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INSTRUCTORLITERATURESERIES

TheStoryofSlavery

ByBookerT.WashingtonPresidentofTuskegeeInstitute;authorof

"UpFromSlavery,"Etc.

WithBiographicalSketch

PUBLISHEDJOINTLYBYF.A.OWENPUB.CO.,DANSVILLE,N.Y.

HALL&McCREARY,CHICAGO,ILL.

COPYRIGHT,1913,BYF.A.OWENPUBLISHINGCO.

TheStoryofSlavery

BOOKERT.WASHINGTONBYEMMETTJ.SCOTT

BookerT.Washington,theauthorofthefollowingsketchofslaveryinAmerica,washimselfbornaslave,and thestoryofhis lifebeginswhere"TheStoryofSlavery" leavesoff.Hewasbornabout1858 or 1859 on a plantation near Hales Ford, Va., about twenty-five miles east of the city ofRoanoke,inaregionwhich,nowalmostdeserted,wasinslaverydaysaflourishingtobaccocountry.A fewyears ago hewas invited to speak at the annual fair atRoanoke, and took advantage of theopportunitytodriveouttotheoldplantationtovisitagainthesceneofhischildhood.HemetthereseveralmembersoftheBurroughsfamilytowhichhehadformerlybelonged,andwiththemhewentthroughtheoldBurroughshouse,whichisstanding,andtalkedovertheolddays.

Itwaswhilehewaslivingtherethathewasawakenedonemorningtofindhismotherkneelingontheearth floor of the little cabin in which they lived, praying that "Lincoln and his armies might besuccessfulandthatonedaysheandherchildrenmightbefree."Itwasherealittlelateron,ashetellsus in the book, "UpFromSlavery," inwhich he has related the story of his life, that he heard theannouncementthatheandalltheotherslaveswerefree.

"Irecall,"hesays,"thatsomemanwhoseemedtobeastrangerandwhowasundoubtedlyaUnitedStates official, made a little speech and then read a rather long paper—the EmancipationProclamation, I think.After the readingwewere told thatwewereall freeandcouldgowherewepleased.

"Mymother,whowasstandingbymyside,leanedoverandkissedherchildren,whiletearsofjoyrandownhercheeks.Sheexplainedtouswhatitallmeant;thatthiswasthedayforwhichshehadsolongbeenpraying,butfearingshewouldneverlivetosee.

"For someminutes,"hecontinues, "therewasgreat rejoicing,and thanksgivingandwild scenesofecstasy.Buttherewasnofeelingofbitterness.Infact,therewaspityamongtheslavesforourformerowners.Thewildrejoicingoftheemancipatedcoloredpeoplelastedbutabriefperiod,forInoticedthat by the time they returned to their cabins there was a change in their feelings. The greatresponsibilityofbeingfree,ofhavingchargeofthemselvesandtheirchildren,ofhavingtoplanforthemselvesandtheirchildren,seemedtotakepossessionofthem.Tosomeitseemed,nowthattheywere in actual possession of it, freedomwas amore serious thing than they had expected to find.Graduallyonebyone,stealthilyatfirst, theolderslavesbegantowanderbacktothe 'bighouse' tohavewhisperedconversationswiththeirformerownersastotheirfuture."

Thus itwas that freedomcame toWashingtonandso it came,perhaps, to some threeandone-halfmillionsofothersontheirplantationsthroughouttheSouth.

Shortly after the "surrender," as the Southern people say, youngWashingtonmade a long journeyacrossthemountainswithhismothertoWestVirginiawherehisstepfatherwasthenliving,anditwasinMaldenhegrewuptoyoungmanhood.MaldenissituatedintheminingregionofWestVirginia,andafteratimeyoungWashingtonwenttoworkinthemines.ItwaswhilehewasworkingdowninthecoalminesofWestVirginia thatheonedayoverheardoneof theminersreadingfromapaperconcerningaschoolatHampton,Virginia,whereaNegroinearnestwouldbegivenachancetoworkhiswaythroughschool.Hedeterminedatoncethathewouldseekoutandfindthatschool.Soitwas

thatafewmonthslaterhesetoutafootacrossthemountaininthedirectionofRichmondtofindhiswaytoHamptonInstitute. Inhisremarkablebiographyhehasdescribedhowhemadethat journey;howhearrivedhungryandpennilessinthecityofRichmond;howhesleptforseveralnightsunderthe sidewalk inRichmonduntil hewas able to earn enoughmoney to reach the famous school ofwhichhehadread.

Inthissamebiographyhehastold,also,ofhowtheteacherincharge,whowasverydoubtfulaboutadmitting him at first, finally, in place of asking him any questions aboutwhat he had learned inschool,sethimtoworksweepinganddustingtheschoolroom.

"Isweptthatrecitationroomthreetimes,"hesaid,"thenIgotadustingclothandIdusteditfourtimes.All thewoodwork around thewalls, every bench, table and desk, Iwent over four timeswithmydustingcloth.IhadthefeelingthatmyfuturedependeduponthewayIdustedthatroom."

Whenhehadfinishedtheteachercameandlookedverycriticallyovertheresultsofhiswork.Thenshesaid:"Iguessyouwilldo,"andthatwashisentranceexamination.Thisratherpeculiarentranceexamination illustrates the spirit of the institution in which Booker Washington gained his firstforwardpreparationforlife.

