the state of artisanal fisheries in west africa in 1997

DANIDA

PROGRAMME FOR INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OFARTISANAL FISHERIES IN.WEST AFRICA

IDAF PROGRAMME

Technical Repon. N° 122 May 1998

The State of Artisanal Fisheriesin West Africa in 1997

Mauritania

Senegal

Cape Verde

The Gambia

Guinea Bissau

Guinea

Sierra Leone

Liberia

Côte d'ivoire

GhanaTogo

Benin

NigerIa

Cauìeroon

3..; 4

5sI

11 15lo 17

18

Equatorial Guinea

Gabon

Saö Tome and Principe

Congo

Zaire

Angola

o

o

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION OF DENMARK

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF ThE UNITED NATIONS

FAO LIBRARY AN: 384227

Technical Report N° 122 May 1998

The State of Artisanal Fisheriesin West Africa in 1997

by

Benoît Horemans

Team Leader,Fisheries Planning ExperL

IDAF Programme

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSCotonou, May 1998

The designations employed and the presemìtìon of material in this publicationdo not imply the expression of any opinior whatsoever on the part of the Foodand Agriculture Organization or the financing agency concerning the legaistatus of any country or territory, city or ana, or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or bounda'ies.

For bibliographic purposes this document should I-e cited as follows:

Horemans, B., The State of Artisanal Fisheries ir West Africa in 1997. Programme for the1998 Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin.

47 p., IDAF/WP!122.

]IDAF Pro ectFAO

P.OE Box 369Cotonou, Repub1 of Benin

Telex: 5291 FOODAGRI Fax: (229) 3.05.l9 Tel: (229) 33.09.25

THE VISION F3 AF PHA3 III

INTRODUCTION

Development strategy during the 1960 and i 970s was based on the philosophy thatdeveloping countries lacked improved technology and capital for speeding up their development:Industrialization was promoted in order to capitalize on the abundant fish resources. However,the anticipated expansion of the economy did not happen and the development approach shiftedtowards an integrated rural strategy where emphasis is put on the community as a whole to up-grade incomes and the quality of life through technical assistance and the active participation offisherfolk and the community.

In this context, emphasis was initially placed on the Community Fishery Centre (CFC)concept as a means of promoting artisanal fishery development. But it became apparent that thepresence of a complex of facilities and sel-vices tailored to meet local needs was no guarantee thatthe structures/facilities would be used or that development would occur. The active participationof fisherfolk and the mobilisation of local and community resources was imperative in order toassure sustainability of initiatives undertaken by development projects and/or the community.

So far and in general terms, the IDAF Programme has worked under the context ofabundant or seemingly adequate fishery resources with moderate population pressure. Thescenario is however changing (and very fast for that matter) and wewould soon face the tripleconstraints of reduced or depleting fish stocks, degrading environment and increasing populationpressure. Like in other sectors, it must be anticipated that just to survive, parts of the populationsurplus in the fishing communities will enter the artisanal fisheries, which will increase thecompetition for the resources among the small scale fisherfolk in addition to the prevailingcompetition between the artisanal and industrial fisheries, with their attendant effect on theenvironment.

This scenario calls for a côntinuation of the integrated participatory strategy which remainsrelevant to the development of artisanal fisheries in West Africa. However, the emphasis needsto be placed on the elements and mechanisms that favour the sustainability of initiatives:responsible fishing, the empowerment processes that ensure the devolution of major resourcemanagement and development decisions to the local community, the strengthening of nationalhuman and institutional capacities at all levels for a sustainable and equitable fisheries resourcesmanagement and development, as well as in the follow-up and consolidation of past achievements.

DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE

Thus the development objective of the Programme in the present phase Ill which started on 1 July1994 is to ensure twenty coastal West African countries a sustainable development andmanagement of their artisanal fisheries for maximum social and economic benefit of their fishingcommunities in terms of employment, proteins and earnings. This will be done through anintegrated and participatory approach in which emphasis will be laid on equity, gender ìssues, thetransfer of technology for development, environment protection, as well as the strengthening ofhuman and institutional capacities.

The ininiediate objectives are:

i To identify, assess and disseminate strategies and mechanisms for sustainable managementand development of the artisanal fisheries in fishing communities;

2. To improve the competence of national Fisheries Departments staff in development andmanagement planning of artisanal fisheries;

To enhance regional technical competence in the fisheries disciplines, particularly infishing and fish technology;

To improve information and experience exchange related to artisanal fisheries within theregion;

To promote regional and sub-regional collaboration for the development and managementof artisanal fisheries

In this context, IDAF wifi among other things tackle the following major aspects inits work

assisting in the elaboration and implementation of a clear and coherent nationaldevelopment policy for the artisanal fishery sector;

providing advice on management and allocation of resources between artisanal andindustrial fishing fleets, both national and foreign;

involving users in the design and management of on shore infrastructures;

monitoring the sector's evolution by the setting up of an economic indicator system forthe sector adapted to the financial and human availabilities;

improving fishing technologies in accordance with the available resources;

increasing the final product's value by improvement in processing and marketing;

promoting conununity development in accordance with the lessons learned from Phase Iand II and oriented towards the sustainability of actions undertaken;

reinforce the Programme's information/communication system.

It is anticipated that by the end of the third phase of the Project, the region will have anucleus of field oiiented experts capable to respond to the challenges of the artisanal fisheriessector and to spur development in their individual countries in keeping with the aspirations andneeds of' fisherfolk.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTR( DUCTION

I. GEERAL CONTEXT 3

1.1. Population 3

I .2, Economic growth 5

[.3. Monetary situation S

1 .4. The fisheries sector 6

RECENT TRENDS IN THE SECTOR 92.1. Trends in fish production 9

.2. Means of production 1223 Economic profitabilIty 132.4. Trade in fish products 15

2.5. Fish consumption 18

DEVELOPMENT POLICIES 213.1, Objectives and priorities 213.2. Development policies 233.3. National institutions supporting the sector 25

3.3.1. Administrative institutions 253.3.2. Research institutions 25

3.4. Fisheries legislation 263.5. Regional fisheries policies .. 273.6. Fisheries development and manageemnt planning .. 29

3.6.1 Constraints .. 293.6.2. Opportunities 313.6.3. Planning process 32

3.7. Fisheries resources management . 33

EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE 374.1. Majororientations 374.2. National projects 374.3. Regional projects 424.4. Projects in the pipeline 43

ANÌ'4ES

I. eferences 452. 3eneral framework for monitoring artisanal fisheries in We Africa 47

List of Figures

Urban population (in % of total population) . 4Structure of Gross Domestic Product (1995) 4Marine fish potential (kg/caput/year) 8

Marine catches in CECAF area per fishìng flee 1975-1995) 9Catch composition of IDAF associated countrie; (1995) 9Demersal catches in CECAF area (1975-1995) 10Small pelagic catches in CECAF area(l975-l95) 10Tuna catches in CECAF area (1975-1995) 10

Cephalopod catches in CECAF area (1975-l99 10

Catches by former USSR fleet in CECAF area 972-1994) 11

Marine and inland catches by IDAF associated countries (1975-1995) 12Cost of one litre of fuel expressed in kg of sma[ pelagics (1997) 14Food fish balance in live weight (1970-1995) 16Channels of food fish supply (1995) 18Per caput food fish supply (1970-1995) 18

List of Tables

Baseline indicators (1995) 3

Gross National Product per capita (1995) 5

Geophysical features 6Estimated marine potential 7Artisanal marine fisheries production (1996) 11

Artisanal fishermen and fishing boats per county (1997) 13

Balance of trade of fish products in value (1995 17

Fish consumption and its share in proteins (199f) 19Total debt and debt service (1994) 21Zone reserved to artisanal fisheries 34Official Development Assistance (1995) 37

List of IDAF Technical Reports

Forthe fifth consecutive year since 1993,

the Programme for IntegratedDevelopment of Artisanal Fisheries in

West Africa (IDAF) publishes a report on"The State of Artisanal Fisheries in WestAfrica". The aim of this document is to give asynthetic but reasonably complete overview ofrecent trends in the sector, as well as ofopportunities and constraints faced by theartisanal fishing communities in the region.

The present revision is essentiallybased on annual reports prepared by IDAFLiaison Officers and results of field workscarried out by the Programme's staff in theregion.

The other sources of information are"World Development Report 1997" publishedby the World Bank, "Human DevelopmentReport 1997" published by th United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) and theFAO fisheries databases (FISHSTAT,CECAFPC and FISHCOMM). A list ofreferences is given in Annex 1.

Obviously, it is impossible to presentall the data available on the artisanal fisheriessector of twenty countries in a workingdocument. That is why preference has beengiven to the presentation of information in theform of figures or tables. To better grasp thesimilarities and differences from one countryto another, and therefore facilitate analysis, thecountries are generally listed ín the tables andfigures according to geographical, and notalphabetical order.

The quality of statistical data onfisheries, and particularly artisanal fisheries,still needs to be improved. First, regardingstock assessment, catches estimates and fishing

INTRODUCTION

effort, then, regarding socio-economieinformation: costs and earnings, capital andlabour remuneration, added value etc. It is tobe noted, however, that since the first editionin 1993, serious efforts have been made toimprove the monitoring of the sector.

The IDAF Programme has mainlyhelped in updating data on artisanal fisheriesthrough frame and socio-economie surveys inBenin (1997), Guinea (1997), The Gambia(1997), Guinea Bissau (1997), Congo (1996),Democratic Republic of Congo (1996), Togo(1996), Sao Tome and Principe (1995) andCameroon (1995).

It has also helped implement athorough review of the sector in Benin (1997),Cote d'ivoire (1997), Guinea (1997), TheGambia (1996), Gabon (1996), Congo (1995),Togo (1995), Sao Tome and Principe (1994),Cameroon (1993) and Guinea Bissau (1993).

Great efforts were made to improvedata on artisanal fisheries through theinstallation of a standardized system based onthe ARTFISH software, a statistical dataprocessing programme developed by FAO.The system was recently installed in Benin,Togo, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Angola, and SaoTome and Principe. Other countries, TheGambia, Senegal, and Cameroon, plan to haveit installed in 1998.

Finally, a Working Group on thestudies of the costs and earnings of artisanalfisheries was constituted in 1995. Its membersplanned and successfully undertook a 12month survey on costs and earnings of majortypes of artisanal fishing gears in ninecountries in the region (Mauritania, Senegal,The Gambia, Guinea, Cote d'ivoire, Ghana,

IDAF Technical Report N° 1221

Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon). These studieswhich were limited to fish production, werecontinued in 1997 through surveys on costsand earnings in fish processing and marketingin Cote d'ivoire, Nigeria and Guinea.

In order to promote a regularmonitoring of artisanal fisheries in thecountries of the region, a global frameworkwas elaborated by the Programme (Annex 2).

However, there is a fear that thebudgetary constraints of the states in the regionwhich limit the financial and human resourcesavailable to fisheries administrations, mighthave a negative effect on the collection,compilation and analysis of statistical data inartisanal fisheries.

Some of the data presented here arenot available in any official publication. Thisis the case of artisanal fisheries productionestimates. Official statistics provided by thecountries and publìshed by FAO are arrangedaccording to fishing zones, fiSh species and thenationality of the vessels by flag. Estimates ofindustrial and artisanal production are thengathered and officialy published. The process

is the same for the estimates of total catches inthe IDAF region, not found elsewhere. Enactual fact, this arca which extends fromMauritania to Angola does not constitute anFAO statistical division for fisheries. Theclosest statistical division is the Division 34,CECAF, which extends from the Straits ofGibraltar to the Democratic Republic ofCongo. As for Angola, it is included inDivision 47. lt has thus been necessary toreorganize the data to give the most reliablepicture of fisheries in the region covered bythe Programme.

All this therefore requires the analystto be careful in interpreting figures. It is rathera question of showing the order of magnitudeand trends.

This document is divided into fourchapters. The first presents the general socio-economic context of the fisheries sector. Thesecond gives the most recent data available onthe different components of fisheries. Thethird chapter presents institutional aspects.Fiiially, the fourth chapter briefly describesnational and regional projects executedthrough foreign assìstance.

2 [DAF Technical Report N° 122

1. GENERAL CONTEXT

1.1 Population

The population of the region reached248.4 million inhabitants in 1995. Sixcountries have about one million inhabitants orless. They are: Cape Verde, The Gambia,Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon andSao Tome and Principe (Tab.1).

In all the region's countries, thepopulation growth rate remained very highthese past years. Between 1990 and 1995, itexceeded 2.5 % per year in almost all thecountries and equalled or exceeded 3 % in

Table 1.- Baseline indicators (1995)

Source: UNDP, 1997 and World Bank, 1997

nine of them. In such conditions, the region'spopulation will double in 25 years. In mostcountries, it was observed that those who wereless than 15 years old in 1996 representedbetween 45 and 50 % of the total population.This figure is to be compared to the 19 %average of the world's most developedregions. These demographic aspects will haveserious consequences on employment and fooddemands.

This growth is very unbalancedbetween rural and urban areas. The increasedurbanization observed in all the countries of

IDAF Technical Report N° 122 3

Populationin 1995

(millions)

Life expectancyat birth

(Years, 1995)

Adultsliteracy

(1995, in %)

Populationless than 15

years old(in %)

Populationgrowth rate (%,

1990-1995)

Mauritania 2.3 51 n.a. 44 2.5

Senegal 8.5 50 33 46 25Cape Verde 04 65 72 42 25The Gambia 1.1 46 39 43 3.8

Guinea Bissau 1.1 38 55 44 21

Guinea 6.6 44 35 50 4.9

Sierra Leone 42 40 30 47 1.0

Libéria 2.7 54 n.a. 43 -3.9

Côte divoire 14.0 55 40 46 32Ghana 17.1 59 63 47 2.9

Togo 41 56 52 48 30Benin 5.5 50 37 50 2.9

Nigeria 1113 53 57 48 30Cameroon 13.3 57 63 46 2.8

Equatorial Guinea 0.4 49 n a. 46 2.6

Gabon 1.1 55 63 41 2.8

Sao Tome and Principe 0.1 69 n.a. n.a. 2.2

Congo 2.6 51 75 48 3.0

Dem. Rep. of Congo 41.2 52 76 50 3.9

Angola 10.8 47 n.a. 51 3.2

Figure 1.- Urban population (in % of total population)

Meoritania

Senegal

Cape Verde

Garrbia

Guinea Bissau

Guinea

Sierra Leone

Côte divoire I

Ghana

Togo

Benin1-

Neria E

Carreroon

Equatorial Guinea

Sao Tone and Aincipe

Gabon

Congo

Gern Rep. of Congo

Angola

o lo

I

20 30 40 50

Figure 2.- Structure of Gross Domestic Product (1995)

020000199401960

60 70

the region (fig.1) will certainlyhave an impact on the structureof fish products demand anddistribution costs. Therelationship between rural andurban areas is also characterizedby a high disparity in access togoods and social services(health, education, etc.), andinfrastructures (roads, cleanwater, electricity, etc.).

Life expectancy at birthis very low and does not exceed55 years on average in 15

countries, except for insularcountries such as Cape Verdeand Sao Tome and Principe,where it reaches 65 and 69 yearsrespectively. lt is observed inparticular that the average lifeexpectancy is lowest in thecountries north of Liberia.

The number of literateadults is slowly increasing but

Gabon

Congo

Angol a

Senegal

Guinea Bissau

Mauritania

Gambia

Nigeria

Côte d'ivoire

Benin

Cameroon

Sierra Leone

Guinea Bissau

Ghana

Togo

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

DAgriculture lndustry DS&ViCeS

4 IDAF Technical ReportN° 122

the rate is only higher than 50 % in ninecountries. In most countries, the number ofschooling years does not exceed two on theaverage.

1.2 Economic growth

The cumulated Gross Domestic Poduct(GDP) of the countries of the region was 80billion US $ in 1995. By way of comparison,that of South Africa which has 41 millioninhabitants was estimated at 136 billion US $for the same year. The structure of GDP (fig.2)is characterized by the importance of theprimary (agriculture) and tertiary (trade,administration, services) sectors. Theindustrial sector is weak, except in Guinea andMauritania which have mineral resources andin oil-producing countries such as Angola,Gabon, Congo and Nigeria. Agriculturalproduction often represents more than 30 % ofGDP.

Except in Gabon, the Gross NationalProduct (GNP) per capita remains low (tab.2).Between 1985 and 1995, it decreased in mostof the countries of the region.

1.3 Monetary situation

The Ghanaian currency continued todepreciate in 1997 reaching 1,800 cedìs to iUS $ in April, that is a 22 % fall in two years.On the parallel market, the Nigerian currencyremained stable in 1997 compared to the endof 1995 when the exchange rate reached 80flaira to i US $, a much highter rate than theofficial one re-evaluated at 22 naira in January1994. The Gambian currency has remainedrelatively stable over the years at about 10dalasis to I US $. Currency has been stablealso in Cape Verde. In May 1997, GuineaBissau joined the eight other CFA franc zonecountries in the region. In 1997, the CFA francwhich had been devalued by 50 % in 1994,slightly fluctuated against the US dollarthereby following the trend in the French francto which it is linked.

Table 2.- GNP per capita (1995)

Source: World Bank, 1997

With the exception of Nigeria, parallelexchange rates in the region have generallydisappeared, thereby indicating animprovement in macro-economic policies. Themonetary situation in Sao Tome and Principeis still alarming since the dobras lost 60 % ofits value against the dollar in 1997.Disturbances in Sierra Leone, DemocraticRepublic of Congo, Angola and Liberia haveled to a serious depreciation of their localcurrencies.

The CFA zone countries were for along time used to very low inflation butwitnessed between 30 and 40 % rates in 1994and 1995 as a result of the devaluation of theCFA franc. The rate fell back to about 3 % in1997. The average annual inflation rate overthe 1984 - 1994 period has been high in SierraLeone (67 %), Guinea Bissau (66 %), Nigeria(21 %), Ghana (29 %), Sao Tome and Principe(24 %) and The Gambia (10 %). However,


GNP percapita

US $ 1995

Averageannual growth

rate (%)1985-1995

Mauritania 460 0.5

Senegal 600 n.a.

Cape Verde 960 n.a.

The Gambia 320 n.a.

Guinea Bissau 250 2.0

Guinea 550 1.4

Sierra Leone 180 -3.6

Liberia n.a. n.a.

Côte d'ivoire 660 n.a.

Ghana 390 1.4

Togo 310 -2.7

Benin 370 -0.3

Nigeria 260 n.a.

Came roo n 650 -6.6

Equatoriale Guinea 380

Gabon 3,490 -8.2

Sao Tome and 350 -2.1

Congo 680 -3.2

Dem. Rep. of Congo 120 n.a.

Angola 410 -6.1

these rates seem to be decreasing these pastyears.

Such an inflation trend has of coursesevere consequences on artisanal fisherieswhich uses mostly imported inputs, includingpetrol which represents the first operatingcosts line item. Inflation also explains thedifficulty many importers are faced with inrenewing their stocks. In fact, in a situation ofhigh inflation, earnings from the sale of stocksdoes not facilitate renewal ; in the first place,because the seller does not often take inflationinto account to permanently adjust his pricesand if he does, he is immediately treated as aspeculator. Also, because of the smallquantities at stake, orders are placed not morethan once a year and earnings in local currencyinevitably lose value during this period. This is

Table 3.- Geophysical features

Source: FAO, 1993

also true for administrations and developmentprojects which have a working capitalcomponent based on the sale of importedinputs in local currency. This was noted, forexample, in Sierra Leone and Sao Tome andPrincipe.

1.4 The fisheries sector

In such a context, the resourcesprovided by the fisheries sector cannot beunder estimated. With about 10,000 km ofcoast and an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)of 3.6 million km, the region covered by IDAFassociated countries represents 30 % of thewhole African continent (tab.3).

Data related to the exploitablepotential or Maximum Sustainable Yield

6 IDAF Technical Report N° 122

Land area(km2)

Coastlength(km)

Continentalshelf(km2)

EEZ(km2)

Continentalwaters (km2)

Mauritania 1,025,520 754 44,200 154,300 n.a,

Senegal 196,720 531 31,600 205,700 1,000

Cape Verde 4,030 965 10,150 789,400 0

The Gambia 11,300 50 3,900 19,500 80

Guinea Bissau 36,120 274 45,000 150,500 n.a

Guinea 245,860 346 38,400 71,000 950

Sierra Leone 71,740 402 26,400 155,700 70

Liberia 111,370 579 19,600 229,700 800

Côte d'ivoire 322,460 510 10,300 104,600 2,800

Ghana 238,540 539 20,900 218,100 8,660

Togo 56,790 56 1,200 2,100 300

Benin 112,620 121 3,100 27,100 1600

Nigeria 923,770 853 46,300 210,900 9,200

Carneroon 475,440 402 10,600 15,400 3,700

Equatorial Guinea 28,050 296 14,710 283,200 naGabon 267,670 885 46,000 213,600 10,000

Sao Tome & Principe 960 210 1,459 160,000 o

Congo 342,000 169 8,900 24,700 1,000

Dem, Rep, of Congo 2,345410 37 1,150 1,000 78,000

Angola 1,246,700 1,650 66,900 605,700 2,000

Total 8,063,070 9,659 45Q769 3,642,200 120,160

In % of Africa 29% 25% 29% 30% 30%

(MSY) need to be up-dated. However, theestimates presently available amount to 3.2million tons a year for the whole region(tab.4). This MSY includes pelagic anddemersal resources in a proportion of 73 %and 24 % respectively. The remaining 3 % isfor shellfish and cephalopods. However, agreat disparity is observed in the geographicaldistribution of the MSY. Thus, 60 % of it isconcentrated between Mauritania and SierraLeone and 11 % in Angola. As a result only920,000 tons (29 % of the total MSY) areshared among the 12 other countries of theregion. Countries whose known potential is themost important are Mauritania (635,000 t.),Senegal (383,000 t.), Guinea Bissau (245,000t.), Ghana (291,000 t.), Gabon (176,000 t.) and

Table 4.- Estimated marine potential (tonnes)

ource: DAF Liaison Officers, FAO 1993

Angola (365,000 t.). lt should be noted that,with the exception of Senegal and Ghana,these coastal countries only exploit a smallpart of their fish resources themselves.Expressed in kilogrammes per capita per year,the potential of the marine resources of thecountries in the region illustrates this geatdisparity (fig. 3).

