The Study of Living The Study of Living ThingsThings

LeavesLeaves

There is much variety There is much variety in leavesin leaves

Hairs, Thickness, Hairs, Thickness, Texture, Texture,

Parts of LeavesParts of Leaves

Blade – Large green Blade – Large green portion of the leafportion of the leaf

Petiole – Part that Petiole – Part that connects the blade to connects the blade to the stemthe stem

(Sessile Leaves – (Sessile Leaves – Leaves that have no Leaves that have no petiole. Found in petiole. Found in grasses and certain grasses and certain other monocots.)other monocots.)

Veins – Pipelines that Veins – Pipelines that carry food and water carry food and water through the bladethrough the blade

Midrib – The main vein Midrib – The main vein that runs down the that runs down the center of the leaf.center of the leaf.

Margin – Edge of the leafMargin – Edge of the leaf

Entire – The name of the Entire – The name of the margin when it is smoothmargin when it is smooth

Toothed – The name of Toothed – The name of the margin when it has a the margin when it has a rough edge or “teeth”rough edge or “teeth”

Lobed – The name of the Lobed – The name of the margin when it has margin when it has portions sticking outportions sticking out

Sinus – Where there is no Sinus – Where there is no leaf on a lobed leafleaf on a lobed leaf

Near the LeafNear the Leaf

Stipule – Leaf-like Stipule – Leaf-like structures that helped structures that helped cover the leaf when it cover the leaf when it was young.was young.

Buds – Contain Buds – Contain developing leaf or developing leaf or branch structuresbranch structures

Bud-scale Scars – Bud-scale Scars – Marking on the branch Marking on the branch where a bud existed.where a bud existed.

Leaf Scars - Marking on Leaf Scars - Marking on the branch where a leaf the branch where a leaf existedexisted

Plant Leaf ShapesPlant Leaf Shapes

Broad flat leaves Broad flat leaves (Deciduous trees)(Deciduous trees)

Long narrow leaves Long narrow leaves (Grasses)(Grasses)

Needle-like or scale-Needle-like or scale-like ( Pines, firs, like ( Pines, firs, cedars)cedars)

Types of LeavesTypes of Leaves

Simple – A leaf that Simple – A leaf that has one blade per has one blade per petiolepetiole

Compound – A leaf that Compound – A leaf that has many blades has many blades (leaflets) per petiole(leaflets) per petiole

Leaflet – Each small blade Leaflet – Each small blade on a compound leafon a compound leaf

(You can tell the (You can tell the beginning of a leaf beginning of a leaf because it has a bud at because it has a bud at the base of the petiole. the base of the petiole. The leaflets do not have a The leaflets do not have a bud at the base of them.)bud at the base of them.)

Leaf ArrangementLeaf Arrangement

Nodes – Points at Nodes – Points at which the leaves grow which the leaves grow from the stem.from the stem.

Opposite – Two leaves Opposite – Two leaves grow from each node.grow from each node.

Alternate – Only one Alternate – Only one leaf grows from each leaf grows from each node.node.

Whorled – Three or Whorled – Three or more leaves grow more leaves grow from each node.from each node.

Rosette (Basal) – Rosette (Basal) – Cluster of leaves Cluster of leaves growing at the base of growing at the base of the plantthe plant

Leaf VenationLeaf Venation

Parallel – Almost all Parallel – Almost all veins run in the same veins run in the same direction.direction.

Pinnate – One major Pinnate – One major vein with smaller vein with smaller veins coming off of itveins coming off of it

Palmate – Two or Palmate – Two or more veins extending more veins extending out from one pointout from one point

Internal Leaf StructuresInternal Leaf Structures

Epidermis – Single Epidermis – Single layer of outside cellslayer of outside cells

Stomata – Tiny Stomata – Tiny openings on the openings on the bottom of the leaf that bottom of the leaf that allow for air movement allow for air movement and transpiration.and transpiration.