AtthetimethatyoungWashingtonenteredHamptonInstitute,GeneralArmstrong,thefounderoftheschool,wasengagedinagreatandinterestingexperiment.Hispurposewastocreateaschoolwhichwouldgivethesonsofthefreedmeneducationincharacteraswellasinbooks.BookerWashingtonsawthatthiseducationwasthethingaboveallothersthatthemassesoftheNegropeopleneededatthis time, and realized better than anyother of the graduates of the institution the significance andbearing of thework thatGeneralArmstrongwas trying to do.Hemade up hismind then that hewouldgooutintosomepartoftheSouthandestablishaschoolwhichwoulddoforothermembersofhisracewhatHamptonhaddoneforhim.HisopportunitycamewhenacallcametoHamptonforamantotakechargeofaschoolatTuskegee,Alabama.Itwasthusin1881thatthefamousTuskegeeInstitutecametobestarted.

Thisschool,whichwasstartedonJuly4,1881,inalittleshantychurch,withoneteacherandthirtystudents, has grown until it now has a student body of 1600, with 165 teachers and officers, 103buildingsandpropertytothevalueof$1,500,000.

In1895Mr.WashingtonwasinvitedtospeakattheAtlantaCottonStatesExpositiononNegroesDay.Inthatspeechhemadeanappealforpeacebetweentheraces,andformulatedaprogramformutualcooperationbetweenblackandwhitewhichhasbeenthebasisofallhiseffortssincethattime.

From that time on his fame has grown steadily, both in this country and abroad. In 1896HarvardUniversityconferreduponhimthehonorarydegreeofMasterofArtsforserviceintheeducationofhisrace.HehasreceivednumerousotherhonorssincethattimeandhasspokenineverystateoftheUnioninfavorofNegroeducation.AfewyearsagowhenhewentabroadhewasinvitedtodinnerbytheKingofDenmark.InApril,1912,therewasheldunderhisleadershipatTuskegeeaninternationalconferenceontheNegrotowhichrepresentativescamefrommanypartsofAfricaaswellastheWestIndies and South America. The result of this was a plan to form a permanent internationalorganizationtostudytheNegroprobleminallpartsoftheworldandholdmeetingstriennially.

Mr.Washingtonistheauthorofseveralbooksinadditiontohisautobiography,"UpFromSlavery,"whichhasbeentranslatedintoeverycivilizedlanguageintheworld,includingJapanese.

Themost noted of these books are, "Workingwith theHands," "The Story of theNegro," in twovolumes,"MyLargerEducation,"and"TheManFarthestDown,"whichisarecordofajourneyofobservationandstudyoftheworkingandpeasantpeoplesofEurope.

BookerT.Washington

TheStoryofSlavery

I

Itwasonehotsummer'sdayinthemonthofAugust1619,asthestorygoes,thataDutchman-of-warenteredthemouthoftheJamesRiver, inwhatisnowtheStateofVirginia,and,cominginwiththetide, dropped anchor opposite the little settlement of Jamestown. Ships were rare enough to berememberedinthatday,evenwhentherewasnothingespeciallyremarkableaboutthem,astherewasaboutthisone.Butthisparticularshipwassointerestingatthetime,andsoimportantbecauseofwhatfollowedinthewakeofitscoming,thatithasnotbeenforgottentothisday.Thereasonforthisisthatitbrought the first slaves to the firstEnglishsettlement in theNewWorld. It iswith thecomingofthese first African slaves to Jamestown that the story of slavery, so far as our own country isconcerned,begins.

AlthoughthecomingofthefirstslaveshiptowhatisnowtheUnitedStatesisstillremembered,thenameof theshipandalmosteverythingelseconcerning thevesseland its strangemerchandisehasbeen forgotten. Almost all that is known about it is told in the diary of John Rolfe, who will berememberedasthemanwhomarriedtheIndiangirl,Pocahontas.Hesays,"ADutchman-of-warthatsoldustwentyNegarscametoJamestownlateinAugust,1619."Anoldrecordhaspreservedsomeofthenamesof thosefirst twentyslaves,andfromothersources it isknownthat theshipsailedfromFlushing,Holland.ButthatisalmostallthatisdefinitelyknownaboutthefirstslaveshipandthefirstslavesthatwerebroughtfromAfricatotheUnitedStates.

ThefirstslaveslandedinVirginiawerenot,byanymeans, thefirstslavesthatwerebroughttotheNewWorld. Fifty years before Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador, the first AfricanslaveswerebroughtfromtheWestCoastofAfricatoSpain,andweknowfromhistoricalreferencesandrecords thatNegroslaveryhadbecomefirmlyestablished inSpainbeforeColumbusmadehisfirstvoyage.Itwas,therefore,naturalenoughthattheSpanishexplorersandadventurers,followingcloseupontheheelsofColumbusinsearchofgold,shouldbringtheirNegroservantswiththem.

Itseemslikely,fromallthatwecanlearn,thatafewNegroesweresentouttotheWestIndiesasearlyas1501,onlyelevenyearsafterthediscoveryofAmericaandonehundredandtwentyyearsbeforethe firstcargoofslaveswas landed inJamestown.Fouryears later, ina letterdatedSeptember15,1505,writtenbyKingFerdinand tooneofhisofficials inHispaniola,whichwenowcallHayti,hesays among other things: "I will send youmore Negro slaves as you request. I think there be anhundred."

Thus early was Negro slavery introduced into the NewWorld and what do you suppose was thereason,orrathertheexcuse,forbringingblackmentoAmericaatthistime?

