the stantons in america - wordpress.com · to follow the stantons from their first arrival in...
TRANSCRIPT
The Stantons in America
The Patrilineal Ancestry
of
Charles Howland Stanton
Patrick Hoggard
December, 2015
Contents
Introduction 1
The Rhode Island Stantons
Robert Stanton 5
John Stanton 29
John Stanton 45
The Nantucket Stanton
Samuel Stanton 66
The Peripatetic Stantons
William Stanton 72
Zaccheus Stanton 88
The Indiana Stantons
Eli Stanton 118
Dilwin Stanton 129
The California Stantons
Will Stanton 141
Charles Stanton 153
Final Thoughts 158
Introduction
To follow the Stantons from their first arrival in America down
to Charles Howland Stanton is largely to trace the history of
Quaker migrations in this country. Consequently two of the
questions we shall be asking are who was the first Stanton
Quaker in this line and who was the last Quaker. Also, out of
general interest, inquiring minds would like to know how or
whether this line is related to the two most prominent Stantons
in American public life, Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War
under Lincoln, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (meaning, of course,
her husband).
But first, a very brief introduction to Quaker movements in
America. The birth of the Quakers in England is set by many in
the year 1652, when George Fox began to attract large number of
followers to his ideas. He and his Friends of the Light shortly
thereafter began to be referred to as Quakers because of
references to trembling before the Lord. The first Quakers
appeared in America in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1656,
getting an icy reception there. Quakers were persecuted
indefatigably, and four of them were hanged in Boston in 1660.
The first real settlement of immigrant and converted Quakers
was in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, where they were tolerated. A
2
split among sects led to what would become an even larger
group of Quakers in Newport, a few miles distant.1
Smaller enclaves grew up in the various colonies, like Maryland,
that would refrain from chasing them out. Then in 1681 William
Penn acquired the charter for Pennsylvania and, himself a
Quaker, threw open the doors. Around 1700 a Quaker settlement
arose, more through conversion than immigration, on Nantucket
Island in Massachusetts. It grew rapidly.2
Later in the 1700s, North Carolina attracted large numbers of
Quakers. The first settlement, in the early part of the 18th
century, consisted of a group that migrated from Newport and
Portsmouth in Rhode Island and settled in Carteret County, on
the eastern seaboard. The second settlement was in the interior,
in what was called New Garden (today part of the city of
Greensboro), and came about from a massive and extended
migration beginning in the 1750s, mostly of Quakers from
Nantucket, the whole island at the time almost entirely Quaker
and, in fact, running over with them.3
Beginning around 1800, Quakers from the South began to
emigrate to Ohio, in large part to escape the slave-owning
society around them. Abolitionist sentiments were not a big part
of the Quaker faith at the beginning, but abolitionism developed
over time and became quite strong after the Revolutionary War.
The centers of Quaker settlement can be inferred from the
locations of their yearly meetings. Friends attended their local or
“monthly” meetings twice a week and a regional meeting four
times a year. Once a year they would travel, if they could,
1 Thomas D. Hamm, The Quakers in America, 2003. 2 Ibid 3 Ibid
3
however far they had to go to attend the yearly meeting.
Quarterly and yearly meetings were multi-day affairs. New
Garden was the location for a yearly meeting, but it stopped
being so after losing most of its Quaker population. The new
yearly meeting site in Ohio was in Mt. Pleasant, in Jefferson
County.4
4 Ibid
4
The Rhode Island Stantons
5
Robert Stanton (1599-1672)
The first of the Charles Howland Stanton line to arrive in
America was Robert Stanton. He was probably also the first
Quaker, although not for many years after his arrival. Robert
Stanton was born in England in 1598 or 1599. He married Avis
Almy while still in England. They embarked for New England,
probably in the early or middle 1630s. The name of the ship is
unknown, but they probably landed at Plymouth (the Plymouth
Plantation, as it was then called). By 1638, however, they were
living in the Rhode Island Colony, shortly after the first
settlement at what is now Providence by Roger Williams in 1636.
Robert Stanton is listed as one of the early settlers of Rhode
Island in Wikipedia,5 in particular as one of the original
inhabitants (in 1638) of Aquidnick island.
Roger Williams founded Providence after he was exiled from the
Massachusetts Bay Colony for heresy. He reached it from Salem
overland and by canoe, and brought several families with him.
The following year a different group of “heretics” , including
5 Wikipedia, List of early settlers of Rhode Island
6
several prominent citizens, was first disarmed,6 and several
months later exiled. One group of 19 exiles sailed with their
families to Providence in early 1638 and were advised by Roger
Williams to settle on the north end of Aquidnick island, as it was
known even then. Aquidnick was sometimes called Rhode
Island, and the original name of the colony was Rhode Island
and Providence Plantation. In March, 1638, the island was
purchased from local tribes, as Providence had been, and the
new settlement was called Pocasset.7 A year later its name was
changed to Portsmouth. Robert Stanton was not among the
initial purchasers of Aquidnick, but in the fourth town meeting
held in Pocasset, in September, 1638, the only item of business
appears to have been the following:8
By virtue of a Warrant, George Willmore, George Parker, John
Lutner, John Arnold, Samuell Smith, Robert Stanton, Anthony
Robinson, John Vahun, being summoned to appeare before the
Body for a Riott of drunkenesse by them committed on the 13th
of the 7th month [i.e., September in the Julian Calendar]: It was
accordingly agreed and ordered in Regard the default was
different in some Circumstances, That George Willmore and
George Parker shuld pay into the Treasury 5 shillings a peece,
and to sitt till the Evening in the Stockes; and that John Lutner
shuld pay 5 shillings and sitt one howre in the Stockes; and
that Samuell Smith, Robert Stanton, Anthony Robinson and
John Vahun should pay 5 shillings a peece as fine for their
default.
6 Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, Records of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay, Vol I, 1628-1641, Boston, William White Press, 1853, p. 211. 7 Edward Field, State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the End of the Century: A History, Boston, Mason Publishing, 1902. Note: at that time the Julian calendar was in use and the year ended in March, so it was recorded as 1637. 8 Howard M. Chapin, Documentary History of Rhode Island, Vol. 2, 1919, p. 44
7
In March of 1639,9 Robert Stanton was admitted as an inhabitant
of Pocasset in another town meeting. In the spring of 1639, many
of the inhabitants decided to move to the south end of the island,
about 15 miles south of Pocasset. This seems to have happened
quite rapidly. In a Pocasset town meeting on April 28, 1639, it
was decided to “propagate a plantation in the midst of the
island, or elsewhere.” 10 During the next town meeting, on May
16, 1639, it was “agreed and ordered that the Plantation now
begun at this south west end of the island shall be called
Newport.” Robert Stanton was one of the people to relocate to
Newport, where he was admitted as a freeman (i.e., with the
9 Recorded as 1638. 10 Richard M. Bayles, History of Newport County, Rhode Island, 1888, p. 141
8
right to vote) on Dec. 17, 1639,11 and the land he occupied, along
with that of the other ten original proprietors of Newport, was
entered in the records in March, 1640.12 Newport grew rapidly
and in May, 1641, there were 62 freemen in Newport. The map
shows the inhabited parts of the colony of Rhode Island around
1660, Warwick having been first settled around 1642, and settlers
having taken up residence in the area that became Pawtucket
later in that decade.
Robert Stanton remained in Newport until his death in August
of 1672. His name appears several times in the town records, as a
jury member and as a “sarjant” on the town council. In 1642 he
purchased an additional tract of land from its first English
occupant, Thomas Beeder.13 Many years later he was a party to a
purchase of still more land, directly from the Indian owners.
Robert and Avis Stanton, according to Our Ancestors, The
Stantons,14 had six children:
Robert, born 1627 in England
Sarah, born 1640 in Newport
Mary, born 1642 in Newport
John, born 1645 in Newport
Daniel, born 1648 in Newport
Prudence, born 1649 in Newport
I can find no independent evidence for a Robert Stanton Jr.,
purportedly born in 1627. As an individual, he appears in
11 Chapin, loc. cit., p. 80. 12 Bayles, loc. cit., p. 142 13 Ibid, p. 137 14 William Henry Stanton, A Book Called Our Ancestors the Stantons, 1922, p. 30.
9
several hundred family trees on Ancestry.com, but without the
names of a wife or children, and with no source records. Sarah,
however, is known to have married Henry Tibbetts in 1661, the
marriage being recorded in the Rhode Island Friends Records.15
Rhode Island here means specifically Aquidnick Island (the
terms were still synonymous at the time), i.e., the towns of
Portsmouth and Newport. The Friends records, and other
church records, constitute the best available evidence for births,
marriages, and deaths in the colonial period and for decades
thereafter. The first Friends meeting on Aquidnick Island is
thought to have been in 1661, but records of vital statistics date
only from 1676, and those are less complete than after 1699,
when the Quakers underwent a tighter organization. Note that
the marriage of Sarah Stanton to Henry Tibbetts, like a number
of other records, must have been entered ex post facto, since there
was no registration of marriages by the Quakers, as far as is
known, until 1676.16
Mary Stanton does not appear in the Friends records that have
come down to us, but her existence has been attested to (see
below). John’s birth in 1645 appears among the Friends records,
obviously long after the event itself. While there is no Friends
record of Daniel’s birth or marriage, the birth of Elizabeth, a
daughter of Daniel Stanton and his wife Elizabeth, is recorded in
1672, again after the fact. Of Prudence Stanton I can find no
records. Perhaps she died as a child.
Robert was very likely the first Stanton Quaker. His death in
August, 1672, is recorded in the Rhode Island Friends Records,
along with the notation that he was 73 years old at the time of
15 James N. Arnold, Vital Record of Rhode Island 1636-1850, Vol. VII. Friends and Ministers, 1895. 16 Ibid
10
death.17 This record, like others noted above, was very likely
added sometime after the actual death. It probably indicates that
Robert was indeed a Quaker, but we can’t dismiss the possibility
that it was placed there as a courtesy to one of his children.
Robert Stanton’s conversion to the Quaker religion must have
taken place late in his life, because the first Quakers to arrive in
the Colonies came in 1656, arriving at Boston, two in one ship
and eight in a second that came some two months later. Both sets
of Quakers were imprisoned for several weeks and then
“deported” on an outbound vessel. The next year six of them
returned in a small ship, manned and captained by Quakers, and
landed at Newport, where they found a friendlier reception (five
others went to New Amsterdam). They were evidently quite
persuasive and converted a sizable fraction of the inhabitants,
including some of the more prominent residents. They also
found converts in other settlements in Rhode Island and
neighboring parts of Connecticut.
Upon hearing that Quakers had landed in Newport, the
governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony sent a letter
demanding that Rhode Island expel them, to prevent them from
“dispersing their pernicious opinions” throughout the colonies.
Benedict Arnold, the president of Rhode Island (and ancestor of
the better known Benedict Arnold) replied that the Quakers
gained more converts by being punished for their beliefs than
they did by their preaching, and “as to the damage that may in
likelyhood accrue to the neighbor Colloneys by theire being here
entertained, we conceive it will not prove so dangerous in regard
of the course taken by you to send them away out of the country,
as they come among you.”
17 Ibid, p. 122
11
The next year, two women from Newport, converts to
Quakerism, walked through the wilderness to Weymouth, in the
Massachusetts Bay Colony, to proselytize. They were Herodias
Gardiner, who had her newborn baby with her, and Mary
Stanton, Robert’s daughter, just 16 years old. They were
promptly arrested, taken to Boston, and given “ten lashes with a
threefold knotted whip of cord”. In addition, they got 14 days in
jail. All in all, better treatment than the most notable Quaker
missionary to Massachusetts, Mary Dyer, who two years later
was hung, along with several men.
Herodias18 and her husband, George,19 were Stanton neighbors
and their activities, some of which involved the Stanton family,
add a bit of color to our picture of life in the earliest stages of the
colony of Rhode Island. George Gardiner, though not one of the
original purchasers of Portsmouth, arrived almost immediately
after the purchase, taking part in the first town meeting in May,
1638.20 He was not one of the group that indulged in a “Riott of
drunkenness” along with Robert Stanton in Pocasset, but the two
of them relocated to Newport at about the same time, and
George Gardiner and Robert Stanton were admitted as freemen
in Newport during the same town meeting in December, 1639.21
They were both present at the town meeting (two of the 17 in
attendance) in March, 1640, in which Pocasset was renamed
Portsmouth and the towns of Newport and Portsmouth agreed
to joint government, which was then referred to as the
government of Aquidneck Island.22
18 Wikipedia, Herodias Gardiner 19 Wikipedia, George Gardiner (settler) 20 Chapin, loc. cit., p. 117; there were 18 freemen at the time of the first Pocasset town meeting, and 14 more at the conclusion of the 4th town meeting, when Robert Stanton was admitted. 21 Chapin, loc. cit., p. 66 22 Chapin, loc. cit., p. 95
12
George Gardiner and Robert Stanton owned adjacent tracts of
land, as noted in the Newport town meeting records from 1640
detailing the distribution of land among the original proprietors,
of which there were eleven. Robert Stanton’s entry is as
follows:23
Whereas, according to certain orders, &c., Be it known,
therefore, that Robert Stanton, having exhibited his bill under
the Treasurer’s hand, into the sessions held on the 10th of
March, 1640, wherein appears full satisfaction to be given for
the number of 58 acres of land, lying within the precincts of
such bounds as the committee, by an order appointed, did
bound it withal, viz.: To begin upon George Gardiner’s line,
and so to run by the harbor marsh, to a marked stake, and so
upon a straight line to a marked tree upon the rocks, with a
home lot and two cows’ hay; West upon George Gardiner in
Southmead and one cow’s hay, in harbor marsh; North upon
Mr. Jeoffreys and 3 acres and 3 quarters of cow common lying
West upon George Gardiner’s by the water and swamp, all
which parcels of land amounts to his proportion. This,
therefore, doth evidence and testify, that all those parcels of
land before specified, amounting to the number of fifty-eight
acres, more or less, is fully impropriated to the said Robert
Stanton and his heirs forever.
Many years later, Robert Stanton increased his land holdings
substantially, but first, here is more about Herodias Gardiner.
There are two versions of her birth and marriage in England.
According to a “marriage allegation” made in London in 1637,24
Herodias Long was 21 years old when she married John Hicks,
two years her senior. Her father, William Long, a husbandman,
23 Extracts from Rhode Island Colonial Records, in Newport Historical Magazine, Vol. 2, p. 67 (1881) 24 London Marriage Allegations, Vol. 19, p. 92, as reported in John Hicks, The First Husband, http://www.rebelpuritan.com/Hicks.html.
13
gave his consent to the marriage (the second version makes a
better story and will be recounted in due course). That same
year, 1637, John and Herodias emigrated to the colonies, settling
in Weymouth, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, where John was
given three acres of land.25 They moved to Newport in 1640, not
long after the original 11 proprietors took up land there.
In March, 1644, the following entry was made in the Aquidnick
Quarter Court Records:26
John Hickes of Nuport being bound to the peace by the Govr
& Mr. Easton in a bond of x li [i.e., 10 pounds] for beating his
wife Harwood Hicks & presented this Court was ordered to
continue in his bonds till the next & then his wife to come &
give evidence concerning the case.
Herodias also used the name Harwood. She had previously
lodged a complaint with the governor of the colony, William
Coddington, in late 1643. There seems to be no record of
Herodias appearing in the Aquidnick Quarter Court, probably
because John Hicks promptly took their two children and all of
the inheritance Herodias had recently received from her mother
and departed for New York (New Netherland at that time).27
From his new home in Flushing, John Hicks sent a letter asking
for a divorce to John Coggeshall, assistant to the governor, at
least part of which was recorded in the Aquidnick Quarter Court
Records:28
Now for parting what way ther is seeing she have carried the
matter so subtilly as she have I know not, but if ther be any
25 John Hicks, The First Husband, http://www.rebelpuritan.com/Hicks.html. 26 Chapin, loc. cit., p. 151. 27 John Hicks, The First Husband, http://www.rebelpuritan.com/Hicks.html. 28 Chapin, loc. cit., p. 152.
14
way to bee used to unti that Knott, which was at the first by
man tyed that so the world may be satisfied I am willing ther
unto, for the Knot of affection on her part have been untied
long since, and her whordome have freed my conscience on
the other part, so I Leave myself to yor advise being free to
condissend to yor advice if ther may be such a way used for
the finall parting for us.