Transpiration – The Transpiration – The loss of water loss of water vaporvapor

Guard Cells – The two Guard Cells – The two crescent shaped cells crescent shaped cells that expand and that expand and contract to open/close contract to open/close the stomathe stoma

Leaf Hairs – Reduce Leaf Hairs – Reduce the speed of wind the speed of wind passing over the leaf. passing over the leaf. Decrease loss of Decrease loss of water.water.

Mesophyll – The middle Mesophyll – The middle portion of the leaf. Most portion of the leaf. Most of Photosynthesis takes of Photosynthesis takes place here.place here.

Palisade Mesophyll – Palisade Mesophyll – Column-like cells Column-like cells located on the upper located on the upper side of the leaf.side of the leaf.

Spongy Mesophyll – Spongy Mesophyll – Irregular shaped cells Irregular shaped cells separated by air separated by air spaces.spaces.

Veins – Run through Veins – Run through the Mesophyll. Have the Mesophyll. Have Xylem and PhloemXylem and Phloem

Biology – The study of Biology – The study of living thingsliving things Bios – “life”Bios – “life” -logy – “Science of” or -logy – “Science of” or

“study of”“study of”

Three Major Fields of Three Major Fields of BiologyBiology

Zoology –The study of Zoology –The study of animalsanimals

Botany – The study of Botany – The study of PlantsPlants

Human Anatomy and Human Anatomy and Physiology – The Physiology – The study of physical study of physical structure and function structure and function of the bodyof the body

Anatomy – The study of Anatomy – The study of the physical structure of the physical structure of the body. (The parts)the body. (The parts)

Physiology – the study of Physiology – the study of the function of the parts of the function of the parts of the body. (What they do)the body. (What they do)

Psalm 19:1-4 The heavens declare Psalm 19:1-4 The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. Day after the work of his hands. Day after day they pour forth speech; night day they pour forth speech; night after night they display knowledge. after night they display knowledge. There is no speech or language There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard. Their where their voice is not heard. Their voice goes out into all the earth, voice goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world.their words to the ends of the world.

Romans 1:20 For since the Romans 1:20 For since the creation of the world God’s creation of the world God’s invisible qualities –his invisible qualities –his eternal power and divine eternal power and divine nature- have been clearly nature- have been clearly seen, being understood seen, being understood from what has been made, from what has been made, so that men are without so that men are without excuse.excuse.

Psalm 8: 3-4 When I Psalm 8: 3-4 When I consider your heavens, the consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which moon and the stars, which you have set in place, what you have set in place, what is man that you are mindful is man that you are mindful of him, the son of man that of him, the son of man that you care for him?you care for him?

Hierarchy of Living thingsHierarchy of Living things

Cells – The basic Cells – The basic structural unit of all structural unit of all living thingsliving things

Tissues – A group of Tissues – A group of similar cells that work similar cells that work togethertogether

Vascular Tissue – Vascular Tissue – Elongated tubular cells Elongated tubular cells that transport water, that transport water, minerals, and foodminerals, and food

Xylem – Transports Xylem – Transports water and minerals up water and minerals up the plantthe plant

Phloem – Transports Phloem – Transports Food down the plantFood down the plant

Organs – A group of Organs – A group of tissues that work tissues that work togethertogether(Root, stem, leaf, and flower)(Root, stem, leaf, and flower)

Systems – A group of Systems – A group of Organs that work Organs that work togethertogether

Root System – Root System – Underground part of the Underground part of the plant used for absorption plant used for absorption and storageand storage

Shoot System – Shoot System – Aboveground part of the Aboveground part of the plant provides for plant provides for production of leaves, production of leaves, flowers, fruit and seedsflowers, fruit and seeds

Organisms – Living things Organisms – Living things (not just plants and (not just plants and animals)animals)

The Importance of BotanyThe Importance of Botany

Food produced Food produced through through PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

The Importance of BotanyThe Importance of Botany

Medicine – Many drugs Medicine – Many drugs and antibiotics are and antibiotics are produced from plantsproduced from plants

The Importance of BotanyThe Importance of Botany

Industry – Plants Industry – Plants produce many important produce many important products such as products such as lumber, paper, and lumber, paper, and clothing fibers.clothing fibers.