In economic terms, the fisheries sectorrepresents up to 10 % of the GDP inMauritania, a country with an importantindustrial activity in the sector. Moreover, thefisheries sector ensures 50 % of the currencyinflow and contributes 20 % of the state'srevenues. In Senegal, its contribution to theprimary sector's GDP is 11 % and 7 % in Cote


Pelagics Demersals Cephalopods Crustaceans TotalMauritania 408,000 168,000 59,000 n.a. 635,000

Senegal 258,000 125,000 n.a. n.a. 383,000

Cape Verde 42,000 4,000 n.a. 125 46,125

The Gambia 140,000 11,000 1,000 400 152,400

Guinea Bissau 180,000 65,000 n a n a 245,000

Guinea 110,000 114,000 24,000 4,000 252,000

Sierra Leone 135,000 45,000 10,000 n.a. 190,000

Liberia 35,000 9,000 n.a. n.a. 44,000

sub-total 1,308,000 541,000 94,000 4,525 1,947,525Côtedivoire 51.000 11,500 n.a n.a. 62,500

Ghana 250,000 41,500 n.a. na 291,500

Togo 12,000 800 na na . 12,800

Benin 10,000 3,000 n.a. 400 13,400

Nigeria 80,000 40,000 n.a n a 120,000

sub-total 403,000 96,800 n.a. 400 500,200Cameroon 40,000 12,000 n.a. 11,000 63,000

Equatorial Guinea 38,000 6,000 n.a. n.a. 44,000

Gabon 147,000 29,000 n.a. n.a. 176,000

Sao Tome & Principe 8,000 4,000 n.a. n.a. 12,000

Congo 50,000 12,000 n.a. n.a. 62,Ó00

Dem, Rep, of Congo 15,000 4,000 n.a. n.a. 19,000

Angola 307,000 52,500 n.a. 5,500 365,000

sub-total 605,000 119,500 n.a. 16,500 741,000

Total 2,316,000 757,300 94,000 21,425 3,188,725

d'ivoire, in most countries, the sectorrepresents between 2 and 3 % of total GDP,such as in Cote d'ivoire, Togo, Benin, TheGambia and Ghana. it represents 4 % in

Figure 3.- Marine fish potential (kg/caput/year)

Guinea and 5 % in Sao Tome and Principe.lnCape Verde, fish products, mainly tuna andlobsters, are traditionally the first, and areamong the rare products for export.


Guinea Bissau

Gabon

Gambia

Sao Tome and Principe

Cape Verde

Equatorial Guinea

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Guinea

Angola

Congo

Ghana

Liberia

Cameroon

Côte divoire

Togo

Benin

Nigeria

Dem. Rep. of Congo

r

--J

r

r

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

2. RECENT TRENDS IN THE SECTOR

2.1 Trends in fish production

Total production in the CECAF area in1995 was 3.2 million tons representing a10.6% increase compared to 1994, which stillfalls below the 4.1 million tons produced in1990. Countries associated with the IDAFProgramme produced 1,245,000t. (+7.5%), Morocco 805,000 t.(+12%), European Unioncountries 437,000 t. (-13%) andex-USSR countries 600,000 t.(+50%) (fig.4).

Due to its considerablefisheries potential, most of theproduction is done in theCECAF northern zone (WesternSahara, Canary Islands andMorocco). Thus, in 1995, theyrepresented 55% of productionin all of the CECAF area withthe exception of the greatmigrators, the tunas.

As can be noted,the evolution of thecatches by the fleet incoastal countries hasbeen relatively steadyfor more than 20 yearssince they increased by50% between 1975 and1995. Moreover, it wasalso noted that, for thesecond consecutiveyear, catches made byIDAF countries werehigher than the ones bythe non-coastalcountries. Theircomposition in

percentage, indicates the growingpredominance of small pelagics and the lightweight of demersa! species (fig.5).

To obtain total catches made by allIDAF countries, catches by Angola in thestatistica! Division 47 should be taken into

Figure 4.- Marine catches in CECAF area per fishing fleet

tonnes4 500 000

4 000 000

3500000

3 000 000 -

2 500 000

2 000 000

1 500 000

1 000 000

500 000

75

DIDAF Morocco D Others

95

Figure 5.- Catch composition of IDAF associated countries (1995)

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94

DOthersD Cephalopods

D Crustaceans

D Tunas

D Pe!agics

D Demersals


80 85

Figure 6.- Demersal catches in CECAF area

Others

U Morocco

D Eo-USSRIDAF

DEU

Figure 7.- Small pelagic catches in CECAF area

Figure 8.- Tuna catches in CECAF area

Figure 9.- Cephalopod catches in CECAF area

Others

D MoroccoD Ex-USER

IDAF

DEU

account. They reached 88,000 t. in 1995 witha total of I ,333,000t.

Most of the catches, whether bynational or foreign fleet, consist of smallpelagics (68%). This mainly concerns sardines,sardinellas, bonga and anchovies. Demersalsrepresent 13% of catches, tuna 10%. The restis made up of cephalopods, shellfish, andunidentified fish.

Catches made by foreign fleet can bedivided into catches by countries of theEuropean Union (EU), especially France andSpain, and those of former USSR particularlyRussia and Ukraine, and to a lesser extentLithuania, Latvia, Georgia and Estonia.Division by groups of species according tofleet for 1995 shows a relative concentrationof foreign fleet on tuna and small pelagics (fig.6to 9).

As for catches by French fleet in theCECAF area, they reached 93,000 t. in 1995and consist exclusively of tuna (99%). Catchesby the Spanish fleet reached 328,000t. but aremore diversified with a strong presence ofsardines (3 7%) and tuna (33%). The remainingcatches consist of cephalopods, kakes anddiverse fish as well as shellfish. Other EUcountries that fish in the area are Italy,Portugal and Greece.

In recent years, catches by foreign fleethave greatly decreased because many units ofthe former USSR fleet, subject hitherto toeconomic profitability criteria have stoppedoperating. The catches of this fleet, which wasstill fishing in the CECAF area, especially inthe north, 1,688,000 t. in 1990, decreased to1,468,000 t. in 1991 and 830,000 t. in 1992,517,000 in 1993, and 394,000 t. in 1994. Thisrepresents a fall of almost 1.3 million tons, i.e.77% in four years. Catches slightly improvedin 1995 to 600,000 t. (fig. 10). More than 85%of the catches are small pelagics. Thedecreasing activity of these foreign fleet has anegative impact not only on the revenues ofcoastal countries but also on the supply of lowvalued fish. In some countries, part of thesecatches was used to pay for fishing licences in


kind. This was the case, for example, inGuinea Bissau where catches from formerUSSR countries decreased progressively from78,000 t. in 1990 to 3,000 t. in 1995.

Catches by fleet from countriesassociated to the IDAFProgramme are distributedbetween artisanal andindustrial fisheries in a 3/4 -1/4 proportion. The majorcountries with a nationalindustrial fishing fleet areAngola, Mauritania, Senegal,Ghana, Nigeria and Coted'Ivoire.

It is estimated thatartisanal fisheries productionsignificantly exceeded onemillion tons for the first timein 1996. Generally, a fairlyimportant stability wasnoticed. Nevertheless,increases in production wereregistered in many countrieswith very different situations according to thecountry.

The distribution of artisanal marinecatches by country in 1996 shows a highpredominance of Ghana and Senegal, whichtogether represent 54% of landings in IDAFcountries (tab. 5). Catches in Nigeria representnot more than 12%, a figure to be compared tothe 18% reached in 1992.

In Senegal, catches reached a newrecord of 328,000 t. in an increasing trendsince many years. In The Gambia, productionnearly doubled since 1993. In Ghana, catchesreached 298,000 t. i.e. almost the level reachedin 1992 after a serious fall these past years. InNigeria, production estimated at 138,000 t. isstill far from the average 180,000 t. productionbetween 1988 and 1992 and even the 159,000t. captured in 1995. Catches greatly increasedin Angola and Gabon. It is possible that insome countries, the estimated high productionpartly reflects an improvement in statistics.This could be the case of The Gambia, Gabon

and Angola.

Owing to the unequal quality ofstatistical data and to the fluctuations of pricesduring the year, it is difficult to have anaccurate idea of the value of catches at the

Figure 10.- Catches by former USSR fleet in CECAF area (1972-1995)

1 800 000 i

1 600 000

1400000 *

1200000

1 000 000

800 000

600 000

400 000

tonnes

200 000

o72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94

Table 5.- Artisanal marine fisheriesproduction (1996)

Source: IDAF Liaison Officers


Mauritania 22,300

Senegal 327,900

Cape Verde 4,800

The Gambia 30,500

Guinea Bissau 52,000

Guinea 49,800

Sierra Leone 46,800

Liberia 2,000

Côte d'Ivoire 37,500

Ghana 298,200

Togo 9,900

Benin 7,300

Nigeria 138,2Ó0

Cameroon 45,000

Equatorial Guinea 4,100

Gabon 27,000

Sao Tome & Principe 3,400

Congo 10,500

Dem, Rep, of Congo 3,700

Angola 46,900

Total 1,167,800

landing site. However, it wouldseem reasonable enough toconsider that it must be close to2.5 billion US$, of whichabout 1.1 billion US$ (45%)would be contributed by the fleetfrom the region's coastalcountries, For these countries,demersal species represent 51%of the total value of landings,small pelagics 15% - whereasthey represent 56% in volume-,cephalopods 12%, shellfish 9%and tuna 4%. Nine percent ofcatches are unidentified.

Coastal countries in WestAfrica have the possibility ofincreasing their share of the catches in theirwaters. However, fishing effort should begeared towards small pelagic stocks whichwere until recently fished by foreign industrialfishing vessels, mainly from the former USSR.Unfortunately, with the current state oftechnology, these resources are generally outof scope of artisanal fishing fleet.

Catches from inland waters, also, in asteady increase, were estimated at 497,000 t. in1995, i.e. 27% of total national catches (fig.I I). Aquaculture production is insignificant.

2.2 Means of production

According to the most recentestimates, there are 576,000 full-time artisanalfishermen working at sea and half of them aresupposed to be Nigerians (tab.6). In addition tothese professionals, there is a great number ofpart-time fishermen who are also farmers.

Artisanal fishermen's migration is anessential characteristic of marine fisheries inthe region. Thus, in Gabon, Togolese,Beninese and particularly Nigerians representmore than 75% of marine fishermen. In Togo,65% fishermen are foreigners and in Benin55% are mainly Ghanaians. In Cameroon, theyrepresent 80%, mainly Nigerians. In TheGambia, 67% are foreigners, mainly

Figure 11.-Catches by IDAF associated countrìes (l97595)

tonnes1 600 000

1 400 000

1 200 000

1 000 000

800 000

600 000

400 000

200 000

o75 80 85

Inland waters

90 95

Marine waters J

Senegalese. The latter are also found in GuineaBissau where 27% of the fishermen areforeigners. In Congo, there is a community of500 Popo fishermen from Benin who settledthere in the early I 960s. They represent onethird of the country's marine fishermen. On theother hand, migrant fishermen are generallynot present in insular countries (Cape Verde,Sao Tome and Principe, Equatorial Guinea)and in countries where strong migratingtradition exists: Senegal, Ghana and Nigeria.Migrant fishermen, who often do notregularize their status, live in precarioussituations. Their repatriation from Liberia,Mauritania and Gabon these past years can berecalled. Moreover, in many countries in theregion, they have no right to land ownership.

There are about 135,000 artisanalfishing boats. These are canoes, with theexception of planked boats of 4 to 6 m. inlength built in Cape Verde and the launchesused by the Imraguen populations of theArguin Bank in Mauritania.

Traditionally, the canoes were builtfrom huge tree trunks. These dug-out canoeswere, however, limited in length and volumeby available trunks. But with the necessity ofextending the canoes' range of action and/ordue to the adoption of new fishing methods,they have progressively evolved. Thus, therearc Senegalese canoes built with planks and


Table 6.- Full time artisanal fishermen and artisanal fishingboats per country (1997)

Source: DAFLialson Officers

using purse seines which measure between 14and 20 metres and have a loading capacity of20 tons. In many countries of the region, thereare also dug-out canoes (Equatorial Guinea,Sao Tome and Principe, Congo) or plankedcanoes (Guinea. Sierra Leone, and Nigeria) ofmore modest dimensions adapted to lessintensive fishing.

The Ghanaian-type canoes used on alarge part of the coast are always dug-outcanoes which can measure up to 14 metres inlength. They use heavy and sophisticatedfishing gears such as purse seines or largemesh nets. Wood scarcity is becoming aproblem, so there is a need to review, in thenear future, the very conception of canoes.

The average rate of motorization isgrowing steadily but seems relatively low(32%). This is mainly due to the poormotorization level in Nigeria due to its highcost. Outboard engine horse power is

essentially 8, 15, 25, and 40. Thelarge majority uses petrol. However,an increase in diesel engines isobserved especially in The Gambiaand Guinea Bissau.

The fishing gears used aresimilar from one country to another:gil ¡nets, handlines, longlines, purseseines or even cast nets used by smalldug-out canoes. Some are lesswidespread, for example, small damsin the Bijagos archipelago (GuineaBissau), or trawl nets towed by foot inCameroon or fixed nets in SierraLeone.

One of the areas in whichparticular attention should be paid isthe sea safety of artisanal fishermen.Recent surveys' have shown the oftenunder-estimated impact of accidentsat sea. Thus, in the Programme'snorthern area (from Mauritania toSierra Leone), 518 accidents wererecorded retrospectively between1991 and 1994 leadingto 340 deaths,285 wounded and material losses

evaluated at 1.3 million USS. A similar surveyundertaken in countries in the southern area(from Cameroon to Angola) estimatedaccidents at 152 between 1989 and 1996,causing 202 deaths, 112 wounded and 150,000US$ worth of losses. The fact that theseaccidents mainly happened to- large canoes(12-22 m) in the northern areas and to smallerones (3-12 m) in the southern area clearlyshows the differences between fishingmethods here and there.

2.3 Economic profitability

Between 1995 and 1996, the IDAFProgramme financed and coordinated studieson costs and earnings in artisanal fisheries innine countries of the region (Benin,Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana,

IDAF/WP/7 I and IDAF/WP/1 16


Fishermen Fishing boats Motorization(%)

Mauritania 16,000 2,054 90

Senegal 57,067 fl,636 80

Cape Verde 5,526 1,417 71

The Gambia 2,731 495 87

Guinea Bissau 9,800 2,490 25

Guinea 10,488 2,563 40

Sierra Leone 14,670 5,690 16

Liberia 1,725 513 3

Côte d'ivoire 14,802 2,285 53

Ghana 101,741 8,641 59

Togo 2,876 403 46

Benin 3,596 840 48

Nigeria 272,000 77,000 21

Cameroon 24,136 7,335 27

Equatonal Guinea 3,738 1,290 12

Gabon 5,000 1,500 90

Sao Tome & Pnncipe 2,100 1,870 40

Congo 1,777 560 40

Dem, Rep, of Congo 3,000 800 4

Angola 23,364 4,677 14

Total 576,135 134,059 32

Figure 12.- Cost of one litre of fuel expressed in kg of small pelagics (1997)

Guinea, Mauritania, Nigeria and Senegal)'. Inthis context, fishing units were monitored overa one-year period using a questionnairestructured for data collection on fishingactivities, expenses, catches and revenues.

Data on purse seine, gilinet andhandline fishing units2 in Benin, Cameroon,The Gambia, Guinea, and Senegal give a goodidea of the sub-sector's economic aspects.

Investment costs vary from onecountry to another and within the samecountry depending on the technology used.They are very high for purse seine fishing(from $8,300 in The Gambia to $23,500 inCameroon) but are relatively low for gilinetfishing (from $2,800 in Senegal to $7,300 inGuinea). In Guinea, handline fishing requiresthe lowest investment cost ($2,700).

IDAF/WP/1 00

2 "Handline" is a general term whichincludes simple line and longlines. Units forfresh fish use longlines and their costs andearnings are generally higher than simple linefish ing.

Variable costs are from $10 to $500per fishing trip. The lowest costs per trip areobserved in beach seines and gillnets. Thesecosts exceed $100 and attain $500 in Senegalfor line fishing units which go out to sea for 7to 10 days. Fishing trips vary between 100 and200 days per year.

The most important line item invariable costs is fuel expenses. Therelationship between the value of a litre of fueland the value of production expressed in kiloof small pelagics indicates some differencesamong countries in the region. In the extreme,there is Nigeria, on one hand, where fuel priceis very low and where 180 gr. of fish can buya litre of fuel; and on the other hand, Senegalwhere 9 kg is needed because of the very lowprice of sardinella and high price of fuel. Inthe other countries, 600 gr to 2 kg of smallpelagics need to be sold to buy a litre of fuel(fig. 12).

The lowest annual sales are recordedby gillnet fishing in The Gambia ($3,600). Thehighest are in handline fishing ¡n Senegal($80,100). In Cameroon, sales for seine fishingunit reach $74,000 whilst those for gillnetfishing vary between $3,600 in The Gambia to


Senegal

Gambia

Guinea Bissau

Mauritania

Côte divoire

Cameroon

Angola

Benin

Sao Tome and Principe

Ghana

Cape Verde

D. R. Congo

Congo

Nigeria

0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

$23,000 in Guinea. Concerning line fishing,sales vary from $12,500 in The Gambia to$80,100 in Senegal. The variations observed inannual sales are due to the variations in thevolume of landings and prices of fish.

Net incomes, that is, total sales offishing unit minus operation costs, are, in mostcases, shared between boat owners and thefishing crew. There are various types ofsharing systems according to the countries andaccording to types of units. Very often, sharingis done on a 50% by 50% basis. In Senegal,there is the influence of capitalistic intensityon the structure of the sharing system. Newequipment, echosounders or ice boxes arehenceforth allocated part of the income in thesame way as net, engine or canoe. InCameroon, some fishing units are alsobeginning to remunerate not only theownership of production means but also themanagement of these units.

Variations in earnings and sharingsystems are reflected in the average monthlyrevenues of boat owners and fishermen.Generally, boat owners are better remuneratedthan fishermen. Average monthly incomes ofboat owners are lowest in Benin ($23) andCameroon ($24) for gilinet fishing units. Theyare highest for purse seine fishing inCameroon ($1,370) and Senegal ($993), andfor handline fishing in Senegal ($894). Thebest remunerated fishing unit for fishermen ishandline fishing which gives the highestmonthly income of $515 in Senegal and $160in Guinea. The lowest remunerated units are:seine fishing in Guinea ($17), gilinet fishing($21) and handline fishing in Benin ($21).Contrary to those of fishermen, the incomes ofboat owners generally exceed the basic salariespaid in the public sectors as well as farmers'earnings.

The profitability rate of a fishing unit,the relationship between annual net incomes ofthe boat owner and investment cost, is positivefor all units. The relatively low profitabilityrates are those recorded in gillnet fishing inBenin (6%) and Cameroon (10%) andhandline fishing in Benin (14%). The highest

profitability rates are recorded in handlinefishing in Senegal (137%) and Guinea (128%).

Results of studies on the uses ofincomes by boat owners in Ghana and Senegalshow that artisanal fishermen generally makeprofits and should be able to cover their fixedand variable expenses. However, the boatowners' problem is often a lack of knowledgeof managing their fishing enterprise, especiallysaving for the low season and carrying out therequired replacement of equipment.

However, it is noted that the pricesgiven in local currency are constantlyincreasing. This is inevitable because variousinputs are imported (nets, engines, fuel) andnational currencies are constantly beingadjusted. The problem faced by both boatowners and fishermen is that the purchasingpower of both rural and urban populationswhere unemployment rate is high due toStructural Adjustment Programmes, is low.Consequently, the operators in the sectorcannot compensate the high production costsby a proportional increase of the selling priceof fish. In having not much control over thecosts, they suffer a reduction in income.

It should be noted that the strategyadopted by migrant fishermen differs from onecountry to another depending on the economicsituation. In The Gambia, for example,Senegalese fishermen generally bring withthem fuel which is subsidized in Senegal. Onthe other hand, in Cameroon, Nigerians oftensell their catches and buy the material on thespot. The Beninese fishermen based in Congobuy their canoes from Ghana, like many oftheir colleagues who operate in Benin.