Coddington and Coggeshall, judging themselves without
authority to grant a divorce, issued the following decree:29
"This witnesseth tht in the yeare 1643, decemb. the 3d/
Harrwood Hicks, wife to John Hicks, made her Complaint
to us of Many greevances, & Exstreeme violence, that her
Husband used towards her, uppon which she desired ye
peace of him uppon ye Examination whereof we found such
due grounds of her Complaints by his Inhumane &
barbarous Carriages such Crewell blows on Divers parts of her
body, with many other like Cruelties, that we fearing
the ordenarie & desperate afects of such barbarous Cruelties,
murthering, poysioning, drowning, hanging, wounds & Losse
of Limbes, Could not but bind him to ye peace, Moreover we
found him soe bitterly to be Inraged, & soe desparate in his
Expreshions, uppon which the poore woman fraught with
feares, Chose Rather to subject herselfe to any Miserie than to
Live with him; He also as desirous thereof as She, Solicited us
to part them, with much Impretunyty we therefore diligently
observing & waighing, ye prmeses Conceived & Concluded,
that it were better, yea farr better for them to be separated, or
devorced than to Live in such bondage being in such parfect
hatred of one another, & to avoayde & prevent the said
desperate hazards premised, yet observing & knowing how
Odious this act was amongst men, Refused to order theire
separation, but tould them theire act should be theires wherein
if they agreede we would be witnesses thereof uppon which
they Came to an accord, & declared it to us which
29 New York Genealogical & Biographical Record, 70, 116 (1939).
15
Accordingly we doe testifie the same, being perswade that god
had separated them soe Inmeewtablie, that they were free
from that marriage bond before god, Now we being
Majestrates in this place, & in Commission for ye peace, & by
order we are to walke accordinge to ye Lawes of England,
under grace of our Soveraigne, had no direct Rule to walke by
to devorce them did therefore under grace by our Authoritie
declare them duly separate in wittness where of we
therfor sett to our hands this is a True Coppie Prime
William Coddington
John Coggeshall
Before or after this decree, Herodias moved in with George
Gardiner. The common law marriage could not be properly
sanctioned, since she had been granted a separation from John
Hicks, not a divorce. Herodias had seven children with George
Gardiner.
In 1655 John Hicks, wishing to marry a rich widow, Florence
Carman, obtained a divorce decree in New Netherland, signed
by the Governor, Peter Stuyvesant.
We the councillors of New Netherland having seen and read
the request of John Hicks sheriff on Long Island, in which he
remonstrates and presents that his wife Harwood Longh had
ran away from him about 9 years ago with someone else with
whom she has been married and had by him 5 or 6 children.
His wife having therefore broken the bond of marriage
(without him having given any reason thereto) he asks to be
qualified and given permission to marry again an honorable
young girl or a widow (in accordance with political and
ecclesiastical ordinances). The above mentioned councillors
having taken notice of the above request and in addition of the
affidavits and declarations attached thereto made by
trustworthy inhabitants of this Province, they find that this
request cannot be refused and that they therefore have given
16
him letters of divorce and free and frank [words missing]
widow in the bond of marriage [words missing] allowed to
enter in accordance with political and ecclesiastical
ordinances.30
Florence died six years later, after which her relatives
successfully sued John Hicks to recover her estate.31
Herodias probably adopted Quakerism in 1657, soon after the
small boatload of Quakers disembarked at Newport. She
decided, or was persuaded, to return to Weymouth in order to
proselytize there, where she knew many of the residents. As
mentioned previously, she left on foot with her infant daughter,
Rebecca, and Mary Stanton. A florid, almost contemporary
account exists, written by George Bishop as a protest to the
citizens of the Massachusetts Bay Colony sometime in the early
1660s, then edited and reprinted in 1703:
Harriet Gardner [sic] is the next [Quaker persecuted], - being
the mother of many children, and an inhabitant of Newport, in
Rhode Island, who came, with her babe sucking at her breast,
from thence to Weymouth, a town in your colony; where,
having finished what she had to do, and her testimony from
the Lord, unto which the Witness of God answered in the
people, she was hurried by the baser sort to Boston, in the 11th
of Third Month [i.e., May 11], 1658, before your governor, John
Endicott; who, after he had entertained her and the girl – Mary
Staunton, who came with her, to help bear her child – with
much abusive language, he committed them both to prison,
and ordered them to be whipped with ten lashes a-piece,
which was cruelly laid on their naked bodies with a three-fold
knotted whip of cords, and then were continued for the space
of fourteen days longer in prison from their friends, who could
30 H. F. Seversmith, Colonial Families of Long Island, New York and Connecticut, 1944. 31 John Hicks, The First Husband, http://www.rebelpuritan.com/Hicks.html
17
not visit them. The woman came a very sore and – according
to man – hardly accomplishable journey, through a
wilderness, between Rhode Island and Boston, of about sixty
miles, and being kept up, after your cruel usage of their
bodies, might have died; but you had no consideration of this
or of them, though the mother had of you, who, after the
savage, inhumane, and bloody execution on her of your
cruelty as aforesaid, kneeled down and prayed the Lord to
forgive you.32
How Herodias and Mary got back to Newport is not described.
George Gardiner might have been a Quaker also, but there are
no entries for him, Herodias (Harwood), or any of their seven
children in the Friends Records, which may indicate that
Herodias’ zealotry cooled after her whipping and imprisonment
in Boston.
In 1657, John Porter, one of the original 19 purchasers of
Portsmouth (Pocasset) and one of the signers of the original
Rhode Island Charter along with Roger Williams, together with
three others purchased Pettaquamscutt Hill and surrounding
lands from the Narragansett Indian chiefs for 17 pounds.33 That
land was on the mainland to the west of Newport, where the
present town of South Kingstown is, and was referred to as the
Pettaquamscutt Purchase (in red below). John Porter took up
residence there. The four founders gradually sold tracts of this
large land purchase, one of them to the governor, Benedict
Arnold, and became wealthy.
32 George Bishop, New England Judged by the Spirit of the Lord, London, T. Sowle, 1703, pp. 52-53. 33 Thomas W. Bicknell, The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Vol. II, 1920, p. 473.
18
In 1660, Robert Stanton and four others from Newport bought a
tract of land from a Narragansett Indian chief named Socho,
with the objective of creating a “Plantation or Towneshipe” with
30 to 50 settlers, following the example of John Porter and the
other purchasers of Pettaquamscutt.34 The deed reads in part:35
This deed or writing, bearing date this present twenty-ninth
day of June, one thousand six hundred and sixty, witnesseth:
That T. Socho, an Indian Captain of Narraganset, being the
true and lawful owner of a tract of land called Misquamicoke,
for a valuable consideration in hand paid to my content have
bargained and sold unto William Vaughan, Robert Stanton,
John Fairfield, Hugh Moshur, James Longbottom, all of
Nuport in Rhode-Island and others their associates, which said
tract of land being bounded as followeth, Easterly by a place
called Weecapaug or Passpatanage, joining to the Nianticut
land, on the South by the main sea, on the West by Pawcatuck
river, and so up the chief river or stream northerly and
34 J. R. Bartlett, Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in New England, Vol. I, p. 450. 35 Ibid.
19
northeasterly to a place called Quequatuck or
Quequachanocke, and from thence on a straight line to the
first named bounds called Wecapoag or Patchatanage joining
upon the Nianticut land.
This would be prime beachfront property today, between the
town of Weekapaug and the Pawtucket River, which constitutes
the border between Rhode Island and Connecticut. The total area
was around 35 square miles.
The town of Westerly eventually grew from this land, called the
Misquamacock (later, Misquamicut) Purchase. From the
beginning, “town” in Rhode Island (as in New York) referred to
a large area of settlement, like a township in many other states. It
was then, and perhaps still is, a more significant unit of
government than the counties, which comprised several towns.
Not long after Westerly was given the status of a town, it was
expanded to include additional land purchases and filled an area
of approximately 200 square miles.36 It corresponded roughly to
what in the map below is referred to as Narragansett Country.
The area in Westerly was under constant dispute with
Connecticut for several decades.
36 Frederic Denison, Westerly and its Witnesses, 1626-1876, Providence, Reid, 1878.
20
21
Only one of the original purchasers actually settled in Westerly.
Robert Stanton did not, but his son Daniel did, sometime
between the purchase date (1660) and 1668, when he was made a
freeman of Westerly. At that time Westerly was identical with
the Misquamicut Purchase and its western border was (is) only
five miles by land, or two miles by water, from Stonington,
Connecticut, where Thomas Stanton, who may have been, but is
not known for sure to have been, related to Robert, was one of
the first settlers.37
George Gardiner was a witness to the deed for the Misquamicut
Purchase. A year later, George Gardiner and Robert Stanton
made a purchase on their own of about six square miles west of,
and adjacent to, the Pettaquamscutt Purchase.38 The land was
between the Beaver and Usquepaug rivers and was commonly
referred to in official documents as Stanton’s Purchase.39 This
did not pan out into the profitable venture they had imagined.
Part of their land was in what was (and is) called the Great
Swamp, and the rest was not easy to get to from the
Pettaquamscutt settlements.40 Even today that land is very
sparsely populated. More on the Stanton Purchase will be found
later in this narrative.
In 1665, Herodias Gardiner filed a petition with the court in
Rhode Island to sever ties with George Gardiner. In it she
37 William A. Stanton, A Record, Genealogical, Biographical, Statistical, of Thomas Stanton of Connecticut and His Descendants, 1891. 38 Elisha R. Potter, The Early History of Narragansett, 1835, p. 66 39 Ibid 40 George Gardner, The Second Husband, http://www.rebelpuritan.com/Gardner.html.
22
recounts a different story than what had been written in the
Marriage Allegation before her marriage to John Hicks:41
Whereas, I was upon the death of my father sent to London by
my mother in much sorrow and griefe of spirit, and there
taken by one John Hickes unknown to any of my friends, and
by the said Hickes privately married in the under Church of
Paules, called Saint Faith’s Church, and in a little while after,
to my great griefe, brought to New England, when I was
between thirteen and fourteen years of age, and lived two
years and halfe at Waymouth, twelve miles from Boston; and
then came to Rhode Island about the yeare 1640; and there
lived ever since, till I came heare to Pettecomscott. Not long
after my coming to Rhode Island, there happened a difference
between the said John Hickes and myself, soe that the
authority that then was under grace, saw cause to part us, and
ordered I should have the estate which was sent mee by my
mother, delivered to me by the said John Hickes; but I never
had it, but the said John Hickes went away to the Dutch, and
carried away with him most of my estate; by which meanes I
was put to great hardship and straight. Then I had thought to
goe to my friends, but was hindered by the warres, and the
death of my friends. My mother and brother, loosing their
lives and estates in his Majestyes service, and I being one not
brought up to labour, and young, knew not what to doe to
have something to live, having noe friend; in which straight I
was drawne by George Gardener to consent to him soe fare as
I did, for my mayntainance. Yett with much oppression of
spirit, judging him not to be my husband, never being married
to him according to the law of the place: alsoe I told him my
oppression, and desiered him, seeing that hee had that little
that I had, and all my labour, that hee would alow mee some
maintainance, either to live apart from him, or else not to
meddle with mee; but hee has always refused. Therefore, my
humble petition to your honours is, that of that estate and
41 J. R. Bartlett, Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in New England, Vol. II, p. 101 (1857).
23
labour hee has had of mine, hee may alow it mee; and that the
house upon my land I may enjoy without molestation, and
that hee may alow mee my child to bring up with
maintainance for her, and that hee may bee restrained from
ever meddling with me, or trobleing mee more. Soe shall your
poor petitioner ever pray for your honours peace and
prosperity.
Her name is written in the records as Horod Long. I imagine that
Horod might be a phonetic spelling of Harwood, or maybe she
decided she like Horod better. The General Assembly of Rhode
Island considered the case, calling several witnesses, the gist of
whose testimony was recorded:42
There having been much debate upon the petition of Horod
Long, alias Gardener, and the Court having demanded of the
aforesaid Horod whether she would returne to George
Gardner and live with him as a wife ought to doe, her plaine
and absolute answer is, that to accept or embrace that motion,
whatever becomes of her she would not, but says she was at
the Courts pleasure to doe with her what they saw good.
And the answer of George Gardener was, that he was free to
accept of her if she were free, and did desire her to returne,
notwithstanding that agreement of theirs to live apart.
George Gardener being called before the Court, and being
asked whether he can prove that ever he were according to the
manner and custom of the place married; to that hee plainly
answers that he cannot say that ever hee went on purpose
before any magistrate to declare themselves, or to take each
other as man and wife, or to have their approbation as to the
premises.
Robert Stanton being called before the Court, and being asked
whether hee could informe the Court whether hee knew that
42 Ibid, p. 99
24
ever George Gardener and Horod, his reputed wife were ever
married according to the custom of this place; to which hee
answered that hee knew noe other marridge, but onlye one
night being at his house both of them did say before him and
his wife that they did take one the other as man and wife.
Robert Stanton’s evidence did not suffice. The members of the
Assembly were shocked, apparently, to discover what had been
going on in their midst.
Whereas, Horod Long, heretofore the wife of John Hickes, and
since the reputed wife of George Gardener of Newport, in
Rhode Island, by a petition, presented unto the Right
honourable his Majestyes Commissioners, did most
impudently discover her owne nakedness by declaring therein
unto their honours, that although she had lived for a long
space of time with the aforesaid Gardener as in a married
estate, and had owned him as her lawfull husband, yet she
was never lawfully married to him, neither could owne him in
such a relation, and soe consequently that she had lived all this
time in that abominable lust of fornication, contrary to the
generall apprehension of her neighbors, she having had by the
aforesaid Gardener many children, … we have found it to be
even soe as the abovesaid Horod hath declared, and that by
the confession alsoe of the aforesaid Gardner, soe that that
horrible sin of uncleanness in which they had lived for the
space of eighteen or twenty years together, and had under the
covert of pretended marridge (owning each other as man and
wife), being now and not before, by her owne acting and
confessions brought to light and most shamefully expressed to
the publicke view, to the extreme reproach and scandal of this
jurisdiction; therefore this present Assembly laying to heart
the fowlness of the aforesaid sin, and manifesting their great
abhorrence and detestation of such lieke practices, doe order
as a mult [penalty], far inferior to their demerits, that the
aforesaid George Gardener and Horod Long shall pay or cause
to be paid into the publicke treasury the summe of twentye
pounds, each of them…. And farther it is ordered … that the
25
aforesaid Gardner and Horod are hereby straightly required
that from henceforth they presume not to lead soe scandolose
a life, lest they feel the extreamest penalty that either is or shall
be provided in such cases.43
Quite possibly these fines were never paid. The very next
measure passed by the Assembly consisted in recognizing all de
facto marriages prior to 1647, when an act had gone into force
prescribing that marriages be declared and registered publicly.
This would presumably have included George and Herosiad’s.
The act also made the previously enacted penalties for
fornication (whippings and fines) discretionary rather than
mandatory.44
You may judge for yourself to what extent it was a matter of
pure coincidence that the following petition was received by the
Assembly at almost the same time they were rendering the
judgement transcribed above.
Whereas, there hath been a petition presented to this present
Assembly by Margarett Porter, the wife of John Porter, of this
jurisdiction of Rhode Island, in which the said Magarett doth
most sadly complaine that her said husband is destitute of all
congugall love towards her, and sutable care of her; that hee is
gone from her, and hath left her in such a nessesetous state
that unavoidably she is brought to a mere dependence upon
her children for her dayley supply, to her very great grieffe of
heart; and the rather considering that there is in the hands of
her said husband a very competent estate for both their
subsistence; whereupon the said Margarett hath most
earnestly requested this Generall Assembly to take care of her,
and to take her deplorable estate into their serious
consideration, so as to make some sutable provision for her
43 Ibid, p. 102-103 44 Ibid, p. 104-105
26
reliefe, out of the estate of her husband; and that speedily,
before both hee and it be convayed away.45
The court was moved by Margaret’s plea.
The Court therefore, taking the matter into their serious
consideration, and being thoroughly satisfied, both by
common fame and otherwise, that the complaints are true, and
that the feares premised, of convaying at least his estate away,
are not without grownds; and having a deepe sense upon their
hearts of this sad condition which this poore anciante matron
is, by this meanes, reduced into, and how much it is
incumbent upon them, both upon the score of justice and
mercy; she having thus committed herself and cause to them
to take care for and to put to their helping hand in order to her
spedy reliefe: doe therefore declare and enacte … that all the
estate both personall and reall of the abovesaid John Porter,
lying and being in this jurisdiction, is hearby secured, as if
actually seized upon and deposited for the reliefe of the
aforesaid complainant … until hee hath settled a competent
reliefe upon his aged wife to her full satisfaction.46
John Porter did exactly that and his land holdings were
disencumbered.
You might have noticed in Herodias Gardiner’s testimony that
she had been living in “Pettecomscott”, which is where John
Porter had his estate. The next year, 1666, Herodias was again
charged with cohabitation, this time with John Porter.
Upon an Indictment by the solicitor in October:1666, against
Horrud Long (alias) Gardner she being Mandamossed and in
Courd Cald did not apeere; And after Mr John Porter
apeereing with a paper signed Horrud Long the Court doe
45 Ibid, p. 119 46 Ibid, p. 120
27
owne him her Aturney: the sayd Mr Porter in her behalf:
pleads Not Guilty of Liveinge in incontunancy and Refers her
Tryall to god and the Cuntry.
The Juris verdict – Horrud Long not Guilty by punktual
Testimonys.47
Robert Stanton was one of the jurors.48
Two years later, in 1668, Herodias was again charged with
cohabitation, and this time John Porter was too. Nevertheless,
the result was the same. The entry for John is as follows:
Upon an Indictment by the solicitor against Mr John
Porter for liveinge in way of incontenancy with Horrud
Long (alias) Gardner. The sayd Mr John Porter beinge
Mandamassed, and in Court Called pleads not Guilty and
Referrs him Selfe to the Cuntry for Tryall.49
The jurris Verdict. John Porter not Guilty.
Horrud (Herodias) was also indicted and also judged not guilty.
