrom schools

Federal funding for Federal funding for fresh fruits and fresh fruits and vegetables in school vegetables in school luncheslunches

Support for physical Support for physical and nutrition and nutrition education in school education in school and community and community contextscontexts

Political PressurePolitical Pressure Suppression of WHO information Suppression of WHO information

and federal recommendations on and federal recommendations on reduction of refined carbohydratesreduction of refined carbohydrates

Congressional movement to ban Congressional movement to ban litigation against fast food litigation against fast food corporationscorporations

A complex system of A complex system of addictionaddiction

……with complex with complex consequencesconsequences

The Sugar ProjectThe Sugar Project Healing culture Healing culture

from the molecular from the molecular to the socialto the social

Mending the Mending the sacred web of lifesacred web of life

Generating Generating wellness creation, wellness creation, NOTNOT wealth wealth creationcreation

ecology

community

economy

public health

culture

Sugar Project MissionSugar Project Mission

to restore to restore individual, individual, community, community, ecological and ecological and social wellbeing social wellbeing through health-through health-creating diets…creating diets…

Sugar Project ApproachSugar Project Approach Ecologically restorative food Ecologically restorative food

productionproduction Economic development through Economic development through

enterprises related to healing (new enterprises related to healing (new food products, etc.) that encourage food products, etc.) that encourage strong, local economiesstrong, local economies

Low cost dietary intervention that Low cost dietary intervention that improves public health outcomesimproves public health outcomes

a complex system of a complex system of changechange

Economic developmentEconomic development Healthcare PolicyHealthcare Policy Child and Youth NutritionChild and Youth Nutrition Ecological renewalEcological renewal Agricultural PolicyAgricultural Policy Re-emergence of local food systems Re-emergence of local food systems

and economiesand economies Restoration of community healthRestoration of community health

OutcomeOutcome Healthy EcologiesHealthy Ecologies Healthy EconomiesHealthy Economies Communities that thriveCommunities that thrive People who feel wellPeople who feel well

Wellness from the inside out!Wellness from the inside out!

Sugar Project PrioritiesSugar Project Priorities ChildrenChildren – school hot breakfast & lunch; – school hot breakfast & lunch;

academics/behavioracademics/behavior Indian CountryIndian Country – food sovereignty through – food sovereignty through

addiction recovery and preventionaddiction recovery and prevention ResearchResearch – controlled studies on addicts, – controlled studies on addicts,

children and in Native American communitieschildren and in Native American communities EducationEducation – development of materials, – development of materials,

training & curricula for various audiencestraining & curricula for various audiences Media/Public PolicyMedia/Public Policy – use of popular media – use of popular media

to develop and influence policy agendato develop and influence policy agenda

Partner EffortsPartner Efforts New cropping system in Upper MidwestNew cropping system in Upper Midwest Economic development to encourage Economic development to encourage

local food systemslocal food systems University research on brain University research on brain

biochemistry, diet, addiction and public biochemistry, diet, addiction and public healthhealth

Generating new collaborations with Generating new collaborations with entities as we move forward…entities as we move forward…

mending the web of life

amphetamine

sugar & caffeine

drug-free

What can I do right now?What can I do right now? Personally….Personally….

Read DesMaisons’ Read DesMaisons’ material and start material and start the processthe process

Try eating breakfast Try eating breakfast with protein & carbs with protein & carbs for a few days to for a few days to notice the differencenotice the difference

Potato ExperimentPotato Experiment Transition away Transition away

from corn syrupfrom corn syrup

Politically….Politically…. Explore opportunities Explore opportunities

for changing food for changing food options in dining options in dining serviceservice

Explore ways to Explore ways to change school hot change school hot breakfast and lunch breakfast and lunch options in Northfieldoptions in Northfield

Identify different Identify different research questions research questions tied to these issuestied to these issues

For further informationFor further information www.radiantrecovery.comwww.radiantrecovery.com or or

radiantkd@mindspring.comradiantkd@mindspring.com ““Sugar Addict’s Recovery Program,” Sugar Addict’s Recovery Program,”

by Kathleen DesMaisonsby Kathleen DesMaisons The Sugar Project, Maggi AdamekThe Sugar Project, Maggi Adamek

University of MinnesotaUniversity of Minnesotamadamek@umn.edumadamek@umn.edu612-624-7451612-624-7451

SourcesSources Obesity and related healthcare costs statistics: Obesity and related healthcare costs statistics:

http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/econohttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/economic_consequences.htm#National%20Estimated%mic_consequences.htm#National%20Estimated%20Cost%20of%20Obesity20Cost%20of%20Obesity http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9043/http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9043/ http://nutrition.about.com/library/weekly/aa01050http://nutrition.about.com/library/weekly/aa010503a.htm3a.htm Troiano, Richard P., Flegal, Katherine M. (1998, Troiano, Richard P., Flegal, Katherine M. (1998,

March). Overweight children and adolescents: March). Overweight children and adolescents: description, epidemiology, and demographics. description, epidemiology, and demographics. PediatricsPediatrics, 101, 497-504. , 101, 497-504.