2.4 Trade in fish products

In terms of quantity, the trade balanceof fish products had a deficit of not more than560,000 tons in 1995 (fig.13). Whilst importsrepresented almost 1 .3 million tons in1989-90, they were only 780,000 tons in 1995.Comparing the average in 1993-95 to that of1981-83, a 37% fall in imports was noted.


Figure 13.- Food fish balance in live weight(1970-1995)

tonnes2 000 000

1 500 000

1 000 000

500 000

-500 000

-1 000 000

-1 500 00070 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94

In terms of value, however, thistraditionally negative balance has beenpositive since the mid 1980s. It reached 271.5million US$ in 1995 (tab.7), a significantincrease from 50 million US$ in 1993. This ispartly due to a regular fall in imports since1990 owing to national economic crises butalso to the growth of exports estimated at 770million US$ in 1995.

The main importing countries of theregion in 1995 were Cote dvlvoire (250,000t.)and Nigeria (311 ,000t.). The major suppliersof Cote d'Ivoire were Mauritania, ex-USSRcountries and the Netherlands. Official importsare generally composed of frozen smallpelagics (horse mackerels, sardinellas) as wellas frozen tuna to supply the canneries. Nigeriaimports small pelagics mainly from theNetherlands and Namibia. The DemocraticRepublic of Congo imported 108,000 t. in1995 compared to 150,000 t. in the mid-1980s.They are mainly frozen horse mackerels fromNamib ja.

Ghana imports mainly during the lowseason (December - May). These importsconsist of horse mackerels and mackerelsmainly from Norway, the Netherlands and

Belgium. They reached 26,000 t. in 1995.

Togo imports smoked or dried smallpelagics from Ghana. It also imports frozenhorse mackerels, sardinellas and canned fishfrom Mauritania and the Netherlands. After asharp fall in 1993, these frozen fish importsincreased to 36,000 t. in 1994 and 40,000 t. in1995.

Unofficial imports are mainlycomposed of salted/dried or smoked fish fromneighbouring countries.

Industrial or semi-industrial fleet in thecountries of the region fish for exportessentially. However, it must be noted thatartisanal fishermen increasingly supply theexport channels such as in The Gambia andGuinea. In Senegal, they ensure more than60% of the needs of processing factories.

Fresh or frozen fish are generallyexported to Europe and smoked and dried fishto countries of the region. Ghana and Coted'Ivoire export canned tuna. Some additionalproducts such as shark fins, for example, areexported to Asia or "poutargue" (mullet eggs)exported from Mauritania to Italy. The big


4--Imports O--ExportsBalance

exporting countries areSenegal, Cote d'ivoire andMauritania. These threeprovide 73% of exports inthe region. For somecountries, exports of fishproducts represent anessential contribution to thenational economy. This is thecase of Cape Verde, TheGambia, Sierra Leone andAngola.

Exports in Coted'Ivoire reached a new recordof 233 million US$ in 1995almost double its previousrecord of 134 million US$ in1993. While exports in

Senegal exceeded 200million US$ in the early1990s, they fell sharply to120 million US$ in 1993 and1994. They rose significantlyagain to 165 million US$ in1995. Exports from Ghanaand Nigeria were 60 and 55million US$ respectivelycompared with 30 millionUSS previously. Countrieswhich traditionally werehardly exporters witnessedfish product exports increasesignificantly in the past years. Examples areThe Gambia, whose exports doubled to 7million US$, Guinea which exported 18million US$ worth, an increase compared to1993 and 1994 (7-8 million US$), Togo with4 million US$ instead of 500,000 to 800,000US$ and Benin with 1.5 million US$, morethan the 100,000 to 200,000 US$ in the past.

Exports in Cameroon, on the otherhand, fell. Composed mainly of prawns for theEuropean Union, these exports were slightlylower than 2 million USS in 1995, far from the7 to 8 million US$ recorded at the end of the1980s. Congo also exported only 133,000 US$worth in 1995, as against 5 to 7 million US$exported traditionally.

Table 7.- Balance of trade of fish products in value (1995)

Source: FAO

Exports to neighbouring countrieswere not often recorded but representsignificant amounts for some. Hence inCameroon, for example, they represent 50,000tons of which 20,000 are from the artisanalmarine fishery, for an estimated value of 40million USS.

Due to the different changes that tookplace on the international market, the domesticmarket supply for the region changed in a fewyears. In 1995, as the average since 1991, 63%of the local needs are supplied from thenational production and 37% comes fromimports (fig. 14). In 1990, the relationship wasrespectively 52% and 48% and between 1981and 1983 it was 45% and 55%. This clearlyshows lesser dependence on foreign markets,


Fish productsimports

(millions $)

Fish productsexports

(millions $)

Fish productsbalance of trade

(millions $)

Mauritania 2,0 167,3 165,3

Senegal 17,2 165,3 148,1

Cape Verde 0,5 1,7 1,2

The Gambia 0,3 6,9 6,6

Guinea Bissau 0,5 1,8 1,3

Guinea 4,0 18,3 14,3

Sierra Leone 3,4 20,3 16,9

sub-total 27,9 381,6 353,7

Liberia 1,8 0,8 -1,0

Côte d'Ivoire 164,8 233,3 68,4

Ghana 15,5 59,7 44,2

Togo 15,5 4,3 -11,2

Benin 9,3 1,6 -7,7

Nigeria 139,8 55,3 -84,5

sub-total 346,7 355,0 8,2

Cameroon 27,1 1,9 -25,2

Equatorial Guinea 2,8 1,7 -1,1

Gabon 8,0 6,7 -1,4

Sao Tome & 0,6 0,0 -0,6

Congo 12,4 0,1 -12.2

Dem, Rep, of 48,0 1,1 -46,9

Angola 24,5 21,5 -3,0

sub-total 123,4 33,0 -90,4

Total 498,2 769,7 271,5

a fact that might be seen as Figure 14.- Channels of food fish supply (1995)positive. However, as mentionedabove, this lesser dependence isdue to a sharp fall in imports whichh a s

generally not been matched with acorresponding increase in localproduction. Exports also variedsince 1990 between 15% and 20%of regional production, representing18% in 1995.

Fish trade is largely ensuredby women. The number of personsworking in the fields of fishprocessing and marketing isestimated at 1.8 million. Twodistinctive strategies can be noted:a "domestic" strategy whereby afisherman's wives and femalerelatives process and market hiscatches; another is the"entrepreneurial" strategy used bywomen who finance fishing unitsand do not necessarily have akinship relationship with the boatowners or fishermen. They thusensure a guaranteed supply of freshfish. Data on incomes from thìstrade are almost non-existent.Nevertheless, in 1995, 0. N'Diayeestimated the annual income of aretailer in M'bour in Senegal at1,200 US$ and that of a wholesale fishmongerat 3,200 US$. For the same year, I. Odoteiestimated the income of fish traders at Elminain Ghana at 80 USS, 700 US$ and 1,200 US$respectively according to the volumemarketed: low, medium or high.

Studies on fish processing andmarketing by women in the region show thatthe profitability of these activities is oftenhigh. It depends on the fish species used, thelevel of processing, supply, nearness tomarkets and technology used. Women not onlyuse their incomes for household maintenanceand some social obligations, but also re-investan important part in fishing-related activities.

National Productionloo

External markets

82

Domestic market130

Figure 15.- Per caput food fish supply (1970-1995)

Q>.

17

16

15

14

13o.aQao

11

10

8

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94

0IDAF countries less Nigeria

2.5 Fish consumption

The apparent consumption of fishproducts in the region was estimated at 9.2 kgper capita in 1995 (fig. 15). This consumptionis decreasing sharply compared to that of theearly I 980s when it exceeded 15 kg. This isdue, on one hand, to a fall in imports and onthe other hand, to population growth. Fishconsumption in the region is therefore lessthan the world average of 13 kg.

This relatively low consumptionoccurs in a context of malnutrition. Indeed, inten years, the average index of foodproduction per capita has fallen in mostcountries of the region (tab. 8) and theeconomic crises prevailing in all these


74 76 7870 72

4--All IDAF countries

Table 8.- Fish consumption and its share in proteins (1995)

Source: FAO

countries result in a high reduction of imports.

The situation is however very differentfrom one country to another. In 6 of themnamely Senegal, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea,Gabon, Congo, Sao Tome and Principe,consumption per capita and per year is equal toor exceeds 20 kg. In 7 countries, namely,Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria,Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo andAngola, it is less than 10 kg. In 7 othercountries, it is between 10 and 20 kg per year.

In Ghana, the population increasedfrom 15 to 17.3 million inhabitants between1990 and 1995, At the same time, fish supplyon the domestic market slightly decreasedfrom 390,000 t. to 352,000 t. due to lowproduction (from 394,000 t. to 344,000 t.),increased exports (from 26,000 t. to 36,000 t.)and a slight increase in imports (from 22 to25,000 t.). Under these circumstances,

consumption per capita decreased from 26.0 to20.4 kg/year.

In Congo, which was importing 50,000to 55,000 t. in the mid-80s and was producing30,000 t. for a population of 1.9 millioninhabitants, apparent fish consumption was 40kg/capitalyear. In 1995, the economic crisisled to a fall in imports to 21,000 t., whileproduction reached 36,000 t. However, thepopulation is 2.6 million inhabitants andapparent consumption is only 22.7kg/capitalyear.

in Angola, apparent consumptiondecreased from 25 kg to 9 kg from 1981-1988and 1991-1995. Meanwhile, imports decreasedfrom 130,000 t. to 9,000 t. per year. InCameroon, during the same period,consumption fell for the same reasons from 12kg to 8 kg. Even Cote d'ivoire did not escapesince apparent consumption decreased from 20


Fish consumption(kg/capita/year)

Share offish (%) in

totalproteins

Share offish (%) in

animalproteins

Average index offood productionper capita (1993)(1979-81 = 100)

Mauritania 16.8 6.2 15.1 81

Senegal 27.6 11.4 39.3 111

Cape Verde 18.2 8.3 22.9 n.a.

The Gambia 18.1 11.8 55.1 76

Guinea Bissau 5.4 3.2 16.7 110

Guinea 9.7 6.3 48.9 98

Sierra Leone 14.3 12.2 63.4 86

Liberia 4.6 3.8 21.6 66

Côte dIvoire 12.1 7.4 39.2 89

Ghana 20.4 13.3 57.8 115

Togo 12.6 8.5 44.0 106

Benin 10.8 5.5 31.9 119

Nigeria 6.0 3.0 22.5 129

Cameroon 8.8 4.9 23.6 79

Equatorial Guinea 22.9 347 66.9 na.

Gabon 34.7 12.4 26.2 78

Sao Tome & Principe. 24,3 15.5 . 61.6 n.a.

Congo 22.7 16.4 44.9 79

Dem. Rep. of Congo 5.9 44 26.5 100

Angola 9.2 7.8 32.8 72

kg peryear in the second half ofthe l98Osto12 kg in 1995 due to low production, highexports and imports as well as the growth oflocal production meant for uses other thanhuman feeding (from 15% to 55%).

In Mauritania, changes in significanteating habits were due to the recent years ofdrought and rapid urbanization. Consequentlyapparent consumption increased from less than10kg in 1988/1989 to more than 16kg in 1995.

Senegal maintained a high level of27.6 kg in 1995 at the expense of a fall inexports which declined from 130,000 t. in themid-80s to 83,000 t. in 1995.

In 9 countries in the region, fishprovides 40% of animal proteins. In 8

countries, it supplies more than 20% of totalproteins.

There is a risk of fish price increases inthe future. This will be due to the joint effectof the supply deficit and the quick and steadyprogression of demand, and on the other handthe rise of production and importation costs.

In some countries, the fall in theactivities of fleet in the former USSR whichstarted in 1991, and will probably continue inthe coming years, has a direct effect on thedomestic market supply. Indeed, this fleet wasoften landing small pelagics for sale on thelocal market in compliance with the terms offishing agreements. Moreover, this fish was acheap source of supply for the localpopulations.

Post-harvest losses remain a source ofwaste. Indeed, these concern physical lossesbut they also represent economic lossesresulting from the lack of infrastructures andadequate storage facilities.

Artisanal fisheries catches are soldfresh or processed according to the taste ofconsumers, storage conditions and the

relationship between supply and demand. Inmany countries, cold storage methods areinadequate and fish unsold the same day iseither dried or smoked. Thus in Senegal, 37%of the artisanal fishery catches are processed.It is estimated that 35,000 t. of processed fishwere produced in 1994.

In Sao Tome and Principe, as well asin Cape Verde, more than 80% of the fish ismarketed fresh. About 10% is salted/dried and8% smoked.

In Cote dIvoire, 80% of theproduction is smoked, especially sardinellas,anchovies and herrings. In Benin, the majorpart of the fish sold is processed but it is notedthat more and more quantities of bonga aresold fresh.

In all the countries of the region, thefish market is free and prices vary according tothe law of supply and demand. There are,however, two distìnct markets: the one forsmall pelagics of low market value and theother of demersal fish meant for moreurbanized customers with a relatively higherincome.

The price of small pelagics landed byartisanal fishing units varies seasonallyaccording to their abundance. Compared tothat of meat, it remains cheap. In Ghana andSenegal, the biggest producers in the region,sardinella is less expensive and is soldbetween 0.10 and 0.30 US$/kg. In Togo,anchovies are bought at 0.25 to 0.40 US$/kg.In other countries in the region, prices of smallpelagics vary from 0.30 to 1.00 US$. Theseprices are still very competitive compared tothe ones of meat which vary between 2 and 3US$/kg.

Regarding species of high value, theirprice is close to that of meat which variesgenerally between 1 .5 and 3 US$/kg accordingto the country, abundance and species.


3. DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

As already mentioned in the firstchapter, the economic situation in thecountries of the region is very alarming. Witha Gross National Product (GNP) per capitainferior to 500 US $ per year in most of thecountries, and inferior to 1,000 US $ in all,except in Gabon (tab.2), the financialresources necessary to autonomouslyimplement a sustainable development policyare limited. Moreover, from 1985 to 1995, theaverage annual growth rate of the GNP percapita was negative in most of the countries inthe region.

Table 9.- Total debt and debt service (1994)

Mauritania

Senegal

Cape Verde

The Gambia

Guinea Bissau

Guinea

Sierra Leone

Liberia

Cote d'ivoire

Ghana

Togo

Benin

Nigeria

Cameroon

Equatorial Guinea

Gabon

Sao Tome & Principe

Congo

Dem. Rep. of Congo

AngolaSource: UNDP, 1997

The weight of the debt is particularlyheavy, since the total debt exceeds one year ofGNP (tab.9). In addition, the servicing of thedebt, i.e. payment of interests, often representsan important part of exports. This is why thesuccess of goverment policies often dependson the assistance which their developmentpartners provide.

3.1 Objectives and priorities

The objectives assigned to the artisanalfisheries sector by national authorities are

identical in most of the region'scountries. The major ones are:


Total Debtin % of GNP

Debt service in %of exports

o increase production to ensurefood self-sufficiency;

240 23 o create jobs to fight99 15 unemployment and rural

n.a n.a. exodus;o increase fishermen's income

and welfare;o preserve resources

improve technology.

It should be noted that since afew years ago, the expression "foodsecurity" is replacing "food self-sufficiency". There is therefore amove from a relatively economicnational self-sufficiency concept, foragricultural production in particular,to the recognition of thesecountries'integration in to the worldeconomy, taking into account theimportance of comparative advantagesand trade exchanges. Contrary to thefood self-sufficiency concept, whichmade explicit reference to food

117 14

341 15

95 14

187 n.a

na. n.a.

33g 40

102 25

157 8

109 10

102 18

107 17

n.a. n.a.

122 10

na. n.a.

454 52

n.a. n.a.

na. n.a.

production, food security implicitly refers toincome. Thus, the food security objective wiflbe more easily achieved if income is higher. ltshould therefore be acknowledged thatproduction should lead to the highest possibleincome. In this light, the fall in fish productsimports recorded these past years, which wasnot compensated for by an increase indomestic production, represents a danger forfood security among the populations in theregion.

In the framework of macro-economicpolicies influenced by Structural Adj ustementProgrammes (SAP), the fishety sector issometimes relied upon to attain the objectivesof improving the balance of payments. Thus,one of the objectives sometimes assigned tothe sector is its contribution to foreigncurrency earnings through exports. Thisprimarily concerns industrial fisheries.However, it is observed that in some countriesthe contribution of artisanal fisheries is

significant. This is the case in Senegal wherethe sector supplies more than 50 % of theproducts for export. It is also the case inMauritania and, to a lesser extent, in Guineaand The Gambia. In addition, reduction in fishimports and their substitution by domesticproduction is an objective pursued by manycountries in the region.

However, in a context of intensiveexploitation of the resources, some of theseobjectives are incompatible. Thus, forexample, the increase in employmentopportunities and the consequent entry of newoperators in the fishery will cause, in the longrun, a fall in productivity and therefore inindividual income. The increase in exports willresult in a decrease in the catches available onthe domestic market. Although in this case it ispossible for the income generated by theseexports, generally comprising high valuedproducts, to be used in importing largequantities of low market valued fish meant forpopulations with low purchasing power. Athird example is related to the modernizationof techniques which can entail, in the long run,a fall in job opportunities by substituting

capital for employment.

This is why political decisions must betaken to arbitrate between differentdevelopment options. [t is the responsibility ofadministrative and research institutions, andalso of the populations concerned to help makethese choices. This is all the more necessarybecause more attention is now being given to"sustainable development", particularly in thecase of a renewable and limited resource likefisheries, the overexploitation of which is apermanent threat.

In all the countries of the region,official priority has, for several years, beengiven to artisanal fisherìes and not to industrialfisheries. This is due to several reasons. Firstof all the failure of industrial fisheriesdevelopment policies. They were, on thewhole, costly and non profitable. It should benoted that throughout the world, mostindustrial fishing fleet are highly subsidized,something the economic situation of thecountries in the region does not naturallypermit or no longer permits'. Secondly, inmost countries in the region, fishingpossibilities do not justify the operation andmaintenance of an industrial fleet, in theabsence of an effective sub-regional policy onexploitation and access to the resource. Thegeneral policy then is, on the one hand, tofavour national production and the creation ofjobs by the development of artisanal fisheriesand on the other hand, to give foreign fleet theright to exploit the resources that are out ofreach of artisanal fisheries against payment offishing licences.

On the basis of the 1989 grossincomes, FAO estimated the annual operatingdeficit of the world fishing fleets at 22 billionUS$, not to mention the cost of capìtal. If thelatter is considered, the deficit would be 54billìon US a year.


3.2 Development policies

The trend now in most of the region'scountries is to favour a policy of liberalizationand decentralization. Liberalization throughthe promotion of private enterprises, thedecontrolling of prices and the handing over ofprojects to the private sector or to thefisherfolk communities. Decentrai izationthrough communities taking responsibility fora number of activities and managing theirinfrastructures. The econom je situation, andalso, may be mostly, the need to hold the usersresponsible for the infrastructures and servicesleads more and more countries to require themto pay user fees. In the countries where thecommunities are involved in their owndevelopment through a participatory approach,the fisheries administrations practise thispolicy.

The handing over of developmentprojects to private operators at the end offoreign assistance was practised, some yearsback, by Gabon and Guinea Bissau. Recently,infrastructures provided by developmentprojects were handed over to communitiesinstaed of private operators in The Gambia,Gabon, Ghana and Sierra Leone. However,this can only happen after a real trainingprocess.

The integrated development strategy isstill being carried out with the activeparticipation of fisherfolk communities. Thecountries most involved in implementing thìsstrategy are Benin, The Gambia, Ghana,Guinea, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. CapeVerde, Sao Tome and Principe, and Gabon arealso making an effort in this sense. Guinea andSierra Leone continue the development offisherfolk cooperatives. In Senegal, thegovernment wants to promote EconomicInterest Groups (OIE). In Cote d'ivoire, thefisherfolk communities of Aby lagoon areclosely associated in the elaboration of themanagement plan of the lagoon. In Togo, thefisheries and aquaculture masterplan wasprepared in close collaboration withrepresentatives of various operators in the

sector.

In some countries, the artisanalfisheries sector benefits from fiscal policyadvantages. This applies usually to fuel foroutboard engines and fishing nets. Thesemeasures generally consist of total or partialtax exemption, and are in force in Senegal,Cote d'Ivoire, Mauritania, Gabon, TheGambia and Ghana. In Cape Verde, fuel andice are subsidized. In Guinea, fishingcooperatives are exempted from tax in the firstten years.

However, the use of these fiscalinstruments is more and more questioned byinternational financing bodies within theframework of SAPs. Their removalautomatically provokes a rise in investmentand operation costs which are difficult to passon to the consumers integrally. In past years,fuel subsidy, for example, was stopped inNigeria, The Gambia, Togo, and Ghana.

In many countries, no subsidy or taxexemption policy is applied. This is the ease ofAngola, Ren in, Cameroon, Congo, Guinea,Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tomeand Principe and Democratic Republic ofCongo.