One wonders what the standards of evidence were. The very
next case was for fornication and the result was guilty with a
sentence of 15 stripes. As a matter of fact, it appears that over
half of all cases heard by the court were for fornication. Robert
Stanton was on many such juries, essentially the Supreme Court
of the colony of Rhode Island, during the 1660s.
Robert Stanton died in August, 1672. I cannot find a record of
Avis’s death in the Quaker records or anywhere else.
47 Rhode Island Historical Society, Rhode Island Court Records 1662-1670, p. 70 48 Ibid 49 Ibid, p. 65
28
Robert
Sarah Mary John Daniel Prudence
Avis Almy
29
John Stanton (1645 – 1728)
Upon his death in 1672, Robert Stanton owned 56 acres in
Newport, several square miles in Westerly (the Misquamicut
Purchase), less whatever had been sold to settlers, and he shared
the six square mile Stanton Purchase with George Gardiner.
Daniel, the younger son, had been living in Westerly for several
years. However, Westerly was abandoned for about five years
following the outbreak of King Philip’s War in 1675, because the
town was not in a position to defend itself. Daniel moved back to
Newport, where he appeared on a deed in 1679, a tax list in 1680,
and a jury list in 1688.50 Although his marriage with Elizabeth
(last name unknown, possibly Woolley) is not recorded in the
Quaker records, six children are recorded in the Newport
Quaker records, born between 1676 and 1689. Possibly his
marriage took place in Westerly, of which there are virtually no
records from that time, and possibly there were other children
born earlier in Westerly. The children born in Newport consisted
of four girls and two boys, Daniel and Benjamin. Benjamin died
the year after he was born. Daniel II was a sailor. He married in
50 John O. Austin, Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island, Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1982 (original 1887), p. 390.
30
Newport and then, as did several other Quaker residents of
Newport around the same time, moved to Philadelphia, where
the Quakers were just starting to get a foothold. He died at sea in
1708 and Abigail, his wife, died soon thereafter. They left one
child, also Daniel, who kept a diary detailing his activities as a
Quaker preacher, particularly in the Caribbean, and even in
England, which was published posthumously.51
There are no records after 1789 related to the senior Daniel.
Possibly he moved back to Westerly, but the several Stantons
that are recorded as living in Westerly in the early 1700s were
related to Joseph Stanton (son of Thomas Stanton of
Connecticut), including a son Daniel. This was perhaps natural,
since Westerly was much closer to Stonington, Connecticut, than
to Newport or any other permanently inhabited part of Rhode
Island.
John, the elder son of Robert Stanton, appears to have inherited
Robert’s property in Newport and the Stanton Purchase, while
Daniel, the younger son, was at the time of Robert’s death living
on some part of the Stanton holdings in Westerly. Records
referring to John Stanton during this time must be examined
carefully, because Thomas Stanton of Stonington, Connecticut,
progenitor of large quantities of Stantons, had a son John, born
four years before John, son of Robert Stanton, and this John
became an Indian translator (as was his father, Thomas), and
therefore was much more prominently featured in
contemporaneous records. Thus both of Robert’s sons had
eponymous counterparts from Stonington.
51 Daniel Stanton, A Journal of the Life, Travels & Gospel Labours of a Faithful Minister of Jesus Christ, Philadelphia, Joseph Crukshank (in Third Street, opposite the Work-House), 1777.
31
To avoid as much confusion as possible as John Stantons begin
to proliferate in this story, this John Stanton (son of Robert) will
henceforth be referred to as John I and Johns in the direct line
from John I will be called John II, John III, and John IV. John I
married Mary Harndell, daughter of John Harndell of Newport.
They had at least these six children, all attested to in the Quaker
records:52
Mary 1668
Hannah 1670
Patience 1672
John (II) 1674
Content 1675
Robert 1677
The births were almost certainly recorded (the same may be said
of Daniel’s children) well after the events. But after Robert’s
birth the records fail us, even though John had two more
children:
Benjamin 1684
Henry 1688
The births of Benjamin and Henry are not to be found in the
Newport Quaker records, and I’m not sure how their birthdates
are known, though they appear in the Genealogical Dictionary of
Rhode Island.53 Several other family events involving Benjamin
are in the Newport Quaker records, including his death in 1760,
the marriages of three children born to him and his wife Martha,
52 James N. Arnold, Vital Record of Rhode Island 1636-1850, Vol. VII. Friends and Ministers, 1895. 53 Austin, op. cit., p. 389.
32
Martha’s death in 1759, and the deaths of the three children.54
Henry, on the other hand, went completely unmentioned in the
Newport Quaker records. He became a sailor, and when he was
in his 30s he pulled up roots completely and resettled in Carteret
County, North Carolina [Craven County at the time], where he
spawned a major branch of Stantons. This was not just a whim.
Henry Stanton was part of the first of the several large
migrations of (originally) Rhode Island Quakers. In a short
history of Carteret County we find the following:55
In 1721 Quakers from Rhode Island came in family units and
settled on the north side of the Newport River … The largest
plantations, given by grants or purchased, were in the central
and western parts of Carteret County. Large land owners
included Robert Williams, William Borden, and the Stanton
family.
The Carteret County branch of the family is the one on which
was based a book with the peculiar title A Book Called Our
Ancestors the Stantons.56
Mary (Harndell), John I’s wife, was Benjamin’s mother, but she
died sometime around 1686, the exact date unrecorded.
Subsequently, John I married Mary Cranston, the widow of John
Cranston, who died in 1680. John Cranston was, at the time of
his death, Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island. Mary
Cranston was born Mary Clarke. Her father, Jeremiah Clarke,
came from a well-to-do family in England. He, along with Robert
54 Avis (married Peleg Slocum in 1728), Martha (married James Gould, 1734), Benjamin (married Joanna Slocum, 1750). 55 North Carolina History Project, Carteret County, http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/commentary/54/entry 56 William Henry Stanton, A Book Called Our Ancestors the Stantons, self-published, 1922.
33
Stanton, was one of the original 11 proprietors of Newport.
Mary’s mother, Frances Latham, came from an even more
prominent family in England. The date of John I and Mary’s
marriage is unknown, but their son Henry was born in May,
1688.
Although I have seen several family trees stating that Mary
(Clarke) Cranston was also Benjamin’s mother, that can be ruled
out based on the will of Mary Harndell’s father, John. I have
only an extract from that will, as published in the Genealogical
Dictionary of Rhode Island. It was dated 9 Feb 1685 (which would
be 1686 in the Gregorian calendar) and was “proved” in 1687:57
Executrix daughter Mary Stanton, wife of John. Overseers
Robert Hughes and John Coggeshall. To kinsman Robert
Stanton, son to John Stanton, house and 10 acres at age, but if
he die without issue then to kinsman Benjamin Stanton, son of
John Stanton. To son-in-law John Stanton, a mare, and to
kinsman Robert Stanton a mare. To daughter-in-law Rebeckah
Mosure, wife of Hugh Mosure of Portsmouth, a good ewe
sheep. To son-in-law John Maxson a good ewe sheep. To Mary
and Hannah Stanton, daughters of John, two good ewe sheep
each.
Hugh Mosher (Mosier) was one of the six primary shareholders
(Robert Stanton being another) in the Misquamicut Purchase that
spawned the town of Westerly. Rebecca was named as daughter-
in-law, but that term was also used for step-daughter. In fact,
Rebecca and John Maxson were both step children, born of John
Harndell’s wife, also Rebecca, and her first husband, John
Maxson, who was killed by Indians. Mary Harndell was John
Harndell’s only natural child.
57 John O. Austin, Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island, Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1982 (original 1887), p. 93, with amendments from www.wikitree.com/wike/Harndell-4.
34
Thus, Mary Harndell Stanton was still alive in 1685 and must
have been Benjamin’s mother. The Stanton family picked up the
lion’s share of the inheritance. It is interesting that Robert, 8
years old when the will was drawn up, was the prime
beneficiary. Benjamin (2 years old) was only a contingent
beneficiary, while Stanton children John II, Patience, and
Content (if she was alive) got nothing.
It can also be established that Mary (Clarke) Cranston was
Henry’s mother, because she died in 1708, leaving a will
mentioning her Cranston children as well as Henry Stanton.58
The Stanton Purchase
Many years after Robert Stanton and George Gardiner bought
the Stanton Purchase, there was finally some activity. Perhaps
roads had been built near enough to make it practical to think
about living there. John I and Joseph Gardiner, George’s son,
sold several pieces of the Stanton Purchase and, in this
connection, had the land surveyed in 1694 (the copy on the next
page is disjointed in the center because of the tight binding in the
original).59
Joseph Clarke of Westerly (no relation to Jeremy Clark, father of
Mary Clark, John I’s second wife) purchased the 200 acre lot at
the far left of the survey (the farthest south), and the deed was
58 John O. Austin, Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island, p. 388 59 Rhode Island Historical Society Collections, Vol. 28, 1935, p. 80-81.
35
recorded on June 24, 1694, in the presence of Benedict Arnold as
witness:60
60 Susan Stanton Brayton, The Stanton Purchase, Rhode Island Historical Society Collections, Vol. 28, 1935, pp. 101-110.
36
[By payment of] ten pounds current money of New England
… Wee the said John Stanton & Joseph Gardiner – Doe give
grant Bargaine Sell … and Confirm unto the Said Joseph
Clarke his heirs and assigns forever the Southwestward part of
a Neck of land … lying in the Narragansett Cuntry between a
River Cald Awooscopaug River and a River Cald Bever River
the which said South west part of said Neck Contains two
hundred Acres More or Less as is now laid out And Diliniated
on the Drauft of Said Neck And bounded Southwardly on the
great River Comonly Caled pawcatuck River, Westwardly on
said Bever River Northerly And Esterly on Lands belonging to
Said John Stanton & being part of Said Neck, the which Said
Neck of land Was formerly purchased of Wanamachin Sachim
& owner thearof by Robert Stanton father of Said John Stanton
And George Gardiner father of Said Joseph Gardiner.
The survey shows the next lot to the right of Joseph Clarke’s to
have been assigned to Daniel Stanton, whereas the deed states
that it belonged to John Stanton. We can’t be sure whether
Daniel actually owned the land or not, but the next lot after that
was certainly John I’s, the two lots both being 309 acres.
To get a better idea of where the Stanton Purchase was, the
general area is shown on a USGS topographical map, outlined in
black. To match the topo map with the survey, remember that
the survey map is “sideways” with south pointing left. Note also
that the Awooscopaug River in the deed is now written
Usquepaug. Part of the Beaver River, on the left side of the topo
map meanders into the adjacent quadrangle and, in fact, flows
into the Pawcatuck just to the left of the point at which the
Pawcatuck leaves the map. Some of the land is in the present
Great Swamp Wildlife Reservation. You may notice, just outside
the boundary of the Stanton Purchase, across the Usquepaug
River, is the Great Swamp Fight Site. This was the location of a
major battle in King Philip’s War in 1675.
37
38
Perhaps a better picture of the location comes from this
contemporary map.
39
The Stanton Purchase constitutes what is now the southeast
corner of the town (it would be called a township in most other
states) of Richmond. Joseph Clarke’s land was actually
inhabited not long after the survey was done, which we know
because in 1717 Joseph deeded the land “to my son Samuel
Clarke 200 acres in Westerly … formerly of John Stanton and
Joseph Gardiner, which tract has been improved upwards of 21
years by my son Samuel, he being in actual possession of same
for term aforesaid.”61 Possibly other tracts in the Stanton
purchase were also occupied, but I haven’t seen any indication
that either John or Daniel Stanton lived there during their
lifetimes.
From the 1717 deed we see that the Stanton Purchase was at that
time considered to be part of the town of Westerly. From the
beginning the town was the basic unit of local government in the
colony, and in the 1670s geographical boundaries began to be
set. Initially, the area covered by the current towns of
Hopkinton, Richmond, Westerly, and Charlestown constituted
the town of Westerly. The village of Westerly was in the
southwest corner of the town. In 1738 the eastern part became
the town of Charlestown, and in 1747 the northern part of
Charlestown became Richmond, the southeast corner of which
was the Stanton Purchase. In the late 1600s and early 1700s, the
village of Westerly was more accessible to anyone living on the
Stanton Purchase than the geographically much closer South
Kingstown.
61 Ibid., p. 104.
40
Captain(?) John Stanton
John I is given the title of Captain in a few internet sources. The
only significant military source for such a title would have been
King Philip’s War. There is a listing of soldiers in that fought in
that war62 that indicate that there were only a few soldiers from
62 George M. Bodge, Soldiers in King Philip’s War, Boston, David Clapp & Sons, 1891.
41
Rhode Island. There was a Captain John Stanton in that war, but
it was the other John Stanton, from Connecticut, the son of
Thomas Stanton. I have found one contemporaneous record that
refers to John I as Captain, from a compilation of Portsmouth
vital records, reporting the marriage of John I’s son, John II (see
below). I will assume that at some time John I captained a
merchant ship. Probably even one voyage would confer a life-
long title. One source states that John Stanton was a merchant in
Newport.63 If so, he would have been doing what most of the
Newport settlers were doing, because trading proved to be more
profitable than farming on Aquidnick Island.
Disputed Date of Death
According to the Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island,64 John I
died on October 3, 1713. That volume, originally printed in 1887,
seems to be the original source for that date, quoted in other
genealogical publications.65 I cannot, however, find anything
like a transcript of an original record. His death is not recorded
in the Newport Friends Records – possibly he had moved onto
the Stanton Purchase by then or was living with one of his
children somewhere else. What I can find is a picture of a
memorial headstone (see below).
63 Genealogical and Biographical Record of New London County, Connecticut, Chicago, J. H. Beers, 1905. 64 John O. Austin, Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island, Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1982 (original 1887), p. 388. 65 For example, Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 20, 1920, p. 101, p.134.
42
JOHN STANTON
Died Jan. 22, 1762
Aged 89
His Father
JOHN STANTON
Died in Newport 1728
Aged 83
His Grandfather
ROBERT STANTON
Died at Newport 1672
Aged 73
His First Wife
ELIZABETH
Died at Newport 1730
Aged 50
His Last Wife
SUSANNAH
Died at Richmond 1807
Aged 92
Erected by B. Stanton, a
Great-Grandson, in 1841
This headstone was found on the Stanton Purchase by Susan
Stanton Brayton, the author of an article on the Stanton
Purchase.66 She describes the site in the article:
Opposite the [Boss] Meeting House [now gone] was the Stanton
Farm. The dwelling house, reached by a wide and grassy lane
bordered by locust trees, lingers in memory as a quiet and
pleasant retreat remote from the road, with a charming view of the
valley beyond. Fire visited it many years ago, and weeds and
bushes now grow over the stones of the fallen chimney and cellar
wall.
Near the ruins of the Stanton House is the Stanton burial lot,
hidden among forest trees which have crept over once fertile
66 Susan Stanton Brayton, The Stanton Purchase, Rhode Island Historical Society Collections, Vol. 28, 1935, pp. 101-110.
43
meadows and would have encroached upon this spot had it not
been kept open by Miss Kenyon.
Although this is a memorial stone, not an original gravestone,
given that John II’s great-grandson erected it, I would guess that
the dates were reliable.
Only two of the other stones are marked, but they appear to be
actual gravestones:
In Memory of Deacon John Stanton who died Dec. 31 1842 In the
81st year
In Memory of Mary Stanton Wife of John Stanton who died Sept. 18,
1841 in the 75 year of her age
Here’s the weird thing: the same triple memorial appears at the
base of a stele in the Windham Cemetery in Windham,
Connecticut. The stele was erected for Robert Stanton, a
grandson of John I. Robert died in 1824. The inscriptions are in
excellent shape, which may mean that the stele was erected long
after Robert’s death. John I’s segment is shown below:
44
Whether 1713 or 1728 is the correct date of death could be settled
if John I left a will. In fact, it appears that he did, though the
reference I have to it is quite abbreviated, stating:67
He named his son John executor of his estate; will dated 17
MAY – and probated in Newport 5 JUL 1725. Besides John, he
mentioned sons, Benjamin and Henry, and daughters Mary
Coggeshall, Hannah Carr and Patience Norton(?).
This doesn’t state the year the will was drawn up, but implies
that John I died in 1725, or even earlier. The information is so
sketchy, I will assume that the memorial stones provide the
correct date.
67 John Stanton/Mary Clarke on Family Central, www.familycentral.net/index/family.cfm.
Robert
Sarah Mary John Daniel Prudence
Mary Hannah Patience John II Content Robeert Benjamin Henry
Avis Almy
Mary Harndell
45
John Stanton (1674-1762)
The memorial stones just mentioned include John II and confirm
the birth and death dates listed in the Genealogical Dictionary of
Rhode Island.68 According to that source, John II married twice
and had 25 children. His first wife was Elizabeth Clarke,
daughter of Latham Clarke, who was the brother of Mary
Clarke, John I’s second wife (not John II’s mother). Their
marriage took place in Portsmouth (Elizabeth’s home) and the
listing in Rhode Island Vital Records is the one item I have found
that refers to John I as Captain:69
STANTON, John, of Capt. John, of Newport, and Elizabeth
Clarke, of Latham, of Portsmouth; m. by Samuel Cranston,
Governor, Feb. 3, 1699-1700.
