the study of biology lecture 1. biology explores life from the global to the microscopic scale. the...
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The Study of Biology
Lecture 1
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Biology explores life from the global to the microscopic scale.
• The science of biology reaches from the global scale of the entire planet down to the microscopic world of cells and molecules.
• The biosphere is what scientists call the entire plant Earth.• An ecosystem is the community of living things in an area, along
with the non-living features of the environment that support the living community.
• Community of living things are made up from its individual parts, the organism.
• Organisms are made up from microscopic parts called cells.• And finally cells themselves are made up from parts called
molecules, which are made of atoms.
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Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenisis
• For many years people thought that living things arose from non-living matter.
• In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian physician proposed that living things only arise from other living things.
• Redi formed a hypothesis and set out to test it.
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Needham’s Test of Redi’s Findings
• In the mid 1700’s, John Needham, an English Scientist, termed the word animalcules.
• Needham claimed that spontaneous generation could occur under the right conditions.
• “These little animals,” he inferred, “Can only have come from juice of the gravy.”
• An Italian scholar, Lazzaro Spallanzani, thought that Needham had not heated his samples enough and decided to improve upon Needham’s experiment.
• Spallanzani concluded that non-living gravy did not produce living things. The microorganisms in the unsealed jar were offspring of microorganisms that had entered the jar through the air.
• This experiment and Redi’s work supported the hypothesis that new organisms are produced only by existing organisms.
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Spallanzani(Italian scholar)
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Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation
• Well into the 1800’s, some scientist continued to support the spontaneous generation hypothesis.
• Some of them argued that air was a necessary factor of generating life because air contained the “Life force” needed to produce new life.
• In 1864, an engineous French scientist, Louis Pasteur, designed a flask that remained opened to air but denied microorganisms entry.
• Pasteur changed biology for ever as he began to uncover the very nature of infectious diseases, showing that they were the result of microorganisms entering the bodies of the victims.
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Louis Pasteur (French scientist)
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How a Theory Develops
• In science, the word theory applies to a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.
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The End