Faced with high production costs,artisanal fisherfolk have adopted a certainnumber of strategies. The most widespread isthe carry over of all new investments and thereduction of maintenance costs. In Senegal,despite the duty-free fishing equipment andgears, and fuel subsidy, ice canoes use onlyone engine and purse seines abandon thesecond accompanying canoe, prefering, whencatches are heavy, to find a canoe around thearea to bring back part of the catch to theshore. Other measures recently taken by boatowners concern voluntary limitation of fishingeffort and catches ¡n order to maintain theprice. In Ghana, some boat owners reduce thedistance to fishing sites to save on fuel,thereby leading to reduced catches and highprices. They also purchase by-catches fromindustrial trawlers at sea to re-sell on shore. In


many countries, long line fishing unitsequipped with insulated boxes make long trips,sometimes as long as 7 days in order to saveon fuel. In Sao Tome and Principe, FishAggregating Devices (FAD) were introducedto increase catches while reducing fuel costs.

Moreover, while the investment costsare ever increasing, the institutional financingsystems often appear inadequate. Thefinancing of artisanal fishing units through thischannel has become very scarce, except whenthose institutions serve as intermediary forforeign financing institutions that supply thefunds, However, these institutions have a roleto play regarding the mobilization of savingsfor the development of the sector, especiallywhen resources in the informal financingsector are low or when conditions are severe.Since the devaluation of the CFA franc, it hasbeen observed that the informal sector hasbeen limited in financing artisanal fisheries. Infact, the high investment costs and the fall inprofit margins have reduced the renewal offishing units in CFA franc zone countries.

In some countries, the governmentoffers credit facilities to artisanal fishermenand supplies them with cheaper inputscompared to the ones available on the market.This can be achieved by the intermediary offisheries administrations and parastatal organs.In the case of The Gambia and Cameroon,these measures are part of a more global policyaimed at equipping and training localfishermen in a sector where foreigners arepredominant.

A few countries possess a financingstructure dealing only with the development ofthe fisheries sector. However, it was noticedthat in 1994, Congo adopted the workingregulations of the Fisheries Management Fundestablished in 1988. Up to 1997, this Fund,whose receipts should consist of profits fromthe tax on fishing licences, canoe tax, fines,loans, gifts and legacies, was not yetrunctioning. In The Gambia, the FisheriesDevelopment Fund finances a certain numberof activities in the fisheries sector. The

Artisanal Fisheries Support Fund (FADEPA)established in 1992 in Angola is also to becited. Cote d'Ivoire is looking at the possibilityof creating a Fisheries and AquacultureDevelopment Fund.

A matter of increasing interest to theadministrators of the sector is insurance.However, the countries wherein it exists arevery rare. That is why the experience ofSenegal in this field is being given seriousattention. Life insurance related to credit toartisanal fisheries is very common there. Itspremium rate is 5%o. An appeal for tenderswas announced in 1994 for equipmentinsurance. Four companies have proposed arate of 8 %, which seems to be reasonable andis likely not to increase too much the cost ofthe credit. However, the boat owners areexpected to fulfill a certain number ofprerequisites : connecting the engine to theboat, use of life jacket, owning anextinguisher, carrying out control visits, etc.To date, the system has not yet been proposedto boat owners.

Final iy, ensuring fishermen' s physicalsafety at sea has become an issue of toppriority and is gaining momentum in manycountries of the region. A long and patientsurvey work on this issue was undertaken in1994 by IDAF in the countries of the northernzone, i.e. from Mauritania to Sierra Leone, andalso in Sao Tome and Principe. During theperiod 1991-1994, 518 cases of accidents wererecorded and these caused 340 deaths and 285injured fisherfoiks. Material losses wereestimated at 1.2 million US $. This work wasundertaken in 1996-1997 in countries of thesouthern zone, from Cameroon to Angola. Theresults showed that there were 152 accidentsresulting in 202 deaths, 112 injured andmaterial losses estimated at 1 50,000 US $. In1997-1998, the same work is underway incountries of the central zone. It shouldhowever be noted that, in the absence ofefficient national sea-accident recordingsystem, these estimates are much lower thanreality. IDAF, in collaboration with FAO'sFìsheries Department, organized, in 1997, a


training workshop on sea safety for membercountries of the Sub-regional FisheriesCommission.

3.3. National institutions supporting thesector

3.3.1 Administrative institutions

In all the countries of the region, thefisheries sector depends on a Department or aMinistry. A specialized technical Ministryexists in five countries : Mauritania (Ministryof Fisheries and Maritime Economy), CapeVerde (Ministry of the Sea), Senegal (Ministryof Fisheries and Maritime Transport), Guinea-Bissau and Angola (Ministry of Fisheries). InGuinea, in 1997 the Ministry of Fisheries andLivestock replaced the Ministry of Fisheriesand Aquaculture. In Equatorial Guinea, aMinistry of Fisheries and Forests is found andin Sao Tome and Principe, a Ministry ofAgriculture and Fisheries.

However, the financial, material andhuman means allocated to the fisheriesadministrations in the region are really low.This situation, which is not new, is worseningunder the effects of SAPs. As in other nationaladministrations, there is a reduction in staffand running costs. Similarly, it is almostimpossible to make the least investmentwithout the help of foreign partners.

3.3.2 Research institutions

There is an important number offisheries research centres in the region. Amongthese we can mention

o Centre National de RechercheOcéanographique et des Pches(CNROP), Nouhadibou, Mauritania;

o Centre de RechercheOcéanograph ¡que de Dakar-Thiaroye(CRODT), Dakar, Senegal;

I Institut de Technologie Alimentaire


(ITA), Dakar, Senegal;Institute of Marine Biology andOceanography (IMBO), Freetown,Sierra Leone;

o Centre National des SciencesHalieutiques de Boussoura (CNSHB),Conakry, Guinea;

G Centre de RecherchesOcéanographiques (CRO), Abidjan,Cote d'Ivoire;

O Nigerian Institute for Oceanographyand Marine Research (NIOMR),Lagos, Nigeria;

o Food Research Institute (FR1), Accra,Ghana;

G Fisheries Research Station of Limbe,Cameroon;

o Centro de Investigacao Pesqueira(CIP), Luanda, Angola.

Unfortunately, in addition to thelimited financial resources - be it investment oroperating budget - two main factors limit thescope of work of these Research Centres: firstof all, there is too little consultation andcoordination with fisheries administrations inthe definition of research priorities. This oftenlimits the operational character of the resultsobtained. Secondly, it is noticed that there is ahigh concentration on the study of thebiological aspects of the resource, thusneglecting socio-econom ic issues.

It is encouraging to see, in recentyears, a certain number of researchprogrammes developed in cooperation withforeign institutions. The Bergen Institute ofFishery Research, Norway, has undertaken, incollaboration with FAO and the coastalcountries, a number of studies financed by theNorwegian cooperation agency, NORAD. Inthis context, N/O FridtjofNansen undertook,in 1995 and 1996, acoustic campaigns inwaters from Guinea Bissau to Morocco. Aworkshop on modern stock assessmentmethods took place in Casablanca in February1997. Morocco hosted and funded theparticipation of 12 people in the CECAFregion. France, through ORSTOM, cooperateswith Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea and Cote

d'ivoire in the fields of population dynamicsand coastal areas development.

The Portuguese Research Institute(INIP) has undertaken some cooperationprogrammes with Guinea Bissau, Cape Verdeand Angola. As for the Federation of Russia,it has some research programmes withMauritania, Guinea Bissau and Sierra Leoneespecially with its R/V AtlanNIRO researchvessel. Spain (lEO) and France (IFREMER)have signed some cooperation agreements withCNROP (Mauritania).

In Benin, the Canadian Cooperationfinanced a research programme on demersalstock. A restitution workshop was held inCotonou in April 1997 to elaborate amanagement plan. Angola collaborates withNamibia and South Africa in stock assessmentresearch programmes.

In 1997, three CECAF WorkingGroups met on sardine (February),cephalopods (May) and hakes and deep seashrimp (May).

3.4 Fisheries legislation

All the countries of the region have afisheries legislation. These legislations arerecent or were up-dated recently.

Since 1995, especially with theassistance of the "Improvement of the legalframework for the cooperation, managementand development of fisheries in West Africancoastal states" project, many activities werecarried out in this field. In Guinea, a code onmarine fisheries was concluded and animplementation regulation as well as a frame-law on inland fisheries were elaborated; inSenegal fishing rights were revised; in Gabon,a law on fisheries and a generalimplementation regulation was elaborated; inGuinea Bissau, a law on fisheries, a generalimplementation regulation, and a regulation onartisanal fisheries were concluded; in Angola,a fisheries regulation was elaborated; in Sao

Tome and Principe, a law on fisheries and animplementation regulation were elaborated.

This project has equally given supportto regional and sub-regional organizations,particularly for activities in harmonizinglegislations and marine regulations. Numerousactivities have been conducted in this context,notably those that concern the Sub-regionalFisheries Commission and the RegionalCommittee for the Fisheries of the Gulf ofG u i flea.

In Benin, the updating of legislativetexts and regulations is in progress, as well asthe preparation of a Fisheries Code. In Ghana,the first draft of a new Fisheries Code (Law onManagement and Development of Fisheries)has been prepared. Many seminars have beenorganized in 1996 and 1997 to sound theopinion of different operators on the text. TheCode will be submitted to Parliament at thebeginning of 1998.

Unfortunately, in many countries, theimplementation regulations are not completeor are non existent. This deprives thelegislation of every possibility of enforcement.

However, all the countries of theregion really need a legislation which is bothadequate and whose enforcement cost is

acceptable. The absence or non respect ofthese regulations endangers resource, createsa loss of financial revenue for the state as wellas the multiplication of conflicts with theiradverse effects for artisanal fishermen.

it has been observed that exportingco untrìes, particularly Senegal, Mauritania,The Gambia and Cote d'Ivoire, have madeconsiderable efforts since 1994 to strengthenthe norms of hygiene and sanitation. Such acompliance is henceforth necessary to meet therequirements of the international market andmainly the European Community's newguidelines on the issue.

lt was noted that during the revision ofnational legislations, special consideration wasgiven to the formulation of measures related to


fisheries surveillance, in particular to theimprovement of norms applicable tosurveillance. This is the case in Angola,Guinea, Guinea Bissau and Senegal. Amongthe measures proposed is the effort being madeto better channel the authority of surveillanceagents by clearly defining their functions.Other measures are the clarification ofreporting procedures and offence detectionprocedures; thorough study of the issue of onthe spot reporting which is very important inaerial surveillance operations to facilitateoffence detection with regard to licence andfishing infringement in prohibited zones andthe clarification of sanction procedures and tofacilitate the leaders' tasks, the search for alightening of limits on fines.

A problem faced by most of theregion's countries is the high Cost ofMonitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS)which, in some cases, could even absorb allthe benefits a country gains from the transferof fishing rights. Several approaches can beused to limit the MCS cost. They arc: regional,sub-regional or participatory. Regional or sub-regional cooperation can lead, for example, tothe creation of a register for national andforeign fishing boats, the joint operation ofsurveillance airplanes, the harmonization ofaccess policies and procedures, the use ofsatellites, etc. It is a strategy that the Sub-regional Fisheries Commission and theMinisterial Conference are trying toimplement. Within the framework of a moreparticipatory approach, it seems necessaryhenceforth to associate fisherfolk communitiesboth in the preparation of the legislations andin their enforcement. These differentapproaches are not exclusive, but rathercomplementary.

A particularly interesting example isSenegal where fishery resources and theincomes generated are very important. TheFisheries Protection and Surveillance Projectin Senegal (PSPS), established in 1 983, meetsa double objective : the protection ofSenegalese territorial waters and a rationalexploitation of its fisheries resources. The

structure has five centres for coastalsurveillance at the most sensitive landing sites.This permits the involvement of coastalpopulations. Since 1991, the PSPS has alsobeen responsible for the management ofconflicts and accidents at sea.

3.5. Regional fisheries policies

A certain number of regionalstructures specific to the fisheries sector havebeen set up. But apart from CECAF, they areall recent and do not often have the financialand human resources necessary to carry outtheir duty.

o The Fishery Committee for the EasternCentral Atlantic Region (CECAF) wascreated in 1967 in accordance with theFAO Constitutive Act and in

application of an FAO Councilresolution. It includes the coastalcountries from Morocco to theDemocratic Republic of Congo and 10non African countries operating in theregion. The Committee is empoweredto give its views to governments ofmember States to help them define thescientific bases of regulation measuresaiming at ensuring the conservationand improvement of marine resourcesin all the areas under its authority. TheCommittee held its thirteenth sessionìn Dakar in December 1995. The SixthSession of the Working Group onStatistics and the Eleventh Session ofthe Working Group on ResourceAssessment were held in Accra inSeptember 1997. The CECAF Sub-Committee on resource managementwithin the framework of nationaljurisdiction met in Lome in December1997.

e The Sub-Regional FisheriesCommission (SRFC) composed ofCape Verde, The Gambia, Guinea,Guinea Bissau, Mauritania andSenegal, was created in 1985 and


s

constitutes a basis for cooperation iiithe field of fisheries management anddevelopment for those countriescharacterized by a geographical andbiological interdepedence of fishstocks. It allows, in the long run, theelaboration of joint policies andfavours cooperation in the fled ofaccess to fishing areas among memberstates. The Commission has recentlystarted some activities such as thecreation of a regional register forfishing boats, the review ofpossibilities for sub-regionalcooperation in the field of surveillanceand enforcement, the harmonization ofresearch programmes, the training ofobservers on a sub-regional basis andthe creation of a sub-regional databasefor fishery statistics. The EleventhSession of the SRFC CoordinationCommittee met in February 1997 inBanjul. It reviewed various on-goingprojects in SRFC countries. A Round-Table of donors on assistance tofisheries in the sub-region was held inPraia, Cape Verde, in March 1997.

The Ministerial Conference onFisheries Cooperation among AfricanStates bordering on the Atlantic Oceanwhose first meeting took place inRabat in April 1989 is composed ofthe states from Morocco to Namibia.On that occasion, the States of theregion expressed their common will toreinforce and develop theircooperation in the fields of resourceevaluation and preservation, as well asin fish production. For that purpose,they insisted on the development ofmarine scientific research and thereinforcement of professional andtechnical training. The third Sessionwas held in Praia, Cape Verde, in July1 995 where Morocco was given thePermanent Secretariat of theConference.

The Regional Fisheries Committee for

s

s

the Gulf of Guinea (COREP) wascreated in 1984 by Congo, Gabon.Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome andPrincipe and the Democratic Republicof Congo. This Committee aims atcoordinating, harmonizing, anddeveloping the exploitation ofcommon stocks which are in theExclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) ofmember states and managing them. Upto now Equatorial Guinea has notratified the Convention, which reducesthe Committee to four countries. Thesecretariat is in Libreville, Gabon. Forvarious reasons, the Committee is notyet really functional.

The International Commission for theConservation of Atlantic Tunas(ICCAT was created in 1966. It iscomposed of 22 members of which 9are from West Africa : Angola, Benin,Cape Verde, Cote d'ivoire, Gabon,Ghana, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea andSao Torne and Principe. The speciesthe Commission deals with includetunas and related species. Consideringthat these species are highly migratory,ICCAT is essentially interested indeep sea fisheries.

The Economic Community forLivestock. Meat and FisheryResources (CEBEVIRHA) wascreated in 1964 together with theCustom and Economic Union ofCentral African States (UDEAC)which comprises Cameroon, CentralAfrican Republic. Chad, Congo,Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.CEBEVIRI-IA which recently becameeffective held its second quadripartiteconsultation meeting on fisheries in1995.

The Regional Information andCounsellina Service for the Processingand Marketing of Fish Products inAfrica (INFOPECIiE) is a regionalinter-governmental organization since


1994. Based in Abidjan, Cote d'ivoire,it regularly provides information onthe market, gives technical advice onproducts and processing, and ensurestraining in post-harvest specializedareas in the region. It is part of theregional information service networkon fish marketing and technical advice(INFOFISH for Asia and the Pacific,INFOPESCA for Latin America andINFOSAMAK for Arab countries)

Mention should be made also of theLagos Treaty of 28 May 1975 creating theEconomic Community of West African States(ECO WAS). This treaty aims at establishing aprogressive integration among the signatorycountries as well as the free movement ofpersons and goods. Though the treaty does notprovide any specific measure in the field offisheries, some activities have beenundertaken, sometimes through a sub-projecton fisheries, in order to strengthen theeconomic cooperation and the integration ofthe countries of the region.

Finally, the Economic Community ofWest Africa (CEAO) has stopped financingthe regional training centre which was theHigher Institute of Technical and FisheriesSciences (ISSTH) in Nouadhibou, Mauritania,the Institute was closed in 1995.

3.6. Fisheries development andmanagement planning

3.6.1 Constraints

The constraints to the development ofartisanal fisheries are many: environmental,technical, financial, institutional and socio-cultural.

Due to the scattering and remoteness ofthe fishing sites as well as the lack of feederroads, there is a great distance betweenproducers and consumers. This causessubstantial economic and physical losses.Moreover, some areas which are rich in

resources but poor in market outlets, could bebetter exploited. Such is the case in the southof Gabon, Cape Verde and Sao Tome andPrincipe where the richest islands in fishresources are not the most populated.

in many countries, the environment isthreatened by not only natural factors, likedrought, but also by human actions. In oil-producing countries, and particularly in Congoand Nigeria, the fishing area is narrowing dueto off-shore oil exploration. The latter isequally a source of severe bio-ecologicaldamages. Another danger is linked to massivedeforestation. Artisanal fisheries contributes,in part, to this situation through the use ofwood for constructing fishing boats and aboveall, through the large quantities of wood usedin fish-smoking activities. It is feared that thegradual disappearance of forests and theabsence of a reforestation policy will makewood supply decrease in future. Anyway it isforeseeable that the cost of wood will increasedue to the increasing distance to the collectionsites.

In numerous coastal areas, the barphenomenon is a source of dangerouscapsizing to artisanal fisherfolk. This is one ofthe reasons why their activities are based inrelatively sheltered fishing ports. Anothernatural phenomenon which threatens thedisappearance of fishing villages is coastalerosion, most especially in the Gulf of Guinea.

The appearance and proliferation ofsome floating plants which dramaticallydecrease the natural productivity of waterbodies is observed in certain inland waters.This occurs in Benin, Togo, Cote d'Ivoire andNigeria. Moreover, the destruction of bordervegetation has caused bank erosion andconsequently the filling up of lagoons.

The main constraint linked to theenvironment is the fisheries potential. Currentknowledge does not make it possible to hopefor a great increase in the exploitation level.The consequence will undoubtedly be anintensification of the competition between


artisanal and industrial fishing units, as well asan increase in the price of fish.

Among the technical constraints arethe lack or inadequacy o infrastructures forfish preservation, inappropriate fishing boatsand techniques, the lack of training of andequipment for the administrative personnel inthe sector.

Onshore infrastructures are ofteninadequate and many fishing communitieshave no access to drinking water, electricityand communication networks. Social serviceslike health and education are often lacking inthese fishing communities.

The quality of some artisanal fishingboats is poor. Accidents at sea show it.Moreover, canoes are not always adapted tooutboard engines. Improving fishing boatswill generally allow for the use of low-powered engines and the reduction of fuelconsumption.

Improving the technical competence offisheries personnel is often not a priority forthe fisheries administrations in the region.Despite limited financial resources, too fevtrain ing and continuous training activities areundertaken.

As has been observed, the economicsituation in the countries of the region isdifficult. Financial resources allocated tofisheries will probably not improve in thecoming years. lt is well known, presently, thatthe operating budget and equipment granted tothe fisheries administrations do not alwaysallow the staff to simply operate in the field.Moreover, the trend of diminishing externalassistance, which is now observed, willprobably continue in the future.

Al the niicroeconomic level, there is acrisis of private investment in many countries.The most affected are those where economicor political crisis is or has recently occured:Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria andDemocratic Republic of Congo. In sorne

countries, it is equally difficult to find privateoperators willing to invest in the distributionof fishing material and equipment. This hascaused irregularity in the supply of inputs inGuinea, Cameroon and Sao Torne andPrincipe. ¡n Guinea Bissau and Sao Tome andPrincipe there is a regular shortage of fuel thatdisturbs fishing activities.

Given the rise of operating costs, acertain number of strategies are beingimplemented by the fisherfolk communities.The most frequent one is the aforementionednon-renewal of equipment. ¡ri Guinea Bissau,it is very common to see as many as threeboats being propelled by the same engine. It isthe boat that takes the median position whichcarries the engine and the other two, oftensmaller, are connected to the towing boat withtheir prows fixed together with the latter's.The whole apparatus looks like the head of anarrow. In Senegal, motherships appeared in theearly 80s with Portuguese, Korean andSpanish units. This practice, prohibited by thelegislation of Senegal in 1987, was transferredfrom Senegalese EEZ waters to the waters ofthe neighbouring countries of Guinea, GuineaBissau and Sierra Leone. Each of thesetrawlers of 100 to 400 gross tonnage carriesabout forty canoes with a crew of 5 to 6fishennen in each canoe.

There is a shortage of credit onfinancial markets, due to the inadequacy of theinstitutional banking system to finance theartisanal fisheries sector. A fall of the creditfrom the informal sector or a rise in its cost isto be feared, because of the prevailing highincrease in production costs and the fall in theprofitability of fishing units. In thesecircumstances, the government sometimessteps in to compensate for the weaknesses ofthe private sector. There are also problemsassociated with the personal contributionrequested by credit institutions. In fact, thefisherman hardly ever has enough capital tomeet this condition. Consequently, he borrowsthe necessary amount from the informal sectorto cover the personal contribution which willguarantee the receipt of the loan. This strategy

30 IDAF Technical Report NC 122

questions the fisherman's capacity to pay backthe loan, especially since, for social reasons,the informal sector will always be a prioritywith regard to repayment.