Conceivably, the date was transcribed incorrectly, because
Newport Friends’ Records show their first child, Hannah, to
68 John O. Austin, Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island, Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1982 (original 1887), p. 388 69 James N. Arnold, Vital Record of Rhode Island, Vol. 4, Newport County , Providence, Narragansett Historical Publishing Co., 1893, p. 43, original source Portsmouth Record Book I, p. 76.
46
have been born Dec. 4, 1698, 14 months before they were
married. The second child, John III, was born 7 months after the
marriage date above. On the other hand, the marriage does not
appear in the Quaker record books. Maybe that’s significant.
The twelve children of John II and Elizabeth were
Hannah 1698
John (III) 1700
Robert 1702
Mary 1703
Joseph 1705
Samuel 1708
Daniel 1710
Latham 1712
Elizabeth 1714
Joseph 1717
Jonathan 1719
David 1721
The Newport Quaker records confirm the dates of birth of 11 of
the children of John II and Elizabeth Clarke. The only child
missing is the second Joseph, purportedly born in 1717. The
Quaker records state that the first Joseph, “son of John, Jr. and
Elizabeth of Newport”, died Aug. 8, 1707, aged 24 years (should
be aged 2 years, no doubt a transcription error). The Quaker
records also show that John II and Elizabeth’s son Daniel
drowned at Easton’s Beach in 1717.
Elizabeth (Clarke) Stanton died in 1730, at age 50. At some point
thereafter, whether before or after his second marriage, John II
moved from Newport to the Stanton Purchase, at that time still
considered part of the town of Westerly. One source implies that
the reason for the move was that John II had failed as a merchant
47
in Newport.70 Another states that John “removed to Westerly in
1733 and married (second) October 16, 1734, Susanna
Lamphere.” 71 Susanna Lamphere (or Lanphere) was just 18
years old. Shortly after moving to the Stanton Purchase, John II
sold his Newport property for £4,000. The deed states in part:
John Stanton, of Westerly, R. l., yeoman, in consideration of
four thousand pounds, conveys to John Brown, of Newport, R.
I., merchant, "two certain pieces, farms, or parcells of land,
situate, lying and being in the Town of Newport. One of said
parcells of land containing, by estimation, ninety acres, be the
same more or less, being bounded-Northerly, on the harbour
of Newport; Easterly, partly on the land of John Gardner, with
two small offsetts to the eastward, and partly on the land ·of
Abraham Coggeshall; Southerly, upon the land of Jahleel
Brenton,Esq., and Westerly, upon the land of Edward Pelham,
with a small offsett to the westward, and partly on the other of
the above granted parcells of land. The said other parcell of
land containing, by estimation, twenty seven acres, be the
same more or less, bounded-Northerly, upon the land of
Edward Pelham; Easterly, upon the other described and
granted parcell of land ; Southerly and Westerly, upon the
land of Jahleel Brenton, Esq." He reserves unto himself, his
heirs and assigns forever, "a small burying-ground, about two
rods square, …
The deed was signed by John II and by Susanna Stanton. To be
noted is that the original 56 acres that Robert Stanton acquired as
one of the original settlers of Newport had become two parcels
of 90 and 27 acres. Whether this was Robert’s, John I’s, or John
II’s doing (or all three) I don’t yet know , but it sounds as though
at least someone had been successful. The “burying ground”
70 Richard A. Wheeler, History of the Town of Stonington, New London, Day Publishing Co., 1900, p. 601. 71 William Richard Cutter, New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial, Vol. 1, Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1915, p. 30.
48
was presumably a family plot. John II may have intended that he
be buried there … and maybe he was. We can’t be sure that the
memorial headstone on the Stanton farm in Richmond
corresponded to an actual grave. It would be quite interesting to
locate the “burying ground”.
One thing we can try to do with the help of this deed is to locate
generally the area in which Robert Stanton’s property lay. The
49
earliest map of Newport that I was able to locate that could be of
any help is from 1831, almost 100 years after John II sold the
land. The useful landmarks from the deed are the harbor to the
north, Jahleel Brenton’s land to the south, and Abraham
Coggeshall’s to the east. Only a Brenton’s Reef and a
Coggeshall’s Ledge are to be seen, but if those were each a part
of the corresponding properties, then the land John II sold to
John Brown was approximately where the upper of the two
Hazards is inscribed, passing from there up to the harbor. Worth
£4000 in 1736, but imagine how many zeroes would be added to
reach today’s value!
The two Hazard locations probably indicate large landholdings
by someone in the Hazard family, just as the Peckham property
to the west belonged to one of the richest families in Newport,
derived, like the Stantons, from one of the 11 original
proprietors. The family of Jahleel Brenton, by the way, was Tory.
Jahleel’s nephew Jahleel was an admiral in the British fleet. All
the Brenton properties were confiscated during the
Revolutionary War.
John II and Susanna’s children were
Robert 1735
Job 1737
Susannah 1738
Benjamin 1740
Hannah 1743
Elizabeth 1744
Samuel 1745
John (III-B) 1748
Mercy 1750
Sabra 1752
Mary 1754
50
Joseph 1757
Hannah 1759
There are no Newport Quaker records that refer to John II’s
marriage to Susanna nor to any of their children. Some sources
have questioned whether it was actually John II, widower of
Elizabeth, who married Susanna, noting in particular that John II
would have been 85 years old when Hannah, the last child, was
born. Some have suggested that either John II’s son John III was
the one who married Susanna Lamphere or it was some other
John Stanton entirely. The Quaker records, however, show that
John III married Ann Slocum in Portsmouth in 1725 and record
also the birth of seven of their children, up to the year 1740.
Evidently John III died not long afterwards, hence a John III-B
from the second family.
Probably the reason that John II and Susanna’s progeny did not
appear in the records is simply that John II and Susanna had
moved away from Newport, to land that was considered to be
first in the town of Westerly, then Charlestown, and finally
Richmond. Richmond was organized with the Kingstown
Friends Meeting, but that meeting did not even begin until
1743,72 and transportation in that direction was still difficult.
That John II did marry both Elizabeth Clarke and Susanna
Lamphere is demonstrated by his will. John II outlived every one
of the children from his first marriage, although David Stanton
was still alive when he wrote the will and is named first. The
will names all the living children from his second marriage and
several grandchildren from his first:73
72 James N. Arnold, Vital Record of Rhode Island 1636-1850, Vol. VII. Friends and Ministers, 1895. p. iv. 73 Alden Gamaliel Beaman, Rhode Island Vital Records, New Series, Vol. 4, Washington County Births from Probate Records, 1685-1860.
51
Be it remembered that on the twelfth day of November in
the 26th year of the reign of our sovereign lord George II over
Great Britain the King, Anno Domini 1756.
I, John Stanton of Richmond in the County of Kings in the
Colony of Rhode Island & Providence Plantations in New
England, yeoman, being weak and infirm of body but of a
perfect mind and memory, blessed be God for the same, and
calling to mind the mortality of my body and knowing it is
appointed for man once to die, and the time thereof being
uncertain, do make and ordain this to be my last will and
testament ….
First of all I give & recommend my soul into the hands of
God who gave it and my body to the earth to be buried in a
decent Christian like manner at the direction of my executor
hereinafter named, and as such worldly estate wherewith it
hath pleased God to bless me with in this life, after my just
debts and funeral expenses are fully satisfied and paid (but all
fraudulent obligation I utterly disallow, namely that of Capt.
John Browns’ bond of Newport, which is already fulfilled
according to obligation but yet he retains the bond), I give,
divide and bequeath in that manner and form following:
I give and bequeath to my loving son David Stanton of
Richmond town the sum of ten pounds in bills of the old tenor
to be paid to him by my son Robert Stanton within two years
after my decease, he having received his portion already in
land.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved son Robert Stanton of
said town of Richmond the sum of five pounds in bills of the
old tenor to be paid by my executor hereinafter named within
two years after my decease, he having received his portion
already in land.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved son Job Stanton when
he shall arrive to the age of one and twenty years … the sum
of six hundred pounds in bills of the old tenor, to be paid to
him by my son Robert Stanton out of the estate I have already
given unto him.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved son Benjamin Stanton
when he shall arrive to the age of one and twenty years …the
52
sum of six hundred pound in bills of the old tenor to be paid
to him by my son Robert out of the estate I have already given
unto him.
I have and bequeath unto my beloved son Samuel Stanton
when he shall arrive to the age of one and twenty years … the
sum of six hundred pounds in bills of the old tenor to be paid
by my son Robert out of the estate I have already given unto
him.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved son John Stanton
when he shall arrive to the age of one and twenty years … the
sum of six hundred pounds in bills of the old tenor to be paid
to him by my son Robert out of the estate I have already given
unto him.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved daughter Susannah
Stanton when she shall arrive to the age of one and twenty
years the sum of one hundred pounds in bills of the old tenor
to be paid by my son Robert out of the estate I have already
given unto him.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved daughter Hannah
Stanton when she shall arrive to the age of eighteen years the
sum of one hundred pounds in bills of the old tenor to be paid
by my son Robert out of the estate I have already given unto
him.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved daughter Mercy
Stanton when she shall arrive to the age of eighteen years the
sum of one hundred pounds in bills of the old tenor to be paid
by my son Robert out of the estate I have already given unto
him.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved daughter Sabra
Stanton when she shall arrive to the age of aighteen the sum of
one hundred pounds in bills of the old tenor to be paid by my
son Robert out of the estate I have already given unto him.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved daughter Mary
Stanton when she shall arrive to the age of eighteen years the
sum of one hundred pounds in bills of the old tenor to be paid
by my son Robert out of the estate I have already given unto
him.
I give and bequeath unto my beloved child not yet born
when it shall arrive to the age of eighteen years the sum of one
53
hundred pounds in bills of the old tenor to be paid by my son
Robert out of the estate I have already given unto him. And I
do further order that the above child shall be brought up and
maintained out of my personal estate by my executrix
hereinafter named.
I give and bequeath unto my loving grandson John Stanton
of Newport in the county of Newport the sum of five shillings
old tenor to be paid to him by my executrix and executor
hereafter named within two years after my decease.
I give and bequeath unto my loving granddaughter
Hannah Easton of Newport the sum of five shillings in bills of
the old tenor to be paid to him by my executrix and executor
hereafter named within two years after my decease.
I give and bequeath unto my loving grandson William
Stanton of Nantucket the sum of five shillings old tenor to be
paid to him by my executrix and executor hereafter named
within two years after my decease.
I give and bequeath unto my loving grandson John Casey
of Newport the sum of five shillings in bills of the old tenor to
be paid to him by my executrix and executor hereafter named
within two years after my decease.
I give and bequeath unto my loving grandson Robert
Taylor of Newport the sum of five shillings old tenor to be
paid to him by my executrix and executor hereafter named
within two years after my decease…
I give and bequeath unto my beloved wife Susanna Stanton
my dwelling house during her natural life as also my
household goods to be disposed of at her discretion to my
children, and further I give unto my beloved wife all my
Negroes and also my stock of whatsoever kind, and further I
give unto my wife all my personal estate be it of whatsoever
nature, excepting such as is within given and bequeathed, and
further I give unto my wife the sum of four hundred pounds
old tenor to be paid by Robert.
And further my will is that my son Robert shall pay all my
just debts out of the estate I have already given unto him.
I do hereby …. appoint my said wife to be my executrix and
my son Job to be my executor of this last will and testament.
54
Of the grandchildren mentioned in the will, John Stanton was
John IV (the son of John III), who will appear again later in this
narrative. Hannah Easton was the daughter of Hannah Stanton
and Samuel Easton. John Casey was the son of Mary Stanton and
John Casey. William Stanton was the son of the first Samuel
Stanton. Robert Taylor was the son of Elizabeth Stanton and
Robert Taylor.
It looks like David, from the first set of children, and Robert,
from the second set, divided John II’s lands in some fashion,
before the will was drawn up. David died in 1760, two years
before his father, so that portion of the estate might have passed
to David’s children. Aside from David’s share, the heirs by John
II’s marriage to Elizabeth Clarke were all but written out of the
will.
John II having sold his property in Newport, the estate in
question constituted the farm on the Stanton Purchase, where he
and Susanna had been living for three decades.
Slavery
The reader will have noticed that John II willed “all my
Negroes” to Susanna. Many people are inclined to think that
slavery was virtually nonexistent in colonial New England, and
especially in Rhode Island, because of the strong influence of the
Quakers. In fact, abolitionism was not a major part of the Quaker
faith at the outset, even though it is fair to say that the Quakers
were eventually a major driving force in that movement. We
have already mentioned Daniel Stanton, the great-grandson of
Robert Stanton, who left a journal of his activities as a Quaker
preacher. He was a staunch abolitionist, but a major part of his
mission was to convert Quakers themselves to this cause. As
55
more Quakers began to stir up abolitionist sentiment in the early
part of the 18th century, it was a very long and slow process to
convert even their own brethren in faith. Rhode Island, in fact,
was probably the northern colony with the highest percentage of
slaves and, even worse, Rhode Island, and specifically Newport,
supplied the largest contingent of slave traders, plying the
notorious triangular routes between Newport, Africa, and the
Caribbean. It has been estimated that in the middle of the 18 th
century, Newport supplied more slave ships and crews than the
rest of the United States put together.74 Ships from Rhode Island,
in fact, continued to engage in the slave trade surreptitiously
after it was banned in that state in 1787.75
In southern Rhode Island the tolerance of Quakers for slavery
was not really challenged until at least 1750. Over the next 20
years a few Quakers publicly manumitted their slaves.
Sentiment turned first against buying more slaves and then only
gradually to actually freeing slaves already owned. Records kept
by the Friends in South Kingstown (which included Richmond)
showed that most slaves held by their members had been freed
by around 1770, but five were “liberated in 1773, and eight more
… were freed at intervals till 1786, which was two years after the
Emancipation Act (which banned the buying of slaves but did
not actually emancipate them) had been passed by the Rhode
Island legislature.” 76 The southern Rhode Island Quakers were
certainly not the first to jump on the bandwagon.
74 Elaine Forman Crane, A Dependent People, New York, Fordham University Press, 1985, p. 17. 75 Elizabeth Donnan, Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade, Vol. III, Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institute, 1932, pp. 338-340. 76 Caroline Hazard, The Narragansett Friends’ Meeting, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1900, p. 150.
56
In Newport, slaves functioned as household servants, but across
Narragansett Bay, where John II was living, they were mostly
field hands:77
In Narragansett County, conditions favored large-scale
farming, and here more than anywhere else in the North a
system began to emerge that looked like the Southern
plantation colonies. In parts of "South Country" (as
Narragansett also was called), one-third of the population was
black work force by the mid-18th century. That's comparable
to the proportion of slaves in the Old South states in 1820.
Narragansett planters used their slaves both as laborers and
domestic servants. William Robinson owned an estate that was
more than four miles long and two miles wide, and he kept
about 40 slaves there. Robert Hazard of South Kingstown
owned 12,000 acres and had 24 slave women just to work in
his dairy. The Stantons of Narragansett, who were among the
province's leading landowners, had at least 40 slaves.
The Stantons? OK, we know that John II had slaves. He probably
had crops and livestock on several hundred acres of the Stanton
Purchase. But 40 slaves? Here is another version of that
information:78
With regard to the number of slaves held by the Narragansett
Planters, accounts differ, … [but] the greatest number reported by
tradition is forty, reputed to be held by the Stanton Family.
No, it wasn’t John II or any of his relatives. It was the
“Connecticut Stantons”. Thomas Stanton first settled in
Hartford, but later helped to found the town of Stonington, on
the ocean, a stone’s throw from the Rhode Island border and the
77 Douglas Harper, Slavery in Rhode Island, http://slavenorth.com/rhodeisland.htm. 78 William Davis Miller, The Narragansett Planters, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April, 1933, p. 70.
57
new Westerly settlement that Robert Stanton helped to start.
Joseph, one of Thomas’s sons, acquired a large tract of land from
the Mohegan tribe in 1714 in what was then considered the town
of Westerly, but which later was Charlestown, Rhode Island.79
Joseph moved his family there and they spawned a large
number of descendants in and around the town of Charlestown.
As the original purchasers, it makes sense to discover that
Joseph’s grandson, also Joseph, was later the largest landholder
in the Narragansett area.80
A history of Westerly notes that81
Col. Joseph Stanton owned one tract of four and a half miles
long and two miles wide; he kept forty horses, as many slaves,
and made a great dairy, besides other productions. …. Stanton
was a large land-owner, and held title to his land through his
ancestors from the Indians. The expression used was, that “he
owned a lordship in Charlestown”. He lived on the farm at the
Cove.
79 William A. Stanton, A Record Genealogical, Biographical, Statistical of Thomas Stanton of Connecticut, Albany, Joel Munsell’s Sons, 1891, p. 421. 80 Robert K. Fitts, Inventing New England’s Slave Paradise: Master/Slave Relations in Eighteenth Century Narragansett, Taylor & Francis, 1998. 81 Frederic Denison, Westerly and its Witnesses, Providence, J.A. and R.A. Reid, 1878, p. 141.
