the state of canadian forests (2012)

7/27/2019 The State of Canadian Forests (2012)

1/56

T H E S T A T E O F

C A N A D A S F O R E S T S

Annual Report

2012


2/56

Her Majesty the Queen in Right o Canada, 2012

The National Library o Canada has catalogued this publication as ollows:Main entry under title: The State o Canadas Forests: Annual Report 2012.

Annual.Description based on 1991-Issued also in French under title: Ltat des orts au Canada : rapport annuel 2012.Bibliographic address varies: 1993- , Canadian Forest Service.Issued also on the Internet. Subtitle varies.

ISSN 1196-1589Cat. No. Fo1-6/2012E (Print)

ISSN 1488-2736Cat. No. Fo1-6/2012E-PDF (Online)

1. Forests and orestryCanadaPeriodicals.2. Forest policyCanadaPeriodicals.I. Canada. Forestry Canada.

II. Canadian Forest Service.

SD13.S72634.9087105

Copies o this publication may be obtained ree o charge rom:PublicationsNatural Resources Canadac/o St. Joseph CommunicationsOrder Processing Unit1165 Kenaston StreetPO Box 9809 Station TOttawa ON K1G 6S1

Telephone: 1-800-387-2000 (toll-ree)Fax: 613-740-3114TTY: 613-996-4397 (teletype or the hearing-impaired)

Email: [email protected]: cs.nrcan.gc.ca

Photos: Mike Grandmaison (pages 7,20,47,48 and 49)

Inormation contained in this publication may be reproduced, in part or in whole, and by any means, or personal or public non-commercial purposes, without charge or urther permission, unless otherwise specied.

You are asked to: Exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy o the materials reproduced.

Indicate both the complete title o the materials reproduced, as well as the author organization. Indicate that the reproduction is a copy o an ocial work that is published by the Government o Canada and that the

reproduction has not been produced in aliation with, or with the endorsement o, the Government o Canada.

Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission rom the Government o Canadascopyright administrator, Public Works and Government Services o Canada (PWGSC). For more inormation, please contactPWGSC by phone at 613-996-6886 or by email at [email protected].

Recycled Paper
mailto:[email protected]://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/mailto:[email protected]


3/56

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1

M E S S A G E F R O M

T H E M I N I S T E R O F

N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E S

Couvettre/Ottawa

As the pages o this years The State o Canadas Forestsreport demonstrate, the past year has been a testamentto the resilience o Canadas orest sector, the excellenceo its products and the signicance o its economiccontribution. Canadas orest products exports are now

just 6% away rom the peaks recorded in 2008, andinnovation, expertise and the quality o our wood bre

are at the heart o this success.

The sectors ongoing transormation is based ona strong partnership between industries, researchorganizations and governments. In 20112012,our government helped oster innovation, createdopportunities abroad and deended Canadas interestswith trading allies. At the same time, the industry sparedno eort in reinventing itsel and extracting more valuerom wood bre by developing new innovative products.

The Year in Review section o this report provides asummary o our combined accomplishments, and the

statistics speak or themselves. It is my pleasure hereto draw your attention to a ew notable highlights.

This past winter, our government announced a two-yearextension o the Sotwood Lumber Agreement with theUnited States, providing continued stability in the accesswe have to our primary market.

We also made signicant progress in diversiyingour markets. Last November, I saw rst-hand howgovernment investments are helping Canadiancompanies orm new partnerships. In China,I participated in a ribbon-cutting ceremony or twoour-storey wood-rame apartmentsnow the nationstallestin an area known or its green buildingsand urban design. And in Japan I had the honouro announcing the provision o $4.5-million wortho lumber rom British Columbia to help reconstructpublic buildings destroyed by the devastating tsunamio March 2011.

Here at home, a number o exciting programs provideda catalyst or many rst-in-Canada applications andinnovative technologies. One o them, the Investmentsin Forest Industry Transormation Program, sponsorsprojects that implement new technologies with thegoal o commercializing non-traditional, high-valueorest products.

Earlier this year, I was in Windsor, Quebec, orthe opening o one such projectthe worlds rstcommercial-scale producer o nanocrystallinecellulose. This renewable, non-toxic nanomaterialis being extracted at the new CelluForce acility andcan be used in an enormous range o existing productsto increase their strength and durability.

Lastly, Im proud to report that today our pulpand paper mills are more innovative, diversiedand competitive. Through Canadas largest orestindustry initiative, the $1-billion Pulp and Paper

Green Transormation Program, mills have reducedtheir greenhouse gas emissions by more than 10%and increased their renewable power by more than200 megawattsin some cases even making excesspower available to local communities.

As the ollowing pages clearly show, together wehave achieved a great deal. And, through bothlong-established and new partnerships, we canexpect to achieve even more as we continue buildinga more prosperous uture or our orest sector andthe communities across Canada that depend on it.

The Honourable Joe Oliver, P.C., M.P.Minister o Natural Resources


4/56


5/56

C O N T E N T S

M E S S A G E F R O M T H E M I N I S T E R

O F N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E Si2 0 11: T H E Y E A R I N R E V I E W

2K E Y F A C T S8S T A T I S T I C A L P R O F I L E S10S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y I N D I C A T O R S

22


6/56

T H E S T A T E O F C A N A D A S F O R E S T S

2 0 1 1 : T H E Y E A RI N R E V I E W


7/56


The Canadian orest sector has aced several extremechallenges over the last decade. Cyclical downturns inthe U.S. and in the global economy have been especiallydicult or the industry, which depends heavily onexports to the U.S. and overseas markets. Added to thishas been the combination o structural shits that have

exerted unprecedented pressure on the sector. Theseinclude the collapse o newsprint demand, the growtho low-cost overseas competition, the strong Canadiandollar, and the impact on wood bre supply by westernCanadas mountain pine beetle epidemic.

However, while the overall economic outlook remainsuncertain and segments o the industry continue tostruggle, the orest sector in act saw exciting signs orecovery and transormation in 2011. New investment inthe industry, the reopening o mills, the development oinnovative new processes, and growth in new markets

all point to progress being maderom change as aconcept to change as a reality.

The orest sector today has a new vision o itsel,rooted in a very dierent paradigm and businessmodel rom those o the pasta vision that embracesnew technologies, new markets and sustainable orestmanagement. As a growing range o stakeholdersbuys into this new vision, Natural ResourcesCanadaCanadian Forest Service (NRCanCFS)continues to work closely with industry, the provincesand territories, and the research community to helpmake it a reality.

Acceleratingthe processeso transormationand innovationThe orest sectors progress in moving towardstransormation and innovation has been aided byGovernment o Canada programs such as the Pulp andPaper Green Transormation Program, the Investmentsin Forest Industry Transormation Program and theTransormative Technologies Program. For example:

The Pulp and Paper Green Transormation Program(PPGTP), which ended in March 2012, signicantlyimproved the environmental perormance o Canadianpulp and paper mills. Projects completed under theprogram are expected to add nearly 200 megawattso renewable electrical capacity, save enough energy

to heat the equivalent o all o the houses in QubecCity on an ongoing basis, and reduce the greenhousegas emissions o the Canadian pulp and paperindustry by more than 10% rom 2009 levels.