On the other hand, fishermen are oftenwary of banking institutions mainly because ofthe loss of their savings when some banks gobankrupt as was the case not so long ago inBenin and Cameroon. Since then, they useinformal systems such as rotating savings andcredit schemes, savings and creditcooperatives or neighbourhood funds.

It is also observed that incomes fromfishing licences are rarely re-invested into thesector. They are very often allocated to thestate's general budget, while part of theseprofits could be used to preserve the verysource of these incomes. Moreover, thedecrease in activities, and sometimes thewithdrawal of some former USSR fleet, causesconsiderable losses to some countries of theregion.

Institutional constraints are wellknown : lack of personnel, particularly forresearch and MCS, inadequate monitoring andextension means, lack of necessary skills infisheries planning and management. Asalready mentioned, the general context is notfavourable for the reduction of the weight ofthese constraints. Nevertheless, greatercoordination and collaboration amongdifferent institutions could gather, eventemporarily, resources which do not existwithin fisheries administrations. This isparticularly desirable in planning and research.

In many countries, there is seriousinstitutional instability due to the inclusion ofthe fisheries sector in different ministriesaccording to changes. This is a handicapduring planning.

Socio-cultural constraints are related tothe low level of education and social status ofthe artisanal fishermen who, in manycountries, are given little consideration. Someof them consider fishing as a subsistence

activity or share their time between fishing andagriculture. This is often a strategy of riskminimization which is often considered as lackof professionalism.

In countries where the majority of theprofessionals are foreigners, as in Cameroon,Gabon and Congo, it is noticed that thenational manpower is getting old, which is asign of the youth's lack of interest in theprofession.

In certain social groups, such as theBijagos society in Guinea Bissau, productivework is not considered as a priority for the pre-initiation age-group (20-30 years). Their assetsmust be redistributed to the old people whohave authority and power. This is not likely topromote private initiative.

3.6.2 Opportunities

The liberal policies carried out forsome years by governments of the region haveencouraging and positive effects for privateinitiative. In many cases, they have inducedprivate operators or fisherfolk communities totake responsibility of some duties formerlyreserved exclusively for the state. These neworientations helped privatize the managementof some projects and set up new associativestructures.

In administration, a reduced but bettertrained staff, convinced that a decentralizedand participatory approach is henceforthindispensable, will undoubtedly be moremotivated to accomplish tasks. Recent trainingefforts in participatory approaches as well aspilot activities carried out in closecollaboration with fishing communities arecertainly experiences to be repeated andreinforced.

The opportuity to increase the landingsof artisanal fisheries seems limited to thelocalisation of some underexploited stocks.The latter exist in the Guinea Bissau - Guinea -

IDAF Technical ReportN° 122 31

Sierra Leone zone and in the waters extendingfrom Cameroon to Angola. lt is unlikely thatthe pelagic resources which are up to now lessexploited by foreign fleet will be within reachof artisanal fishing units. A stock of hardlyexploited demersals has been indentified in thesouth-west region of Cote d'ivoire.

The lack or the inadequacy of on shorepreservation infrastructures certainly createssome economic losses, especially regardinghigh value fish species. However, manywomen take advantage of this situation toprocess and market the unsold fresh products.A policy of improving preservation, forexample through the introduction of small coldrooms and ice machìnes, should take intoaccount the risk of seeing these processors andtraders lack raw materials.

Under the effect of demographicgrowth, the demand for fish will continue toincrease, which should favour the economicprofitability of artisanal fishing units. Thesupply of high value fish to operators orientedtowards export can also enable artisanalfishermen to substantially increase theirrevenues, as is the case in Senegal, Mauritaniaand The Gambia.

The idea of regional collaboration isnot new, but it is rather a long term process.Considering the very nature of the resourceand the common problems faced by theregion's countries in its exploitation, regionalcollaboration must be pursued andencouraged. Unfortunately there is yet noregional forum which gathers the Directors ofFisheries of West Africa.

Finally, foreign assistance still remainsavailable for the development of the artisanalfisheries sector in the region. These financialresources, which have in the past some timesbeen squandered, even when reduced, is anopportunity for the region's governments tomake the best use of them.

3.6.3 Planning process

The adoption of political andeconomic reforms by the region's countriesrequires the reinforcement of analysis andplanning capacities at the national level.Indeed, it is more and more important to beable to optimize the use of the resources thatarc becoming increasingly scarce whether theyare natural, financial or human.

Unfortunately, the national capacitiesin planning are often inadequate. Developmentplans are most of the time nothing but a list ofproject proposals submitted for theappreciation of donors. It should be noted,however, that fisheries departments have rarepossibilities to recruit economists and that onlya few countries have a real planning unitwithin the fisheries department. A possiblesolution to this problem is the setting up at thenational level of a multidisciplinary team. Itsmembers, coming from variousadministrations, would meet periodically todevelop coordination and monitoring ofactions undertaken. Such a team met for thefirst time in Canieroon and Senegal in 1997with the assistance of the IDAF Programme, Asimilar exercice is envisaged for 1998 in TheGambia, Ghana, Benin and Sao Tome andPrincipe.

The updating of information onartisanal marine fisheries in the regioncontinues. A sectoral review of marinefisheries was made in 1993 in Guinea Bissauand Cameroon, in 1994 in Sao Tome andPrincipe, in 1995 in Togo and Congo, in 1996in The Gambia and Gabon, and in 1997 inBenin and Cote d'ivoire.

The participation of and consultationwith the operators of the sector is more andmore noticed. Thus a regular use of theParticipatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA)techniques is made in Benin, Guinea and TheGambia to identify and solve problems. Othercountries have shown interest in this approachand have recently familiarized themselves with


it: Sao Tome and Principe, Cape Verde,Senegal, Togo, Gabon and the DemocraticRepublic of Congo.

Since 1995, the Fisheries Master Planwas elaborated and adopted in Togo, TheGambia, Mauritania, Guinea Bissau,Equatorial Guinea and Guinea. In Senegal,public authorities had talks with all the actorsin the sector in 1997 (administration,professional organizations in the artisanal andindustrial sectors, research) to study thesector's problems. This reflection has led tothree determining results for the sector'sfuture: a draft policy reform, a draft revision ofthe fisheries code and a draft programme ofpriority actions.

There are few national professionalorganisations in the sector, with the notableexception of the National Association ofSenegalese Artisanal Fishermen (CNPS). InBenin, artisanal fishermen are part of theNational Union of Artisanal Marine Fishermenof Benin (UÌ'ÏAPEMAB). In Guinea, theCommittees of Landing Sites Users are arecent but really operational structure. InGabon, the government is eager to redynamizethe Fisheries Centre of Owendo by handingover its management to economic operators'representatives. In The Gambia,representatives of various communities formeda Management Committee of 7 CoastalCommunity Fisheries Centres. In Ghana, theYeji Community Fisheries Centre has enteredits active stage.

lt is clear then that planning is nolonger considered as a directing process, butrather as the search for a consensus among allthe operators in the sector on the greatorientations, a short-term programme of actionand the implementation of facilitatingmeasures. This concept was applied in 1995 inTogo. Its efficiency will, however, depend ona better adequacy between human resourcesand planning tasks on the one hand, and theeffective participation of the populationsconcerned in the development process on theother. It should however be acknowledged that

external financial resources are often necessaryfor the implementation of somerecommendations.

3.7 Fisheries resources management

There are few examples of a nationalpolicy on fisheries management in thecountries of the region. This can be explainedby the lack of indicators, especially biologicaland socio-economic. Another reason is thedifficulty to take the decision to limit access tothe resource, even when the proposal is

documented. This also becomes a verydifficult question when it concerns foreignfleet that generate substantial monetaryincomes and whose governments have closepolitical and economic relationships with thecountries of the region.

In Guinea, the fisheries managementpolicy is based on a fisheries plan fixedannually through a Ministerial Decree. ThisFisheries plan is designed on the basis of dataand information supplied by the NationalMarine Science Centre of Boussoura(CNSHB) and the National FisheriesSurveillance Centre (CNSP). The measuresstipulated in the plan determine theexploitation level of resources, the conditionsfor technical, economic and legal exploitation,the potential for groups of species, the effortquota according to fishing type, and theprotection of endangered species.

Two measures are commonly in force.Fist of all the delimitation of an exclusivefishing area legally reserved for artisanalfisheries or more generally forbidden totrawling (tab.1O). These zones seem to varyaccording to the size of the continental shelf,protect the coastal zone including breedingzones and nurseries and are destined to limitartisanal and industrial fishing activity zones.The second is the regulation on the minimummesh size of the various types of fishing nets.

Moreover, many countries have


Table lo.- Zone reserved to artisanal fisheries

Nautical miles

Mauritania

Senegal

Cape Verde

The Gambia

Guinea Bissau

Guinea

Sierra Leone

Liberia

Côte dIvoire

Ghana

Togo

Benin

Nigeria

Cameroon

Equatorial Guinea

Gabon

Sao Torne & Principe

Congo

Dem. Rep. of Congo

Angola

6

trawling prohibited

7

12

6

5

na.

-1

<30m depth (1- 5-14)

:3

2

5

2

n.a.

3

n a.

8

na3

adopted the minimum commercial size forsome species. This measure concerns,according to the country, cephalopods, shell-fish, oysters, sardinella, chinchard, horsemackerel, mackerel and tuna. The use ofexplosives and toxic substances is prohibitedin all the countries. It is rare to prohibit fishingtechniques in artisanal fisheries. However,there is one exception: prohibition of the useof beach seine in The Gambia.

In artisanal fisheries, controlling themesh size is almost non existent due, on onehand, to the enormous resources required and,on the other hand, to the socio-culturalcharacter of the environment. In addition,some fishermen make their own nets.

However, resource management is anessential element for the success ofdevelopment policies. Over-exploitation willinevitably entail a fall in investmentprofitability, a decrease in job opportunitiesand consequently the impoverishment of

fisherfolk communities and a loss of revenuefor the whole country. Also the fact that manystocks are shared among several countries willrequire a subregional cooperation both in theelaboration of management measures as wellas in their implementation.

Presently, reduction in the activities ofthe former Soviet Union fleet will alleviate thepressure on the stocks of small pelagics,especially since it is difficult to imagine, in theabsence of national industrial fleet oriented tothis resource in the region's countries, asubstitute taking over the exploitation of suchresource of low commercial value. As fordemersal species, it seems, apart from somevery localised stocks, that they are presentlyexploited at a level close to the sustainablemaximum.

There is increasing anxiety regardingthe degradation of the coastal environment.Even if the situation is not as alarming as insome other regions of Asia, the use ofpesticides, the silting resulting fromdeforestation, the destruction of mangroveswamps, the oil exploration, bear harmfulconsequences on the reproduction capacity offisheries resources.

Economic problems and the rising costof inputs also incite the development ofexplosive or poisonous fishing substances. It isthe case, for example, in Senegal, Nigeria andthe Democratic Republic of Congo.

A rational management of theenvironment for a sustainable developmentwill require a multisectoral integration, as wellas the participation of the populationsconcerned. However, it is very difficult tocontrol access to resource in an economiccrisis context. Such a control is much moredifficult to implement in coastal fisheries thanin inland fisheries. It can, however, beforeseen that in a situation where the resourceis already highly exploited, with fewalternative job opportunities, and a rapidpopulation growth, the management issue willsoon be, and for a long time, a major concern


for fisheries administrators.

Thus, the principle of free access tofishing resources is still in force in artisanalfisheries, despite fast growing fishing efforts,a direct consequence of policies related tosubsidies in fishing equipment and fuel, loansunder vey good conditions and otherstimulating policies practised in manycountries in the region. Measures on fishingeffort regulation have been less successful intheir actual implementation. Everyone knows,however, that the major challenge in marinefisheries management is the regulation orlimitation of fishing effort.

The most recent initiatives in theseareas were taken in 1995 in Mauritania andSenegal. In Mauritania, following a fall inindustrial fisheries catches from 470,000 t. in1993 to 280,000 t. in 1994, the governmentdecided to close deep-sea fishing, i.e. thatwhich catches demersal species, during themonth of October 1995. The measure, thoughnot sufficient in itself aimed at reducingfishing pressure on the cephalopods whoseexploitation represents a substantial source ofincome for the country. This biological restperiod extends to the months of September andOctober and applies to both artisanal andindustrial fishing. Seasonal fishingprohibitions were adopted to protect oysters inGuinea, lobsters in Cape Verde and sea turtlein Guinea Bissau.

In Senegal, the initiative came from theNational Association of Senegalese ArtisanalFishermen (CNPS) which established in 1995,in Kayar, a daily quota policy on the seabream, a species mainly caught for export. Themeasure which limits to 3 boxes of 13 kg eachper fishing unit of authorized landings, isrespected. lt was followed, in the "Petite Cote"region, by a measure to reduce fishing effortfor purse seines. They are only authorized tomake one daily trip instead of the two whichmost of them were previously making. Severesanctions were levied against those who brokethis rule going as high as a fine of6O US $ andthe grounding of the canoe. lt is too early to

determine the impact of such measures onresources, but their positive effects can benoted in the prices offered by the Senegalesefish-mongers just when the profession wasliberalised.

Apart from these measures which aimmainly at adjusting demand and supplyestablishing exclusive user rights, whichenable fishing communities to participate inthe exploitation of resources and grant interestin future profitability, is a channel whichshould be explored.

The "Improvement of the LegalFramework for the Cooperation, FishingManagement and Development in WestAfrican Coastal States" project has supportedsorne countries in elaborating regulations onartisanal fisheries. The texts try to define zoneswhere all fishing activities are normallysubject to artisanal fishermen's interests. Theydefine the status of management structuresinvolving the administration and fishermenand having consultative skills but likely todevelop into a true association in fishingmanagement, even into co-managementsystems. In this, the Cote d'Ivoire governmenthas elaborated a plan and a regulation for themanagement of the Aby Lagoon fisheries; inGuinea E3issau a regulation on artisanalfisheries was elaborated after preliminarytechnical and socio-economie studies; a surveyprior to regulating the artisanal sub-sector wasundertaken in Senegal, in Guinea a frame-lawon inland capture fisheries and fish culture waselaborated.

In Guinea Bissau, communityparticipation is at the centre of many projects.The Buba Rio Grande is one of the favouritebarracuda (sphyraenidae) migration andreproduction zones in West Africa.Precautionary management measures have ledto the promulgation of a decree which definesand specifies the period when fishing is closedto barracudas in reproduction. Moreover, theBijagos Archipelago was the subject of ahierarchical identification of sensitive zonesand the official creation of the Bijagos


Archipelago Biosphere reserve. In Mauritania,motorized fishing units are prohibited in theBanc d'Arguin natural reserve.

After a long process involving all theactors in the fisheries sector, the Code ofConduct for Responsible Fisheries' was

"Responsible fisheries" is

defined, among other things, as an approachimplying «....a sustainability of fisheriesresources in harmony with the environment;catching methods and aquaculture which do notdestroy ecosystems, the resources or theirquality; introduction of added value to products,through methods of processing respectful ofrequired health norms and the vigilance ofcommercial practices, in order to guarantee to theconsumer access to quality products.»

unanimously adopted on 3 I October 1995 bythe FAO Conference. This Code of Conduct,which is world-wide but not mandatory,defines principles and norms applicable to theconservation, management and value-addingof all fisheries. The adaptation of the Code toWest African realities and its implementationis, undoubtedly, one of the most importantchallenges of the coming years.


4.1. Major orientations

The Gross National Product (GNP) isvery low in all the countries of the region.When expressed per capita, it has evendecreased these last years in most of thecountries of the region. In such conditions, itis clear that foreign assistance is vital to ensurea certain number of development activities.Expressed in percentage of the GNP, thisforeign assistance may sometimes seem veryhigh (tab.1O) in countries with a millioninhabitants or less. This can be easilyexplained by the fact that assistance projects orbasic infrastructures are of a minimum sizeand as such when their budget is related to thenumber of inhabitants, it inevitably appearshigh.

The trend observed in the last twoyears has increased. Despite the priority givento artisanal fisheries by governments in theregion, external assistance is becomingincreasingly difficult to come by. It occurs thatsome projects end and there are almost no newones starting. This is true for both bilateral andmultilateral assistance, as well as for grantsand loans.

Many projects focus on the fishingactivities essentially carried out by men. Lessassistance is given to the processing andmarketing sector which is largely dominatedby women, except for one regional project.Institutional support projects are also fewwhile the SAPs have important negativeeffects on fisheries administrations and wouldoften require these administrations to keeppace with the new situation.

One of the major concerns of bothdonors and beneficiary countries is henceforth


4. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE

the sustainability of the results obtained. Butthis is not always easy when in the pastexternal assistance replaced, for variousreasons, the national private sector. Thishappens, for example, where there is shortageof hard currency, or high inflation, andtherefore difficulty to guarantee a regularsupply of inputs at reasonable prices.

4.2. National projects

In Mauritania, the AfricanDevelopment Bank (ADB) is financing a 5million US $ project on the "Development ofArtisanal Fisheries in the South" which coversthe coastline from N'diago to Cape Timiris.

Table 11.- Official Development Assistance (1995)

Source: UNDP, 1997

37

(in

ODA percapita$, 1995)

ODA in %of GNP(1995)

Mauritania 99 21.5

Senegal 82 13.7

Cape Verde 292 30.4

The Gambia 43 13.4

Guinea Bissau 113 45.2

Guinea 62 11.3

Sierra Leone 45 25.0

Liberia n.a. n.a.

Côte divoire 87 13.2

Ghana 38 9.7

Togo 47 15.2

Benin 53 14.3

Nigeria 2 0.8

Cameroon 35 5.4

Equatorial Guinea 85 22.4

Gabon 138 4.0

Sao Tome & Principe 600 171.4

Congo 50 7.3

Dem. Rep. of Congo 4 3.3

Angola 40 9.7

The target group of this five-year projectwhich started in 1992 is the Imraguenfisherfolk community and the young andunemployed. Its objective is to create direct orinducing jobs for the youngsters and to supplythe domestic market with fish. It intends totrain 300 artisanal fishermen and 160 outboardengine mechanics. The ADI3 helps to financethe "Assistance to the Fisheries Sector" projectwith the Mauritanian government. It includesthe construction of an artisanal fisheries port atNouakchott, the laying of a fisheries fue!pipeline at Nouadhibou, the restoration of theNouadhibou autonomous port sanitationnetwork and the supply of security equipment.This 15 million US $ project which started in1995 will end in 1999. The German externalassistance, through GTZ, finances andexecutes the 'Counsc1-Assistance to theMinistry of Fisheries and Maritime Economy"project which will end in December 1998. Italso helps the Government in the surveillancesector.

Three projects have recently ended.First, the "Management of the Baie du Repos"at Nouadhibou financed by the Arab Fund forEconomic and Social Development (AFESD).This 7 million US $ project started in 1993 andended in 1996. It helped construct the Baie duRepos port with an artisanal fishing harbour,fish storage and preservation units as well as aquay for boat repairs. The second phase of the6 million US $ "Coastal Fisheries" projectfunded by the Japanese Cooperation helpedsupply Imraguen villages with drinking waterby building a sea water disalinating unit andby buying tank-lorries. The project alsoincluded supplying out-board engines, canoes,stores for spare parts and equipment for radiocommunication, Moreover, Japan financed theconstruction and equipment of the fish marketat Nouakchott. Work began in 1995 and endedin 1997.

In Senegal, the "Assistance,Experimentation and Extension Centre forArtisanal Fisheries" (CAEP) replaced the"Assistance Centre for Canoe Motorization"

(CAMP). Apart from providing technicalassistance to artisanal fisheries, the projectemphasizes experimentation and extension offishing techniques. Efforts are being madepresently to adapt out-board engines totraditional canoes. From 1989 to 1994 Japanfinanced the Missirah Community FisheriesCentre located in the Fatick region. Theproject aimed at improving fishing techniquesand the processing and marketing of fish, thetraining of fishermen, the expansion andorganisation of distribution networks and thebetterment of the target population's livingstandard. A second phase of the project thatstarted in 1995 includes a programme foi'material and equipment supply amounting to1.7 million US$. The European DevelopmentFund (EDF) and the Caisse Française deDéveloppement (CFD), until 1992, co-financed an artisanal fisheries developmentproject in Zinguinchor (PAMEZ). Since then,they have been financing a second phase called"Artisanal Fisheries in the Casamance Project"(PROPAC) which aims at consolidatingachievements, creating additional fishing andprocessing infrastructures, etc. The "ArtisanalFisheries Development on the Small Coast"Project (PAPEC), financed by ADB, began in1988. This project is specialized in thefinancing of equipment, fishing materials, andworking capital, as well as the construction offishing and fish processing infrastructures, etc.It ended in 1995 and a second phase is understudy. The Canoe Improvement Project(ATEPAS) consists of studying thepossibilities of improving the traditional canoein terms of stability, longevity andperformance. Improved model canoes wereproduced at the Mbour experiinmental campand the popularization process is in progress.Finally, there is the Fisheries Protection andsurveillance Project of Senegal (PSPS) whoserole is the surveillance of fishing zones.