58
So it was the Connecticut Stantons that were the infamous
slaveholders in Rhode Island. Nevertheless, John II did have
slaves, and he and his family definitely interacted with some of
the major players in the Rhode Island slave trade. Note that the
Hazard family, one or more of which owned the original Stanton
lands in Newport in 1831 (see map on pg. 40), eventually
surpassed the Stantons in land ownership, having 12,000 acres,
according to the material quoted above from Douglas Harper,
which also mentioned that Robert Hazard had 24 slave women
for his dairy.
John Brown, the man who purchased the Newport property
from John II, was even deeper into the business of slavery. He
listed his occupation as distiller, which was true, but in Newport
distiller also meant slave trader. The Brown family was at the
top of the distiller/slave trader pyramid:82
The Browns, one of the great mercantile families of colonial
America, were Rhode Island slave traders. At least six of them
-- James and his brother Obadiah, and James's four sons,
Nicholas, John, Joseph, and Moses -- ran one of the biggest
slave-trading businesses in New England, and for more than
half a century the family reaped huge profits from the slave
trade. "When James Brown sent the Mary to Africa in 1736, he
launched Providence into the Negro traffic and laid the
foundation for the Brown fortune. From this year until 1790,
the Browns played a commanding role in the New England
slave trade."83 Their donations to Rhode Island College were so
generous that the name was changed to Brown University.
82 Douglas Harper, Slavery in Rhode Island, http://slavenorth.com/rhodeisland.htm. 83 Lorenzo J. Greene, The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620-1776, New York, Columbia University Press, 1942, p. 30
59
The portage bills (manifests) from a number of Newport vessels
from the 18th century have been preserved. One such was that of
the Marigold, covering its voyage in 1759/60 from Newport to
Nassau to Guinea,84 which at that time referred to a wide swath
of the west African coast that includes about a dozen present-
day nations. We can infer the actual landing place, because 11
dozen of the 17 dozen slaves purchased (from at least three
different slave traders) for a total of 19 oz. of gold were listed as
“Quanoe”,85 which is probably the Kono tribe, native to Sierra
Leone. The remaining 8 dozen were of unspecified origin and
might also have been Kono. In Nassau 112 slaves were sold at a
price of 30 pounds each and rum, molasses, and tobacco were
loaded for the trip back to Newport. Although it appears that
half of the slaves died en route, the discrepancy is probably due
to the fact that some of the outlay in Guinea was actually settling
a previous account. In addition, a few slaves doubtless were
taken to Newport, because it was the custom that the captain
and the mates receive “privilege” slaves that were theirs to keep
or to sell.
The 13-man crew of the Marigold consisted of the captain, two
mates, seven sailors, two “raw sailors”, and a boy. The boy was
named John Stanton. He was so young that his name was listed
as “John Stanton and his mother”, who probably had to give
permission. John’s mother no doubt took custody of the £42
advance. John’s wages were £30 a month, and he collected £469
84 Elizabeth Donnan, Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America: New England and the Middle Colonies, New York, Octagon Books, 1965, p. 175. 85 Ibid.
60
for the voyage. One author took special note of this circumstance
and drew some extensive conclusions:86
Perhaps a poignant illustration of the material needs that
propelled some Newporters lies in the ship registers that show
“boys” signing on for the slave trade. In one particular case, a
mother registered her son, John Stanton, on the ship
“Marigold”, setting sail for the African coast on July 22, 1760
[sic – it was 1759]. Although Stanton’s age may have required
his mother to register him, her presence and his receiving £42
in advance suggest that Stanton’s family needed his income
for subsistence. His advanced wages was a rather large sum
for a sailor making £30 per month, since most sailors received
only a month’s wages in advance. John Stanton’s advanced
wages suggest that his circumstances required additional
sums. Perhaps he was the eldest male in the family and his
income was expected to provide for his family. Why the
captain chose to advance Stanton this sum is unclear, however
it suggest how Newport’s links to Atlantic commerce
facilitated interdependent social relations. Recognizing the
dangers entailed in maritime trade, perhaps the captain
offered this additional sum to Stanton’s mother to provide for
his family.
Indeed, most of the sailors drew a month’s wages in advance,
but John Stanton was not the only Marigold crew member to
draw more than that. I would not assume that there was
anything “poignant” about a boy signing on to a ship at that
time. It was probably the normal way to start a seafaring career.
In 1759 there were only a handful of John Stantons in Rhode
Island. John II was 85 years old, John III was dead, and John IV
was 28, certainly too old to sign on as a “boy”. John II’s son
86 W. Bryan Rommel-Ruiz, Atlantic Revolutions: Slavery and Freedom in Newport, Rhode Island and Halifax, Novia Scotia in the Era of the American Revolution, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1999.
61
David, from his first family, had a son John, who was born in
1742 and would have been 16 years old when the ship left port.
That fits pretty well, but we don’t know exactly when David or
his wife (Martha) died. I assume, though I really don’t know
what the custom was, that if the father were alive, it would be he
that registered the son on a ship. A David Stanton was a justice
of the peace in Exeter (the township just north of Richmond) in
the 1760s, and though this could be an unrelated Stanton, if it
was David, son of John II, it adds some uncertainty to the
identification of the John Stanton on the Marigold as David’s
son.
Then we have the “Connecticut Stantons”, many of whom were
living in the town of Charlestown. There was only one John
Stanton, however, and he was 37 years old at the time. Thus I
conclude that, despite the (thin) evidence that his father was still
alive, the John Stanton who sailed on the Marigold was the
grandson of John II, David’s son.
It’s hard to avoid connections between “John Stanton” and
slavery. Below is an advertisement from a New York newspaper
in 1760:87
87 New York Mercury, December 8, 1760, pg. 3.
62
Here the Charlestown location points straight at a “Connecticut”
Stanton, and the John Stanton mentioned above, born in 1722,
must be the one offering to pay $20 for the return of his slave,
whom one cannot help but root for. We can assume that Toby
had been purchased from the Hazard family, who, by the way,
were Quakers. Many Hazards, Robert among them, appear in
the Quaker records of Rhode Island.88 One of Robert Hazard’s
sons was apparently stung by hearing his faith criticized thusly:
“Quakers! They are not a Christian people; they hold their
fellow-men in slavery.” Thus Thomas Hazard freed his own
slaves and began working to get his neighbors to do the same.89
At least two of John II’s grandchildren, both sons of John III,
were sea captains, and most probably on slave ships. A list of
ships importing molasses (to distill into rum) to Newport in 1769
survived an almost total loss of custom house books and records.
There were 16 deliveries, among them the ship Betsy, returning
from St. Lucia and captained by John Stanton, and the ship Polly,
returning from Jamaica and captained by Giles Stanton.90 Since
Giles was definitely John III’s son, it is very likely that John was
Giles’ older brother, John IV. The Betsy delivered to the merchant
Silas Cook and the Polly to George Gibbs. Both of them were
prominent slave traders;91,92 thus we can assume that the
88 James N. Arnold, Vital Record of Rhode Island 1636-1850, Vol. VII. Friends and Ministers, 1895. 89 Caroline Hazard, The Narragansett Friends’ Meeting, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1900, p. 86. 90 Edward Peterson, History of Rhode Island, New York, John S. Taylor, 1853, p. 86. 91 Elizabeth Donnan, Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade, Vol. III, Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institute, 1932. 92 Elaine F. Crane, A Dependent People, New York, Fordham University Press, 1985.
63
molasses deliveries were preceded by a trip to Africa to procure
slaves to sell in the West Indies.
It was almost certainly John IV who was the Captain John
Stanton who drew attention in Rhode Island for his many
triangular voyages,93 and who eventually landed in considerable
trouble for having trafficked in slaves after the practice had been
banned.94 The Hope was registered in Newport, from which she
sailed for Africa in 1787. Spurred by the newly abolitionist
Quakers, in 1787 and 1788, every state in New England passed a
law prohibiting the slave trade. Nevertheless, in 1789, the Hope
undertook another triangular voyage, this time embarking from
New Bedford, Massachusetts. They bought 116 slaves in Africa
and sold them in Martinique.95 They unloaded their cargo at
Newport, at which point a group of Quaker abolitionists had a
warrant served for the arrest of John Stanton and the ship
owners. Catching wind of this, they took the ship to Boston, but
they were prosecuted there. Rather than the state preferring
criminal charges, the Quaker group had to sue them. Despite
being defended by the Rhode Island attorney general, whose line
of defense was that John Stanton and the owners were Rhode
Island residents and thus were not subject to Massachusetts law
when on the high sea, they were convicted, though they had to
render only a small financial penalty.96
93 Jay Coughtry, The Notorious Triangle, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1981, pp. 47, 50. 94 Elizabeth Donnan, Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade, Vol. III, Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institute, 1932 95 Ibid. 96 Coughtry, op. cit.
64
65
The Nantucket Stanton
66
Samuel Stanton (1708-1743)
Long before John IV enriched himself and the ship owners by
means of the slave trade, Samuel Stanton, son of John III and
Elizabeth Clarke and next in line of the Charles Howland
Stanton ancestors, left Newport for good. He moved to
Nantucket, and was the only Stanton to do so.
There had been a small trickle of Rhode Islanders relocating to
Nantucket in the early 1700s, but nothing like a concerted
migration. Presumably ships from Newport would occasionally
put in at Nantucket, for trade or because of bad weather, and
possibly what the sailors saw and who they met determined
some of them to return for good. When Samuel arrived in
Nantucket does not seem to have been recorded, but if I had to
guess, I’d say that it happened after his mother died in 1730,
when all the other changes were occurring in the family – John II
marrying again, selling his Newport lands, and moving onto the
Stanton Purchase in what became Richmond. What Samuel
would have found in Nantucket is a community that by then
was largely Quaker and almost entirely devoted to the whaling
industry. In fact, those may have been the factors that persuaded
him to pick up stakes.
67
Nantucket was a seriously inbred community at that time. The
first proprietors included the Macy, Coffin, Starbuck, Swain, and
Gardner families, who, with a few other families, intermarried
over and over. The Quaker religion began to grab hold around
1710, Mary Coffin Starbuck being its most ardent proselyte. By
the time Samuel Stanton arrived, half the island was Quaker.
Samuel left few traces that I can find. He was one of the
witnesses to the will of Charles Crosby on Jan. 7, 1733 (1732 in
the Julian calendar).97 Samuel married Sarah Coffin on Feb. 12,
1734 (1733 Julian calendar). The entry in Vital Records of
Nantucket reads 98
[Coffin] Sarah and Samuel Stanton, 14 th, 12 mo., “called
February,” 1733-34, C.R. 4.
The notation C.R. 4 indicates that the original source was a
church record of the Society of Friends. It’s easy to understand
why most family trees have Samuel and Sarah’s marriage date
listed incorrectly as Dec. 14, 1734 (or sometimes 1733).
The Quaker records also establish, to some degree, the dates of
birth of their children:
William [date not recorded; states that he was born before child
born on 4 May 1737]
Elizabeth 4 May 1737
Samuel [date not recorded, states that he was born after child
born on 4 May 1737]
97 Henry B. Worth, Nantucket Lands and Land Owners, Nantucket Historical Association Vol. 2, Bulletin 1, 1901, p. 310. 98 Vital Records of Nantucket Massachusetts to the Year 1850, Vol. III, Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1925, p. 310.
68
Sloppy record keeping, but then again, these are among the very
earliest records. As it turns out, William’s birthday can be
deduced to be Nov. 15, 1734, from the information on his death
record in the Nantucket Friends Records.99 The death data for
Samuel Jr. are not sufficient to pin down his birth date.
Whaling was a profitable occupation, and Samuel was able to
afford a decent house. In 1882 that house was considered to be of
historic interest:100
The Samuel Stanton, Sr., house, next above that now owned
and occupied by Capt. Henry Coleman (Milk Street), was
probably built about 1734, as he (Stanton) was married Feb. 14,
1733-34 O.S., and died before 1744. It was afterwards
purchased by “Uncle” John Coleman, who died in 1805.
With Google Street View you can see a couple of old shingle
houses on Milk Street. Who knows? Maybe one of them was
Samuel’s. Incidentally, there is a house on Orange St. that once
belonged to Peleg Coggeshall, a cousin of Samuel’s (John I was
his great-grandfather), who moved to Nantucket a few decades
after Samuel did, that is in the Historic American Buildings
Survey.101
Samuel’s death is not recorded in the Nantucket Friends’
records, but some sources say that he was lost at sea en route
from Surinam in 1743.102 Although whaling was by far the
predominant occupation on Nantucket, this does not fit with a
whaling expedition. Eventually Nantucket whalers ventured
99 Ibid., 100 Edward K. Godfrey, The Island of Nantucket. What is Was and What it Is, Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1882, p. 234. 101 http://www.nps.gov/hdp/habs/ 102 Newport Mercury, Feb. 10, 1900, p. 8.
69
that far south, and even into the Pacific, but in 1743 whales were
still plentiful in the local area.103 Surinam was notorious for the
importation of thousands of Africans as slaves to work the
plantations, and if Samuel was coming from Surinam, it was
probably as one leg in a triangular slave route, with which he
had probably been familiar in Newport. Nantucket Quakers
were far in advance of Newport Quakers in acting against
slavery, and they completely emancipated their slaves in 1777,
but decades earlier the sentiment was not unanimous. A few
Nantucket ships did participate in the slave trade,104 though it
seems more likely that a sailor like Samuel might have signed on
with one of the slave ships that regularly docked at Nantucket,
such as those of Timothy Fitch of Medford, Massachusetts.105 In
any case, on July 25, 1743 his widow, Sarah, was named
administratrix of his estate, which came to a total of £900. Sarah
later remarried and had two more children.
103 William F. Macy, The Story of Old Nantucket, Nantucket, Inquirer and Mirror Press, 1915 (revision of Obed Macy’s book from 1835). 104 Nathaniel Philbrick, Away Off Shore, London, Penguin Books, 1994/2011, p. 301. 105 The Medford Slave Trade Letters, http://www.medfordhistorical.org/collections/slave-trade-letters/.
70
71
The Peripatetic Stantons
72
William Stanton (1734 – 1811)
Upon Samuel Stanton’s death in 1743, his widow, Sarah, was left
with three young children. She had been born a Coffin, so there
was undoubtedly some family support available. She acquired
more when she married James Pinkham on January 31, 1745.
Thus the Stanton children grew up in the Pinkham household.
Then their mother died in 1750, at which point there were five
children in the house. James Pinkham remarried in 1755, but
William, Samuel’s eldest son, probably had struck out on his
own by then. If he was like everyone else, he would have joined
the crew of a whaling ship, though I can’t find any specific
records to confirm this.
William Stanton married Phebe Macy, daughter of Zaccheus and
Hepzibah (Gardner) Macy, on January 1, 1756.106 Their children,
as recorded in the Nantucket Quaker records were107
106 Vital Records of Nantucket Massachusetts to the Year 1850, Vol. IV, Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1925, p. 170 (from Quaker records). 107 Ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 489-491.
73
Sarah 1765
Samuel 1766
James 1767
William 1769
Hepzibah 1770
Two other children are recorded, Job and Latham, but they
apparently died in infancy, for there is no further mention of
either.
Although whaling brought prosperity to Nantucket, it didn’t
appeal to everyone. Sailors were at sea for months at a time.
Starting in 1761, several sustained emigrations occurred – to
Nova Scotia, New York, and Maine, for example.108 Perhaps after
hearing about the area from several visitors to Nantucket from
North Carolina,109 one group of about 40 families left in the early
1770s for Guilford County, North Carolina, where there was
already a small Quaker settlement. In 1782, a French observer
wrote:110
Some of the Friends … yearly visit the several congregations
which this society has formed throughout the continent. By
their means a sort of correspondence is kept up among them
all… and by thus travelling they unavoidably gather the most
necessary observations concerning the various situations of
particular districts, their soils, their produce, their distance
from navigable rivers, the price of land, etc. In consequence of
information of this kind, received at Nantucket …, a
considerable number of them purchased a large tract of land in
… North Carolina, situated on the several springs of Deep
108 Ibid., p. 62 109 Nathaniel Philbrick, Away Off Shore, London, Penguin, 1994/2011, p. 159. 110 J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, Letter VII, New York, Fox, Duffield, 1904.
74
River, which is the western branch of Cape Fear River. The
advantage of being able to convey themselves by sea to within
forty miles of the spot, the richness of the soil, etc., made them
cheerfully quit an island on which there was no longer any
room for them.
The Quakers were excellent record keepers and they issued
certificates to members leaving one meeting, to be presented to
the new meetings at their destinations. William presented his
certificate to the New Garden Friends Meeting on Aug. 8,
1772.111 The old New Garden meeting house, pictured here, was
used as a hospital for both sides during the Battle of Guilford
Courthouse in the Revolutionary War. The current meeting
house, on the same site, is adjacent to Guilford College (founded
by the Quakers), about five miles west of Greensboro, North
Carolina.
The Nantucket immigrants did not travel together, instead
dribbling in over a period of about five years. For example, four
different Starbuck families presented certificates at New Garden
from 1773 to 1775, and some Coffins arrived in 1771. Many of the
111 William W. Hinshaw, U.S. Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy , Vol. 1, Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co.,1936-50, p. 574.
75
Nantucket immigrants, William and Phebe included, settled a
few miles to the southwest of the New Garden settlement. In
1778, they acquired their own monthly meeting, the Deep River
meeting.