It was to save from slavery the native Indians. A good priest by the name of Las Casas, whoaccompanied the first Spanish explorers and conquerors, found that the native people, the Indians,werefastdyingoutunderthecrueltasksputuponthembytheirSpanishconquerors.Unaccustomedtolabor,theycouldnotendurethehardshipsofworkinginthemines.TheNegroes,onthecontrary,had,inmanycases,beenslavesintheirowncountry,andhadbeenaccustomedtolabor.AtthesametimeitwassaidthatoneNegrocoulddotheworkoffourIndians.Soitwasthatthisgoodman,outofpityfortheenslavedAmericans,proposedthattheblackpeopleofAfricashouldbebroughtovertotaketheirplaces.

Thus the traffic in African slaves began, and in the course of the next three hundred yearsmanymillions of black people were carried across the ocean and settled in slave colonies in the NewWorld.TheywerebroughttoAmerica,firstofall,toworkinthemines,andafterwardsmoreofthemwere brought to do the almost equally difficult pioneerwork on the plantations. Thus, in all hardlaborofclearinganddrainingtheland,buildingroadsandopeninguptheNewWorldtocultivationandtocivilization,theblackmandidhispart.

Ithasbeenestimatedthatnolessthan12,000,000slavesweretransplantedfromAfricatoAmericatosupplythedemandforlaborintheWestIndies,inSouthAmericaandintheUnitedStates,duringthecenturies that thewhitepeopleofEuropewereseeking toestablish theircivilization in theWesternWorld.

Perhapsasmanyas12,000,000more,whoweretakeninthewarsandraidsinAfrica,diedonthewayto the coast, or in the terrible "middlepassage," as the journey from the coastofAfrica to thatofAmericawascalled.ManyofthosecapturedandsoldinAfrica,whodidnotdieonthehighseasinthe crowded and stifling hold of the ships into which they were thrust, did not survive what wasknownasthe"seasoningprocess,"aftertheywerelandedinAmerica.

Roughlyspeaking, it is safe to say thatnot less than24,000,000humanbeingswere snatched fromtheirhomesinAfricaandsoldintoslavery,tohelpinbuildinguptheworldinwhichwelivetodayinAmerica.

AlthoughAfricanslaverywas introduced intoAmericaat first inorder tosavefromextinction thenativepeopleoftheWestIndies,whowerenotstrongenoughtoendurethehardshipsofslavery,itissad to recall that the slavery of the Negro did not serve to preserve the Indian, for it was but acomparatively few years after the Spaniards landed in theWest Indies before nearly all the nativetribeshadbeen swept away.There are today in theWest Indiesonlya few remnantsof the IndianswhomColumbusmetwhenhefirstlandedinAmerica.

Theblackman,ontheotherhand,inspiteofthehardshipshehasendured,hasnotonlysurvivedbuthasgreatlyincreasedinnumbers.SogreatlyhastheblackmanincreasedthatintheWestIndiestodaytheblackpopulationfaroutnumbersallotherracesrepresentedamongtheinhabitants.Altogether,itisestimatedtherearenowabout24,591,000NegroesinNorthandSouthAmericaandtheWestIndies.Ofthisnumber10,000,000areintheUnitedStates.

II

The story of the first American voyage to Africa to obtain slaves of which there is any definiterecord,isthatofacertainCaptainSmith,commandingtheship,Rainbowe,andsailingfromBoston.CaptainSmithhadsailed toMadeirawithacargoof salt fishandstavesand,on thewayhome,hetouched on the coast of Guinea for slaves. There happened to be very few slaves for sale at themomentandon thisaccount,CaptainSmith, togetherwith themastersof someLondonslaveshipsalreadyontheground,conspiredtogethertopickaquarrelwithsomeofthenatives,soastohaveanexcusetoattacktheirvillageandcarryofftheprisonersmadeasslaves.CaptainSmith'sshareofthebootywastwoslaveswithwhomhereturnedtoBoston.

Ithappened,however,thatwhenhereachedhomehegotintoaquarrelwiththeship'sownersovertheproceeds of the voyage, and, in the lawsuitswhich resulted, the story of themanner inwhich theslaveswereobtainedwastoldincourt.ThereupononeofthemagistrateschargedCaptainSmithwitha "threefold offence—murder, man-stealing and Sabboth breaking." He was acquitted of all threechargeson theground that these crimeswere committed inAfrica, but, as a result of the trial, theslaveswerereturnedtotheirhomes.

Thisstoryisinteresting,foronereasonbecauseitshowsthat,intheearlydaysoftheslavetrade,thebarterandsaleofNegroslaves,solongasitwasconductedinanhonestandorderlyway,accordingtotheacceptedcustomsandmannersoftrade,wasnotconsideredawrongorwickedbusiness.

At first theslave traderspurchasedslavesonlyfromthenativechiefs.Theseslavesweregenerallyprisonerswhohadbeen taken in the tribalwars. In somecases theyweremenorwomenwhohadbeensoldfordebt.Therewere,also,otherwaysinwhichoneblackmaninAfricamightholdanotherinslavery.

Verysoon,however,theordinarysourcesofsupplyofslaveswasnotsufficienttomeetthedemandoftheAmericantrade.Thentradersbecamelessscrupulous.Theybeganbuyingfromanyonewhohadamanorwomanforsale.Thisencouragedkidnapping.Notinfrequentlythemanwhobroughtagangofslavestothecoasttobesoldwouldhimselfbekidnappedandsoldbyothermenbeforehecouldreturnhome.Sometimesthetraders,aftertheyhadpurchasedagangora"coffle"ofslaves,astheywerecalled,wouldinvitethetradersonboardshipinordertoentertainthem.Then,after theywereunder the influenceof liquor, theywouldputchainsupon themandcarry themawaywith theveryslavesthetradersthemselvesafewhoursbeforehadsold.