Parts of the PlantParts of the Plant

Flowers – The Flowers – The reproductive organ of reproductive organ of the plant. (Most produce the plant. (Most produce fruit and seeds)fruit and seeds)

Leaves – Most of the Leaves – Most of the plants food is produced plants food is produced in the leaves.in the leaves.

Stems – Holds up the Stems – Holds up the leaves and flowers, a leaves and flowers, a transport structure for transport structure for food, and sometimes a food, and sometimes a stem stores food.stem stores food.

Roots – Anchors the Roots – Anchors the plant, absorbs water plant, absorbs water and minerals, and and minerals, and stores food.stores food.

Tap Root – One Tap Root – One main/primary root main/primary root grows straight down grows straight down and is larger than and is larger than the rest.the rest.

Fibrous Root – The Fibrous Root – The main/primary root is main/primary root is slender and the slender and the secondary roots are secondary roots are just as big as the just as big as the primary root.primary root.

The Plant CellThe Plant Cell

Organelles – Little Organelles – Little organs that make up organs that make up the cellthe cell

Cell Membrane – Cell Membrane – Separates inside from Separates inside from outside. Regulates outside. Regulates movement of materials movement of materials in and out of cell.in and out of cell.

Nucleus – Spherical Nucleus – Spherical body that controls the body that controls the cell’s activities.cell’s activities.

Cytoplasm – The gel-Cytoplasm – The gel-like substance in the like substance in the cell.cell.

Cell Wall – Found Cell Wall – Found outside the membrane outside the membrane made of cellulose. Gives made of cellulose. Gives the plant its structure.the plant its structure.

Chloroplasts – Chloroplasts – Organelle that contains Organelle that contains Chlorophyll and Chlorophyll and produce food for the produce food for the plant.plant.

Chlorophyll – green Chlorophyll – green pigment of plants, pigment of plants, which is key in which is key in photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

Vacuoles – Storage Vacuoles – Storage structures in the cell.structures in the cell.

Photosynthesis and the LeafPhotosynthesis and the Leaf

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis – Process Photosynthesis – Process where the plant’s where the plant’s chloroplasts capture chloroplasts capture radiant energyradiant energy

……from sunlight and from sunlight and change into chemical change into chemical energyenergy

6 CO6 CO22 +6 H +6 H22O + O + LIGHT LIGHT

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6 O+ 6 O22

Light Reaction – Light Light Reaction – Light reacts with water to reacts with water to separate Hydrogen and separate Hydrogen and Oxygen (Needs light for Oxygen (Needs light for the reaction)the reaction)

NADPH – Carries NADPH – Carries Hydrogen atoms to Hydrogen atoms to the Dark Reactionthe Dark Reaction

Dark Reaction – Hydrogen Dark Reaction – Hydrogen reacts with Carbon reacts with Carbon Dioxide and energy to Dioxide and energy to produce glucose (Does produce glucose (Does not need light to occur)not need light to occur)

Products of Products of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Glucose – Simple Glucose – Simple Sugar (CSugar (C66HH1212OO66))

Sucrose – Another simple Sucrose – Another simple sugar, Table sugar, Plants sugar, Table sugar, Plants convert Glucose into convert Glucose into sucrose, which is, pretty sucrose, which is, pretty much two glucose molecules.much two glucose molecules.

Starch – Many simple Starch – Many simple sugars linked together sugars linked together for storagefor storage

Why We Need EnergyWhy We Need Energy

Cellular Respiration – The Cellular Respiration – The process where Glucose process where Glucose and Oxygen are combined and Oxygen are combined to release energy and to release energy and Carbon Dioxide. Carbon Dioxide.

Happens in both Happens in both Plants and Animals.Plants and Animals.