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2001, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2001, unpublished data. National Center for Health unpublished data. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Human Services.

Sources (cont’d)Sources (cont’d) http://http://

www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubswww.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.htm/statistics/index.htm

http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/nutrihttp://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/nutrit/pubs/statobes.htmt/pubs/statobes.htm

http://http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubswww.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.htm/statistics/index.htm

http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/nutrit/pubs/statobes.htmnutrit/pubs/statobes.htm

Sources Sources (cont’d)(cont’d) http://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/specihttp://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/special/sugar/18sugarsouth.htmlal/sugar/18sugarsouth.html http://www.who.int/nut/documents/trs_916.pdfhttp://www.who.int/nut/documents/trs_916.pdf http://www.psychiatrist.com/issues/http://www.psychiatrist.com/issues/

greenberg.pdfgreenberg.pdf http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/

FoodReview/DEC2002/frvol25i3a.pdfFoodReview/DEC2002/frvol25i3a.pdf http://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/pccpdf/http://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/pccpdf/

v03n06/v03n0611.pdfv03n06/v03n0611.pdf http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/databases/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/databases/

abdep2.htmabdep2.htm http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/

MR1280/mr1280.ch2.pdfMR1280/mr1280.ch2.pdf

Sources Sources (cont’d)(cont’d) http://www.nyu.edu/education/nutrition/PDFS/young-nestle.pdfhttp://www.nyu.edu/education/nutrition/PDFS/young-nestle.pdf http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/numbers.cfmhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/numbers.cfm http://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/pccpdf/v03n06/v03n0611.pdfhttp://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/pccpdf/v03n06/v03n0611.pdf Grant B.F., et al. Prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and Grant B.F., et al. Prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and

dependence: United States, 1992. dependence: United States, 1992. Alcohol Health & Research WorldAlcohol Health & Research World 18(3):243-248, 1994. 18(3):243-248, 1994.

Dawson, D.A., & Grant, B.F. Family history of alcoholism and Dawson, D.A., & Grant, B.F. Family history of alcoholism and gender: Their combined effects on DSM-IV alcohol dependence and gender: Their combined effects on DSM-IV alcohol dependence and major depression. major depression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59(1):97-106, 1998. 59(1):97-106, 1998.

Harwood, H., et al. Harwood, H., et al. TheThe Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992.in the United States, 1992. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1998. Abuse, 1998. http://www.naaso.org/news/19980902.asphttp://www.naaso.org/news/19980902.asp

Sturm, R. 2002. The effects of obesity, smoking, and drinking on Sturm, R. 2002. The effects of obesity, smoking, and drinking on medical problems and costs. Health Affairs. medical problems and costs. Health Affairs.

Centers for Disease Control (2002). Major increase in diabetes Centers for Disease Control (2002). Major increase in diabetes among adults occurred nationwide between 1990 and 1998. among adults occurred nationwide between 1990 and 1998. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/press/archive/diabetes_increase.http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/press/archive/diabetes_increase.htmhtm

Sources Sources (cont’d)(cont’d) http://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/specihttp://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/special/sugar/18sugarsouth.htmlal/sugar/18sugarsouth.html http://www.who.int/nut/documents/trs_916.pdfhttp://www.who.int/nut/documents/trs_916.pdf http://www.psychiatrist.com/issues/http://www.psychiatrist.com/issues/

greenberg.pdfgreenberg.pdf http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/

FoodReview/DEC2002/frvol25i3a.pdfFoodReview/DEC2002/frvol25i3a.pdf http://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/pccpdf/http://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/pccpdf/

v03n06/v03n0611.pdfv03n06/v03n0611.pdf http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/databases/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/databases/

abdep2.htmabdep2.htm http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/

MR1280/mr1280.ch2.pdfMR1280/mr1280.ch2.pdf

Sources Sources (cont’d)(cont’d) NIAAA (2001). Economic perspectives in alcoholism research. NIAAA (2001). Economic perspectives in alcoholism research.

Alcohol Alert. Alcohol Alert. http://wwww.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa51-text.htmhttp://wwww.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa51-text.htm

NIAAA (1989). Relapse and craving. Alcohol Alert. NIAAA (1989). Relapse and craving. Alcohol Alert. http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa06.htmhttp://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa06.htm

Kant, A. (2000) Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods Kant, A. (2000) Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods by adult Americans: nutritional and health implications. The third by adult Americans: nutritional and health implications. The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Oct;72(4):929-36. J Clin Nutr. 2000 Oct;72(4):929-36.

Young, L. and Nestle, M. (2002) The contribution of expanding Young, L. and Nestle, M. (2002) The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. American Journal of portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. American Journal of Public Health. February; 92(2):246-249.Public Health. February; 92(2):246-249.