In creating a solid and sustainable oundation oruture investments, the PPGTP has readied theindustry or the next phase o transormation.

The Investments in Forest Industry Transormation(IFIT) Program meets a key need to help move newproducts and processes closer to commercialization.

It does this by supporting rst o a kind investments.The considerable interest in IFIT within the Canadianorest sectorrefected in two highly successul callsor proposalsdemonstrates industrys desire to movetowards implementing highly innovative technologiesin the areas o bioenergy, biochemicals and newsolid-wood products.

Among IFITs rst-o-a-kind investment projects wasco-unding the implementation o Alberta-PacicForest Industries commercial-scale biomethanolextraction project, one o the rst in the world,which is highly replicable and originates rom

Canadian research eorts.

In January 2012, the worlds rst commercial-scaleproducer o nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) openedin Windsor, Quebec. The CelluForce acility wasdeveloped by FPInnovations and Domtar Inc., withsupport rom the Government o Canada (throughthe PPGTP and the Transormative TechnologiesProgram) and the Government o Quebec.

This project represents a landmark in the developmento a new series o renewable industrial and consumerproducts created rom wood bre. In addition to

being abundant, renewable and biodegradable,NCC is non-toxica signicant advantage overmost other existing nanomaterials.


8/56


While it is technological innovations such as NCCthat are helping open new and high-value markets

or Canadas orest sector, innovation is not alwaysabout revolutionary products. Sometimes innovationinvolves taking a traditional product and nding newuses and markets or it.

Pulp is a good example. Up until a ew years ago,it was used mainly to make boxes, paper and tissue.However, as demand or pulp, especially or paper-making, ell, many mills were orced to close. Todayseveral o those same acilities have been repurposedand are producing dissolving pulp (a type o wood pulpwith a high cellulose content), which is shipped to Asiaand used to make rayon or textile manuacturers.

This shit has helped maintain jobs in Canadasorest-dependent communities.

Transormation and innovation in the orest sectorare also leading to an increase in the participationo Aboriginal people as landowners, entrepreneurs,decision-makers and wage earners in the sector.

Under the Government o Canadas Federal Frameworkor Aboriginal Economic Development, NRCanCFS uses

its role as both acilitator and orestry expert to buildnew relationships across sectors, departments, industryand levels o government to strengthen Aboriginalparticipation in the orest sector. It also works toadvance economic opportunities or Aboriginal peoplein the sector by coordinating ederal participation andsharing inormation.

The Aboriginal Forestry Initiative, implemented in2011, supported 16 projects in First Nations and Mtiscommunities. Investment in the initiative has comerom Aboriginal Aairs and Northern DevelopmentCanada, NRCan, other ederal agencies and a number

o provinces. The projectsincluding construction obiomass production acilities, skill development orharvesting and processing, value-added productionusing local bre supplies, land tenure research, andeasibility and marketing studiesoer signicantpotential or driving economic development in theregions they are based.


9/56


Harnessing researchcapacity to strengtheninnovationThe orest sector has increasingly pursuedinnovation, recognizing it as a key path both toenhanced economic competitiveness and improvedenvironmental sustainability.

Supporting this eort are numerous strategic andtargeted alignments: across research networks; amongthe key players in the innovation system (industry,governments and academic institutions); and amongthose with extensive knowledge o specic market needsand interests. And, in a ocused approach to innovation,research and educational institutions are an essential

element, bringing together individuals with a mix oexpertise and skills and ostering the many benetso dynamic teamwork.

In the all o 2011, Forest Innovation by Research andEducation (FIBRE), a unique network o networks , waslaunched. Through the deliberate alignment o academiccapacity with the orest sectors transormationagenda, FIBRE is now ready to draw on the capacityo 27 Canadian universities, more than 100 academicsand about 400 students and postdoctoral ellows.

Two o the FIBRE networks are the Innovative GreenWood Fibre Products Networkand ForValueNet(Forest Management or Value-Added Products).

The Innovative Green Wood Fibre Products Network,centred at McGill University, is ocused on creatingtechnology or developing green products romwood bres to replace ossil-uel-based and othernon-renewable products.

Early success is already being achieved. An exampleis the invention o new textile yarns, being developedwith FPInnovations. These new yarns could be an

alternative to commercial bres such as rayon andLyocell, which are expensive to produce.

ForValueNet, centred at Laval University, is developinga series o new and integrated models to supportvalue-added wood decision-making strategies orCanadas boreal orest.

The tangible benets o this network include: theopportunity to help more than 50 graduates andpostdoctoral ellows gain the required experienceand qualications to pursue ongoing work in theorest sector; the creation o new knowledge aboutboreal orest growth, wood quality, wood science,

industrial engineering and manuacturing ovalue-added wood products; and the establishmento a world class network o scientists with expertisein developing an integrated decision-support systemor value-added wood products manuacturing andorest management.

Other unique arrangements among key members o theorest sector innovation system are adding to Canadasstrength both at home and internationally.

FPInnovations, or example, already plays a pivotal

role in orest sector innovation. As the hub o theorest sector innovation system in Canada, it is workingcollaboratively with FIBRE and other orest stakeholdersto align research activities and promote urthertransormation o the sector.

The Canadian Wood Fibre Centre (CWFC) is anotherexample. The CWFC is a collaborative eort betweenNRCanCFS and FPInnovations, designed to increasethe economic return rom Canadas orest resourcesthrough upstream orest-level research services.

Work being done by CWFC researchers together with

their provincial, industry and academic partners hasalso led to the development and implementation oenhanced orest inventory systems that are acilitatinggreater precision in orest management, at reducedcost and increased protability. Technologies suchas airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging) arebeing used to better predict bre supply attributes,build more ecient and environmentally sound roadsystems, and identiy key habitat eatures and sensitiveareas. The enhanced inventory data are helping tooptimize both harvesting and mill operations withina sustainability context.

Another increasingly important area o research isgenomics. Researchers rom several organizations,including Genome British Columbia, the Universityo British Columbia, Genome Canada, FPInnovations,the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and NRCanare working together on a range o projects expectedto oer substantial benet to the orest sector. Forexample, DNA-based diagnostic tests to identiy andmonitor orest pathogens are being designed, with theaim o giving orest managers ast and accurate testsor on-site use.


10/56


All o these innovative approaches combined arecontributing to the transormation and strengtheningo Canadas orest sector while providing invaluabletools or the sustainability o Canadas orests.

Diversiying marketsA key component o the new vision or the Canadianorest sector is the diversication o markets, aimedat avoiding dependence on any single market. Withtraditional markets in the U.S. still weak, NRCanCFS isworking in partnership with industry and the provincesto promote the benets and attributes o Canadianwood products abroad. These collaborative eorts todevelop new markets or Canadian products have begunto see real success, especially in Asia.

China is now Canadas second-largest trading partnerater the U.S. and represents the astest growingexport market or Canadian wood products. Exports othese products have expanded dramatically, increasingrom $32 million in 2001 to more than $1.46 billionin 2011a 45-old increase over that 10-year period.Lumber accounted or the largest share, with exportstotalling $1.14 billion. Export growth to China sinceJuly 2009 has alone helped ensure that 18 Canadiansawmills have reopened or dedicated part o theirproduction to serving the Chinese market.