In Cape Verde, the ADB and theInternational Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD) co-financed, since 1987,an "Artisanal Fisheries Development" project.This project which aimed at developing


technical conditions to help increaseproduction and improve fishermen's livingconditions, ended in 1995. Due to progressmade by the project, an extension has beenapproved. In 1993-1994, FAO executed thepreparatory phase of a "FisheriesDevelopment" project financed by theNetherlands. This one year phase helped todefine the objectives, expected results andactivities of the main phase of the three-yearproject which started in 1994. It aims atincreasing fish production, maximizing the useand adding-value of products, mainly forunder-privileged local populations and forexternal trade, through the development ofartisanal fisheries on a healthy and sustainablebasis. The FOPESCA project is financed byGermany and executed by GTZ. It aims atincreasing production and improvingmarketing conditions on Fogo and Bravaislands as welt as creating technical conditionsto help improve fishermen's living conditions.The project started in 1995. The FrenchCooperation and the Netherlands each have atechnical counselor at the Ministry of Sea.

In The Gambia, the JapaneseCooperation ended in 1994 after the coupd'etat. No foreign assistance, with theexception of regional and sub-regionalprojects, is active in the country.

In Guinea Bissau, the JapaneseCooperation is financing the second phase ofthe 4.5 million US $ Artisanal FisheriesDevelopment Project. The project mainlyhelped to equip the Uracane Island in theBijagos Archipelago with two ice plants. Inaddition, the significant quantity of fishinggears and out-board engines have helped equipalmost all the marine areas in fishingequipment. The third phase which consists ofconstructing an artisanal fisheries complex atCacine should begin early 1998. TheConstruction and Equipment of the BissauArtisanal Fishing Port project co-financed byADB, EC and China is at the implementationphase. The boarding ramps for artisanalfishing boats were inaugurated in December

1 996. The second phase of the InternationalUnion for Nature Preservation project (UICN)for the Sustainable Development of ArtisanalFisheries in Rio Grande de Buba started in1995. The objective of the project is toguarantee a sustainable utilization of coastalresources for the benefit of communities byproviding material and scientific support tothese populations and to the institutionsconcerned. The second phase ended in 1997.The lles de Paix NGO Development projectbased in Bolama continues and largelycontributes to training in fishing techniquesand boat construction in the Bijagosarchipelago. The project facilitated regularsupply of prime quality fish to the capital. TheAdvanced Artisanal Fisheries Developmentproject financed by ADB for 5 million US $and which aims at training and equipingartisanal fishermen is operational.

In Guinea, the Canadian Cooperationand the Cultural and Technical CooperationAgency of Francophone Countries (ACCT)financed a project on mìcro-enterprise forfemale fish-smokers for 300,000 Canadiandollars. The project seeks to increase theproduction and quality of smoked fish as wellas help women to improve their managerialskills through training and literacy classes. Itended in December 1997. The NationalFisheries Surveillance Centre (CNSP) is co-financed by Canada and the Word Bank for 7million US $. It aims at collecting and up-dating scientific and technical data for theelaboration of a development strategy for thesector and ensuring monitoring, control andsurveillance of fisheries in order to enforce theexiting rules, The Fisheries Observatory wasestablished with the help of ORSTOM(150,000 US $) to analyse the dynamics andchallenges of the fisheries sector for a rationalmanagement of resources. The KamsarIntegrated Artisanal Fisheries DevelopmentProject was financed by the United Nations'Capita] Development Fund (UNCDF) for 2.3million US $, UNDP and the Guineagovernment for 0.5 million US $ each. Theproject. which is ending, established an


artisanal fisheries centre and supplied fishingequipment. The Boussoura MotorizationCentre and its regional branches in Boffa andKankan were financed up to 1996 by theJapanese Cooperation and the Guineagovernment for 5.4 million US $. The projectimported and marketed fishing equipment,trained and equipped local mechanics andexperimented with fibre-glass boats equippedwith in-board diesel engines. Finally, at thegovernment's request, FAO started, at the endof 1995, a TCP project to implement a MasterPlan for Fisheries and Aquaculture. Theproject ended in December 1997.

In Sierra Leone, few projects weresuspended since the coup d'etat on 25 May1997. This involves the WestNorth-WestArtisanal Fisheries and CommunityDevelopment project (AFCOD), financed byEC since 1989. It is executed by GOPAConsultant Company. The project covers thevillages of Goderich, Mahera/Yongoro,Konakridee, Bailor and Rokai. Its objective isto create the conditions for the sustainabledevelopment of the activities of theProgramme through a decentralization policyin both private and public sectors. Its mainachievements include improved boat building,creation of a central supply co-operativeestablishment of smoking centres at districtlevel, building of social infrastructures,training, etc. It is the same for the Assistanceto Artisanal Fisheries project financed by FAOunder its Technical Cooperation Programmefor 244,000 US $. The project which started inJanuary 1997 should have ended in November1997. It aims at helping the Sierra Leonegovernment assist fishermen, traders and fishprocessors who had been displaced because ofthe war, to renew their activities in the Tomboregion and in three other districts. Moreover,the activities of the Integrated DevelopmentProject of the Shenge Region financed byUNDP and implemented by FAO and theSierra Leone government since 1985 weresuspended in 1995 due to insecurity in theregion.

In Liberia, FAO approved thefinancing in 1994, from the TCP fund, of an"Emergency Relief to Artisanal FisheriesSector" project for the benefit of the countrywhich lost almost all its boats and fishinggears during the civil war. The 244,000 US $project is expected to supply boats, equipmentand engines to 1,725 fishermen in 3 counties(Montserrado, Grand Cape Mount and GrandBassa). The project which started in 1995should have ended in May 1997. However, ithad to be suspended because of reneweddisturbances in 1996. FAO, in collaborationwith another project (OSRO/L1R1702/DHA)financed by the United Nations' HumanitarianAffairs Depaitiiient, started a new TCP projectin September 1997 which will end in February1998 and benefit 1,500 disadvantagedfishermen, old soldiers and fish processors byoffering them training and material assistance.

In Cote d'Ivoire, the Aby Lagoonproject whose first phase was financed byIFAD became operational again in November1992 with funds from the government. AnAdvisory Committee was created and animportant "statistics and monitoring"component set up. One of the activitiesundertaken in 1997 was the seasonal closureof fishing and the changing of parts of thenets. The San-Pedro Fishing HarbourRenovation Project financed by Japan for anestimated amount of 10 million US $ started in1995 and ended in 1997. The project includesthe supply of fishing equipment for thedevelopment of fisheries in the south-westregion (landing quay, smoking hall, ice-making plant, storage, etc.). FAO financed andimplemented the TCP project: Elaboration ofa Management Plan for Inland Fisheries. The93,000 US $ project started in 1995 and endedin 1997. The Fight Against Floating PlantsProject which concerns lagoon and inlandwaters began in 1997 with funding from theWorld Environment Fund (WEF).

In Ghana, the second phase of theYej i Artisanal Fisheries IntegratedDevelopment project started in June 1994 to


end in December 1996. This project is

financed by UNDP for an amount of 1 .4million US $ and executed by FAO. Thesecond phase of the project will consolidatethe achievement of the first phase in the fieldsof statistical data collection, basic works forstock assessment, a stock evaluationprogramme, the improvement of technology inthe areas of boat building, fishing and fishprocessing techniques and enginemaintenance. The major activity of the secondphase was the construction of and institutionof the management of the CommunityFisheries Centre. The Centre is almostfinished. It cost 1 million US S and was underthe responsibility of the Japanese Cooperation.The "Training and Equipment for the FisheriesSubsector" project financed by thegovernment and the World Bank for 10.5million US $ started in 1996. Its objective is toensure the long-term sustainability of fisheriesresource as well as maximize its contributionto national economy. The project includes there-organization and training of the FisheriesDepartment's staff, stock evaluation andpreparation of management plans,development of aquaculture, institution of anMCS system and institutional and legalreforms.

In Togo, the European Union financesthe National Agriculture Survey Project, whichincludes fisheries. Some on the spot financingof activities of young fisherfolk groups issometimes offered by the French DevelopmentFund and the World Bank.

In Benin, the Lagoon Fisheries project,financed by the German Cooperation (GTZ)since 1986, will continue its activities until endof 1998. It assists the Fisheries Department inseeking solutions to the overexploitation ofinland water bodies and the decrease ofproduction and productivity. Its activities aimat rehabilitating the environment throughmangroves reforestation, biological fightagainst water hyacinth, development ofalternative sources of income, localmanagement of resources as well as


rein forcemnen t of the Fisheries Department.There is also the second phase of the "FishingMaterial Gift" from the Japanese governmentreceived in 1996. lt represents 4 million VS $,including the construction of a training centreat the Fisheries Department in Cotonou. TheMono Integrated Rural Development Projectfinanced by ADB includes capture fisheriesand fish culture. The project aims at assistingmaritime artisanal fishing by granting creditsfor the purchase of inputs and construction ofcold-room infrastructures.

In Nigeria, IFAD is financing theArtisanal Fisheries Development Project for20 million US S. Thìs project which started in1991 is still operational in 1997. It grants loansto artisanal fishermen and fishermen's wivesto help them carry on their productiveactivities. lt also provides technical assistanceto develop those activities, and ensure thesetting up of necessary community facilities.The project also includes a trainingcomponent, as well as the experimentation andintroduction of improved inputs. The project isimplemented in Rivers, Cross River andAkwa-Ibom States. The project for an increasein artisanal fisheries production is financed bythe ECO WAS Fund. This project mainly aimsat supplying artisanal fishermen with credit sothat they can buy the inputs necessary for theiractivity. The total amount of this project,which started in 1991 is 6 million US S,including a loan of 4.5 million US $. Theproject which is implemented in Bendel, Ondoand Sokoto States still continues. The WorldBank finances a project for the monitoring.control and surveillance of marine resources.This project aims at preserving marineresources through a regular assessment ofcoastal stocks. For an amount of 9.3 millionUS $, this project started in 1991 and will endin the year 2000. ADB is assisting thegovernment in the implementation of theLagos Fishing Port Project at KiriKiri since1993.

In Cameroon, FAO is financing, withthe funds of its TCP, a project to support the

implementation of a financing unit forartisanal fisheries. This 1 73,000 US S projectstarted in 1997 and will end in 1998.

In Equatorial Guinea, the AfricanDevelopment Bank financed the elaboration ofa Fisheries Master Plan in 1997.

In Gabon, there was no foreignassistance project in 1997. However, theFrench Cooperation placed an advisor at theFisheries Department and offered an ice plantwith a capacity of 2.5 t. per day for theEtirnboue Community Fisheries Centre.

In Sao Tome and Principe, thesecond phase of the Artisanal Fisheries Projectis co-financed by IFAD (a loan of 1.5 millionUS S), the FAC (donation of 900,000 US S)and Japan (donation of 1.8 million US S inequipment). The major activities of the projectwhich started in 1990 are : the improvement offishing techniques, the sale of material andequipment as well as socio-economie supportto fishermen and women fish traders. As forCanada, it financed a project of fisheryresources evaluation which ended in 1997. The600,000 US S project had started in 1993. Acomputerized statistical data system project,which was financed by FAO for 102,000 US$ started in 1996 and ended in December1997.

There is no national project for thefisheries sector in Congo since the end in 1991of the Artisanal Maritime Fisheries AssistanceProject Financed by CFD.

In the Democratic Republic ofCongo, the fisheries sector did not benefitfrom any foreign assistance since the 1993suspension of the project of assistance to theimplementation of the Fisheries Master Plan,as a result of socio-political disturbances. Thisproject which started in 1989 was financed byUNDP and executed by FAO. In 1997, UNDPhowever gave 145,000 US $ to the NationalService for the Promotion and Development ofFisheries (SENADEP) to elaborate a plan for

the re-enhancement of fisheries.

In Angola, the French Cooperationprovides technical assistance to the ArtisanalFisheries Institute (IPA). The governmentundertook the restoration of some centres forthe support of artisanal fisheries and IPAprovincial delegations. Moreover, someprojects are operational in industrial fisheries:a naval repairs workshop financed by Kuwait,delivery of 3 fisheries surveillance patrol boatsby CFD, the renovation of many cold storagefacilities by the EU.

4.3. Regional projects

Regional projects are an essentialelement of regional cooperation in fisheries.Unfortunately, because of political reasons,but also, and perhaps even mainly, because ofthe administrative procedures imposed by themultilateral donors (UNDP, EU) theirfinancing is always difficult.

The Regional Aerial Surveillance ofFishing Zones Project financed by Luxemburgstarted in 1993 with a preparatory phase. Themain phase started in July 1995 with its basein The Gambia. The countries covered arethose of the Sub-Regional FisheriesCommission (SRFC) as well as Sierra Leone.The project's objective is to indirectly help inthe establishment of a national marìtimefisheries management systems. Its majoractivities include aerial surveillance, on-shoreand flight training for monitoring, control andsurveillance (MCS) operations and thedevelopment of a sub-regional database.

The Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency (CIDA) will implementthe "Assistance to Fisheries ResourcesManagement" Programme (AGREH) in

collaboration with SRFC to provide theCommission and member states with necessaryelements for taking decisions on sustainableresource exploitation. The Programme has fourcomponents: resource management;


monitoring, control and surveillance; resourceevaluation; and training - sensitization. lt willbe managed by a coordination unit based inMauritania. A preparatory phase to theprogramme was undertaken under anAssistance to Fisheries ResourcesManagement Initiatives project (SIGREH).The 18 month project is for 1 millionCanadian dollars.

The West African RegionalProgramme for the Utilization of FisheryProducts (WADAF) is financed by EU. Theprogramme, with its head-office in Abidjan,covers ECOWAS countries. It aims atreducing the physical losses in fish, improvingthe quality of fresh and processed products asa means of obtaining an increase in privateoperators' incomes, and expanding regionaltrade in artisanal fisheries products. In 1994,this Programme entered its main phase of fiveyears and is operated by a consortium of fourNGOs, namely INADES (Cote d'ivoire),Credit Union (Ghana), CREDET1P (Senegal)and CEASM (France).

The Regional Committee for Fisheriesof the Gulf of Guinea (COREP) has someidentified projects in various fields : training(Cap Esterias, Gabon), research (Pointe Noire,Congo) and boat building (Sao Tome andPrincipe). However, it should be noted thatnone of these projects is operational yet.

Still with the financing of Denmark,the Programme for Integrated Development ofArtisanal Fisheries (IDAF) with headquartersin Cotonou, Benin, started its third phaseplanned for a period of 4.5 years in July 1994.it aims at strengthening the national capacitiesas regards the management and developmentof fisheries resources while focusing onartisanal fisherfolk communities. lt also seeksto promote empowerment and decision-making at the level of these communitiesthrough a participative approach, training andaccess to information. It will end in December1998.

4.4 Projects in the pipeline

A number of natioal and regionalprojects have been identified and are at variousstages of progress in relation to their financing.

4.4.1 National Projects

In Mauritania, Japan was contacted forthe construction of a fish market in

Nouadhibou and the development of fishingvillages.

In The Gambia, a feasibility studyfinanced by the Islamic Development Bank forthe construction of a fishing port was carriedout in 1993. The Japanese government wascontacted to finance the structure and itshowed interest. A draft proposition to extendthe Tanji and Gunjur coastal fishing centreswas elaborated. The project intends to provideinfrastructure and land facilities to improvefish handling and processing thus reducingpost-harvest losses. Preliminary contacts havealso been made with the Japanese government.

In Guinea, the government is seekingfunding for various projects identified duringthe elaboration of the Master Plan. Welladvanced contacts have been made with theFrench and Canadian Cooperation Agencies,and ADB.

Liberia introduced 4 requests to donorsfor artisanal fisheries and aquaculturedevelopment projects which are a priority tothe country.

Cote d'ivoire ¡s studying the creationof a Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund.

In Togo, the fisheries and aquaculturemaster plan has identified a number of projectswhose financing will be sought at theforthcoming donors' round-table. Discussionsare being held with Japan for a new aid to thefisheries sector.

Benin is holding discussions fora thirdphase of the Japanese grant aid. A feasibility


study of a water bodies management project inthe south of Benin was financed by ADB'sTechnical Assistance Fund. A project for themanagement of humid zones, includingfisheries, may also begin in 1998.

In Nigeria, a project for assistance towomen in some fishing communities has beensubmitted for financing to LJNFPA.

Cameroon has a projet for theconstruction of small ice plants in somelanding sites. China has indicated its interestand the project could start in 1998. Moreover,a donors'round-table is expected to discuss thevarious projects identified during theelaboration of the master plan on fisheries andaquaculture. A request was also submitted toFAO for assistance in establishing acomputerized fisheries statistica! system.

At the end of 1997, Gabon negotiateda 12.5 million US $ loan from ADB for aprogramme to support artisanal fisheries byestablishing community fisheries centres,developing fish culture and helping in coastalsurveillance.

In Angola, IFAD recently prepared aproject for artisanal fisheries in the Zaireprovince, in the north of the country, whichshould begin in 1998. A project on assistanceto artisanal fisheries in Ambriz was alsoprepared for co-financing by an oil explorationcompany, AMOCO. The Artisanal FisheriesInstitute (IFA) will be the governmentimplementation agency and FAO thesupervisory Agency. This projet should start in1998.

4.4.2 Regional Projects

At the sub-regional level, the IDAFProgramme helped SRFC member states andSierra Leone to prepare a project document forthe improvement of safety at sea for artisanalfishing units. The budget is estimated at 2.4million US $ for a 3 year period. lt was

submitted to the donors by the Sub-regionalFisheries Commission.

The Fisheries Information andAnalysis System (SlAP) project is beingprepared by the EU and SRFC. The budget isestimated at 3 million ECU from EDF regionalresources for a 3 - 4 year period. The main aimof the project is to strengthen nationalcapacities in statistical data collection andprocessing and establish a centre to centralizeand analyze data at the sub-regional level forbetter management of fisheries resources andsustainable fisheries development.

A second phase of the Improvement ofthe legal framework of cooperationmanagement and development of fisheries inWest African Coastal States project which wasfinanced from May 1994 to July 1997 by theEU is under study. The project's generalobjective was to provide the states of theregion, members of the MinisterialConference, with assistance on legal issues sothat they could maximize their opportunitieswithin the framework of the new Law of theSea.

To help West African countriesassociated with the IDAF Programmeimplement the Code of Conduct forResponsible Fisheries beyond 31 December1998, a project proposal entitled WestAfrican Programme for Responsible ArtisanalFisheries was elaborated and submitted byFAO to potential donors. The 5 yearProgramme, is centred around 4 basiccomponents: (i) improving the institutionalframework at the national level for theimplementation and dissemination of the Codeof Conduct in artisanal fisheries; (ii)elaboration and implementation of coherentnational policies on responsible artisanalfisheries; (iii) identification and promotion ofsustainable and responsible managementstrategies at the national, sub-regional andregional levels; and (iv) establishment of aneffective system for the social, economic andbiological monitoring of artisanal fisheries.


ANNEX I

Bibliographical References

I. Published documents

FAO, 1998. Fisheries Databases: FISHSTAT, CECAFPC and FISHCOMM. Downloadablefrom FAO Web Site: http://www.fao.org

Seki E. and A. Bonzon, 1993. - Selected aspects of African fisheries: a continental overview. FAOFisheries Circular. N°810 Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. 158 p.

LfNDP, 1997.- Human Development Report 1997. UNDP New York. 268 p.

World Bank, 1997.- World Development Report 1997. World Bank, Washington. 290 p.

IL IDAF Liaison Officers Reports

Adebiyi, O. F., 1997. - State of fisheries in Nigeria, 20 p.

Anibal O, 1997.- L'état de la pêche à Sao Tomé et Principe en 1997, 9 p.

Anyane G. 1997. - Ghana: country report, 19 p.

Bikoro E. A., 1997 - Informe sobre el estado de la pesca en Guinea Ecuatorial 1997, 9p.

Bitoumba A., 1996.- Le secteur des pêches au Congo, 12 p.

Bondja M., 1997. - Etat de la pêche au Cameroun en 1997, 11 p.

Camara F. A., 1997. - Rapport national sur 1'étatde la pêche en Guinée. 12 p.

De Barros D., 1997. - L'état de la pêche en Guinée Bissau en 1997, 13 p.

Denke, A. M., et K. Sedzro, 1997. - Les pêches togolaises, 14 p.

Doumbia M., 1997. - Note sur la situation de la pêche en Côte d'Ivoire, 16 p.

Flowers 1., 1997. - The state of fisheries of Liberia in 1997, 13 p.

Forde, A. C.. 1997. - The state of fisheries in Sierra Leone fisheries, 8 p.

Katsongo K., 1997. - Les pêches en République démocratique dii Congo, 7 p.

Meyinoun. M.. 1997, - Situation actuelle du secteur de la pêche en Mauritanie, 10 p,

IDAF Technical Repon N° ¡22 45

Monteiro C., 1997.- L'état de la pêche en République du Cap-Vert, 12 p.

Ndiaye 0., 1995.- Rapport sur l'état de la pêche au Sénégal en 1996 et 1997, 19 p.

Njie M.,1997.- The state of fisheries in The Gambia in 1997, 25 p.

Ondoh R., 1997 - Rapport national du Gabon, ISp.

