THE STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY OF PLANTS

FRUITS AND FLOWERSIAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module

TAXONOMIC PROCESS AND RANKS

Kingdom-Highest Classification Ranking (5) Plantae-Plants Animalia-Animals Monera-Bacteria and Blue-

Green Algae Protista-All other Algae and

Protozoans Mycota-Fungi

Phylum-Second Classification Ranking Plantae- Phylums are

unranked Classified by reproductive

structure and Vascular structure

Class- Third Classification Ranking Specific to plant structure

and presence of/ kinds of seeds

Image retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wik

i/Biological_classification

SUBKINGDOMS

Thallobionta Contains plants lacking

True roots Stems Leaves

Composed of 10 divisions of algae and fungi

Algae and Fungi no longer classified in Plantae Kingdom

Embryobionta Composed of two groups

Bryophyta Vascular Plants

SPERMATOPHYTES

Gymnosperms

Naked-Seeded Plants Woody, perennial, and mostly evergreen plants

Reproductive organs Cones or catkins with seeds

uncovered

Angiosperms

Flowers and Protected Seeds (in fruits) Divisions of Class

Monocots Dicots Based on the numbers of

cotyledons or seed leaves in the seed

Image retrieved from: http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Life-Science-Concepts-For-Middle-School/section/7.10/

Image retrieved from: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/cejka_laur/adaptation.htm

FLOWERS

Flowers are the reproductive part of angiosperm plants

Two Accessory Organs include Calyx-outermost leaf-like part of the flower Corolla-inner set of leaf-like parts, includes

petals

Many flowers are complete flowers They have both male and female

structures Stamen (male) and Pistill (female) Examples-Tomatoes, Apples, Beans, Roses

Other plants have two separate male and female flowers Examples-Watermelon, Squash, and Corn

Image retrieved from: http://www.sciencepartners.info/?page_id=862

EXAMPLE OF A COMPLETE FLOWER

FLOWERS

Stamen (male)

Composed of Filament

Thin stalk that attaches anther to the flower

Anther Oblong attachment at the top

of the filament that produces pollen

Pollen Tiny specs barely visible to

human eye, can form a layer of powdery like substance.

Pistill (female)

Composed of Style

Stalk that connects the ovary to the stigma

Ovary Enlarged, bulb-like part of the

pistil that bears ovules Ovules become seeds after

fertilization

Stigma The tip of the style or pistil

made to receive pollen

FRUIT

Angiosperms have seeds enclosed within flowers and fruit

Fruit serves as protection for the seed Concept of a fruit is not what the

average person thinks Bean pods, cucumbers, eggplants, and

peanut hulls are fruit

Fruit The ripened and seed-bearing ovaries

of flowers Divided into two categories

Dry Fruits Fleshy Fruits

Image retrieved from: http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-180818/The-two-main-types-of-fruit-are-fleshy-fruits-and

FRUIT

Dry Fruit

Gray, brown, or a dull color

Different types Nuts- hard shelled, one-seeded Grains- one-seeded fruits of

grasses and cereals Legume- pod formed

Example: Peas

Fleshy Fruit

Juicy and brightly colored

Different types Drupe-simple fruit, one-seeded

with an outer fleshy layer and inner hard layer Example: Peach

Berry-thin covering with seeds embedded in flesh Example: Blueberry and Tomato

Pepo-larger berry-like fruit Example: Cucumber

SEEDS

Seed consists of an outer coat or wall and an embryo inside Typically have one embryo in each seed Exception of some citrus fruits

Embryo made up of Epicotyl- grows into all plant

parts above first node of stem Hypocotyl- grows into lower

plant parts, like stem and roots

Image retrieved from: https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/bio110/Plants+IV+-+Seed+Plants+(Flowering)

REFERENCES

Parker, R. (2010). Plant and Soil Science: Fundamentals and Applications. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.