As timewent on, and the demand for slave labor increased, themen engaged in this cruel trafficbecamehardened to itscrueltyand theWestCoastofAfricabecameonevasthuntingground.Menandwomenwere tracked and hunted as if theywerewild beasts. It grew so bad at length that theconscienceofthecivilizedworldwasaroused.Then,onebyone,thenationsoftheworldbegantoprohibitthetraffic.England,whichhadformerlybeenoneofthenationsmostdeeplyinvolvedinthisevilbusiness,nowbecametheleaderintheattempttoputastoptoit.

TheimportationofslaveswasprohibitedintheUnitedStatesin1808,butthatdidnotputanendtotheimportationofslaves.For,aftertheinventionofthecottonginatthecloseoftheeighteenthcenturybyEliWhitney,aConnecticutschoolmaster,slaveswereneededmorethanever,toplantandtillandpickthecottonwhichhadnowbecomemuchmorevaluablethanbefore.

Althoughitwasnolonger lawful to importslaves, theyweresmuggledinto thecountry.Aslateas1860thefamousyacht,Wanderer,whichhadatonetimebeenownedbyamemberoftheNewYorkYachtClub,broughtintotheUnitedStates450slaves,andithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas15,000slavesweresmuggledintothedifferentSouthernportsintheyear1858.

Atthistimeithadbecomethecustomtogathergreatnumbersofslavesatdifferentpointsalongthecoast of Africa, in what were called barracoons. These were nothing more or less than strongstockadesmadebyplantingtreesclosetogetherinthegroundsoastoformastrongenclosurefromwhich therewasnoescape. In thesebarracoons slavescaptured in the interiorwerehelduntil theywerereadytobeshipped.

Swift sailingvessels,which travelled so fast that, once they escaped thevigilanceof thewar shipsstationedalongthecoast,theycouldneverbeovertaken,wereusedtocarrytheslavesfromthecoastofAfricatothatofAmerica.

Thesevesselswouldhoveraboutintheneighborhoodofoneoftheseslavebarracoonsuntilthecoastwasclear;thenswiftlythelivingcargowouldbehurriedaboard,andthevesselwouldputonallsailandmakeallpossiblehastetoputitselfanditshumanfreightbeyondthereachofthepoliceships.

Usuallytheseslaveshipswereprovidedwithalower,orwhatwascalleda"slavedeck,"beneaththeordinarydeckof the ship. In some instances, inorder toescape suspicion, the shipwouldhavenopermanent slave deck but such a deck would be hastily arranged after the vessel arrived in theneighborhoodofoneoftheslavebarracoons.Insuchcasestheordinarycargowouldbeput inthebottomoftheshipandthen,abovethisandfromthreetofivefeetbeneaththeordinarydeck,aseconddeckwouldbehastilyimprovised.Hereasmanyslaveswouldbestowedawayascouldbepossiblycrowdedintothenarrowspace.

It isonlynecessary to read thedescriptionsof themethodsbywhich this trafficwascarriedon tounderstand thehorriblesuffering towhich theslavesweresubjectedduring thismiddlepassage. Inmanyinstances,whenbroughtoutondeckforalittleair,theslaveshadtobechainedtokeepthemfromjumpingoverboard.

Sometimes a pestilencewould break out on one of these ships and thewhole cargo, consisting ofthreeorfourhundredslaves,wouldbelost.ItissaidthattheyellowfeverwasbroughttoAmericabyslaves. There are instances, also,where the captain of a slave ship jettisoned, that is to say, threwover-board,awholeship-loadofslavestoescapebeingcaughtbytheshipsthatwerepursuinghim.

WhenaslaveshipreachedtheshoreofAmericathereweresnugharborsatvariouspointsalongthecoastintowhichoneoftheseswiftsailingvesselscouldalwayshideuntilitscargoofslaveshadbeendischarged.TheislanduponwhichthepresentcityofGalvestonisbuiltwasoncearefugeforslavepiratesandslavesmugglers.ThecoastofLouisianaisfullofshallowbays,whichreachfarintotheland,andtheywereafavoriteresortforslavesmugglers.HerewasthehidingplaceoftheBaratariapirateswhowerelongfamousasslavesmugglers.

MobileBaywasoneofthepointsatwhichaslavecargowasoccasionallylanded.It issaidthatthehulloftheverylastslaveship,theLawrence,whichwascapturedandburnedbytheFederaltroopsduringthefirstyearoftheCivilWar,maystillbeseenhiddenawayintheswampsandmarsheseastofMobile.

Thereisstill livinginthesuburbsofMobilealittlecolonyofAfricanswhowerebroughtoveron

this lastslaveship.Whentheywerereleasedby theFederalofficers theysettledhere. It issaid thatthereareoldmenlivinginthissettlementwhostillspeakanAfricanlanguage,buttheirchildrenhaveallgrownuptobegoodAmericans.

Once a ship load of slaveswas landed on theAmerican coast, theywere immediately divided andscatteredineverydirection.Someweretakentooneplantation,otherstoanother,andsoonuntilallweredisposedof.Soontheyweresothoroughlyintermingledwiththegreatbodyofslavesthatalltraceofthemwaslost.Atleastitwasrarethatanyoneeverdidtracethecargoofslavesafteritwasoncelanded,althoughslaveshipswerefrequentlycapturedonthehighseas.

