the student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural...
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The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period byExplaining the
conflicts among Eurasian powers, including the Crusades
QuestionsWhat were the key
events of the Crusades?
Feudalistic Europe Charlemagne's
Kingdom Invasions
Vikings Attacked and looted
monasteries Mongols
The church is the only source of stability Problems
Corruption Learning not
occurring Monks could
barely read Popes had
questionable morals
Starting in the 1000s a spiritual revival spread across Europe Led by Monasteries
Wanted to return to basic principles of Christianity
New orders founded Popes began to reform
the Church Restored and expanded
power “Age of Faith”
Problems Village priests married Positions in the church
sold!! Called Simony Practice of Lay
Investiture Kings in control of
Church Bishops
Reforms Cluny, France
New monastery founded in 910 C.E.
Followed Benedictine’s Rule
Reputation for virtue 300 orders by 1000 C.E. Began reform movement
Pope Leo IX 1049 C.E. Enforced laws against
Priest marriage and Simony Pope Gregory VII
1073 C.E. Spent time at Cluny Determined to reform the
church Restructured the church
Pope advised by Curia Curia acted as a court and
developed Canon Law
Early 1200s Wandering friars spread
Christianity Took vows of Chastity,
poverty, and obedience Preached to the poor
Dominicans One of the earliest orders Founded by Dominic Emphasized importance
of learning, study
Franciscans Founded by St. Francis of
Assisi Son of a rich merchant Gave up wealth to preach
at 20 years old
Women also participated in spiritual revival
Women joined the Dominicans in 1212 C.E. A Franciscan order for
women known as the Poor Clares opened Founded by Clare and St.
Francis of Assisi Not allowed to travel Lived in poverty
Between 800 and 1100 a new style of architecture influenced Churches
Styles Romanesque
Round arches Heavy roof Thick pillars, walls Little light
Gothic Appeared around 1100s Thrust upward toward
heaven Huge stained-glass
windows
Islam Brilliant new civilization spread
from Spain to India Traders traded goods and ideas
India Land of thriving cities Politically divided Hinduism and Buddhism
flourished China
Strong central government Advances in technology: paper,
printing, gunpowder West Africa
Empire of Ghana expanding Trading Gold
Americas Mayas building cities Incas flourishing in Peru
Byzantine Empire Prospering Scholars studying Greek and
Roman classics Constantinople was capital Turks invade in 1050s and
control Byzantine empire by 1071
1093 Byzantine Empire Alexius I asked Pope Urban III for help fighting the Seljuk TurksUrban agrees and calls
for help at the Council of Clermont in 1095Rallied warriors for the
liberation of Jerusalem and Holy Land from the Infidels, or unbelievers, the Muslims
“all who die shall have immediate remission of sins”
Within a year knights were on their way
Pope’s Motives Get rid of knights were fought
each other and threatened the peace of the kingdom
Conquer land held by Byzantine Empire
Increase power and help heal schism
King’s Motive Kings and Princes used crusades
to legitimize their rule by presenting themselves as a truly “Christian” state
Soldiers’ Motives Promise of riches, a release from
their sins, and a place in Heaven if they died on Crusade
Younger sons were looking for land and a position in society
Wanted to escape trouble at home
Goal of CrusadesWin Jerusalem and Holy Land back from Muslim Turks
1st Crusade 1097 C.E.
Ill-prepared army gathers in Constantinople
No plans, no leader Success
Captured Antioch in 1098 C.E. and Jerusalem in 1099 C.E. Massacred Jewish and
Muslim residents Led to creation of four
crusader states
2nd Crusade 1147 C.E. – failure 1187 C.E.
City falls to Saladin and Muslim army
Shocks Europeans
3rd Crusade 1191 C.E.
Led by Richard the Lion-heart, Frederick Barbarossa, and Phillip II
Took back city of Acre in 1191 C.E.
1192 C.E. Richard and Saladin agree to a truce Muslims control city of
Jerusalem, Christian pilgrims allowed to visit holy places unharmed
4th Crusade 1198 C.E.
Knights get caught up in Constantinople and loot the city Never made it to Jerusalem exposed corruption of the
Crusades
Later Crusades
Church Lessened the power of the
Pope
Trade Increased trade between
Europe and Southwest Asia Goods imported from S.W.
Asia included spices, fruits, cotton, and cloth
Italian port cities became very wealthy and dominant in trade
Encouraged growth of money economy
Helped undermine serfdom
Feudal Rulers Weakened the feudal nobility
Thousands of knights lost their lives and fortunes
Kings become stronger Some led crusades, like Louis
IX, added to their fame Increased feudal power of
monarchs, decreased power of feudalism
Rights to levy, or collect, taxes, to support crusades
Knowledge European technology improves
as Crusaders learn from Muslims
Windmills, Algebra, Medicine, and Arabic numbers are all brought over from the Muslims
Contact with Muslims lead to want to understand larger world
Religious intolerance growsFor Muslims, the
actions of Crusaders left behind feelings of bitterness and hatred
Crusaders turned hatred towards Jews
For Christians who remained in the area after the fall of the Crusader states, relations with Muslims worsened
SpainCrusading spirit
continued Christians longed to reclaim their land from the Muslims Called the
Reconquista or “reconquest”
1300: Christians controlled almost of all SpainMuslim influence
remained
1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of AragonCreated a unified
stateCombined forces to
finally expel the Muslims
1492 completed the Reconquista with the capture of Granada
Isabella ended Muslim policy of religious tolerationSupports the
InquisitionCourt to accuse
people of heresyJews and Muslims
attacked and burned at the stake
Isabella expelled Jews in 1492 and Muslims that didn’t convert by 1502
a warmer climate existed from 800-1200
used horses to plow twice as much land as oxen used to, but they required better food and harnesses
three-field system: farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year instead of just half, other one-third recovered
more food and better food meant in increase in population and longer lives
goods traded in towns at fairs
guild: an association of people who worked at the same occupation, they controlled all wages and prices in their craft, enforced standards of quality
merchants had to borrow money to buy goods, but Christians were forbidden from lending money at interest, a sin called usury
this led to many Jews becoming moneylenders
University: a group of scholars meeting wherever they could Came from Latin for universitas,
or “guild” Medieval Univ. were educational
guilds that produced educated and trained individuals
1st Universities Bologna, Italy
Attracted by great Roman law teacher Formed guild to protect their rights (1158)
University of Paris Oxford By 1500 there were 80
universities
For most students, the goal was a government job or a job in the Church
Literature Dante
Wrote Divine ComedyImaginary journey
through hell and purgatory
Used humor, tragedy, and medieval quests for religious understanding Highlights key idea of
Christianity- people’s actions in life will determine their afterlife
ChaucerFollowed English band
of pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tombEach character tells a
story
Tried to reconcile faith and reason Tried to harmonize
Christian teachings with works of Greek Philosophers
Aristotle reintroduced during 12th centuryHe upset Christian
theologiansTaught people to reason
through truth
Thomas Aquinas Tried to reconcile Aristotle
with the doctrines of Christianity in 13th century
Wrote Summa TheoligicaOrganized according to
logical method of intellectual investigation used by scholars
Asked “Does God exist?” Cited sources with opposing
opinions before reconciling them and arriving at his own conclusions
Process used by future philosophers
Certain that two truths of religion and science would not contradict one another