Ouaké J., 1997. - Rapport sur l'état de la pêche au Bénin, 20 p.

Salavisa J., 1997.- Létat de la pêche en Angola, 9 p.


ANNEX 2

General framework for monitoring artisanal fisheries iii West Africa

Type ofsurvey

Objectives Mainactivities

Data to be collected Periodicity Tools Key informant

Framesurvey

Inventory ofproductionmeans

Regularupdating of thedictionaryof fishingvillages

Census offishing unitsand fishermen

Survey onfishing villagesand landingsites

Number, acbvity et size offishing boats, types of fishinggear, origin of boat-owners,means of propulsion, numberof fishermen

Infrastructures and servicesrelated to fisheries (water,health, education electricity.markets, supply centres,engine workshops,development projects, boatbuilding workshops. fishproducts utilization profile offishing activities, etc

At leastevery 3years withspotcheckingevery year

Records,Interviews,FocussedGroupDiscussions(FGD),SemiStructuredInterviews(SSI),Mapping

boatowners,crew,representativesof economicoperators, localfisheriesadministrators

Catchassessmentsurvey

Assessment oftotal productionand productivityper type offishing unit

Data collectionon fishingeffort andcatch

Catch per species, fishingeffort, length frequency

Continuousregularmonitoring

SSI, FGD,occularinspection,weighing

boat managers

Survey oforganizationsandinstitutions

Aseasment oforganizationaland institutionalarrangements

Analysis oflocal andexternal orga-nizational andinstitutionalarrangements

Number of organizations,memberships, structure,rights, rules, regulations

One-offevery 3 to 5years

records.interviews,SSI

representativesof organizationsand institutions

Costs andearningssurvey

Assessment ofthe profitabilityof fishing unitsand valueadded securedby the sector

Survey ofcosts andearnings offishing units

Fish pnce at landing site,operation costs, crew size,sharing system

Continuous interviews,visits

boat-owners orboat managers

Socio-economicsurvey

Assessment ofthe socio-economicstructure of thesystem

Assessment ofcharacteristcsof stakeholders

Baselinesurvey of asample offishing units

Analysis ofdemographic,economic andsocio-culturalfeatures

Investment costs, fixedcosts, social organisation,employment, socio-economiccharacteristics, perceptionsand strategies, relationsbetween the differentelements of the system

Demography, economicactivities, occupationalstructure, cultural features

One-off,every 3 to 5yearscombined,for practicalreasons,with frameSurvey

interviews,F00, occularinspection,SSI

boat-owners,boat managers,crew, fishprocessors, fishtraders

Marketingsurvey

Assessment ofthe pricestructure, theprofitability ofthe businessand the flow ofproducts

Survey ofcosts andearnings offish-mongersand distributionnetwork

Fish price at each stage ofthe distribution chain,operation costs, fixed costs,volume of transactions

One-off, atleast for twomonths

SSI, FGD,market visits,weighing,mapping,temporaldiagrams

fish traders,consumers

Catalogue offishing gear

To produce abaselinedocument formesh sizeregulations

Data collectionon fishing gearand techniquesused in marinewaters

Characteristics of fishinggear and techniques

One-off,dependingon theevolution ofthe sector

interviews,diagrams,measuring,fishing trips

fishermen

Safety at seasurvey

To measure themoorlance ofaccicents atsea

Survey ofaccidents atsea

Causes and et effects ofaccidents at sea (materialand physical damages)

Oneoff,every year

SSI,interviews,census,records

fishermen

IDAF TechnieM Report N 122 47

LISTE DES RAPPORTS DIPA - LIST OF IDAF REPORT

I. Documents techniques I Technical documents

De Graauw, MA., Etude de préfactibilité technique de l'aménagement d'abris pour la pêche maritime1985 artisanale au Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 55p., DIPA/WP/I.

Black Michaud, M.J., Mission d'identification des communautés littorales de pêcheurs artisans au1985 Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 2Ap., DIPA/WP/2.

Guibrandsen, O.A., Prelimmary account of attempts to introduce alternative types of small craft into1985 West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, Sip., IDAF/WP/3.

Gulbrandsen, O.A., Un compte-rendu préliminaire sur les tentatives d'introduire des types alternatifs1985 de petites embarcations en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 53p., DIPA!V'/P/3.

Jorion, P.J.M., The influence of socio-economie and cultural structures on small-scale coastal fisheries1985 development in Bénin. Cotonou, IDAF Project, .59p., IDAF/WP/4.

Jorion, P.J.M., L'influence des structures socio-économiques sur le développement des pêches artisanales sur1983 les côtes du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 59p., DIPAIWP/4.

Tandberg, A., Preliminary assessment of the nutritional situation of subsistence fishermen's families.1986 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 3lp., IDAFIWP15.

Wijkstrom, O., Recyclage des personnels pêche en gestion et comptabilité. Cotonou, Projet DIPA,1986 23p., DIPAIWP/6.

Collart, A., Development planning for small-scale fisheries in West Africa, practical and socio-economie1986 aspects of fish production and processing. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 34p., IDAF/WP/7.

Collart, A., Planification du développement des pêches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest; production1986 et traitement du poisson, ses aspects matériels,techniques et socio-économiques. Cotonou,

Projet DIPA, (57p., DIPA/WP/7.

Van der Meeren, A.J.L., Socio-economie aspects of integrated fisheries development in rural fishing1986 villages. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 29p., IDAF/WP/8.

Halmg, L.J., et O. Wijkstrom, Les disponibilités en matériel pour la pêche artisanale. Cotonou, Projet DIPA,1986 47p., DIPA!WP/9.

Akester, S.J., Design and trial of sailing rigs for artisanal fisheries of Sierra Leone. Cotonou, IDAF1986 Project, 3lp., IDAF/WP/lO.

Vétillai-t, R., Rapport détude préliminarie sur l'aménagement d'un abri pour la pêche maritime artisanale à1986 Cotonou. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 3lp., DIPAIWP/1 1.

Van Hoof, L., Small-scale fish production and marketing in Shenge, Sierra Leone. Cotonou, IDAF1986 Project, 36p., IDAFIWP/12.

Everett, G.V., An outline of West African small-scale fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p., IDAF/ WP/ 13.1986

Anon., Report of the second IDAF liaison officers meeting; Freetown, Sierra Leone (11 - 14 November1987 1986). Cotonou, IDAF Project. 66p., IDAF/WP/15.

Anon., Compte-rendu de la deuxième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet1987 DIPA,27p.. DIPA/WP/16.

Campbell, R.J., Report of the preparatory technical meeting on propulsion in fishing canoes in West1987 Africa (Freetown, 15-18 November 1986). Cotonou, IDAF Project, 88 p., IDAFIWP/17.

Davy. DB., Seamanship, Sailing and Motorisation. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 85p., IDAF/WP/l8.1987

Anurn-Doyi, B., and J. Wood, Observations on fishing methods in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 53p..1988 IDAF/WP/19.

Anon., Report of the third IDAF liaison officers meeting (Cotonou, 2 - 4 December 1987). Cotonou,1988 IDAF Project, 88p., IDAF/WP/20.

Anon., Compte-rendu de la troisième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA (2-4 Décembre 1987).1988 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 85p., DIPA/WP/20.

Haakonsen, J.M. (Ed.) Recent developments of the artisanal fisheries in Ghana. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 69p.,1988 IDAF/WP/21.

Everett, GV., West African marine artisanal fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 4lp., IDAFIWP/22.1988

Everett, GV., Les pêches maritimes artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 44p.,1988 DIPAIWP/22.

Coackley, A.D.R., Observations on small fishing craft development in West Africa, Cotonou, IDAF1989 Project, 22p., IDAFIWP/23.

Zinsou, J. et W. Wentholt, Guide pratique pour la construction et l'introduction du fumoir "chorkor".1989 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p., DIPA/WP/24.

Zinsou, J. and W. Wentholt, A practical guide to the construction and introduction of the chorkor1989 smoker. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 29p., IDAFIWP/24.

Chauveau, IP., F. Verdeaux, E. Charles-Dominique et J.M. Haakonsen, Bibliographie sur les communautés1989 de pêcheurs d'Afrique de l'Ouest - Bibliography on the fishing communities in West-Africa.

Cotonou, Projet DIPA - IDAF Project, 22Op., DJPA-IDAF/WP/25.

Everett, G.V., Small-scale fisheries development issues in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project,1989 47p., IDAF/WP/26.

Everett, G.V., Problèmes de développement de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou,1989 Projet DIPA, 49p., DIPA/WP/26.

Haakonsen, J.M., et W. Wentholt, La pêche lacustre au Gabon. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 36p., DIPA/WP/27.1989

Anon., Report of the ad hoc technical meeting on artisanal fisheries craft, propulsion, gear and security in the1990 IDAF region, Cotonou, 25 - 26 September 1989. Cotonou, IDAF Project, hip.,

IDAF/WP/2 8.

Anon., Report of the fourth IDAF liaison officers meeting (Dakar, 21 - 23 November 1989). Cotonou,1990 IDAF Project, 135p., IDAFIWP/29,

Anon., Compte-rendu de la quatrième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet1990 DIPA, 121p.,DIPAIWP/29.

Houndékon, BR., D.E. Tempelman and A.M. IJff, Report of round table meeting on women's activities1990 and community development in artisanal fisheries rojects) in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF

Project. l2p.+ annexes, IDAF/WP/30.

Houndékon, BR., D.F. Tempelman et AM. IJff, Rapport du séminaire sur les activités féminines1990 et le développement communautaire dans les projets de pêches artisanales en Afrique de

l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, i4p. + annexes, DIPAIWP/30.

IJff, AM., Socio-econonuc conditions in Nigerian fishing communities. Based on studies along the1990 Benin and 1mo river estuaries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 113 p., IDAF/WP/3 1.

Okpanefe, MO., A. Abiodun and J.M. Haakonsen, The fishing communities of the Benin River estuary area:1991 Results from a village survey in Bendel State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 75p..

IDAF/WP/3 2.

Anon., Compte-rendu du cours 'Analyse Quantitative des Aspects Sélectionnés de Développement'.1991 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 6 + xlvi p., DIPA/WP/33.

Anon., Report of the course on "Quantitative Analysis of Selected Aspects of Fisheries Development".1991 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 6 + xlv p., IDAF/WP/3 3

Callerhoim Cassel, R, Cost and Earnings and Credit Studies on Ghanaian Canoe Fisheries. Cotonou,1991 IDAF Project, 38p., IDAFIWP/34.

Sheves, G.T.. The Ghanaian dug-out canoe and the canoe carving industry in Ghana. Cotonou, IDAF1991 Project, lO9p., IDAF/WP/35.

Haakonseri. J.M. and Chimère Diaw, Fishermen's Migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project,1991 293p., IDAF/WP/36.

Haakonsen, J.M. et Chimère Diaw, Migration des Pêcheurs en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet1991 DIPA, 332p., DIPA/WP/36.

Guibrandsen, O.A.. Canoes in Ghana, Cotonou, IDAF Project, 82p.. IDAF/WP/37.1991

Anon., Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Report of the Fifth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting. Cotonou,1991 IDAF Project, l4Op., JDAFIWPI38.

Anon., Les pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Compte-rendu de la Cinquième réunion des1991 Officiers de Liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, l22p., DIPA/WP/38.

Beare, R.J. and P. Tanimomo. Purse seine and encircling net fishing operations in Senegal, Guinea,1991 Sierra Leone, Ghana and Benin. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 92p., IDAF/WP/39.

Everett, GV, and G.T. Sheves, Recent trends in artisanal fisheries and report on alternatives to canoes.1991 Cotonou, IDAF project, 33p., IDAFIWP/40.

Callerhoirn Cassel, E. and AM. Jallow, Report of a socio-economie survey of the artisanal fisheries1991 along the atlantic coast in The Gambia. Cotonou, IDAF project, 97p., IDAF/WP/41.

Chimère Diar M. et Jan M. Haakonsen, Rapport du séminaire sur les migrations de pêcheurs artisans1992 en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, projet DIPA, 36p., DIPAIWP/42.

Chimère Diaw, M. and Jan M. Haakonsen, Report on the regional seminar on artisanal fishermen's1992 migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, JDAF project, 35p., IDAFIWP/42.

Houndékon, B. et L. Affoyon, Rapport du séminaire-atelier de sensibilisation sur la méthode accélérée1993 de recherche participative tenu à Libreville Gabon en Novembre 1992: Cotonou, Projet

DIPA, 56p., DIPA/WP/43.

Anon., Rapport de la sixième réunion des fonctionnaires de liaison Banjul,1993 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 57p., DIPA/WP/44.

Anon., Report of the sixth IDAF liaison officers meeting Ranjul, Gambia I1993 IDAF Project, 6Op., IDAF/WP/44.

Horemans, B.1993

Horemans, B.1993

Gambie i - 5 février 1993.

- 5 February 1993. Cotonou,

and Satia B.P., (eds), Report of the Workshop on Fisherfolk Organisations in West Africa.Cotonou, IDAF Project, 93p., IDAF/WP/45.

et Satia B,P., (éds), Rapport de l'atelier sur les organisations de pêcheurs en Afrique del'Ouest, Cotonou, Projet DIPA, lO2p., DIPA/WP/45.

Kébé, M., Gallène J et Thiarn D.- Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale en Guinée Bissau. Pro1993 gramme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA),

32p. ± annexes, DIPA/WP/46.

Kébé, M., Gallène J. et Thiam D.- Revista sectorial da pesca artesanal na Guiné-Bissau Programa de1993 Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental. Cotonou DIPA, 32p.

+ anexos DIPA/WP/46

Horemans B., - La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1992. Cotonou. Programme de1993 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 36p., DlPAIWP/47

Kébé, M., Njock J.C. et Gallène J.- Revue sectorielle de la pêche maritime au Cameroun. Programme1993 de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de ¡'Ouest (DIPA), 3Op. +

annexes, DIPA/WP/48.

Kébé, M., Njock, J.C. and Gallène, J. R., Sectoral review of marine artisanal fishery in Cameroon.1993 Cotonou, IDAF Project 33p., IDAF/WP/48

Anon., Report of the Working Group on Artisanal Fisheries Statistics for the Western Gulf of Guinea,1993 Nigeria and Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, l26p., IDAF/WP/49

Satia, B.P., Ten years of Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (Origin,1993 Evolution and Lessons Learned). Cotonou, IDAF Project, 37p., IDAF/WP/50

Satia, B.P., Dix ans de développement intégré des pêches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (Origine,1993 évolution et leçons apprises). Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 4lp., DIPA/WP/5 O.

Stokholm, H. and Isebor C., The fishery of Ilisha africana in the coastal waters of Republic of Benin1993 and Lagos State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 8lp., IDAF/WP/5 1.

Anon., - Report of the Seventh IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting Cotonou, Benin, 22-24 November1993 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 72p., IDAFIWP/52.

Anon., - Rapport de la Septième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Cotonou, Bénin, 22-241993 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 7'7p., DIPAIWP/52.

Satia B.P., and B. Horemans editors, Workshop on Conflicts in Coastal Fisheries in west Africa,1993 Cotonou, Benin, 24-26 November 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project 64p., IDAF/WP/53.

Satia B.P., et1993

Horemans, B.,1993

Horemans B.,1994

Horemans, B.1994

Jul-Larsen, E1994

Jul-Larsen,1994

B. Horemans (éds), Atelier sur les Conflits dans les Pêcheries Côtières en Afrique del'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 24-26 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA 68p., DIPAIWP/5 3.

The situation of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1993. Pro.gramme for the IntegratedDevelopment of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin 39p., IDAF/WP154.

La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1993. Cotonou Programmede Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 4Op. +annexes, DIPA/WP/54.

Horemans, B., J; Gallène et J.C. Njock,- Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale à Sao Tomé et Principe.1994 Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest

(DIPA), 3lp. + annexes, DIPAIWP/55.

J. Gallène e J.-C. Njock, - Revista sectorial da pesca artesanala São Tomé e PrincipePrograma de Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA).32p. + anexos, DIPA/WP/55.

Migrant Fishermen in Pointe-Noire (Congo): Continuity and Continuous Change.Cotonou, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa,5 Ip., IDAF/WP/56.

E., Pêcheurs migrants à Pointe-Noire (Congo): Continuité et ChangementPerpétuel. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 59p., DIPAIWP/56.

Satia, B.P., and Hansen, L.S., Sustainability of Development and Management Actions in Two1994 Community Fisheries Centres in The Gambia. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 48p., IDAF/WP/57.

Satia, B.P., et Hansen LS., La durabilité des actions de développement et de gestion dans deux centres1994 communautaires en Gambie. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, SOp., DIPA/WP/57

Heinbuch. U1994

Johnson J.P.1994

Johnson J.P.1994

Animal Protein Sources for Rural and Urban Populations in Ghana. Cotonou. [DAFProject, 25p. + annex, IDAF/WP/58

and Joachim Alpha Touré, Accidental Death and Destruction in Artisanal Canoes: Aretrospective study of the years 1989-1991 along the coast of Guinea (Conakry) WestAfrica. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 2lp., IDAF/WP/39

et Joachim Alpha Touré, Mort Accidentelle et Destruction des Pirogues Artisanales: Uneétude rétrospective des années 1989-1991 sur le littoral guinéen (Conakiy) - Afrique del'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 21p., DIPA/WP/59

Demuynck, K., arid DETMAC Associates, The Participatory Rapid Appraisal on perceptions and pratices1994 of fisherfolk on fishery resource management in ari artisanal fishing community in

Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p., IDAF/WP/60

Dernuynck, K., et les associés de DETMAC, Méthode Accélérée de Recherche Participative sur les1995 perceptions et pratiques des pêcheurs en matière de gestion des ressources halieutiques dans

une communauté de pêche au Cameroun. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p., DIPAJWP/60

Satia, B.P., J.P. Gallèrie, and F. Houéhou Sub-regional Workshop on Artisanal Safety at Sea. Banjul, The1994 Gambia 26-28 September 1994. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 57p., IDAF/WP/61

Satia, B.P., J.P. Gallène, et F. Houéhou, Rapport de l'atelier sous-régional sur la Sécurité en Mer de la pêche1994 artisanale Banjul, Gambie 26-28 septembre 1994. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, t5lp.,

DIPAJWP/6 I

Kamphorst, B., A socio-economie study on the distribution and marketing pattern of marine fish products1994 in the Ndian division, South West Province, Republic of Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project,

4lp., IDAF/WP/62

Kamphorst, B., Etude socio-économique du mode de distribution et de commercialisation des produits1994 halieutiques du département de Ndian, Province du Sud-Ouest, Républillique du Cameroun.

Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique del'Ouest (DIPA), 42p., DIPA/WP/62

Heinbuch, U., Population and Development in Fishing Communities: The challenge ahead. Cotonou, IDAF1994 Project, Sip., 1DAF/WP/63

Anon., Report of the Eighth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-04 November 1994.1994 Cotonou Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa,

97p., IDAF/WP/64

Anon., Rapport de la Huitième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, du DIPA. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-041994 novembre 1994. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches

Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. iO2p., DIPA/WP/64

Horemans, B. Kébé, M., and W. Odoi-Akersie, Working Group on capital needs and availability in artisanal1994 fisheries methodology and lessons learned from case studies. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 62p.,

IDAF/WP/65

Horemans, B,, Kébé, M., et W. Odoi-Akersie, Groupe de travail sur les besoins et la disponibilité en capital1994 en pêche artisanale: méthodologie et leçons apprises des études de cas. Cotonou, Bénin,

Progrannne pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afriquc de l'Ouest(DIPA), 62p., DIPA/WP/65

Teutscher F., Tall A., and Jallow A.M., Workshop on Seeking Improvements in Fish Technology in West1995 Africa. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 7-9 November 1994. Cotonou, Benin. Programme for the

hitegrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa,(IDAF) 75p., IDAFIWP/66.

Teutscher F., Tall A., et Jallow A.M., Rapport de l'Atelier sur le thème "A la Recherche des Améliorations1995 en Tecimologie du Poisson en Afrique de l'Ouest". Pointe-Noire. Congo, 7-9 novembre

1994. Cotonou, Bénin, Proramnme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanalesen Afrique de l'Ouest, (DIPA) 82p., DIPA/WP/66.

Kamphorst, B., A cost and earnings study at Cotonou harbour, Benin, for 1994. Cotonou, Benin Programme1995 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa ([DAF) 42p.,

IDAF/WP!67

Kamphorst, B., Etude de Coûts et Revenus au port de pêche de Cotonou, Bénin, Programme pour le1995 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, (DIPA) 45p.,

DIPA/WP167..

Kamphorst, B., et Teixeira, M. Caractéristíques socio-économiques de la pêche à Sao Tomé et Principe.1995 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de POuest.

(DIPA) Cotonou, Bénin 3lp. DIPA/WP/68.

Karnphorst, B., e Teixeira, M., Caracteristicas socio-económicas da pesca artesanal maritima em São Tomé1995 e Principe Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa

Ocidental. (DIPA) Cotonou Benin, 28p.. IDAF/WP/68

Horemans, B., The situation of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1994. Programme for the Integrated1995 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin 40p., IDAF/WP/69.

Horernans, B., La situation de la pêche artìsanale en Afrique de 1 Ouest en 1994. Cotonou, Bénin Programme1995 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 38p.

DIPAIWP/69.