Whenslaverswerecapturedred-handedonthehighseasbytheUnitedStatesorEnglishnavies,aneffortwasmade to return theslaves to theirhomes inAfrica.As thiswasnotpractical theEnglishgovernmentestablishedatSierraLeone,onthewestcoastofAfrica,astationtowhichtheysentallliberatedslaves.Itwasinthismanner,thatwhatisnowoneofthemostthrivingEnglishcoloniesonthewestcoastofAfricawasstarted.

Thestoryof theslave trade isoneof thedarkestchapters in thehistoryof theWesternWorld, forthoughitbeganinthecomparativelyharmlesswayalreadydescribed,itgrewsteadilyworseuntilinitslaststageseventhosefamiliarwithslaveryinitsworstformcametolookuponitwithshame.

Andyet,inspiteofallthesufferingthatitentailed,andinspiteofitsdegradingeffectuponthepeoplewhoengaged in it,wecansee,aswe lookbackupon itnow, thatsomegoodhascomeoutof it. Itserved,foronething,tobringalargenumberofthesavagepeopleofAfricaintoclosercontactwiththeenlightenmentandcivilizationoftheWesternWorld.Intheend,itarousedinthemindsofsomeofthebestpeopleinEuropeandAmericaanewinterestinAfricaandledhundredsofgoodChristianpeopletogiveupthesecurityoftheircomfortablehomesandgivetheirlivestothetaskofupliftingandeducatingtheneglectedracesoftheDarkContinent.

Amongthefirstandgreatestofthosewhogavetheirlivesforthispurposewasthemissionary,DavidLivingstone,whodidmorethananyoneelsetoarousetheworldtotheiniquitiesoftheAfricanslavetrade.

III

Although,slaverywasintroducedintoVirginiaasearlyas1619itwasnotuntilnearlyonehundredyears later that African slaves began to be brought into the English colonies in any very largenumbers. For nearly a century the bulk of the rough labor in the field and in the forest wasperformed,notbyNegroslaves,butbywhitebondservants,whowereimportedfromEnglandandsoldlikeothermerchandiseinthemarketsofthecolonies.

In1673,forexample,theaveragepriceofabondservantinthecolonies,sothehistorianBancrofttellsus,wastenpounds.AtthissametimeaNegroslavewasworthtwenty-fivepounds.

ItwasoftenthatthealmshousesandprisonsofEnglandwereemptiedinordertofurnishlaborersforAmerica. It should be remembered, however, thatmanyof the personswhowere sent out as bondservantstoAmericawerepoliticalprisoners,andsomeofthesewerepersonsofquality.

When therewasacivilwar inEngland thevictoriousparty frequentlydisposedof itsprisonersbysendingthemtothecoloniesasbondservants,orevenasslaves.ThousandsofIrishCatholicsweresentovertoAmericainthisway,anditissaidthatthehardshipswhichtheseunfortunatebondsmensufferedonthevoyagewashardlylessthanthoseenduredbytheAfricanslaves.

Itshouldberemembered,also,inthecaseofthesewhitebondservants,asinthatoftheNegroslaves,thesaleofhumanbeingsbeganinnocentlyenough.AtthetimetheEnglishcolonieswereplantedinAmerica there was comparatively little free labor anywhere, and especially was this true of farmlabor.

ThefreedomandindependencewhichseemnowtobethenaturalrightsofeveryonewereenjoyedbyveryfewamongthemassesofthelaboringpeopleinEuropeonehundredortwohundredyearsago.At that time nearly everyonewhoworkedwith his handswas bound, in oneway or another, to amasterwhohadcontroloverhisactionstoanextentwhichamountedtosomethinglikeservitude.Butitwasto themanonthesoilandin thecountrythatfreedomhaseverywherecomemostslowly.Infact, itwasnotuntil themiddleof the lastcentury that thecompleteemancipationof theserfs tookplace inWesternEurope. Itwasnot until 1861, twoyearsbeforeAbrahamLincoln'sEmancipationProclamationsettheAmericanNegroesfree,thattheRussianserfswereemancipated.

Itisnecessarytorememberthesefactsifwewishtounderstandhowitcameaboutthattheslaveryoftheblackmanandtheservitudeofthewhitemancametobeestablishedinthiscountry.

WhenthefirstbondservantsweresenttoAmericaitwasnotintendedthattheyshouldbetransferredandsoldfromoneownertoanother.Itwasmerelyintendedthattheyshouldbeboundtolaborfortheman who paid their passage money until that sum had been repaid. Gradually, however, in theireagerness to obtain labor, people lost sight of the fact that themerchandise theywere sellingwashumanbeings.Itwasnotlong,therefore,beforethebondservantwasratedamongtheotherproperty,thehorses,thesheepandthecattle,intheinventoriesoftheestate,andhecouldbedisposedofbywillanddeedalongwiththeremainderofthestockontheplantation.

AtfirsttheonlylegaldistinctionbetweenthebondservantandtheNegroslavewasthattheonewasaservant for a period of years and the other was a servant for life. In the long run, however, thisdistinction made a great difference. In the first place, as the number of these bond servants who

becamefreeincreasedtheregrewupinthecoloniesaconsiderablebodyofcitizenswhohadknownthetrialsandhardshipsofservitude.Thesepeoplenaturallysympathizedwiththoseoftheirownclassandthiscreatedasentimentagainstwhiteservitude.

ThecaseoftheNegro,however,wasdifferent.Hewasamanofadifferentraceandhewasdoomedtoperpetualservitude.Theresultwas,astimewenton,itcametoberegardedasthenaturalvocationanddestinyofthemanwiththeblackskintobetheservantandtheslaveofthewhiteman.