Prime Minister Stephen Harper highlighted this growing

trade relationship during a visit to China in February2012. The Prime Minister, together with Minister oNatural Resources Joe Oliver, attended the ocialopening o the China-Canada Green Building DesignCenter, one o the largest wood rame buildings inChina. The 2500-metre acility eatures environmentallyriendly, seismically stable and energy-ecient Canadianwood rame technologies and materials.

Market diversication eorts have also helpedexpand Canadian exports o wood products to SouthKoreaa total o $201.9 million in 2011, an increase

o 39.9% over 2010. An earthquake and tsunamirestoration project underway in Sendai, Japan, is alsousing Canadian wood products. And there are neweorts to expand markets in India and the Middle East.

Forests and sustainabilityIncreasingly, domestic and international markets expectorest products to come rom sustainably managedorests. Canada continues to build on a strong recordo sustainably managing its orest resources.

Sustainable orest management means balancing thebroad range o orest-related values within a constantlychanging economic, environmental and social context .As the orest sector continues to transorm the industrythrough new technologies and new markets, a healthyand productive resource base must be maintained.

Despite the recent challenges aced by the orestindustry, Canada is making signicant progress towardsustainable orest management.

Prime Minister Stephen Harper and his wie admiring a display at theChina-Canada Green Building Design Center.


11/56


For example, third-party orest certication continuesto increase, sending the message to new and emergingmarkets that Canadas orest products come rom legaland sustainable sources and are produced throughpractices that comply with rigorous orest managementlaws and regulations. Today Canada has the largest area

o certied orest in the world: 40% o the worlds total.

Less than 0.2% o all orest and other wooded land inCanada is harvested each yearwell below the levelneeded to maintain sustainable stands. The rate odeorestation (meaning the permanent conversion oorest land) is declining. And the orest sectors overallgreenhouse gas emissions have decreased by 51% overthe past two decades, through decreased reliance onossil uels, increased energy eciency and reducedenergy use.

Looking aheadThe Government o Canada has provided signicantsupport or the transormation o the orest sectorthrough a suite o innovation and market developmentprograms. Economic Action Plan 2012 renewed thissupport through an additional $105 million overtwo years. While recognizing restraint, this undingrepresents a reocusing o eorts and resources.

Two new programs will continue to support orestsector transormation.

The Forest Innovation Program will supportthe emergence o transormative technologiesand the transer o technologies to small and

medium-sized enterprises.

The Expanding Market Opportunities Program willhelp Canadian wood producers diversiy and expandexport opportunities or their products in traditionaland emerging overseas markets, increase the use owood in non-residential construction in Canada andthe U.S., and promote the Canadian orest industrysstrong reputation or the practice o science-basedsustainable orest management.

Through these programs, the orest sector will continue

to evolve, deepening partnerships among ederal andprovincial governments and industry, and looking oropportunities to build synergies with partners andothers, both at home and internationally. At the sametime, the ederal government will continue to workwith the orest industry to identiy opportunities orincreasing private sector investments in innovation andto develop new markets or Canadian orest products.

Innovation and the science that supports it will continueto be the key to the health and well-being o our orests,and the communities and industries that depend on them.


12/56


K E Y F A C T S


13/56


SocietyMost o Canadas orest land (93%) is publicly owned(that is, Crown land): 77% is under provincial orterritorial jurisdiction and 16% is under ederal

jurisdiction.

The remaining 7% o orest land is on private propertybelonging to more than 450 000 private landowners.

The provinces and territories have legislative authorityover the conservation and management o the orestresources on the Crown land in their jurisdictions.

The ederal government has legislative authority overorest resources where those resources aect, or areaected by, matters related to: the national economy,trade and international relations; ederal lands and

parks; and the governments constitutional, treaty,political and legal responsibilities or Aboriginal peoples.

In 2011, direct employment in the Canadian orestindustry ell slightly (by 1.8%) compared with the2010 employment level.

For about 200 communities across Canada, the orestsector makes up at least 50% o the economic base.

About 80% o all Aboriginal communities in Canadaare in orested areas.

Public participation is an important aspect o orestmanagement planning in Canada.

There were 12.5 million person-visits to Canadasnational parks in 2011.

EconomyBy value, Canada is the worlds leading exporter osotwood lumber, newsprint and wood pulp; and theth largest exporter o wood panels and printing and

writing papers.

The orest industry contributes about 1.9% to Canadasgross domestic product.

The U.S. is by ar the largest buyer o Canadianorest products.

EnvironmentCanada has 397.3 million hectares o orest, other

wooded land and other land with tree cover. Thisrepresents 10% o the worlds orest cover and30% o the worlds boreal orest.

Less than 0.2% o Canadas orests are harvestedannually.

By law, all orests harvested on Canadas public landmust be successully regenerated.

As o December 2011, Canada had 150.6 million hectareso orests certied as being sustainably managed underone or more o three globally recognized certication

systems.

Bioenergy accounts or 58% o the total energyused by the orest industry, with the pulp and papersector meeting some 63% o its energy needs romorest biomass.


14/56

T H E S T A T E O F C A N A D A S F O R E S T S0

S T A T I S T I C A LP R O F I L E S


15/56


C A N A D APopulation (April 1, 2012) 34 670 352 Maple

DOMESTIC ECONOMIC IMPACT

Canadian housing starts (2011) 193 258

Contribution to GDP (constant 2002 dollars)(2011) 23 688 000 000

Forestry and logging industry 5 228 000 000

Pulp and paper product manuacturing industry 8 543 000 000

Wood product manuacturing industry 9 917 000 000

Direct jobs (number) (2011)

Labour Force Survey 233 900

Survey o Employment, Payrolls and Hours 188 791

Expenditures capital (dollars) (2011) 2 143 800 000

Forestry and logging industry 206 800 000


Wood product manuacturing industry 852 200 000

Expenditures repair (dollars) (2010) 2 582 800 000Forestry and logging industry 324 300 000



Revenue rom goods manuactured (dollars)(2010) 53 795 417 000




Wages and salaries (dollars) (2010) 8 830 758 000




FOREST MANAGEMENT

Area deoliated by insects and beetle-killed trees(hectares) (2010) 12 731 529

Area planted (hectares) (2010) 390 285

Area seeded (hectares) (2010) 11 111

Fire area burned (hectares) (2011) 2 603 833

Fires number (2011) 4 608

Forest area certied (hectares) (2011) 150 567 044

Harvest area (hectares) (2010) 687 672

Harvest volume (cubic metres) (2010) 142 013 000

GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY

For orest lands aected by land-use change(2010)

Aorestation orest area (kilohectares) Not available

CO2e removals rom the atmosphere due toaorestation (megatonnes) 1

Deorestation orest area (kilohectares) 44.8

CO2e emissions due to deorestation (megatonnes) 18

For managed orests (2010)