Kébé. M., J-C. Njock, et J. Gallène, Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime du Congo. Cotonou,1995 Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de

l'Ouest (DIPA) 37p., DIPA/WPI7O.

Gallène, J.P., Data Compendium on Safety at Sea for Seven West African Countries. Mauritania, Senegal,1995 The Gambia, Guinea-Bissan, Guinea, Sierra-Leone and Cape Verde 1991 - 1994. Cotonou,

Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. l3p.,IDAF/WP/7 1

Gallène, J.P., Compendium des Données sur la Sécurité en Mer dans Sept Pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest:1995 Mauritanie, Sénégal, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra-Leone et Cap Vert 1991 -

1994. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales enAfrique de l'Ouest, ISp., DIPA/WP/71.

Jallow A.M., Report of the First Meeting of the IDAF Working Group on Costs and Earnings in Artisanal1995 Fisheries in West Africa, (Dakar, Senegal, 12 - 13 June 1995). Cotonou, Benin, Programme

for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. 81p. IDAF/WP/72.

Jallow AM., Rapport de la Première Réunion du Groupe de Travail du DIPA sur Coûts et Revenus en Pêche1995 Artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest, (Dakar, Senegal, 12 - 13 juin 1995). Cotonou, Bénin,

Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest,82p., DIPA/WP/72.

Anon., Report of the Ninth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Conakiy, Guinea, 9-10 November 1995.1995 Cotonou, Programme for Intç.grated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa

l02p., IDAF/WP/73

Anon., Rapport de la Neuvième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Conakry, Guinée, 9-10 novembre1995 1995. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en

Afrique de l'Ouest, i l2p. DIPAi'WP/73.

Satia. B.P. and B.W. Horemans, Report of the Workshop on Participatory Approaches and Traditional1995 Fishery Management Pratices in West Africa. Conakry, Guinea, 13-15 November 1995.

Cotonou, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.95p.. IDAF/WP/74.

Satia. B.P. et B.W. Horemans, Rapport de l'Atelier sur les Approches Participatives et l'Aménagement1995 Traditionnel des Pêches en Afrique de l'Ouest. Conakiy, Guinée, 13-IS novembre 1995.

Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique del'Ouest, 98p., DIPA/WP/74.

Ndiaye Y.. Le crédit à la pêche artisanale au Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches1997 Artisanales en Afrique de lOuest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 19p. DJPA/WP/l 15.

Gallênc J,, Compendium des enquêtes sur les accidents en mer dans six pays de l'Afrique Centrale Cameroun,1997 Gabon, Congo, Sao-Tomé et Principe, République Démocratique du Congo, Angola, 1989-

1996. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique del'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 16p., DIPA/WP/l 16.

Anon., Report of the Eleventh IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Douala, Cameroon, 17 - 21 November 1997.1997 Programme for the Inte2rated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF),

Cotonou, Benin, 76p.. IDAF/WP/l 17

Anon., Rapport de la Onzième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Douala, Cameroun, i 7-21 novembre1997 1997. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de

l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 84p,, DIPA/WP/1 17

Horemans, B., and Jallow A.M., (eds.) Report of the Workshop on Socio-Economie Aspects of Artisanal1997 Fisheries in West Africa, Douala, Cameroon, 17-21 November 1997. Programme for the

Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), Cotonou. Benin,29p., IDAF/WP/1 18.

Horemans, B., and Jallow A.M., (éds.) Rapport de l'Atelier sur les Aspects Socio-Economiques de la pêche1997 Artisanale en Afnque de l'Ouest, Douala, Cameroun, 17-21 novembre 1997. Programme

pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA),Cotonou, Bénin, 33p., DIPA/WP/l 18

Diallo, MO., et Fautrel V., Eléments d'analyse économique et fmancière de la pêche artisanale maritime en1997 Guinée: Le cas du débarcadère de Boulbinet à Conakiy. Programme pour le Développement

Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 26p.,DIPAIWP/1 19

Diallo, MO.,1997

Kouakou, Y.1998

Horemans B1998

et Diallo, M.M., Enquête-cadre et socio-économique de la pêche artisanale maritime en Guinée.Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest(DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 7Op., DIPA/WP/120

» Coût et revenus de la transformation et commercialisation du poisson à Adiaké. Programmepour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA),Cotonou, Bénin, 29p. DIPA/WP/121.

.,-L'état de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1997. Cotonou. Programme pour leDéveloppement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 5 1 p.DIPA/WP/ 122.

et M.P. Wilkie, Pour un développement intégré des pêches artisanales; du bon usagede participation et de la planification. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, l5'7p. + annexes, Manuel deTerrain ° i.

J.P. Johnson, and M.?. Wilkie, Guide för planning monitoring and evaluation in fisheriesdevelopment units. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 116 p., IDAF Field Manual N 2.

IDAF Newsletter / La Lettre du DIPA

IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF News letier/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF NewsletteriLettre du DIPA.

October/Octobre 1985, 4 p.January/Janvier 1986, 14 p.June/Juin 1986,40 p.

4/5, Sept./Dec. 1986, 76 p.September 1987, 58 p.June/Juiti 1988, 84 p.June/Juin 1989, 74 p.

H. Manue's de terrain / Field Manuals

Johnson, J.P.1988

Meynall. P.J.,1988

IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF News letter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsietter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,

October/Octobre 1989, 84 p.August/Août 1990, 84 p.January/Janvier 1991, 6 p.April/Avril 1991, 8 p.July/Juillet 1991, 6 p.October/January 1992, 12 p.September/Septembre 1992, 85pDecember/Décembre 1992, 3 Ip.March/Mars 1993, 39p.June/Juin 1993, 38p.September/Septembre 1993, 32pDecember/Décembre 1993, 28p.March/Mars 1994, 32p.June/Juin 1994, 32p.September/Septembre 1994, 52pDecember/Décembre 1994, 36p.March/Mars 1995, 32p.June/Juin 1995, 32p.September/Septembre 1995, 4OpDecember/Décembre 1995, 12p.MarchfMars 1996, 28p.June/Juin 1996, 24p.September/Septembre 1996, 28pDecember/Décembre 1996, 28p.March/Mars 1997, 28p.June/Juin 1997, 28p.September/Septembre 1997, 28pDecember/Décembre 1997, 32p.

IV. Documents de travail du Projet Modèle, Bénin / Working papers of the Model Project, Benin

Coackley, A.D.R., Report on installation of a diesel inboard motor in a Ghana canoe. Cotonou, Model1988 Project, 7 p. + annexes, PMB/WP/1 (En).

Coackley, A.D.R., Installation dun moteur diesel 'inboard" dans une pirogue ghanéenne. Cotonou,1988 Projet Modèle, 9 p. + annexe, PMB/WP/1 (Fr).

Zannou, L.H., Etudes teclmico-économiques des fours améliorées pour le fumage de poisson en1988 République Populaire du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 8 p. + 6 tableaux, PMB/WP/2.

Atti-Mama, C., et M. Raïs, Etude démographique des communautés cibles du projet Modèle Bénin.1988 Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 20 p. + 10 annexes, PMB/WP/3.

Jorion, P., Non-monetary distribution of fish as food in Beninois small-scale fishing villages and its1988 importance for auto-consumption. Cotonou, Model Project, 26p., PMB/WP/4.

Tanimomo, PF., Catalogue des engins de pêche maritime artisanale du Benin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle,1989 46 p. + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/4, PMB/WP/5.

Tanimomo, PF., Rapport de consultation sur la formation des jeunes pêcheurs de 1'UNICOOPEMA1989 à Lomé. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 17 p. + 6 annexes, PMB/WP/6.

Atti Mama, C., Impact socio-économique de la piste Pahou-Kpota. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 10 p.1989 + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/7.

Ahouanmènou, C., C. Atti-Mama, B. Houndékon, D. Tempelman et D. Turcotte, Animation, gestion1989 et planification, séance de travail avec les agents de terrain. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 142

p. + annexes, PMB/WP/8.

Atti-Mama, C., D. Turcotte, et W. Wentholt, Evaluation interne des activités du projet modèle Bénin1989 dans le secteur de Ouidah. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 36 p. f 7 annexes, PMB/WP/9.

Williams. S., Rôle Economique des Femmes dans les Conmiunautés de Pêche: Le Cas de Koko Cotonou.1996 Bénin. Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest

(DIPA), 3Op., IDAF/WP/94.

Nie, M., and Jones, R., People's Participation and Sustainability Aspects in the fisheries project of Yeji,1996 Ghana. Cotonou, Benin, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries

in West Africa (IDAF) 4 Ip., IDAF/WP/95

N5ie, M., et Jones, R., Participation des populations et développement durable: le cas du Projet de pêche de1997 Yeji au Ghana. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches

Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 45p., DIPAIWP/95

Anon., Report of the Tenth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Lome, Togo, 9 - 10 December 1996.1997 Cotonou, Benin, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West

Africa, lOOp., IDAFIWP/96.

Anon., Rapport de la dixième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Lomé, Togo, 9 - 10 décembre1997 1996. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en

Afrique de l'Ouest. lOE7p., DIPA/WP/96.

Horemans, B., and Jallow A.M., (eds.) Report of the Workshop on Gender Roles and Issues in Artisanal1997 Fisheries in West Africa, Lomé, Togo, 11 - 13 December 1996. Cotonou, Benin,

Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, 4'7p.,IDAF/WP/97

Horemans, B., et Jallow, AM., (éds.) Rapport de l'atelier sur les rôles des hommes et des femmes et les1997 questions liées aux rapports entre les hommes et les femmes dans la pêche artisanale en

Afrique de l'Ouest, Lomé, Togo, li - 13 décembre 1996. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme deDéveloppement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 49p., DIPAIWP/97.

Gallene, J.P., (ed.); Lessons Learned from Training Artisanal Fishermen in West Africa. Programme for the1997 Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin. 92p.,

IDAF/WP/98

Gallene, J.P., (éd.); Enseignements tirés de la formation des pêcheurs artisans en Afrique de l'Ouest.1997 Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest.

Cotonou, Bénin, 9lp., DIPAJWP/98.

Jallow AM., Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participation in WNW-AFCOD and Tombo Projects1997 in Sierra Leone, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West

Africa, Cotonou, Benin. 23p., IDAF/WP/99.

Turay F., and Verstralen K., Costs and Earnings in Artisanal Fisheries: Methodology and Lessons learned1997 from Case Studies, Programme for the Intgrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in

West Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 27 p., IDAF/WP/100.

Turay F., et Verstralen K., Coûts et revenus en pêche artisanale: méthodologie et leçons retenues des études1997 de cas. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de

l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 4Op., DIPAIWP/100

Kalibu, M.-K., Lubambala K., et Nkomko T., Enquête-Cadre et Etude Socio-Economique de la Pêche1997 Artisanale à la Côte Maritime et à l'Estuaire du Fleuve ZaIre en 1996. Cotonou, Programme

pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 66p.,DIPAIWP/101.

Denke AM.; Enquête-cadre et socio-économique sur la pêche artisanale maritime au Togo. Programme pour1997 le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin,

7lp., DIPA/WP/l02.

Kébé, M., Etude des coûts et revenus des unités de pêche artisanale à Hann, Sénégal. Programme1997 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou,

Bénin, 2Op., DIPA/WP/103.

Horemans B. and Jallow AM., Present State arid Perspectives of Marine Fisheries Resources Co-1997 Management in West Africa, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal

Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 22p., IDAF/WP/104

Horemans B., et Jallow A.M., Etat actuel et perspectives de la co-gestion des ressources halieutiques en1997 Afrique de l'Ouest. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en

Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 25p., DIPA/WP/104

Kébé, M., Anato C.B. et Gallòne J., Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale au Bénin, Programme pour le1997 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou,

Bénin, 50p.. DIPA/WP/105

Yeboah DA., Use of Capital Income in Artisanal Fisheries: A Case Study of Boat Owners in Elmina, Ghana.1997 Prograrnnie for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF),

Cotonou Benin, 23p., IDAF/WP/ 106

Yeboah D.A., Utilisation du Revenu sur Capital dans les Pêches Artisanales: une étude de cas des Armateurs1997 de Elmina, Ghana. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en

Afriquc de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 24p., DIPA!WP/106

Bortey A., Study of the Credit and Savings Systems in Artisanal Fisheries in Ghana. Programme for the1997 Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), Cotonou, Benin,

2Op., IDAF/WP/107

Bortey A., Etude des systèmes de crédit et d'épargne pour la pêche artisanale au Ghana. Programme pour le1997 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 23p.,

DIPAIWP/1 07

Verstralen K., arid Isebor C., Costs, Earnings, and Expenditure Structures of Fisherwomen, Fish Processors,1997 and Fish Traders in Ogheye, Delta State, Nigeria. Programme for the Integrated

Develo s ment of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 36p., IDAF/WP/ 108.

Verstralen K., et Isebor C., Coûts, revenus et structure des dépenses des femmes pêcheurs, transformatrices,1997 et marchandes de poisson à Ogheye, Etat de Delta, Nigeria, Programme pour le

Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin 4Op.,DIPA/WP/ 108

Gbaguidi A., Cometé A., Dehy L., Tanimomo P., et Verstralen K., Enquête-cadre et Socio-économique de1997 la pêche artisanale maritime au Bénin Programme pour le Développement Intégré des

Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 76p., DIPAIWP/109

Kebe M., Njock J.C. et Gallène J., Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime et lagunaire en Côte1997 d'Ivoire. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de

l'Ouest (DIPA), 45p. + annexes, DIPAIV7P/l 10

Ngo Som J; Report on the Training and Sensitization Workshop for Women in Post-Harvest Artisanal1997 Fisheries Limbe 1823 August 1997 Programme for the Integrated Development of

Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) Cotonou, Benin, 22p. IDAF/WP/l li

Ndiaye O., Rapport provisoire du séminaire de formation au profit des femmes transformatrices et1997 vendeuses de poisson dans les communautés de pêche de Joal et Mbour du 18 au 29 août

1997. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique del'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou. Bénin, 25p. DIPA/WP/1 12.

Nock J-C., Rapport du séminaire national sur l'ainenagement et le développement de la pêche artisanale au1997 Cameroun Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique

de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 64p. DIPA/WP/113

Ndiaye O., Rapport de la première réunion du Groupe de Travail pluridisciplinaire en planification1997 des pêches artisanales au Sénégal, 26 et 27juin 1997, Hôtel Savana Koumba Saly, Mbour,

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Folack, M. Bondja, J-C Njock et D. Njarnen. Enquête-cadre et Etude Socio-économique dela Pêche Artisanale Maritime au Cameroun. Cotonou, Programme pour le DéveloppementIntégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 80p., DIPA/WP/75

B., Rapport des ateliers de formation sur la méthode accélérée de recherche participative àKaback et Kamsar (Guinée) du 24juillet au 03 septembre 1995 Cotonou, Programme pourle Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 20p., + annexesDIPA/WP/76.

Houédanou M-C., et D. Nyamusenge, Guide de rédaction des rapports. Cotonou, Programme pour1996 le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest 44p, DIPAIWP/77

Kuyateh M., Rapport de Synthèse sur l'Atelier de Formation Pratique (théorie et application sur1996 le terrain) sur la MARP à l'intention des Cadres et des Techniciens de la Pêche Artisanale

du Sénégal Septembre 1995 - Dakar, Sénégal. Cotonou, Programme pour le DéveloppementIntégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest 75p., DIPAIWP/78

Satia B.P. et C.Z. Wétohossou, (eds) Report of the working group on women's key role and issues related to1996 gender in fishing communities. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal

Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) Cotonou, Benin, 32p., IDAFIWP/79

Satia B.P, et CZ. Wétohossou, (eds) Rapport du groupe de travail sur la position centrale des femmes et les1996 questions liées au genre dans les communautés de pêche.. Cotonou, Programme pour le

Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 34p.,DIPA/WP/79.

Horemans B., T. Ajayi and J. Gallène - Sector Review of the Artisanal Marine Fisheries in The Gambia.1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF),

Cotonou, Benin. 4Op., IDAF/WP/80

Kébé M., J.0 Njock et J. Gallène, - Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime au Gabon. Programme1996 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA),

Cotonou, Bénin. 39p. + annexes, DIPA/WP/8 I

Stamatopoulos C., Rapport de l'Atelier sur l'Utilisation du Logiciel de Statistiques des Pêches (ARTFISH).1996 Cotonou, Bénin, 6-9 mai 1996. Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches

Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 59p., DIPAIWP/82

C., Report of the Workshop on the use of a fisheries statistical software (ARTFISH),Cotonou, Benin 6-9 May 1996. Programme for the Integrated Development of ArtisanalFisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou, Benin 6lp., IDAF/WP/83

The state of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1995. Programme for the IntegratedDevelopment of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin 43p:, IDAF/WP/84.

L'état de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1995. Cotonou, Bénin Programmepour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 45p.DIPA/WP/84.

Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., A Study of Community Participation in the Aguégués Project BEN/88/CO3 -1996 BEN/8 8/014 (Improving the living conditions of the Populations in the District of

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Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., Etude de la Participation des Populations des Aguégués au Projet BEN/88/CO3 -1996 BEN/88/014. (Amélioration des Conditions de Vie des Populations de la Sous-Préfecture

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Sow, A., Curso de foiinaçào sobre a organizaçâo de urna biblioteca. Programa para o Desenvolvimento1996 Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin. 35p. +

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Sow, A., Cours de formation sur l'organisation d'une bibliothèque. Programme pour le Développement1996 Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin. 32p., +

annexes, DIPA/WP/86

Sy, M. S., Nutritional Condition, Food Security, Hygiene and Sanitation in the Fishing Community of Joal,1 996 Senegal. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa,

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Sy, M., Situation nutritionnelle, sécurité alimentaire, hygiène et salubrité dans la conmrnnauté de pêche de1 996 Joal, Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en

Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin, 1 9p., + annexes. DIPA/WP/87

Touray, I., Study on Women's Organizations in Brufut and Gunjur Communities and the Factors that FavourI 996 or Impede their Sustainability in the Gambia. Programme for the Integrated Development

ofArtisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin, 4lp., IDAFIWP/88

Touray, I., Etude sur les organisations de femmes des communautés de Brufut et Gunjur en Gambie et les1 996 facteurs qui favorisent ou gênent leur pérennité. Programme FAO pour le Développement

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Ngo Som, J., Nutritional Condition, Food Security, Hygiene and Sanitation in the Fishing Community of1996 Limbe, Cameroon. Program for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West

Africa (IDAF), Cotonou, Benin, 78p., IDAF/WP/89.

Ngo Som, J., Situation nutritionnelle, sécurité alimentaire, hygiène et salubrité dans la communauté de pêche1996 de Limbe, Cameroun. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales

en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 92p. DIPA/WP/89

Afful, K., et Kébé, M., Fiscal Policy and the Artisanal Fisheries Sector in Ghana and Senegal. Programme1996 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou,

Benin, 3'7p., IDAF/WP/90.

Afful, K., et Kébé, M., La politique fiscale et le secteur de la pêche artisanale au Ghana et au Senegal.1996 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest

(DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin. 42p., DIPA/WP/90

Theoretical Considerations and Practical Implications of Subsidies to the Artisanal FisheriesSector in West Africa. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheriesin West Africa. Cotonou, Benin 2Op., IDAF/WP/9 i

Considérations théoriques et implications pratiques des subventions au secteur de la pêcheartisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des PêchesArtisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin, 2lp., DIPAIWP/9 i

Use of Capital Income in Artisanal Fisheries: the Case of Boat-Owners in Hann, Senegal.Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou,Benin l6p., IDAF/WP/92.

Utilisation des revenus du capital en pêche artisanale: le cas des armateurs de Hann auSénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique del'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 21p., DIPA/WP/92

Touray, I., Report on Gender Awareness Workshop for Fisheries Officials and Extension Agents 13th-i 7th1996 May 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West

Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 67p., IDAFIWP/ 93

Touray, i., Rapport de l'Atelier de Sensibilisation sur les Questions Liées au Genre à l'Attention1996 des Agents de Pêche et Agents de Vulgarisation, 13 - 17 Mai 1996 Programme pour le

Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin. 7Op.,DIPA/WP/93.

Williams, S., Economic Role of Women in Fishing Communities: A Case Study of Koko, Nigeria1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou,

Benin. 28p., IDAF/WP/94

Horemans, B.,1996

Horemans, B.1996

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Ndiaye, Y.D.1996

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Sènouvo, P., Statistiques de pêches des villages du Projet Modèle Année 1987. Cotonou, Projet Modèle,1990 33p., PMB/WP/13.

Sheves, G.T., PT. Holler and PF. Tanimomo, Report on demonstration with echo-sounders, compas1990 ses and multimono gillnets in Ghana. Cotonou, Model Project, 22 p., PMB/WP /14.

Coackley, A.D.R., and G.T. Sheves, A review of the experimental introduction of diesel inboard1990 motors to Ghana canoes. Cotonou, Model Project, 41p., PMB/WP/15.

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Sènouvo, A.P. et AA. Gbaguidi, Recueil des données statistiques des pêches maritimes au Bénin.1990 Période de 1984 à 1989. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 134p., PMB/WP/17.

Houndékon, BR., Initiative locale et développement: Expérience des communautés de pêcheurs1990 marins du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 17 p., PMB/WP/18.

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Rome, FI:GCP/RAF/198/DEN Rapport terminal, 40 p.