Onethingthathelpedtofixthestatusoftheblackman,andwhichfinallyresultedinthepassingawayofwhiteservitudeinfavorofNegroslavery,wasthefactthattheNegrowasbetterfittedtoperformthe hard pioneer work which the time demanded. Particularly was this true in the more Southerncolonies,likeGeorgiaandtheCarolinas.

InSouthCarolinaanefforthadbeenmade to reestablish serfdomas ithadexisted inEnglandonehundredyearsbefore.InGeorgia,itwasatfirsthoped,byprohibitingslaverytoestablishasystemoffreelabor.Inbothinstancestheeffortfailedand,afteraveryfewyears,NegroslaverywasasfirmlyestablishedinGeorgiaasithadbeenintheneighboringstateofSouthCarolina.

Stilllater,effortsweremadetoestablishwhiteservitudeinLouisianaandlargenumbersofGerman"redemptioners,"astheywerecalled,werebroughtoverforthispurpose.Inaveryfewyearsthesecolonistshadbeensweptawaybydisease.

Inoneof thereportssettingforth"thetruestate"of thecolonyofGeorgia itwassaid that,"hardlyone-half of the servants of working people were able to do their masters or themselves the leastlabor:andtheyearlysicknessofeachservant,generallyspeaking,costhismasterasmuchaswouldhavemaintainedaNegroforfouryears."

WiththeintroductionofriceplantingthenecessityofemployingAfricanswasdoubled,because,asitwassaid,"whiteservantswouldhaveexhaustedtheirstrengthinclearingaspotfortheirowngraves."

ThusitcameaboutthatNegroslaverygrewuponthemainlandtoreplacetheservitudeofthewhiteman,justasithadgrownupintheWestIndiestotaketheplaceoftheslaveryofthenativeIndians.

Itmostnotbeassumed,however,thattheNegroslaves,becausetheywerebetterablethanthewhitemantostandthehardshipsoflaborintheNewWorld,didnotsufferfromtheeffectsoftheworktheywere compelled to do. The truth is that so many of them died that the stock of slaves had to becontinually replenished. In someparts of the country itwas even said of the slave, as one hears itsometimessaidofhorses,thatitpaidtoworkthemtodeath.Itwasaruleonsomeoftheplantationsthatthestockofslaveswastoberenewedeverysevenyears.

Oneoftheeffectsofthepassingawayofwhiteservitudewastomakethedistancebetweenthefreewhitemanandtheblackslaveseemgreaterthanever.Theregrewupinthemindsofwhitepeople,and,toacertainextent,inthemindsofblackpeople,thenotionthatslaverywasthenaturalconditionoftheNegrojustasfreedomwasthenaturalconditionofthewhiteman.Peoplebegantofeelthattheblackmandidnothavethesamehumanfeelingsasthewhiteman;thathispainsandhissorrowsweresomehownotasrealanddidnothavetobeconsideredinthesamewaythatonewouldconsiderthesesamefeelingsinawhiteman.AllthissentimentoftheoneracefortheotherenteredintothesystemofslaveryandmadeitwhatitbecamefinallybeforeitwasabolishedasaresultoftheCivilWar.

Whatthissystemreallywascannotbebestshownbyanyaccountofthecrueltiesthatweresometimes

practiced upon slaves, because these crueltieswere not practiced by the bestmasters andwere notsupportedbypublicsentiment.

ThebestexpressionoftheinnatewrongofslaverywillbefoundinthedecisionofaChiefJusticeofSouthCarolinainthecaseofamanwhohadbeentriedforbeatinghisslave.Inthisdecision,whichaffirmedtherightof themaster to inflictanykindofpunishmentuponaslave,shortofdeath, it isstatedthat,inthewholehistoryofslaverytherehasbeennoprosecutionofamasterforpunishinghisslave.

Ithadbeensaidinthecourseofthetrialofthiscasethattherelationsofthemasterandslavewerelikethoseofparentandchild.JusticeRuffin,indeliveringthedecision,saidthatthiswasnotso.Theobjectofaparentintraininghisson,forexample,wastofithimtolivethelifeofafreeman,and,asameans to thatend,hegavehimmoraland intellectual instruction.Therewas, said theJustice,nosenseinaddressingmoralinstructiontoaslave.Hesaid:

"Theendistheprofitofthemaster,hissecurity,andthepublicsafety;thesubject,onedoomedinhisownpersonandhisposteritytolivewithoutknowledgeandwithoutthecapacitytomakeanythinghisown,andtotoilthatanothermayreapthefruit.Whatmoralconsiderationshallbeaddressedtosuchabeingtoconvincehim,whatitisimpossiblebutthatthemoststupidmustfeelandknowcanneverbetrue—that he is thus to laborupon aprincipleof natural dutyor for the sakeof his ownpersonalhappiness.Suchservicescanonlybeexpectedfromonewhohasnowillofhisown,whosurrendershis will in implicit obedience to that of another. Such obedience is the consequence only ofuncontrolledauthorityoverthebody.Thereisnothingelsewhichcanoperatetoproducetheeffect.Thepowerofthemastermustbeabsolutetorenderthesubmissionoftheslaveperfect."

InmakingthisdecisionJusticeRuffindidnotattempttojustifytherulehehadlaiddownonmoralgrounds."Asaprincipleofright,"hesaid,"everypersonmustrepudiateit,butintheactualconditionofthingsitmustbeso;thereisnoremedy.Thisdisciplinebelongstothestateofslavery.Itconstitutesthecurseofslaverybothtothebondandfreeportionofourpopulation."