Samuel Stanton, William’s younger brother, also emigrated to
the same general area with his family. They settled, with other
Nantucket families, about 15 miles southeast of New Garden, in
Randolph County. They were associated with the Center
Monthly Meeting, which split off from New Garden in 1773.
Unfortunately, a large part of the Center Meeting records were
lost, so there is only the sketchiest information on Samuel. We
don’t know when he arrived. He had six children in North
Carolina and died in Randolph County in 1822.112
A letter written in 1778 by William Stanton to Phebe’s father,
Zaccheus Macy, has been preserved by the Nantucket Historical
Society. It reads in part:113
It is a difficult time to these parts on some counts. Iron and Salt
scarce and dear. Sal t not so dear as has been. To be had now for
15 or 16 dollars. I brought paper money which is of small account
here away. As for our circumstances, we can’t complain of , for we
have plenty enough to subsist on at present. Many articles thou
mentioned in thy letter is not so dear here as I manage to get
molasses 2 dollars a gallon. Flour 2s 6p wood for cutting. We
raised about 320 bushels corn, 50 wheat, 100 oats and meat
plenty. Flax 150 or 200. There is no goods in these parts to be
had. We made all the cloth we ware. Phebe is hardy and fit and
able to spin and Sarah likewise and William able to plow. Phebe
has had 3 children since we came to these parts. The names are
Phebe, Deborah, and Latham, which is about 9 months old. Our
112 Ibid, Center Monthly Meeting, p. 668. 113 Robert H. Frazier, Nantucket and North Carolina, Alumni Journal, Guilford College Bulletin, 1949.
76
children remember their love to their grandfather and
grandmother and their relations and folks of Nantucket every day
and them that was born here talk of Nantucket as much as them
that was born there and frequently talk of going there to see
grandfather and grandmother. Please to remember our love to all
our brothers and sisters.
You have to wonder how difficult it was to deliver such a letter
during the war. It appears to be the first letter sent back to
Nantucket since they arrived in North Carolina. William and
Phebe’s children born in North Carolina were
Phebe 1772
Deborah 1775
Latham 1777
Zaccheus 1779
Phebe, the daughter, while mentioned in the letter above to
Zaccheus Macy, probably died as a child, because I can find no
further record of her.
In 1779, the minutes of the Deep River Friends Meeting reported
the following:
It being the united sense of our yearly Meeting that Friends
cannot consistent with our principles take any Affirmation of
Allegiance or Fidelity now under the present unsettled state of
affairs in Government and still to be determined by military
force: But divers amongst us through unwatchfulness have
given way thereto; but through the favour of Divine goodness
… several of [them] … appeared at our Monthly Meeting and
condemned the same to the satisfaction of Friends, whose
names are as follows: Seth Coffin, Daniel Bills, Richard
Gardner , William Stanton, Sylvanus Gardner.
77
By condemning himself for signing an oath of allegiance,
William managed to keep from being disowned. The demands
for oaths of allegiance were probably frequent and strong at that
time, when the war was particularly heated in that part of North
Carolina.
In 1773 another Stanton appeared briefly in New Garden, having
come from Carteret County, North Carolina, where he was a
member of the Core Sound Monthly Meeting. This was Benjamin
Stanton, a first cousin once removed to William Stanton. Perhaps
accompanying his brother, John, when he moved a year earlier
to New Garden from Carteret County, Benjamin met Abigail
Macy in New Garden. They married in New Garden, but moved
back to Carteret County. In 1779, Benjamin obtained a certificate
of removal to take his family to New Garden, but apparently he
never did. Benjamin was the grandfather of Edwin Stanton, the
Secretary of War during the Civil War.
In 1782, William and Phebe decided to move again, this time
about 130 miles to the north to Campbell County, around the
fledgling town of Lynchburg, Virginia. There was already a
Quaker community there, and a monthly meeting, founded by
Sarah Lynch, called the South River Meeting. On May 6, 1782,
William and Phebe obtained certificates from the Deep River
Meeting to remove to the South River Meeting.114 On August 16
of the same year, their certificates were accepted at the South
River Meeting.
They remained in the Lynchburg area a long time. Despite an
emphasis on the equal ministerial role of all members, the
Quakers had ‘elders’ and ‘overseers’. The difference was
generally that elders were responsible for spiritual oversight,
114 Ibid., p. 839.
78
while overseers provided pastoral care.115 The South River
minutes record that William was at various times each of these.
He was also treasurer of the Meeting. William and Phebe had
one more child after moving to Campbell County.
Aaron 1784
The South River minutes record the marriages of most of their
children. At this juncture the Holloway family, who had
migrated from New Jersey, becomes important. Three of
William’s children married Holloways. Hepzibah Stanton
married Amos Holloway and James married Mary Holloway, a
sister of Amos. William Stanton (Jr.) married Catharine
Holloway, a first cousin to Amos and Mary. When the Stantons
left Virginia, Amos, along with other Holloways, moved with
them.
The Butler family also became connected to the Stantons. Latham
married Huldah Butler and Zaccheus married Sarah Butler.
Huldah and Sarah were cousins.
Aaron broke the mold when he married Lydia Fosdick, not only
not a Holloway or a Butler, but not even a Quaker! Naturally he
got in trouble for this, and he was disowned by the South River
Monthly Meeting for marrying “outside the discipline”. Three
years later, he condemned himself for marrying “contrary to
discipline” and was restored to membership.116 Lydia had
moved with her family to Campbell County from Nantucket,
where the Stantons and the Fosdicks had probably known each
115 Pauline B. Cheek, A Flame Still Burns. The Story of Salem Friends’ Meeting 1992, unpublished (copy found in Union County Public Library). 116 William W. Hinshaw, U.S. Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy , Vol. 1, Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co.,1936-50, p. 340.
79
other. The Fosdicks were numerous in Nantucket, but were not
Quakers. Lydia, however, later became one.
Aaron was not the only Stanton son to run afoul of the
congregation. When James married Mary Holloway in 1792, both
James and Mary were disowned. Mary was reported to have
married “one making the same profession” (i.e., a Quaker), but
to have married contrary to discipline. Perhaps they eloped. That
would have caused a stir. Two years later, however, James and
Mary “condemned the conduct for which they were disowned”,
and were reinstated.
In 1799, William Stanton (the son) made the following public
confession at the South River meeting:117
Dear Friends:
Whereas I have so far deviated from the rules of good order
which we profess as to be guilty of drinking strong drink to
excess, I hereby give this as my humble acknowledgment that
I am truly sorry for it and do condemn myself in so doing, and
request my Friends to pass by this my offense, and hope my
future conduct will render me more worthy.
William Jr.’s self condemnation was accepted and all was well.
Phebe, William’s wife of 46 years, died in 1802, at which time all
the children were married except for Deborah, who continued to
live with her father.
The South River minutes report several instances in which
property (a saddle, for example) was seized by the Sheriff in lieu
of a muster fine. Young men were required to serve in the
militia, which, of course, the Quakers could not do. Neither were
117 Our Quaker Friends of Ye Olden Time, Lynchburg, J. P. Bell, 1905, p. 165.
80
they allowed to pay the muster fine, which would have
acknowledged the obligation. In North Carolina, the authorities
tended to look the other way, but in Virginia, they would
frequently enforce the law by seizing items of property. William
and Phebe’s son Latham, for example, “suffered the seizure … of
a feather bed, sheet and bolster”.118
In 1805 began a migration of the William Stanton family. It did
not happen in one big caravan, but it would end up with every
family member moving to Ohio. Along with William himself,
each of the eight Stanton children who reached adulthood
obtained a certificate of removal from the Quaker monthly
meeting they attended, and so we have a complete picture of the
events. The Stantons were part of a general removal to the north
of southern Quakers in the first two decades of the 19th century,
mainly because their abolitionist views were getting stronger
and they found it difficult to live in a slave-owning society. The
muster fines probably didn’t help either.
Taking a family snapshot, at the beginning of 1805 William and
six of his children were living in Campbell County and attending
the South River monthly meeting in Lynchburg (which was not,
and still is not, actually a part of Campbell County, but a city
independent of a county). Earlier, William Jr. and James had
moved to North Carolina, near where the Stantons had
originally settled in the 1770s, where they were both members of
the Cane Creek monthly meeting, near Guilford. By 1805,
however, William had moved back to Campbell County, leaving
James and his family. Sarah, who had married Eliab Gardner in
New Garden, never left and they were still part of the same
Deep River monthly meeting, also near Guilford, that all the
Stantons had once belonged to. Below is a table showing
118 Hinshaw, loc. cit.
81
removal dates for each of the family and the monthly meeting in
Ohio they removed to.
Ohio Migration MM
removed
from
Certificate
date
MM
removed to
County
William Stanton South River 12 Apr 1806 Salem Columbiana
Sarah and Eliab
Gardner
Deep River,
NC
5 Aug 1811 Elk Preble
William and
Catharine
(Holloway)
South River 11 Oct 1817 Cincinatti Hamilton
James and Mary
(Holloway)
Cane
Creek, NC
6 Apr 1805 Concord Belmont
Hepsibah and
Amos Holloway
South River 10 Aug
1805
Middleton Columbiana
Deborah South River 12 Apr 1806 Salem Columbiana
Latham and
Huldah (Butler)
South River 8 Sep 1810 Fairfield Highland
Zaccheus and
Sarah (Butler)
South River 12 Apr 1806 Salem Columbiana
Aaron and Lydia
(Fosdick)
South River 9 Nov 1805 Salem Columbiana
This has the look of a diaspora, but as we will see, centripetal
forces went to work immediately.
James was the first Stanton to leave. He and his family were
officially received by the Concord monthly meeting in
November, 1805. Shortly thereafter, Aaron and his family moved
to Columbiana County, and Aaron was received at the Salem
monthly meeting. Apparently this land was more appealing than
Belmont County, and James quickly pulled up stakes and joined
Aaron. James and family were officially received at the Salem
meeting in June, 1806. At that point, Lydia, Aaron’s wife, and
their children were not yet church members, so they were not
recorded. Four years later they were all received into the Salem
82
congregation. William and his daughter Deborah were also
officially received by the Salem meeting in June, 1806. Zaccheus
and family arrived at, or nearly at, the same time as William and
Deborah, being officially received in July, 1806. Another family
that migrated with the Stantons was that of Micajah Macy, who
had married Sarah Holloway, but after her death two years later
married another Sarah. Their family was received at Salem in
1807.
The Salem meeting was in Salem, Ohio, in Columbiana County,
to the west of the Middleton monthly meeting in the same
county, where Amos and Hepzibah Holloway had been officially
received in February, 1806. Two months later, however, they too
associated with the Salem meeting. By the end of 1806 William
had five of his eight children living near him.
We have a fairly good idea where the Stantons first settled,
because James and Aaron each applied for 160 acres of federal
83
land and patents were issued to them in 1810 (federal land cost
$1.25 an acre). The two properties are marked in red on the
historical map shown below. They may have occupied other
lands as well.
These two tracts are southeast of Limaville and north of the town
of Alliance. The quarter section on the left is currently under
water, being covered by the Deer Creek Reservoir. At the time
the Stantons were there, it was just Deer Creek, a tributary of the
Mahoning River, which passed through the quarter section on
the right. When the Stantons arrived, this area was in
Columbiana County, but in 1808 the county split off Stark
County on the western side, which included the Stanton
property. Today Limaville and Alliance are in Lexington
Township. Back in the first decade of the 1800s they, and the
Stanton land parcels, were all part of the township of
Nimishillen.
The Stantons, including Amos and Hepzibah Holloway, were
apparently among the very first to settle in the present Lexington
Township. They were joined by other Quakers. William Perrin
relates the following story about an immigrant group of Quakers
from eastern Virginia in the History of Stark County:119
Jesse Felts, wife and two children … constituted one of the
seven families who in company, removed from Virginia to
Ohio in 1807. The party consisted of about fifty souls … On
April 22, 1807 they set out in their wagons to traverse the
country and cross into Ohio, in search of a home in the new
and unsettled West. They arrived at Salem, Columbiana Co.,
the following June. There they encamped on a lot which had
been partially cleared, and were the recipients of much
119 William H. Perrin, History of Stark County, Chicago, Baskin & Battey, 1881, p 752
84
kindness at the hands of some few settlers at that point.
Taking Salem as a basis of operations, they began to look
around for permanent locations. Jesse Felts and Charles
Hamlin soon set out on a prospecting tour, and wandering
into what is now Lexington Tp., Stark Co., accidentally found
the “Stanton” settlement, which had been made near the
Mahoning, near Lexington village, several years before. The
Stantons persuaded Felts and Hamlin to settle in their vicinity.
The Salem monthly meeting with which the Stantons, and the
other Quakers nearby, were affiliated was in the town of Salem,
about 20 miles east, in Columbiana County. The difficulty of
traversing this stretch every month caused the formation of a
local meeting, called the Marlborough Preparative Meeting, in
Nimishillen Township, about five miles from the Stantons. The
local Quakers met there, but records were kept in Salem, to
which they still officially belonged.
The 1810 census was taken in Ohio, but it was almost entirely
lost to fire. An Ohio tax list for that year, however, lists Aaron
Stanton and William Stanton in Nimishillen Township of Stark
County, as well as Amos Holloway. Zaccheus was not listed,
probably because he had moved a few months earlier to an
unorganized portion of Stark County, later known as Perry
Township.
William Stanton died in October, 1811. He left a will written in
January of that year.120
I William Stanton of the County of Stark and State of Ohio
being sound of mind and memory and caling to mind the
uncertainty of this life do make and ordain this my last will
and testament viz it is my will and desire first that all my just
120 Ohio Wills and Probate Records, Will Records 1811-1888, Stark Co., Provo, UT, Ancestry.com, 2015.
85
debts be justly and truly paid by my Executors hereafter
named and out of my estate within convenient time after my
decease.
I give and bequeath unto my daughter Sarah Gardner an equal
proportion of all my household furniture and money that I
leave at my decease and further it is my desire that all my
Books and Tools be equally divided amongst all my children
except what is hereafter mentioned and otherwise particularly
disposed of.
I give and bequeath unto my son William Stanton an equal
proportion of all my household furniture and money that I
leave at my decease.
I give to my son James Stanton an equal proportion of my
household furniture and money that I leave at my decease.
I give to my Daughter Hephzibah Holloway an equal
proportion of all my household furniture and money that I
leave at my decease.
I give and bequeath to my Daughter Deborah Stanton one
feather bed and furniture and an equal proportion of my
household furniture and money that I leave at my decease.
I give and bequeath to my Son Latham Stanton an equal
proportion of my household furniture and money that I leave
at my decease.
I give and bequeath to my Son Zaccheus Stanton and his heirs
the tract of land whereon I now live and all the stock and the
farming Utentials and an equal proportion of my household
furniture and money that I leave at my decease and further the
said Zaccheus Stanton and his heirs be bound in the penalty of
One thousand dollars for the support of his sister Deborah
Stanton during her life and at her decease for Zaccheus or his
heirs to have what was given to the said Deborah and further
if my Executors hereafter named should find or think that the
86
said Deborah has not sufficient care taken of her then it is my
desire that one of her brothers or sisters should take her and
for Zaccheus and his heirs to support her in a decent and
becoming manner during her life.
I give to my son Aaron Stanton an equal proportion of my
household furniture and money that I leave on my decease.
And lastly I do hereby constitute and appoint my sons James
Stanton, Zaccheus Stanton, Aaron Stanton, Amos Holloway
with my trusty friend Micajah Macy Joynt Executors to this
my last will and testament and hereby revoking all other wills,
in witness whereof I the said William Stanton hath hereunto
set my hand and affixed my seal this thirteenth day of the first
month in the year of our Lord Eighteen hundred and Eleven.
We can assume that the eight children mentioned by William in
the will were all that were still living in 1811. In particular,
Samuel (born 1766 in Nantucket) and Phebe (born 1772 in New
Garden, North Carolina) were probably deceased and had had
no children.
87
88
Zaccheus Stanton (1779 – 1869)
As related above, Zaccheus Stanton was born in 1779 in Guilford
County, North Carolina, near the present town of Deep River.
Three years later the family moved to Campbell County,
Virginia, where Zaccheus grew up.
Zaccheus married Sarah (Sally) Butler in 1800. She was a Quaker,
but not from the Nantucket group. They married at the Hills
Creek meeting house in Campbell County, about 20 miles south
of the South River meeting house. That must have been the
monthly meeting with which the Butlers were affiliated.
Zaccheus moved with Sarah and their daughter, Hannah, to
Columbiana County, Ohio in 1806, along with other Stantons.
Perrin’s History of Stark County states that
Settlement in Lexington Township was made in 1805-06 by
families attached to the Quaker faith, among the first of whom
were Amos Holloway, Zaccheus Stanton, Nathan Gaskill, John
Grant, David Berry, and Jesse Feltz.
Recall that Amos Holloway was married to Zaccheus’ sister,
Hepzibah. Perrin notes that Amos Holloway erected the first
89
house in Lexington township (then part of Nimishillen
township) and the first with a shingle roof.121
Zaccheus and Sally had three more children in Ohio, recorded in
the Salem monthly meeting minutes, giving them a total of four.