Area o managed orests (million hectares) 229

Net greenhouse gas release to the atmosphere(CO

2e/yr) (megatonnes) 69

Net accumulation in orest biomass and deadorganic matter (CO

2e/yr) (megatonnes) 220

FOREST PRODUCTS

Domestic consumption

Lumber hardwood (cubic metres) (2011) 1 946 109

Lumber sotwood (cubic metres) (2011) 24 028 728

Newsprint (tonnes) (2011) 780 033

Printing and writing paper (tonnes) (2011) 1 416 000

Structural panels (plywood and oriented

strandboard) (cubic metres) (2011) 3 586 500Wood pulp (tonnes) (2011) 8 840 730

Production

Christmas trees (dollars) (2010) 35 833 000

Christmas trees (number) (2010) 1 796 000

Lumber hardwood (cubic metres) (2011) 865 700

Lumber sotwood (cubic metres) (2011) 52 743 900

Maple products (dollars) (2010) 285 250 000

Maple products (litres) (2010) 42 742 625

Newsprint (tonnes) (2011) 4 382 000

Printing and writing paper (tonnes) (2011) 3 772 000

Structural panels (plywood and orientedstrandboard) (cubic metres) (2011) 6 239 430

Wood pulp (tonnes) (2011) 18 287 000

INVENTORY

Area classication (thousand hectares)

Forest land 347 710

Other land with tree cover 7 773

Other wooded land 41 779

Forest, other wooded land and other land withtree cover 397 262

Forest type (orest land)

Broadlea 11%

Conierous 67%

Mixedwood 16%

Non-treed 6%

National parks area (million hectares) 37.3

TRADE

Balance o trade (total export s) (dollars) (2011) 17 230 159 353

Value o domestic expor ts (dollars) (2011) 26 256 460 435

Primary wood products 1 081 860 052

Pulp and paper products 17 209 392 265

Wood-abricated materials 7 965 208 118

Value o imports (dollars) (2011) 9 168 618 874

Primary wood products 397 953 817



See page 18 or background inormation and sources or the statisticspresented in these tables.


16/56


B R I T I S HC O L U M B I APopulation (April 1, 2012) 4 597 919 Western redcedar


Housing starts (2011) 26 367




Expenditures capital (dollars) (2011) 602 400 000


Pulp and paper product manuacturing industry 243 200 000










FOREST MANAGEMENT



Area seeded (hectares) (2010) Not available

Fire area burned (hectares) (2011) 12 357

Fires number (2011) 646




INVENTORY

Provincial parks area (million hectares) 13.5

TRADE

Balance o trade (total exports) (dol lars) (2011) 8 425 573 162







Pulp and paper products 683 802 328

Wood-abricated materials 680 899 462

A L B E R T APopulation (April 1, 2012) 3 817 980 Lodgepole pine














Wages and salaries (dollars) (2010) 801 321 000




FOREST MANAGEMENT

Area deoliated by insects and beetle-killed trees(hectares) (2010) 334 916


Area seeded (hectares) (2010) 987


Fires number (2011) 1 097




INVENTORY

Provincial parks area (thousand hectares) 221

TRADE






Value o imports (dollars) (2011) 329 431 183





17/56


S A S K A T C H E W A NPopulation (April 1, 2012) 1 067 612 White birch





Survey o Employment, Payrolls and Hours Not available

Expenditures capital (dollars) (2011) Not available


Pulp and paper product manuacturing industry Not available

Wood product manuacturing industry Not available

Revenue rom goods manuactured (dollars)(2010) Not available




Wages and salaries (dollars) (2010) Not available




FOREST MANAGEMENT









INVENTORY


TRADE

Balance o t rade (total exports) (dol lars) (2011) 188 043 945

Value o domestic expor ts (dollars) (2011) 273 037 574








M A N I T O B APopulation (April 1, 2012) 1 258 260 White spruce


















FOREST MANAGEMENT







Harvest area (hectares) (2010) Not available


INVENTORY


TRADE

Balance o tr ade (total expor ts) (dollar s) (2011) -66 731 909










18/56


O N T A R I O

Population (April 1, 2012) 13 445 408Eastern

white pine


















FOREST MANAGEMENT



Area seeded (hectares) (2010) 9 733


Fires number (2011) 1 334Forest area certied (hectares) (2011) 23 423 757



INVENTORY


TRADE

Balance o trade (total exports) (dol lars) (2011) -709 886 065









Q U E B E CPopulation (April 1, 2012) 8 013 073 Yellow birch


















FOREST MANAGEMENT









INVENTORY

Provincial parks area (thousand hectares)(excluding wildlie reserves) 755

TRADE











19/56


N E W B R U N S W I C KPopulation (April 1, 2012) 756 030 Balsam r


















FOREST MANAGEMENT




Fire area burned (hectares) (2011) 45





INVENTORY

Provincial parks area (thousand hectares) 3.8

TRADE










N O VA S C O T I APopulation (April 1, 2012) 945 532 Red spruce







Forestry and logging industry Not available











FOREST MANAGEMENT

Area deoliated by insects and beetle-killed trees(hectares) (2010) Not available








INVENTORY


TRADE

Balance o t rade (total exports) (dollars) (2011) 675 532 751






Primary wood products 0




20/56


P R I N C E E D W A R DI S L A N DPopulation (April 1, 2012) 145 883 Red oak


Housing starts (2011) 975


Labour Force Survey 500



Forestry and logging industry 200 000











FOREST MANAGEMENT

Area deoliated by insects and beetle-killed trees(hectares) (2010) Not available

Area planted (hectares) (2010) 283




Forest area certied (hectares) (2011) 337


Harvest volume (cubic metres) (2010) 388 000

INVENTORY


TRADE

Balance o trade (total exports) (dollars) (2011) 1 900 502


Primary wood products 87 028


Wood-abricated materials 139 588

Value o imports (dollars) (2011) 27 905


Pulp and paper products 9 731


N E W F O U N D L A N DA N D L A B R A D O RPopulation (April 1, 2012) 511 036 Black spruce


















FOREST MANAGEMENT









INVENTORY


TRADE

Balance o t rade (total exports) (dollars) (2011) 154 360 315










21/56


Y U K O NPopulation (April 1, 2012) 34 886 Subalpine r

FOREST MANAGEMENT






Forest area certied (hectares) (2011) Not available

Harvest area (hectares) (2010) 300


INVENTORY

Territorial parks area (thousand hectares) 933

TRADE

Balance o trade (total exports) (dollars) (2011) 384 475

Value o domestic expor ts (dollars) (2011) 425 638


Pulp and paper products 0






N O R T H W E S TT E R R I T O R I E SPopulation (April 1, 2012) 43 346 Tamarack




Pulp and paper product manuactur ing industry Not avai lable


FOREST MANAGEMENT






Forest area certied (hectares) (2011) Not availableHarvest area (hectares) (2010) 60


INVENTORY

Territorial parks area (thousand hectares) 13

TRADE









Wood-abricated materials 0

N U N A V U TPopulation (April 1, 2012) 33 387

TRADE






Value o imports (dollars) (2011) 670


Pulp and paper products 383

Wood-abricated materials 235


22/56


SOURCE AND INFORMATION

The statistical prole data in the preceding tables arederived rom a number o sources , which are identied

here under each data type. Where necessary, they havebeen edited or accuracy and consistency. All data aresubject to revision.

In most cases, the data represent the year beore thereporting period. However, when they are gathered romseveral sources, it takes longer to analyze and producethem. In these cases, the numbers refect results romtwo or three years beore the reporting period.

While most o the gures are calculated or the calendaryear, some are based on the ederal governments scalyear (April 1 to March 31). Numbers are rounded o.