Thusit isclear thatat thebottomofslaveryis theideathatoneman'sevil isorcanbesomeotherman'sgood.

IV

Although therewasmuchofevilconnectedwithslavery,much that tended toweaken themasteraswellastoinjuretheslave,therewasalsoabrighter,kindliersidetothelifeoftheslavewhichisnotalwaysunderstood.

There was, for example, a great deal of difference between the life of a slave on a plantation inVirginia,wheremasterandslavesgrewuptogetherasmembersofonehousehold,andthelifeofaslave on a similar plantation further South. In either case a large plantation was always a littlekingdomin itself,and in this littlekingdomtheblackmanand thewhitemanfrequently learned tolive togetheron termsof intimacyandfriendshipsuchaswouldscarcelyhavebeenpossibleunderotherconditions.

Ononeof these largeplantations therewereusuallyseveral types,oronemightalmostsaycastes,among the slaves. Therewere first of all the house servants,many ofwhom had grown up fromchildhoodinthe"BigHouse"ormansionofthemaster.Theseservantsusuallybecameintimeverymuchattachedtotheirmastersandtheirmaster'schildrenandwereoftenregardedasmuchapartofthehouseholdasanyothermemberofthefamily.Itwastothisclassthattheoldservantsbelonged,ofwhomsomanyinterestingstoriesaretold,illustratingthedevotionoftheslavestotheirmasters.

One of the stories that has been repeated in more than one Southern family relates how the oldSouthernservantfollowedhismastertowar;watchedoverandcaredforhimfaithfullyduringallthehardshipsofthecampaign,andfinally,whenthatmasterhadfalleninbattle,carriedhimbacktohishometobeburied.

There aremany instances, also, ofwhich one does not so often hear, inwhich the friendship anddevotion of the old servants to their master's family continued after the CivilWar was over andslavery was abolished. Not infrequently these old slaves continued to work for their masters infreedommuch as theyhaddone in slavery.Sometimeswhen themaster's family becamepoor, theformerslavesecretlysupportedthem.

Thereisastoryofonemanwhohadagreedbeforethewarbrokeouttobuyhisfreedomfromhismasterforacertainsum.Afterfreedomcamehecontinuedtomakethepaymentsjustthesameuntiltheentiresumwaspaid,becauseheknewhismaster'sfamilywaspoorandneededthemoney.

Anotherclassofslavesonthebigplantationwascomposedoftheartisansandskilledworkmenofeverykind, for everyoneof these largeplantationswasorganized, asnearly aspossible, so as toprovideforeverywantofitsinhabitants.

Beneaththisclassofskilledlaborerstherewerethefieldhands,whodidallthecommonworkunderthedirectionofanoverseer,sometimeswiththehelpofNegro"drivers."

Inadditiontoalltheotherstherewasusuallyoneverylargeplantationaslavepreacher,whomightatthesametimebeatrustedemployeeofonekindoranother.Hewasatanyrateanaturalleaderamonghis own people, and often a man of great influence and authority among the slaves, and wasfrequentlyasortofintermediarybetweenthemandtheirmaster.

Theconditionsofslaverywereharder,asarule,onthebigplantationsfartherSouth.Theseregions

wereusuallypeopledbyaclassofenterprisingpersonswhohadcome,perhaps, fromVirginiaorsomeoftheolderslavestates.Theyhadremovedtothenewcountryinordertofindvirginsoil,onwhichlargefortunesweremadeinraisingcotton.

Intheseregions,especiallywheretheslaveswereleftinchargeofanoverseer,whosesolefunctionwastomaketheplantationpay,theslavescametobetreatedagreatdealmorelikethemulesandtherestofthestockontheplantation.Theyweretreatedasiftheirwholereasonforexistenceconsistedintheabilityoftheirownerstousethemtomakecorn,cottonandsugar.

InspiteofthebadreputationwhichtheplantationsinthefarSouthhadamongtheslavesofVirginia,and inspiteof thehorrorwhichall theslaves in theborderstateshadofbeing"soldSouth," therewere many plantations like those of Joseph and Jefferson Davis, the President of the SouthernConfederacyandhisbrother,wheretherelationsbetweenthemasterandslavewereashappyasonecouldaskorexpect,underthecircumstances.

ThehistoryoftheDavisfamilyandofthetwogreatplantations,the"Hurricane"andthe"Brierfield,"which they owned inMississippi, is typical. In 1818 Joseph Davis, who was the elder brother ofJefferson,andat that timeayounglawyer inVicksburg, tookhisfather'sslavesandwentdowntherivertoaplacenowcalledDavis'Bend.Hewasattractedthitherbytherichbottomland,whichwasfrequentlyoverflowedbythespringfloodsoftheMississippi.

AtthistimetherewerenosteamboatsontheMississippiandthecountrywaswildandlonely.Inafewyears,withtheaidofhisslaves,Mr.Davissucceededinbuildingupaplantationofabout5,000acres,whichsoonbecameknownasoneofthelargestandrichestinthewholeStateofMississippi,wherethereweremanylargeandrichplantations.

SomeyearsafterthesettlementatDavis'Bend,JosephDaviswasjoinedbyhisbrotherJefferson,wholivedforseveralyearsontheadjoiningplantation,knownasthe"Brierfields."

JosephDavishadpeculiarnotionsaboutthegovernmentofhisslaves.Itwasamaximwithhimthat,"thelesspeoplearegoverned,themoresubmissivetheywillbetocontrol."