Hannah 1804 (born in Virginia)
Thomas 1807
Eli 1810
Seth 1812
One source states that the Quaker emigrants from Virginia and
North Carolina brought their slaves with them, in order to free
them on arrival. In fact, Amos and Hepzibah Holloway did
exactly that.122 A town of freed slaves by the name of New
Guinea, arose in Lexington Township, near the town of Alliance.
It was reputed to have had as many as 200 inhabitants, but it
faded away rapidly and has not left a trace. Those Quakers who
migrated from Nantucket to settle in New Garden would
probably never have acquired slaves in the first place.
Shortly before William Stanton’s death in 1811, Zaccheus
decided to move further west, though still remaining in Stark
County and still remaining associated with the Marlborough
preparative meeting and perforce with the Salem Monthly
Meeting. Aaron had remained in Nimishillen (Lexington)
township with William and Deborah, but upon William’s death,
he leapfrogged Zaccheus and moved his family to Indiana
Territory, having obtained a certificate to remove to the
121 William H. Perrin, History of Stark County, Chicago, Baskin & Battey, 1881, p 422. 122 Theresa M. Davis, Women in the Nineteenth Century Stark County Court in Ohio, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Akron, 2013.
90
Whitewater monthly meeting in the town of Richmond in
Wayne County. His brothers Latham and James moved there
shortly afterwards. The Whitewater meeting house, about 70
miles east of Indianapolis, was built in 1808 and was the first
Quaker meeting house in Indiana.
There was virtually no one there when Zaccheus arrived in what
later became Perry Township. That changed drastically after the
arrival of Thomas Rotch, originally from Nantucket, who
purchased 2,800 acres of land in 1811 from the federal land
office, laid out lots for a town, which he called Kendal, and
sought to attract Quakers to the new settlement, in part by
advertising in Nantucket. Zaccheus Stanton was one of the first
to acquire one of the Kendal lots.123 Several of the first settlers
came directly from Nantucket or were from families originally
from Nantucket, including an assortment of Coffins and
Macys.124 The original 1812 plat is shown below.125
123 Ibid., p. 375 124 Ibid., p. 376 125 www.kendalohio.com
91
In addition to town lots, most residents also had farms. Zaccheus
Stanton’s farm was northeast of town, as described by Perrin:126
State street …was the great thoroughfare from east to
west. Originally, the road from Canton west diverged
in a northwesterly direction on the top of the hill near
the Russell farm, running through the farm … then
126 Perrin, op. cit., p. 379.
92
occupied by Zaccheus Stanton, and intersecting the
east end of State street in Kendal.
The location can be gleaned from an 1875 historic map of Perry
Township:
The small red X marks the center of the original community of
Kendal, which long ago was incorporated into Massillon. The
Russell farm referred to in the Stark County history was still
there in 1875 (southwest quarter of Township 9), from which we
can infer that Zaccheus occupied the land just to the northwest,
straddling the road going to Genoa and then on to Canton and
watered by Sippo Creek. In the present Massilon, the Stanton
farm would be around N. 16th St., just north of Lincoln Way
(Highway 172). The middle of the Stanton farm was about a half
mile directly south of Thomas Rotch’s farmhouse, and their
farms may have been adjacent.
The reason that last datum is significant is because a community
of Quakers in Ohio, 100 miles or so from West Virginia (then just
93
Virginia), was a natural stop for the Underground Railroad. In
fact, Kendal was well-known for just that, and Thomas and
Charity Rotch were known as the chief contacts.127 Their home,
called the Spring Hill House, is an historic monument today
(with tours). Perrin recounts one story about Thomas Rotch:128
In the spring of the year 1820, a woman with two children
called at his residence and satisfied him that they were
fugitive slaves; he at once provided them with a place of safety
in the second story of a spring house almost adjoining his
residence. In the morning of the following day, immediately
after breakfast, a couple of strangers on horseback rode up to
the door and inquired if Mr. Rotch lived there, and, on being
answered in the affirmative, commenced to make their
business known, which was that of slave-hunters, one being
known as a man who was in the habit of aiding slaves to
escape, advising them what route to take, then following them
for the reward offered by their masters; the name of De Camp,
the slave catcher, had become as familiar as household words.
Thomas heard him very patiently describe the woman and
children, and say that he had traced them to his (Thomas')
residence, and produced a warrant for their seizure issued
under the act of Congress of 1793, and supposed his work was
done—that the Quakers being a law-abiding people, the
mother and children would be at once delivered.
After he had exhausted his vocabulary, Thomas said, “Dost
thou think thou can take the woman and her children here if
thou canst find them?”
"Certainly," replied the slave-catcher. "Well," said Thomas,
“thou may be mistaken. Thou hast not found them yet, and
shouldst thou find them, thou might have trouble to take
them."
127 Mary Ellen Snodgrass, The Underground Railroad: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations, New York, Taylor & Francis, 2008, p. 684 and elsewhere. 128 Perrin, op. cit., p. 374.
94
The strangers had not been invited into the house, and while
the dialogue was going on between Thomas and him having
the warrant, the farm hands, of whom Thomas kept three or
four, gathered around, and seeing such a crowd, the strangers
began to look at each other and evinced alarm, which Thomas
was not slow to notice, and, breaking a momentary silence,
said to the person having the warrant. "Dost thou know a man
who follows the business of slave-catching by the name of De
Camp”? "I do," answered De Camp, for it was he, and was
betraying fear of bodily harm, and inquired, "Have you any
business with me? My name is De Camp." By this time, the
men of Thomas' household, himself included, had formed a
sort of circle around the slave-catchers.
Thomas replied with the utmost coolness, "I expect very
soon to have some very important business with thee, and it
will be well for thee to be prepared for it." De Camp and his
confrere concluded it would be best to beat a retreat, which
they did without delay. On reaching their horses, they sprang
into their saddles and left the Spring Hill farm and its Quaker
occupants, and never again called there for human chattels.
The Quakers organized rapidly, forming the Kendal Preparative
Meeting in 1813, Zaccheus Stanton among the principal
members.129
Nevertheless, a few years later Zaccheus and family picked up
roots yet again and movedto Union County, Indiana (until 1822
part of Franklin County). This move was different, however.
Earlier relocations had often meant leaving family members. In
this case, family members reunited:130
Zaccheus Stanton was a native of Campbell County, Va.,
where he was reared, and married to Miss Sarah Butler. In
1806, he moved to Stark County, Ohio, where he remained
129 Ibid., p. 377. 130 1884 Atlas of Union County, Indiana, Selby Publishers, 1884, p. 72.
95
until 1817, when he and his brothers, who had resided up to
this time in Virginia, came to Union County, Ind., and located
in Center Township. William, Latham, James, Samuel and
Aaron were the names of the brothers, and all were married
and all reared families in Union County. Aaron was
Commissioner of Union County a number of years, and other
members of the family were called upon to fill positions of
honor and trust. They were members of the Friends Society,
strongly opposed to the institution of American slavery, and
prominently connected with the famous "Underground
Railway". Many of their descendants are still living in Union
County, and are among its most useful and honored citizens.
The wife of Zaccheus Stanton died soon after coming to the
county, and a few years later he married Miss Elizabeth Swain,
a native of Guilford County, N. C. By the first marriage, there
were four children, and by the last, five. Mr. and Mrs. Stanton
were highly respected by all who knew them, and reared their
large family in a very creditable manner. Mr. Stanton died
March 19, 1869, and his wife July 14, 1868.
This account is not completely accurate. Samuel Stanton who is
listed as one of Zaccheus’ brothers was actually a nephew, son of
William Stanton, the oldest of the Stanton brothers. William was
the only one of the brothers who had been living in Virginia
prior to moving to Indiana. The rest had all been in Ohio.
As with the earlier migration of the Stantons from Virginia and
North Carolina to Ohio, the transfer to Indiana did not happen
all at once. Just as occurred during the migration to Ohio, it was
James Stanton that took the lead. While still living in Stark
County, Ohio, he applied for 160 acres of federal land in Indiana
Territory. The patent was issued in 1812, and he had to have
paid $200 for it. The location was southeast of the present town
of Liberty, as shown in red on the map from 1884 shown below.
James and his family received a certificate from the Salem
Monthly Meeting and presented it to the only Friends meeting in
96
Indiana Territory, the Whitewater Monthly Meeting in
Richmond, about 15 miles north of their newly acquired land in
Union (then Franklin) County.
Aaron then applied for a quarter section of land, which was
patented to him in 1815. He did not wait until then to move his
family, however. Taking advantage of space provided by his
brother, he arrived later in 1812 and was received with his
family (Lydia now being a Quaker in good standing) at the
Whitewater meeting in November of that year, after presenting
his certificate from the Salem Monthly Meeting. This tract is
shown in green on the map.
Two years later Eliab and Sarah (Stanton) Gardner arrived in
Union (Franklin) County with a certificate from the Elk Monthly
Meeting in Ohio, where they had spent three years since moving
97
from North Carolina. Eliab too acquired a patent for federal
land, issued in April, 1816. It was sandwiched between James’
and Aaron’s parcel, and is outlined in black.
Latham was next. He arrived in 1814 with a certificate from the
Miami Monthly Meeting in southwestern Ohio (to which the
Fairfield Meeting to which he presented his certificate from
Virginia belonged until 1815). He came with his children, but his
wife Huldah had died the previous year. He too applied for
federal land and received a patent in 1819. That tract is shown in
yellow on the map. He married Rachel Hollingsworth just a
month after being received at the Whitewater meeting.
In 1817, the Whitewater Monthly Meeting authorized a new
meeting in the part of Franklin County that became Union
County. It was called the Silver Creek preparative meeting, held
about two miles due west of Liberty. In 1818 the Whitewater
meeting took the unusual step of authorizing a second
preparative meeting in Salem (the Quakers were fond of reusing
place names), about three miles southeast of Liberty, provided
that the two groups worked together and alternated meetings at
the two sites. The Silver Creek meeting eventually merged into
the Salem meeting, and the Silver Creek church is now entirely
gone, except for an uncared for cemetery. The Salem church is
still used and an icon for it can be seen on the map above in
Section 21, practically touching the northeast corner of Aaron
Stanton’s quarter and the southeast corner of Eliab Gardner’s
quarter. The Salem church was particularly well situated for the
Stantons, but it should be remembered that a large fraction of
their neighbors were also Quakers.
By 1818 William Stanton, back in Virginia, had gotten the
message, and arrived with his family and a certificate from the
South River meeting, which was presented at Silver Creek-
98
Salem. William had evidently already applied for federal land,
and he received a patent in August, 1818. His land abutted on
James’ and is outlined in blue.
Zaccheus, Sarah, and family also came to Union County in 1818,
armed with a certificate from the Marlborough monthly meeting
(they had just begun keeping records separate from its Salem
monthly meeting parent), which was accepted at the Silver
Creek-Salem meeting in May. Zaccheus was the only brother
who did not patent federal land in Union County. Presumably
he lived on one of the tracts his brothers owned. He did
eventually buy 80 acres from a private seller in 1823, and the
location of that parcel is outlined in brown on the map.
His wife Sarah died very soon after their arrival in Indiana. A
year later Zaccheus married Elizabeth Swain, whose Nantucket
parents had met and married in New Garden, North Carolina.
Deborah arrived with Zaccheus in 1818, armed with her own
certificate from the Marlborough meeting, and joined the Silver
Creek-Salem congregation at the same time.
With the arrival of Deborah and Zaccheus, seven of the eight
adult children of William Stanton had relocated to what was to
become Center Township in Union County, but at that time was
still Franklin County. Amos and Hepzibah Holloway remained
in Stark County, where Amos, according to one source, became
prominent in the underground railroad, helping many slaves
make their way to Canada.131 A stone monument to Amos
Holloway, as the founder of Lexington Township, stands in a
field near the corner of Rockhill and Greenbower, north of
Alliance, while a plaque commemorating the first six settlers in
131 Craig Bara and Lyle Crist, Alliance, Arcadia Publishing, 1998, p. 11.
99
the township, including Amos Holloway and Zaccheus Stanton,
resides in the Alliance City Hall. Even though Amos and
Hepzibah remained in Ohio, their son Stephen did go to Indiana,
arriving early in 1815 and presenting his certificate to the
Whitewater monthly meeting.
Aaron, who would develop into the largest of the Stanton
landowners, obtained another 160 acres by federal patent in
1819, in Section 6 on the map, outlined in maroon.
In the 1820s Zaccheus and Elizabeth had five children:
Luzenia 1820 (died in 1833)
Mahala 1821
Cynthia 1824
Milton 1826
Milo 1827
In 1821 Union County split off from Franklin County. At that
time the Stanton family, all located in Center Township near the
county seat in Liberty, was a big part of the county and of the
Quaker church. The numerous sons and daughters of the next
generation were starting to mature and purchase their own
lands.
But it didn’t last. Within a few years the members of the older
generation had mostly died or moved away, though remaining
in the same general area of Indiana. One reason the older
generation might have moved away was all those second
generation Stantons, who needed land of their own. Another,
possibly more important reason, arose from differences with the
church. As founders of the Salem meeting, the elder Stantons
probably found it hard to swallow when the meeting turned on
them as, from time to time, it certainly did. Several Stantons,
100
both men and women, had held supervisory roles in the initial
years. As just one example, the Salem minutes report that in
1824-25, “Zaccheus Stanton and William Macy investigated the
situation of a minor, William Wight, and raised funds for his
clothing and schooling”.132
A major reason for infighting was that in 1828 there was a major
schism among the Quakers, who divided into the Hicksite and
Orthodox branches. The differences were mostly doctrinal, the
Hicksites emphasizing the role of the “Inner Light”, but they also
included attitudes toward slavery – Quakers had long since
manumitted their own slaves, but the Orthodox were more
cautious about exhorting others to do likewise. The Salem
monthly meeting, to which the Stantons in Union County
belonged, became (remained) Orthodox.
The fate of the first generation, as far as we know it, can be
summed up thusly:
1. James died in 1824 at the age of 56. His wife, Mary, was
reported twelve years later, in 1836, for not attending
meetings, and was disowned. She went to live with her son
Joseph. Joseph had moved to La Porte County after being
disowned in 1829 for violating the rules of plain dress, for
attending a place of diversion, and for attending a marriage
contrary to discipline.
2. Aaron, who had been one of the first commissioners of the
Silver Creek-Salem monthly meeting, was disowned in 1829,
along with Lydia, for adhering to Hicksite beliefs. In 1831
Aaron and his sons began a massive program of federal land
132 Pauline B. Cheek, A Flame Still Burns. The Story of Salem Friends’ Meeting 1992, unpublished (copy found in Union County Public Library).
101
purchases in La Porte County, where there was a Hicksite
Quaker community. Of course, they promptly relocated to La
Porte County.
3. In 1828, William, repeating an offense for which he had
condemned himself back in the South River meeting in
Lynchburg, was reported for “furnishing spirituous liquors
at a gathering and using it unnecessarily himself”. He
condemned his own misconduct, but a year later he was
disowned anyway (possibly for adhering to the Hicksites).
He too moved to La Porte County.
4. About 1828, Latham moved to Fayette County (adjacent to
Union County), where he bought a considerable amount of
land over the next few years. He died in 1835. His wife
Rachel remained in the Fayette County homestead for a
number of years with her daughter, Salome, and her family,
then joined her daughter Esther, and her family, in New
Garden, Indiana.
5. After Deborah was received by the Silver Creek-Salem
meeting, there appears to be no further mention of her in the
minutes. From census returns, however, it is clear that she
was living with Zaccheus and Elizabeth in 1820, but not in
1830. Presumably, she died in the interim.
6. Eliab and Sarah Gardner remained in Union County, but
they both died in the 1830s.
Meanwhile, Zaccheus and Elizabeth remained in Union County
long enough to bring Zaccheus’ first family (with Sarah Butler)
to adulthood. Except for Hannah, the Stanton children from the
first family all had run-ins with the Salem meeting. In 1826
Thomas was reported for “striking a young man in anger and
102
trying to dance after music” (I can’t imagine he was very
successful). He was promptly disowned. Two years later, Eli was
reported for violating the plain dress rule and for “being
concerned with gaming”. Disowned. In 1830 Seth was reported
for failing to attend meetings, violating the plain dress rule, and
attending a marriage contrary to discipline. Of course, he was
disowned.
In 1833 Zaccheus and Elizabeth, shortly after the death of
Luzenia, their first child together, left Union County with the
four remaining children from Zaccheus’ second family. Zaccheus
obtained three patents to federal land in Shelby County, three
counties directly west of Union. They obtained a certificate from
the Salem monthly meeting to transfer to the Duck Creek
monthly meeting, where they were accepted in May, 1834. The
Duck Creek monthly meeting, in Madison County, was almost
as far away from Zaccheus’s land as Salem, but a number of
Quaker families settled in that part of Shelby County, and they
soon had permission from Duck Creek to have their own
meeting, the Walnut Ridge preparatory meeting.
Zaccheus’s land in Shelby County was situated in Union
Township and was on the border with Rush County to the east.
The nearest town in Shelby County was Marion, about six miles
west. Carthage, in Rush County, was only four miles northeast
and, certainly not by chance, was the site of the Walnut Ridge
Monthly Meeting.