In the case o employment data, they are rounded tothe nearest hundred.

It may not be possible to compare directly the datarom the various sections, as they come rom severalsources that may compile their statistics dierentlyrom each other.

ARBOREAL EMBLEM

The tree species designated or ocially adopted as thearboreal emblem o Canada and o each province andterritory is shown in the proles. Nunavut does not have

an arboreal emblem.

Domestic economicimpactCANADIAN HOUSING STARTS SEASONALLY

ADJUSTED ANNUAL RATE (SAAR)

A rate adjustment used or economic or business datathat attempts to remove seasonal variations in the data.

The time o year will aect most data. Adjustingor the seasonality in data enables more accuratemonth-to-month comparisons. The SAAR is calculatedby dividing the unadjusted annual rate or the month byits seasonality actor and creating an adjusted annualrate or the month. These adjustments are more otenused when economic data are released to the public.

Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation

CONTRIBUTION TO GROSS DOMESTIC

PRODUCT (GDP)

The total unduplicated value o the goods and servicesproduced in an economic area such as a country orregion during a given period. (Unduplicated valuemeans that the intermediate costs o producing an itemor service have been deducted.) Figures are in constantdollars and available only or Canada. The constantdollars are used to measure variations in the dollarsreal value over time. The constant dollar is the real valueo a current dollar compared with a dollars value ina specic reerence year. Expressing GDP in constantdollars makes it possible to measure real growth byremoving the eect o infation.

Source: Statistics Canada, gross domestic product atbasic prices, by North American Industry ClassicationSystem, monthly (dollars), CANSIM Table 379-0027,March 2012, and selected economic indicators,provincial economic accounts, annual, CANSIMTable 384-0013, April 2012


23/56


DIRECT JOBS

Jobs held by people employed directly in the ollowingindustries: orestry and logging, industries involved insupport activities or orestry, pulp and paper productmanuacturing and wood product manuacturing.

The data are sourced rom Statistics Canadas LabourForce Survey (LFS) and the Survey o Employment,Payrolls and Hours (SEPH). The LFS data are used tocapture the level o sel-employment in the orestsector. The SEPH data are to be used or comparingdirect employment in orestry with that in other sectors.

Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey,March 2012 (special extraction) and the Survey oEmployment, Payrolls and Hours, unadjusted orseasonal variation, by type o employee or selectedindustries classied using the North American Industry

Classication System, monthly (persons), CANSIMTable 281-0023, March 2012

EXPENDITURES CAPITAL AND REPAIR

Capital expenditures: Include the cost o procuring,constructing and installing or leasing new durableplants, machinery and equipment, whether or thereplacement o, or addition to, existing assets. Alsoincluded are: all capitalized costs such as the costs oreasibility studies and architectural, legal, installationand engineering ees; the value o capital assets put inplace by rms either by contract or with the rms own

labour orce; and capitalized interest charges on loansor capital projects.

Repair expenditures: Include costs to repair andmaintain structures, machinery and equipment.

Source: Statistics Canada, capital and repairexpenditures, by sector and province, annual (dollars),CANSIM Table 029-0005, and capital and repairexpenditures, industry sectors 31-33, manuacturing,annual (dollars), CANSIM Table 029-0009, March 2012

REVENUE FROM GOODS MANUFACTURED

Revenue rom the sale o goods manuactured usingmaterials owned by the establishment, as well as romrepair work, manuacturing service charges and workcontracted to others.

Source: Statistics Canada, Annual Survey oManuactures and Logging: logging industries,principal statistics by North American IndustryClassication System, annual, CANSIM Table 301-0007,

and principal statistics or manuacturing industries,by North American Industry Classication System,annual, CANSIM Table 301-0006

WAGES AND SALARIES

The earnings, in cash or in kind, o Canadian residentsor work perormed beore deduction o income taxesand contributions to pension unds, employmentinsurance and other social insurance schemes.

Source: Statistics Canada, Annual Survey oManuactures and Logging: logging industries,principal statistics by North American IndustryClassication System, annual, CANSIM Table 301-0007,and principal statistics or manuacturing industries,by North American Industry Classication System,annual, CANSIM Table 301-0006

Forest managementAREA DEFOLIATED BY INSECTS AND

BEETLE-KILLED TREES

Areas where there is tree mortality and moderate tosevere deoliation.

Deoliation does not always imply mortality. Forexample, stands with moderate deoliation oten recoverand may not lose much growth. Also, deoliation ismapped on an insect species basis, and a given area may

be aficted by more than one species at a time. This mayresult in double or triple counting in areas aected bymore than one species, exaggerating the extent o thetotal area deoliated.

Source: National Forestry Database

AREA PLANTED AND SEEDED

Total o ederal, private and provincial Crown land.


CARBON EMISSIONS/REMOVALSFor orest lands aected by land-use change, thedeorestation and aorestation gures refect annual rates.Figures or CO

2-equivalent (CO

2e) emissions and removals

refect the current year plus the previous 20 years. Thus,the gures or CO

2e emissions include residual emissions

rom areas deorested over the past 20 years; and thegures or CO

2e removals include ongoing removals by

areas aorested over the past 20 years.


24/56


Emissions and removals exactly match the mostrecent greenhouse gas inventory gures submittedto the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change. Emissions always bear a positive sign.Removals bear a negative sign.

Source: National Inventory Report 2012, EnvironmentCanada (based on Natural Resources CanadaCanadianForest Service data/analysis)

FIRE

All burned areas within Canadas orests.

Sources: All gures or the most current year are romthe Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre. Dataor all previous years were provided by the provincesand territories and are available rom the NationalForestry Database

FOREST AREA CERTIFIED

I a orest area has been certied to more than oneo the three sustainable orest management standards(Canadian Standards Association [CSA], SustainableForestry Initiative [SFI] and Forest Stewardship Council[FSC]), the area is counted only once. Hence, the totalcertications or sustainable orest managementstandards may be less than the sum o the individualtotals or these standards.

Source: Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certication

Coalition

HARVEST (VOLUME)

The national and provincial/territorial gures orharvesting volume include data or industrialroundwood, uelwood and rewood.


Forest products

DOMESTIC CONSUMPTIONConsumption gures or a range o products, calculatedby Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest Service.

This inormation is available only at the national level.

PRODUCTION

Christmas treesThe production quantity and value are basedon estimates calculated by Natural ResourcesCanadaCanadian Forest Service.

Sources: Statistics Canada and National ForestryDatabase

LumberSource: Statistics Canada, sawn lumber production andshipments, monthly (cubic metres dry), CANSIM Table303-0009, April 2012

Maple productsSource: National Forestry Database

Newsprint, printing and writing paper, wood pulp

The production and consumption gures are basedon Pulp and Paper Products Council data.

Structural panelsThe production and consumption data o structuralpanels (plywood and oriented strandboard) are romthe APAThe Engineered Wood Association.


25/56


InventoryAREA CLASSIFICATION

Source: National Forest Inventory 2006

Forest typeSource: National Forest Inventory 2006

The National Forest Inventory uses the ollowing Foodand Agriculture Organization o the United Nations(FAO) denitions:

Forest landAreas o land where tree canopies cover more than10% o the total area and the trees, when mature,can grow to a height o more than 5 metres. Doesnot include land that is predominantly urban or used

or agricultural purposes.