This idea he attempted to carry out in the government of his slaves. Thus he instituted on theplantationacertainmeasureofself-government.Forexample,hisplantation,likethatofhisbrotherJefferson,wasturnedover,sofarasitsagriculturaloperationswereconcerned,almostwhollyintothe hands of one of his slaves. Under the direction of thisman the landwas surveyed, the leveesconstructedandthebuildingserected.Thissamemanwasallowedtoconductastoreofhisown.Heboughtandsoldgoods,notonlyamong thehandson theplantation,butamong thehandsonotherplantations. Sometimes Mr. Davis himself was several hundred dollars in debt to him for goodspurchased.

Mr.Davisalsoinstitutedajurysystemforthetrialofminoroffencescommittedbyhisslaves.Inacourt thus constituted a jury of slaves passed judgment on their fellows,Mr. Davis reserving forhimself,however,thepardoningpower.Whenaslavecoulddobetterforhimselfatsomeotherformofworkthandaylaborhewasallowedthelibertytodoso,givinginmoney,orotherequivalent,theworthofordinaryserviceinthefield.Therewasatonetimeaschoolontheplantation,taughtbyapoorwhiteman,inwhichthewhitechildrenfromtheBigHouseaswellassomeofthechildrenofthemorefavoriteslaveswenttoschooltogether.

In this novel and statesman-like way Joseph Davis sought to carry out his notion of making the

plantation, as near as possible under the circumstances, a little self-governing community. AfterfreedomcameitwasJosephDavis'plantokeepallhisformerslavesontheplantationand,astheygrewinintelligenceandabilitytocareforthemselves,tomakethemitsowners.Tothisendhesoldtheplantationtothemanwhohadbeenhisoverseer.Thisman,withhistwosons,allofwhomhadformerlybeenslavesontheplantation,continuedforanumberofyearstocarryontheworkoftheplantationuntil,astheresultoflosses,duetooverflow,itbecameapparenttheywouldnotbeabletopaytheheavyinterestchargeswhichthepurchaseoftheplacehadentailedandwerethusforcedtogiveuptheexperiment.

Itisamistaketoassumethatlifefortheslaveontheplantationwasalwaysoneofunremittinglabor.Inahumblewaytheslaveshadtheirseasonsofrejoicingandfestivity.Thereweretheusualweeklymeetings in the plantation churches, where they had sermons, sometimes by a white minister, butmore often by one of their own number. It was here that those beautiful old plantation melodiessprangup, inwhichtheslavespouredout, inrudebutpicturesquelanguageandinsimpleplaintivemelodies,whatlaydeepestandheaviestontheirhearts.

Sometimesatnight,aroundthefireside,theylistenedtothosequaintandhomelystorieswhichhavebeenpreservedinclassicformintheTalesofUncleRemus.

"Hog-killing"wasasortofannualfestivalamongtheslaves,andtheoccasionalcornshuckingswerealwaysajoyouseventinwhichbothmasterandservants,eachintheirseparateways,tookpart.

ThesecornshuckingbeestookplaceduringthelastofNovemberorthefirstofDecember,andwereasortofpreludetothefestivitiesoftheChristmasseason.Afterallthecornhadbeengathereditwouldbepiledupintheshapeofagreatmound.Theninvitationswouldbesentaroundbythemasterofoneofthelargeplantationstotheneighboringplantations,invitingthemandtheirslavestobepresentona certain night. In response to these invitations asmany as one or two hundredmen, women andchildrenwouldcometogether.

Afterallwereassembledaroundthepileofcornsomeone,whohadalreadygainedareputationasaleaderinsinging,wouldclimbontopofthemoundandbeginatonce,inaclearloudvoice,tosing.Hesangasongofthecornshuckingseason,makingupthewordsverylargelyashewentalong.Allthe others gathered at the base of the mound and joined of course in the chorus. The wholeproceedinghadagooddealoftheflavorofthecampmeetingandsomeofthemusicwasweirdandwild.

Oneofthesongsthatusedtobesungonoccasionslikethisranaboutasfollows:

Massa'sniggersamslickandfat,Oh!Oh!Oh!

Shinejustlikeanewbeaverhat,Oh!Oh!Oh!

Refrain:—

Turnouthereandshuckdiscorn,Oh!Oh!Oh!

Biggestpileo'cornseensinceIwasborn,Oh!Oh!Oh!

Jones'sniggersamleanan'po';Oh!Oh!Oh!

Don'tknowwhetherdeyget'noughtoeatorno,Oh!Oh!Oh!

Refrain:—

Turnouthereandshuckdiscorn;Oh!Oh!Oh!

Biggestpileo'cornseensinceIwasborn,Oh!Oh!Oh!

HalfthecharmofSouthernlifewasmadebythepresenceoftheNegro.ThehomesthathadnoNegroservantsweredrearybycontrastwiththosethatdid.

Thenativequalityof theNegro,hisnaturalsympathy,cheerfulnessandgoodhumor,andaboveallhisfidelity tohismasterandhismaster'schildren,helpedtomakeslavery,forbothwhitemanandblackman,averymuchmoretolerableinstitutionthanitwouldotherwisehavebeen.

Almostallthathasbeensaidofslavery,whethergoodorbad,isprobablytrueasfarasitgoes.Theinstitutionhaditsheartlessanditshumanside,and,sinceslaveryisnomore, it isperhapsbetter toclosethisstorywiththisbrighterandmorecheerfulview.

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