Factors that Influence Factors that Influence PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Water –Water –Directly – It is one of Directly – It is one of the ingredients of the ingredients of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Indirectly - When water Indirectly - When water is scarce, stomata is scarce, stomata close and do not allow close and do not allow carbon dioxide to come carbon dioxide to come into the plantinto the plant

Carbon Dioxide – It is Carbon Dioxide – It is another one of the another one of the ingredients. Studies ingredients. Studies have shown thathave shown that

……increased COincreased CO22 increases the rate of increases the rate of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Heat – Photosynthesis Heat – Photosynthesis does not work does not work efficiently in cold efficiently in cold temperaturestemperatures

Sunlight – Need the Sunlight – Need the sunlight for the reaction, sunlight for the reaction, but there is a huge variety but there is a huge variety in how much is needed in how much is needed by different plantsby different plants

Life Cycles of PlantsLife Cycles of Plants

Annual – A plant Annual – A plant whose entire life cycle whose entire life cycle is one year.is one year.Example: Peas, beans, Example: Peas, beans, grainsgrains

Biennial – A plant Biennial – A plant whose entire life cycle is whose entire life cycle is two yearstwo yearsExample: Beets, Example: Beets, cabbage, turnips, carrotscabbage, turnips, carrots

Perennials – Plants that Perennials – Plants that live from year to year live from year to year and bloom each seasonand bloom each seasonExample: Wildflowers, Example: Wildflowers, peonies, asparaguspeonies, asparagus

Types of TreesTypes of Trees

Deciduous Trees – Deciduous Trees – Trees that loose their Trees that loose their leaves each fall.leaves each fall.

Evergreen Trees – Evergreen Trees – Trees that retain their Trees that retain their leaves throughout the leaves throughout the year.year.

Fall Coloration and WiltingFall Coloration and Wilting

Fall ColorationFall ColorationAbscission Layer – A Abscission Layer – A special layer of cells that special layer of cells that forms at the base of the forms at the base of the petiole and the stempetiole and the stem

……severing the severing the connection between connection between the twothe two

Where did the green Where did the green go?go?

When the abscission layer When the abscission layer forms this cuts the transport forms this cuts the transport of materials into the leaf, of materials into the leaf, slowing the formation of slowing the formation of new chlorophyll. new chlorophyll.

……Old chlorophyll cannot Old chlorophyll cannot function any longer function any longer leaving behind other less leaving behind other less noticeable pigmentsnoticeable pigments

……(Which are also (Which are also present in flowers, present in flowers, fruits, and roots of fruits, and roots of some plants)some plants)

PigmentsPigmentsXanthophyll – Produces Xanthophyll – Produces yellowish colorsyellowish colors

Carotene – Produces Carotene – Produces yellowish-orange colorsyellowish-orange colors

Anthocyanin – Anthocyanin – Produces a bright red, Produces a bright red, blue, and purple colorsblue, and purple colors

MonocotsMonocotsHas one (1) seed leaf Has one (1) seed leaf

(Cotyledon)(Cotyledon)Has parallel VeinsHas parallel VeinsHas flower parts in Has flower parts in

multiples of 3multiples of 3Has fibrous root systemHas fibrous root system

DicotsDicotsHas two (2) seed leaves (Cotyledons)Has two (2) seed leaves (Cotyledons)Has branching veinsHas branching veinsHas flower parts in multiples of 4 or5Has flower parts in multiples of 4 or5Has tap root systemHas tap root system

Plant GrowthPlant Growth

Phototropism – The Phototropism – The growth response of the growth response of the plant to light.plant to light.

Gravitropism – The Gravitropism – The growth response of growth response of the plant to the earth the plant to the earth (gravity).(gravity).

Chemotropism - Chemotropism - movement or growth in movement or growth in response to chemicals response to chemicals

Hydrotropism - Hydrotropism - movement or growth in movement or growth in response to moisture or response to moisture or water water

Thermotropism - Thermotropism - movement or growth in movement or growth in response to temperature response to temperature

Thigmotropism - Thigmotropism - movement or growth in movement or growth in response to touch or response to touch or contact contact

Symmetry – To be able Symmetry – To be able to cut an object and to cut an object and have both halves have both halves exactly alike.exactly alike.

Radial symmetry – To Radial symmetry – To have more than one line have more than one line of symmetry going of symmetry going through the same point.through the same point.

Bilateral symmetry – Bilateral symmetry – To have only one line To have only one line of symmetry go of symmetry go through an object.through an object.

Asymmetry – Having Asymmetry – Having no lines of symmetryno lines of symmetry