Other land with tree coverAreas o land where tree canopies cover more than10% o the total area and the trees, when mature,can grow to a height o at least 5 metres. Includestreed areas on arms, in parks and gardens, and aroundbuildings. Also includes tree plantations establishedmainly or purposes other than wood production,such as ruit orchards.

Other wooded landAreas o land where: 1) tree canopies cover 510% othe total area and the trees , when mature, can growto a height above 5 metres; or 2) shrubs, bushes andtrees together cover more than 10% o the area. Theseareas include treed wetlands (swamps) and land with

slow-growing and scattered trees . They do not includeland that is predominantly agricultural or urban.

TradeBALANCE OF TRADE

The dierence between the value o the goods andservices that a country exports and the value o thegoods and services that it imports.

I a countrys exports exceed its imports, it has a tradesurplus. I imports exceed exports, the country has atrade decit.

Source: Statistics Canada, merchandise trade data(special extraction), monthly data


26/56


S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y I N D I C A T O R S


27/56


Most Canadians understand that managing our orestsresponsibly and sustainably requires nding a balancebetween the preservation o environmental quality,the enhancement o economic wealth and opportunity,and the development o social benets.

Sustainable orest management works to address andbalance this range o values so that the needs andexpectations o all orest users might be met todayand in the uture. Canadians expect their governmentsto be responsible stewards o their orest resource,and increasingly our overseas markets expect orestproducts to come rom sustainably managed sources.

But how can we determine our eectiveness inachieving that management balancing act? How can wemonitor our progress in ensuring the countrys orestsare managed sustainably? The answer lies in the use o

indicators, objective measures or which data can becollected and tracked over time.

Sustainability indicatorsare practical, science-basedmeasures that give government, industry, researchersand the public a consistent way to dene, assess,

monitor and report progress in achieving sustainableorest management. Sustainability indicators can alsobe used to identiy where improvements in orestmanagement can be made.

At the national level, Canada uses a set o 46 indicators

that represent the ull range o orest values Canadianswant conserved or sustained. These values are biologicaldiversity, ecosystem condition and productivity, soil andwater, global ecological cycles, economic and socialbenets, and social responsibility. Since sustainabilityrequires a balance among environmental, economic andsocial values, no single indicator can be used to assesssustainable orest management. For a clear picture, thewhole range o indicators must be considered.

The ollowing sample o 13 indicators (addressingve o the six orest values), along with the most recent

data or them, shows how the inormation collectedor each measure contributes to our assessment andunderstanding o Canadas progress in sustainable orestmanagement. For the complete list o indicators, go tocs.nrcan.gc.ca.

FOREST VALUES

BIOLOGICALDIVERSITY

ECOSYSTEMCONDITION ANDPRODUCTIVITY

ROLE IN GLOBALECOLOGICALCYCLES

ECONOMICAND SOCIALBENEFITS

SOCIETYSRESPONSIBILITY


28/56


BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Biological diversity (commonly shortened to biodiversity) reers to thevariety o species and ecosystems on Earth and the ecological processesthey are part o.

This complex, closely interconnected web o diversity is what enablesorganisms and ecosystems to respond and adapt to environmental change.Conserving biodiversity is thereore crucial to maintaining the long-termhealth o Canadas orests and ensuring they remain sustainably productive.

WHAT HAS CHANGED?

Currently, 349 COSEWIC-listed orest-associated speciesare at risk in Canada.

In May 2012, COSEWIC reassessed or newly assessed39 species at risk. Twenty-one o those are orest-associated species.

Two were added to the list since the previousassessment: the western grizzly bear and themagnum mantleslug, both identied as specieso Special Concern.

O the 19 that were reassessed, 10 had no changein their risk level, 7 were moved to a higher-riskcategory, 1 was moved to a lower-risk category,and 1 was removed rom the list (no longerconsidered to be a species at risk).

Status o orest-associated species at risk

WHY IS THIS INDICATOR IMPORTANT?

Change over time in the conservation status oorest-associated species o fora and auna is oneindicator used to evaluate the sustainability o orestmanagement practices in Canada. Forest-associatedspecies require orest habitat to complete their liecycle.

The Committee on the Status o Endangered Wildliein Canada (COSEWIC) meets annually to assess theconservation status o species thought to be at somedegree o risk.


29/56


COSEWIC has listed habitat loss and degradation as themain threat to Canadian wildlie. Other threats listedinclude climate change, pollution and overharvesting(e.g., hunting and shing). In the case o the grizzlybear, however, human-caused mortality combined withhabitat loss has reduced the bears range by more than

50% over the past century. In the southern part o theanimals range, where the bears are in regular contactwith humans, many populations are declining. In thenorth, the impacts on bears o ongoing and escalatingextraction o natural resources is a concern.

The graph below shows the change in COSEWIC statuso 234 orest-associated species at risk between 1999and 2012. Not included in the graph are the 115 speciesthat have been assessed only once so ar (and thereorehave exhibited no known change in status) or or whichdata are insucient to estimate status.

CHANGE IN COSEWIC STATUS OF FOREST-ASSOCIATED SPECIES AT RISK, 19992012

0

50

100

150

200

250

Plants Mammals Birds Reptiles and

amphibians

Fish Lepidopterans

or arthropods

Molluscs Total

Source: Committee on Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

Numberofspecies

Moved to a higher-risk category Moved to a lower-risk category No change


30/56


ECOSYSTEM CONDITION

AND PRODUCTIVITYCanadas orest ecosystems must be resilient so they can cope with, andrecover rom, natural disturbances such as wildre and insect inestations,and human disturbances such as timber harvesting.

Understanding where these disturbances occur, how extensive they are andwhat impact they have on ecological unctions and processes is necessary ia sustainable fow o benets rom the orest land base is to be maintained.

Additions and deletions o orest area


Knowing how and why orest areas change over timeis important or managing orests sustainably becausesuch changes may result in long-term deletions(e.g., deorestation) rom Canadas orest land baseor additions (e.g., aorestation).

Deorestation means the long-term conversion oorest to other land uses. In Canada, deorestation ismainly the result o orest land being converted touse or agriculture, industrial development, resourceextraction and urban expansion. Harvesting, whenollowed by regeneration, is not deorestation.

Aorestation means the establishment o new orestson previously unorested land.

Because orests provide a number o ecologicalservices, such as water purication and erosioncontrol, additions and deletions o orest area aect

soil and water conservation as well as the overallcapacity o orests to recover rom natural and humandisturbances. Forests also act as sinks and sources ocarbon, so monitoring orest additions and deletionshelp scientists gauge Canadas ability to meet its climatechange related commitments.

WHAT HAS CHANGED?

Over the last two decades in Canada, the annual rateo deorestation has declined, dropping rom just over64 000 hectares in 1990 to about 45 000 hectares in2010. Spikes in this downward trend have occurred orshort periods, however, when orested areas have beensubmerged by water reservoirs associated with large

hydroelectric projects. For example, 35 000 hectareso orest area were lost in the mid-1990s and another28 000 hectares were lost in the mid-2000s becauseo the development o reservoirs.

In 2010, deorestation resulted in net emissions o15.7 million tonnes o carbon dioxide equivalent,down rom 27.5 million tonnes in 1990. (These numbersaccount or lateral transers o carbon rom the orestecosystem to the orest product sector, in the orm o[1] greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere and [2]residual emissions rom deorestation in previous years.)

Limited aorestation has been carried out in Canadasince 1990 relative to the total area o orested land.Although millions o trees are planted each yearto supplement natural regeneration, these eortsare occurring primarily as part o sustainable orestmanagement in areas that were already orested.Urban and rural planting initiatives are underwayin many regions, including Quebec, Ontario and thePrairie provinces.


31/56


ESTIMATED AREA (HECTARES) OF DEFORESTATION IN CANADA, BY INDUSTRIAL SECTOR, 19902010

Sector

Year

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Agriculture 41 900 22 400 20 500 19 100 19 100

Forestrya

4 100 4 400 4 500 4 500 4 500Hydroelectric inrastructureb 2 600 1 500 900 1 000 700

Industry and transportationc

Industry 900 800 800 800 800

Mining 2 300 2 500 2 500 2 500 2 400

Oil and gas 5 300 5 900 8 900 10 600 10 600

Transportation 1 700 1 500 1 400 1 300 1 300

Municipald 3 900 3 700 4 200 4 600 4 600

Peat mining 900 700 500 0 0

Recreatione 800 900 800 700 700

Total 64 400 44 200 45 000 45 200 44 800

a Resulting rom the creation o permanent orest access roads.b Excludes reservoirs.c Includes mines, gravel pits, oil and gas projects and highway construction.d Includes urban development.e Includes ski hills and gol courses. Totals adjusted or rounding.

Source: Environment Canada, 2012

Area o orest disturbed by re, insects, disease andharvesting


Forests are constantly exposed to and modied bynatural disturbances such as re, insects and diseases.Natural disturbances are an essential part o the processo orest renewal.

As well, orests are disturbed by industrial activities suchas logging, road construction, oil and gas ventures andother human activities.

Foresters study both natural and human disturbancesto gain a better understanding o how orest ecosystemschange. They also look increasingly to natural eventsor insights into planning orest harvesting, workingto ensure that their practices acilitate naturalregeneration and recovery o ecosystem productivityollowing harvest.

WHAT HAS CHANGED?

FiresIn 2011, 4608 orest res were reported acrossCanada, approximately two-thirds o the previous10-year average (20012010). The area burned in 2011(2.6 million hectares) was also 15% lower than the10-year average.

The 2010 re season was exceptionally severe, withtwice the average annual area burned. Above-averagedry conditions continued into the all, with the droughtcode (a national index refecting the dryness o thedeep orest layers) indicating extreme conditionsthroughout much o western Canada and the territories.However, under La Nias infuence, overwinter snowalland precipitation were unusually high in much oCanada. As a result, spring arrived late in 2011 anddrought conditions greatly lessened across the country,except in British Columbia, Alberta and the Yukon.


32/56


Still, despite it being a below-average year or reactivity, 2011 saw several examples o extreme rebehaviour. The most notable examples were in Albertaand Ontario.

Strong, dry winds gusting up to 70 kilometres/hour,

combined with a lack o precipitation, created severeconditions across most o northern Alberta duringthe May 1415 weekend. These events led to theSlave Lake Fire, which burned into the community,destroying over 400 homes and causing $700 millionin insurable losses; and the Richardson Fires, whichgrew to over 500 000 hectares in size, ultimatelyaccounting or about 20% o the total area burnedin Canada during 2011.

During Ontarios 2011 re season, 1334 res burned635 373 hectaresthe most area in that province everburned in one year (the 10-year average is 1109 res

burning 76 837 hectares). Most res were triggeredby lightning events as storms tracked north andsouth o the province. In July alone, 650 res burned558 000 hectares.

InsectsIn 2010, about 12.7 million hectares o orest containedbeetle-killed trees or were deoliated by other insectsadecrease rom 15.2 million hectares the year beore.

From 1998 to 2011, the mountain pine beetle killedmore than 710 million cubic metres o pine in BritishColumbia, which represents more than 50% o theprovinces commercial pine inventory.

Since the mountain pine beetle invaded northernAlberta in 2001, about 1.3 million hectares o oresthave been aected in that province. Albertas eortsto control the beetle, along with weather unavourableto the insects survival, have signicantly reducedbeetle populations in southern and central Alberta.Still, their populations continue to increase and spreadin northwestern Alberta and northeastern BritishColumbia, moving north towards the border with theNorthwest Territories. Future north- and eastward

expansion o the beetle will depend on a range oactors: its ability to survive the winter; its developmentduring the summer; its interactions with native and newhost trees; the distribution o susceptible host trees;and the eectiveness o control eorts.

Outbreaks by some insects are cyclical, with peakpopulations occurring periodically in particular regionso the country. For example, outbreaks o sprucebudworm recur at approximately 35- to 40-yearintervals in eastern Canada. The last extensive outbreakcovered more than 50 million hectares in the 1970s and

then declined to ewer than 1 million hectares in thelate 1990s. Since that time, there has been resurgenceand then decline o populations in dierent regionsthroughout the extensive range o spruce budwormin Canada.

Invasive pests are a particular concern or orestmanagers because o uncertainty about how newspecies might aect the existing ecosystem. Forexample, since it was rst detected in Windsor, Ontario,in 2002, the emerald ash borer has killed millions o ashtrees in parts o Ontario and Quebec. It continues to

spread into new areas, having considerable economicand ecological impacts.

DiseasesAs agents o disturbance in orest ecosystems, orestdiseases (or pathogens) are major drivers o diversity,shaping orest structure and unction. Pathogens alsoplay a major role in decomposition and carbon cyclingin Canadas orests.

Native orest pathogens have evolved to exist inequilibrium with natural orest communities. However,they can become very destructive when the natural

equilibrium is altered by orest management activities,climate change, re or insects.

Across Canada, or example, Armillaria root disease isknown to aect 203 million hectares o orest currently,inecting almost all tree species with long-termpersistence. Surveys o Douglas-r in British Columbiaand spruce and balsam r in Ontario have shown thatArmillaria inection increases steadily in those specieswith stand age, whether ater planting in harvestedstands or ater disturbance in natural stands. Anotherexample is Annosus root and butt rot, now inectingan increased number o orest stands and established

in regions not previously exposed to the disease.


33/56


Several alien invasive orest pathogens are alsoprominent in Canadian orests, in some casesthreatening the survival o certain tree species.For example, white pine blister rust has destroyedextensive stands o white pine since being introducedinto Canada in the early 1900s. Another introduced

pathogen, the European race o the ungus that iscausing Scleroderris canker in the orests o Ontario,Quebec and New Brunswick, has now become aconsiderable problem in Newoundland. There it hasbreached a quarantine zone on the Avalon Peninsula andis threatening the native red pine stands on the island.

Environment-related actors such as drought,air pollution, extreme temperatures and nutrientdeciencies can cause disease directly or predisposetrees to damage by disease-causing organisms. Forexample, ongoing aspen dieback and decline in western

Canada and northern Ontario has been attributed to thecombined eects o insect deoliation, pathogens andthaw-reeze events.

Since 2009, milder and more humid spring weather hasavoured the development o many oliar diseases inQuebec, such as brown-spot needle blight and needlecast o white pine, shoot and needle blight o balsam r,

and anthracnose o maple and oak. Similar phenomenahave been observed in Ontario, where ink spot o aspenaected more than 1800 hectares o orest in northernOntario in 2009; and in southern New Brunswick, wherestands show red pine aected by Sirococcus shootblight. These oliar diseases do not typically threaten the

survival o aected trees, but can reduce plant growth.

HarvestingProvincial and territorial regulations govern harvestingo Canadas orests.

By law, all harvested areas in Canada must bereorested. In addition, many orest managementpractices are designed to mimic natural disturbancessuch as re. These approaches have the advantage opreserving the natural attributes o Canadas orests andtheir ability to adapt to change while also considering

economic and social actors.

In 2010, approximately 688 000 hectares o orest wereharvested on provincial/territorial, ederal and privatelands, accounting or roughly 0.18% o all orest andother wooded land in Canada.

AREA OF FOREST DISTURBED IN CANADA, BY CAUSE, IN 2010 OR 2011(Year for which the most recent data are available)

Cause o disturbance Hectares (millions)Percentage changerom previous year

Area burned (2011) 2.6 -14.6

Area deoliated by major insectsa

Forest tent caterpillar (2010) 0.2 43.1

Mountain pine beetle (2011) 4.6 -26.4

Spruce budworm (2010) 1.5 53.2

Area aected by pathogens

Armillaria root diseaseb 203.0 0.0

Area harvested (2010) 0.7 12.2

a Area includes moderate to severe deoliation.b Area aected remains constant year to year, but disease intensity changes.

Source: Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre, National Forestry Database and British Columbia Ministry o Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations


34/56


AREA OF FOREST DISTURBED ANNUALLY BY FIRE, INSECTS (THREE SPECIES) AND HARVESTING, 20002011

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Hectares(millions)

Forest tent caterpillar Mountain pine beetle Spruce budworm

Harvesting Fire

Source: Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre, National Forestry Database and British Columbia Ministry of Forests,

Lands and Natural Resource Operations

Proportion o timber harvest area regenerated byarticial and natural means


Successul regeneration o harvest areas ensuresthat orest lands remain productive or wood breand continue to provide key ecosystem servicessuch as storing carbon, regulating water qualityand quantity, and providing recreation opportunitiesand wildlie habitat.

In Canada, provincial laws dictate that all harvestedareas on provincial Crown lands must be successullyregenerated. Provinces set standards or haveregulations to determine whether a harvest area has

been successully regenerated. These standards varyby province, but commonly incorporate such criteriaas: species composition; density and distribution; ageand height o the regenerating trees; and distributiono various orest types and age classes across thelandscape. Harvested areas must meet provincialregeneration standards in a specied period o time.

Articial regeneration (planting and seeding) increasesthe likelihood o achieving regeneration to planneduture orest species compositions. It also providesthe maximum control o density and stocking.

Natural regeneration can be eective when prescribedor certain conditions and or certain species, suchas aspen or lowland spruce. The main benet onatural regeneration is that it requires minimal humanassistance and is thereore potentially less costly thanarticial regeneration. However, natural regenerationoers less control over species composition, and

remedial measures such as thinning or ll plantingmay be needed to regulate density and stocking tomeet regeneration standards.

The proportion o area regenerated naturally andarticially can fuctuate as a result o several actors,including harvest level, changes in the type o orestharvested, and the amount o area aected by natural


35/56


disturbances such as re, insect attack and wind. Forexample, the amount o burned area rom which timberis salvaged can infuence annual regeneration rates,since salvage areas may be better suited to naturalor to articial regeneration, depending on the siteand original species composition.

Total area regenerated is oten correlated with the areaharvested, but reported regeneration rates typically lagabout two years behind the year o actual disturbance.

WHAT HAS CHANGED?

Until the early 1950s, oresters managing even-aged orests relied almost exclusively on the naturalregeneration o harvested areas. More recently,with improved techniques, better tools and evolvingprovincial regeneration standards, articial and naturalregeneration each account or approximately hal o the

total trust area regenerated annually in Canada.

Between 2009 and 2010, the area articially regeneratedincreased by 1.8%.1 Conversely, the total number oseedlings planted dropped by 1.0% to a 20-year lowo 512 million. Relative to the 10-year average, articialregeneration area and number o seedlings planted havedeclined by 10.3 and 13.4%, respectively. However, in2010, the area o articial regeneration increased or

the rst time since the steep decline (42%) in annualharvest area rom a 10-year high in 2005 to a 20-yearlow in 2009.

The reduction in harvest levels began with the onseto a decline in the U.S. housing market and associated

reduced demand or Canadian solid wood products.Reduced demand or pulp and paper products hasalso led to curtailed production in this sector, in turnimpacting harvest levels.

The proportion o the area regenerated articiallyversus naturally increased in 2010.2 This proportion wasestimated at 67.4% o the total harvest area in 2010.This deviation rom the historical dierence betweenarticial and natural regeneration may be related to thetype o orest harvested. For example, lower demandor hardwood products would lead to ewer hardwood-

dominated stands being harvested, and thereore lessnatural regeneration o these stands. Similarly, a shit inthe conier harvest rom lowland to upland sites wouldnecessitate more articial regeneration.

Total area naturally regenerated is likely to continueto decline until there is a well-established recovery inharvest rateswhich itsel will rely on improved NorthAmerican and international demand or Canadianorest products.

AREA HARVESTED AND REGENERATED IN CANADA, BY ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL MEANS,

BETWEEN 2008 AND 2010

Area(hectares)

Percentage o 2008harvested areaa

Percentage changein area rom

previous year

Percentage changein area rom

10-year averageb

Harvest (2008)a 595 000 -14.0 -31.0

Regeneration method

Naturalc 219 000 36.8 -26.5 -47.2

Articial 401 000 67.4 1.8 -10.3

Planting 390 000 65.5 3.2 -7.9

Seeding 11 000 1.8 -30.4 -53.3

a Assumes a two-year lag between harvest and regeneration. Harvest area data are rom 2008. The portion o 2008 harvested area that is regenerated is calculatedby dividing 2010 data by 2008 data.

b The 10-year average or harvest is or 19982007; and the 10-year average or natural and artifcial regeneration area is or 20002009.c Natural regeneration = 2008 harvest minus 2010 artifcial regeneration.


1 Data are or even-aged orests on Crown lands across Canada. Federally and privately owned lands are excluded.

2 Because there is typically a delay o two years between harvest and regeneration to allow or site preparation and provision o nursery stock, regeneration datarom 2010 are compared with harvest data rom 2008.


36/56


FOREST REGENERATION ON PROVINCIAL CROWN LANDS ACROSS CANADA, 20002010

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

a Because there is typically a delay of two years between harvest and regeneration to allow for site preparation and provision of nursery stock,

regeneration data are compared with harvest data from two years before.


Hectares(thousands)

Seedlings(millions)

Area planted and seeded Seedlings planted

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Area harvested (2-year lag)a


37/56


ROLE IN GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CYCLES

Forests play an important role in supporting and maintaining globalecological cyclescycles that are in turn critical to orests sustainability.

Forests both depend on and contribute to the many and complexsel-regulating processes that are responsible or rec

the state of canadian forests (2012)

Documents