103
Even the trek to Carthage was apparently too arduous, because
the Quakers in the northeast corner of Union Township in
Shelby County, together with others just on the other side of the
county line in Rush County, almost immediately established a
preparatory meeting, called the Little Blue River Meeting, just a
mile east of Zaccheus’ land (the river in the map just south of the
larger of his two parcels is the Little Blue River). Since it was
only a preparatory meeting, all the records were kept with the
Walnut Ridge Monthly Meeting. Zaccheus’ role in setting up the
meeting is related in the Centennial History of Rush County,133
The Little Blue River Meeting of Friends (called Quakers), in
the southwestern corner of Posey township has had an
organization since the year 1833, when a company of Friends
in that vicinity erected a little log meeting house on the line
between Rush and Shelby counties, three miles north of the
present village of Manilla, and associated themselves together
for worship and praise. This pioneer meeting house was
133 A. L. Gary and E. B. Thomas, Centennial History of Rush County, Indiana, Vol. 1, Indianapolis, Historical Publishing Co., 1921, p. 431
104
erected by Thomas Macy, Moses Coffin, Asa Barnard, Thomas
Swain, Zaccheus Stanton and William Worth, who with their
respective wives, Rebecca Macy, Phoebe Coffin, Hulda
Barnard, Lydia Swain, Elizabeth Stanton and Phoebe Worth,
constituted the first congregation. The first sermon in this
meeting house was preached by John Kinley, whose text was
"Behold, the Lord is in this place and I knew it not." The little
log meeting house sufficed the needs of the Meeting for ten
years or more, or until about 1845, when a frame meeting
house was erected nearby the log house.
Note the Nantucket names: Macy, Coffin, Barnard, Stanton, and
Swain. This is quite possibly a clue as to why Zaccheus moved to
Shelby County. By the early 1830s a second, less formal, schism
was developing among the Quakers. Many began to press hard
for abolitionism and form themselves into groups for the
purpose. The Salem meeting, like many others, began to disown
members who joined these cliques.134 It isn’t clear to which side
the Little Blue River meeting adhered, but the large number of
Nantucket Quakers leads me to suspect that they were distinctly
more radical, and several of them may have decided it would be
easier all around if they left Union County and avoided a fight.
A scholarly article analyzing anti-slavery attitudes of Quakers in
Spiceland, Indiana, on the Blue River, a few miles north of the
Little Blue River meeting, noted that the abolitionist Quakers,
only 22 out of a total 254 members, had one thing in common:135
Most Anti-Slavery Friends at Spiceland had at some time been
members of New Garden Monthly Meeting in Guilford
County, North Carolina – sixteen of the twenty-two adults, in
134 Pauline B. Cheek, A Flame Still Burns. The Story of Salem Friends’ Meeting, 1992, unpublished (copy found in Union County Public Library), p. 23. 135 Thomas D. Hamm, David Dittmer, Chenda Fruchter, Ann Giordano, Janice Mathews, and Ellen Swain, Moral Choices: Two Indiana Quaker Communities and the Abolitionist Movement, Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 87,1991, p. 134.
105
fact, had lived in Guilford County, the heart of piedmont
North Carolina Quakerism.
If the authors had pressed harder, and traced back further, they
might have noted the common roots of the Anti-Slavery Quakers
in Nantucket.
Zaccheus and Elizabeth owned a total of 320 acres. Over the next
few years they sold off pieces of these properties, disposing of
the last parcel in 1842. Long before that time, Zaccheus and
Elizabeth had moved east, to Fayette County, where they lived
on land that had belonged to Latham Stanton in Jackson
Township, adjacent to the border with Union County,.
My conclusion is that they moved specifically to take over a
carding mill and hominy mill that Latham had bought, or
possibly constructed. The first reason for this conclusion is the
following excerpt from the History of Fayette County:136
The first grist mill of the township was erected on … [Eli’s
Creek] in the year 1816 by Dr. Johnson. In 1818 Johathan
Wright built the first saw mill in the eastern part of the
township. This stood about a half mile east of the grist mill,
and was on the line separating the counties of Fayette and
Union … Between the grist and saw mill Zacheas Stanton built
a carding machine, and in connection with it had a hominy
mill, both of which, not far from the year 1848, were sold to
Elisha Cockefair, who converted them into a looking-glass
factory.
136 History of Fayette County, Indiana, Chicago, Warner, Beers & Co., 1885, p. 205.
106
The land in question, part of the southeast quarter of Section 23
on the map, is about three miles east of the small town of
Everton. In this 1875 map,137 the land, as well as much of the
surrounding properties, was still in the possession of Cockefair
family members.
Looking at the relevant deeds, the details are not exactly as
specified in the excerpt above. In 1827, Latham bought a parcel
of land within this quarter for $100.138 In 1833 he sold what
appears to have been about half of this parcel, with all the
appurtenances, to Elisha Cockefair for $2500.139 That seems to
indicate that a lot of “appurtenances” had been acquired in the
meantime. In 1843, Zaccheus Stanton sold the other part of the
parcel to Elisha Cockefair for $190. It’s rather puzzling, but my
137 Fayette County 1875, Higgins Belden and Co., 1875, from Historic Map Works 138 Fayette County Deed Book E, p. 336 139 Fayette County Deed Book F, pp. 208-209
107
interpretation is that Elisha Cockefair bought the carding mill
and hominy mill from Latham, but Latham, and later Zaccheus
lived on the adjoining property and worked the mills.
In the 1843 deed, Zaccheus and Elizabeth are listed as residents
of Fayette County. They had, in fact, been there for a
considerable time. Zaccheus and family reassociated with the
Salem Monthly Meeting in 1839. Their certificates from Walnut
Ridge were accepted in March; thus the Shelby County sojourn
lasted only five years. They did not, however, attend meetings in
Salem, but in a meeting house directly adjacent to their land:140
In the early settlement of Fayette and Union Counties many of
the pioneers of the latter were of the Friend or Quaker
element, and established their meetings soon after effecting a
settlement. Silver Creek monthly meeting (Union County) was
established in 1817. What was known as Poplar Ridge meeting
house was constructed of logs and stood at the little burying-
ground still known by that name in the eastern part of the
township (Section 23) and was both an established and
140 History of Fayette County, Indiana, Chicago, Warner, Beers & Co., 1885, p. 207.
Hominy Mill Wool Carding Machine
108
preparative meeting in the early history of Fayette County, but
was ' 'laid down" many years ago.
The Poplar Ridge meeting was “preparatory”, attached to the
Salem Monthly Meeting, with whose records all of those relating
to Poplar Ridge were mingled. An icon showing a school can be
seen in the map above, at the center of Section 23, which was the
location of the Poplar Ridge meeting house, directly adjacent to,
or possibly even within, the land originally occupied by Latham
Stanton, and later by Zaccheus.
In the 1840 census, Zaccheus was a resident of Jackson
Township, in Fayette County, together with his wife (Elizabeth)
and four children (Mahala, Cynthia, John (sometimes called
Milton, his middle name), and Milo. Also living in Jackson
Township was Rachel (Hollingsworth) Stanton, Latham’s
widow, with three children, in all, apparently enough Stanton
children to elicit the following:141
In the old log meeting-house that stood at the graveyard on
Poplar Ridge, and for a number of years served the Friends as
their place of worship, school was sometimes held. One
Thomas O'Brien, an Irishman of considerable learning, taught
quite a period in the schools of this settlement, and among his
pupils were the Wards, the Wrights, the Truslers, the Becketts,
the Stantons, and many others.
After earning a living farming and running mills in Fayette
County for several years, Zaccheus, at age 69, decided that he
needed a new occupation. In 1848 he went in with a partner,
John Engle, in the purchase from Benjamin Bond of a weaving
and dyeing facility in Union County, paying $2500.142 The
141 Ibid., p. 205 142 Union County Deed Book L, pp. 524-525
109
machinery was housed in brick buildings located in Harmony
Township in the southwest portion of Union County, situated in
the northwest corner of Section 33 in the 1884 map below:143
It will be noted immediately that the map area described was
denoted as Quakertown.144 A map of Quakertown is shown
below. In 1884, according to the map, the Stantons were still well
represented in Quakertown, but there is no indication that the
weaving and dyeing plant was still there.
143 1884 Atlas of Union County, Indiana, Selby Publishers, 1884. 144 Today, the damming of the Whitewater River having placed it underwater, Quakertown is memorialized by the Quakertown Recreation Area adjacent to the water.
110
We don’t know for sure that Zaccheus and Elizabeth attended
meetings at Salem rather than Poplar Ridge after moving to
Quakertown, but the distance to Salem was slightly shorter.
Reassociating with that congregation probably became easier
after 1843, when the Salem meeting was formally “laid down” as
part of the Indiana Yearly Meeting, but in fact continued as an
Anti-Slavery congregation, joining a few other Quaker meetings
in the state.145
In the 1850 census Zaccheus was listed, in Harmony Township,
with his wife Elizabeth and the same four children (Mahala,
Cynthia, John, and Milo, now 23 to 27 years old). Also in the
household was his grandson, Albert Stanton (Seth’s son) and a
145 Pauline B. Cheek, A Flame Still Burns. The Story of Salem Friends’ Meeting, 1992, unpublished (copy found in Union County Public Library), p. 25.
111
child I haven’t identified, Josephine Price. Albert must have been
visiting, because he was also listed with Seth’s family.
The new affiliation of the Salem congregation with the Anti-
Slavery faction did not lessen the need to conform to the
established discipline, and the remaining four children followed
in the footsteps of their half-siblings twenty years earlier. In 1846
Milo was reported for nonattendance, not dressing plainly, and
using profane language. He was disowned. In 1848 John Milton
was reported for nonattendance, not dressing plainly, using
profane language and believing “that all mankind will finally be
restored to happiness”. Disowned. In 1852 Mahala was reported
for nonattendance, not dressing plainly, and attending the
marriage of a member contrary to discipline. The complaint was
dropped, but in 1857 there was no way to avoid being disowned
after it was reported that she was not dressing plainly and had
“become the mother of an illegitimate child”. Cynthia was
reported in 1852 for not dressing plainly, nonattendance, and
marrying contrary to discipline. Disowned.
In the 1860 census the household consisted of Zaccheus, now 80
years old, Elizabeth (72), and Mahala, together with 4-year old
Geraldine Stanton, the child who had gotten Mahala disowned.
Just in Indiana, they had lived in four different homes. The
locations are shown as red dots on the following map..
112
113
Elizabeth died in Union County in 1868 and Zaccheus died in
1869. They are both reported to be buried in the Salem Friends
Cemetery in Union County. The cemetery is located on S. Salem
Rd., a short distance south of the intersection with U.S. Hwy 27
between Liberty and College Corner. I was unable to locate
either headstone during a visit. I wish the next seeker better luck.
Zaccheus left the following will, recorded in Union County,
clearly made out before Elizabeth’s death:
I, Zaccheus Stanton of the County of Union and State of
Indiana, being far advanced in life though of a sound mind,
memory and understanding do make this to be my last will
and testament, hereby revoking all others heretofore made by
me and dispose of any property both real and personal in the
following manner.
1st that all my debts be duly and seasonably paid after my
decease by my executors who are hereinafter named.
114
2nd I give and bequeath to my beloved wife Elizabeth Stanton
all my estate both real and personal (after the payment of my
just debts) for her own use during her life or so long as she
remains my widow, but should she at any time marry I then
give her an interest equal in value to her two sons, Milton and
Milo, in my real estate, except the part herein otherwise
disposed of to my daughter Mahala.
3rd I give and bequeath to my daughter Hannah Cornell five
dollars.
4th I give to my son Thomas Stanton’s heirs five dollars.
5th I give to my son Seth Stanton five dollars.
7th I give to my daughter Mahala Stanton after the decease of
her mother all the land lying between and not hereinafter
named in the two lots to Milton together with the buildings
and everything in any wise appertaining thereto, including the
household furniture and notes, accounts or money and
everything left by her mother for her to have and hold at her
disposal while she remains single and finally to go to her
daughter Geraldine O. Stanton. But should either of them at
any time marry it is my will that an equal division in value be
then made of all between Mahala and her daughter Geraldine.
8th I give to my daughter Cynthia Thomas five dollars.
9th I give to my son Milton Stanton the lot of land adjoining the
Josia Rigby lot on which he (Milton) now lives, beginning at
the road and running a northwesterly direction as far as it
goes, and bounded on the other side by the garden and yard of
the premises that are now occupied. Also I give him all the
land which my present deed covers lying below M. C. Greer
and running a little to the north of east and leaving the present
wood shed thirty five feet and so to the road a few feet below
the big gate, for a boundary on the east and southeast, for him
115
to have and to hold together with appurtenances thereunto
belonging for his heirs and assigns forever.
10th I give to my son Milo Stanton one hundred dollars which I
consider equal in value to the lower lot of land above
described to Milton before it was improved by him.
11th And lastly I appoint my wife Elizabeth Stanton my
executrix and David Huddleston, Milo Stanton and Milton
Stanton my executors of this my last will and testament.
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand this the
nineteenth day of the fifth month in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and sixty two.
A codicil follows:
Whereas my daughter Cynthia Thomas is now a widow and
living with me, my will and desire is that she have the
privilege of a home here with my daughter Mahala so long as
she may remain single or unmarried.
In testimony whereof I have set my name this twenty fifth of
seventh month in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and sixty eight.
I did not leave out the 6 th bequest in the list. In the original,
handwritten version in the Union County Will Book there is
none. The land bequeathed to Mahala was still in her possession
in 1884, the date of the map of Quakertown shown above.
116
117
The Indiana Stantons
118
Eli Stanton (1810 – 1895)
The missing #6 in Zaccheus Stanton’s could only have been his
son, Eli. It is not at all clear why, at the time the will was drawn
up, Eli should have been so completely out of favor as to merit a
missing entry, not even the token $5 his siblings by Sarah,
Zaccheus’ first wife, received.
Zaccheus Stanton lived for such a long time in Indiana that one
almost forgets that he was born in North Carolina, grew up in
Virginia, lived with his first wife and their children in Ohio, and
did not move to Indiana until he was 38 years old.
Eli Stanton was born in Stark County, Ohio, and spent the first
seven years of his life there. All his remaining years were lived
in Indiana, mostly in the very same parts of Indiana that his
parents lived in, or had previously lived in. Here is a brief
biography based on recollections of one of his children:146
146 Jehu Z. Powell, History of Cass County Indiana, Vol. 2, Chicago, Lewis Publishing Co., 1913, p. 976.
119
Eli Stanton followed farming through the greater part of his
life. He was a pioneer of Shelby county, having located there
when the district was practically all dense woods. He was a
Quaker, reared in that rugged and simple faith by his parents,
and his life exemplified in every way the training he had
received in the faith. His faithful wife died in March, 1850, and
he later married Elizabeth Gardner, a cousin of his first
wife. She, like his earlier helpmate, was a Quaker. Three
children were born of this second marriage. In 1864 he sold his
place and returned to Union county, Indiana, where he had
lived previous to his Shelby county experience, and there he
passed the remainder of his life, death claiming him in 1895.
Another summary of the family history, however, says that he
was a miller:147
The Stanton family originated in Germany, were transplanted
to England, and one of the family came across the ocean with
the early immigrations of Quakers. He first settled on the
Island of Nantucket. The founder of the family in Indiana was
Zacceus Stanton, who was a pioneer settler in Northern
Indiana. He was in Indiana before any wagon roads were
broken through the woods and across the prairies. Zacceus
Stanton was the grandfather of Eunice Stanton. The latter's
parents were Eli and Elizabeth (Gardner) Stanton. Eli Stanton
was born in Indiana, was a miller by trade, and both he and
his wife were devout Friends. They are buried in the Salem
Cemetery.
It is interesting to see just how garbled this account of the
Stanton ancestry was, considering that the source was a
grandson of Eli Stanton. Just as Zaccheus ran a wool carding
machine and a hominy mill along with his farming activities, Eli
was probably both a farmer and a miller.
147 Charles Roll, Indiana One Hundred and Fifty Years of American Development, Vol. 3, Chicago, Lewis Publishing Co., 1931.
120
Eli Stanton was born in 1810, shortly after Zaccheus and his first
wife, Sarah (Butler) had moved from Nimishillen Township in
Stark County, Ohio (the part that is now Lexington Township) to
land that would soon be associated with the town of Kendal and
later Massilon, after Kendal was absorbed into that town. Eli’s
birthplace is recorded as Massilon in various Quaker records.
When Eli was 7, the family moved to Union (then Franklin)
County, Indiana, where Eli grew up. From the 1830 census we
can surmise that Eli was still in Zaccheus’ household at age 20,
as was Eli’s older brother, Thomas. Eli’s mother had died by
then, and Zaccheus had remarried.
Eli married Eunice Barnard, a member of the Salem Monthly
Meeting in Union County, in November, 1832. All four of her
grandparents were from Nantucket, which by now should not be
a big surprise. Recall that Eli had been disowned in 1829. Eunice
was disowned in 1833 for marrying contrary to discipline. At
that point it becomes harder to track their moves, because they
no longer appear in the Quaker records. Thus, we don’t know
whether they moved to Shelby County along with Zaccheus and
Elizabeth in 1833 or 1834. As it turns out, Eli bought and sold a
great deal of property during his lifetime, and the deeds to these
properties provide a decent substitute for the Quaker records
that dried up when he was disowned.
Whether or not they initially went to Shelby County with
Zaccheus and Elizabeth, we know that Eli and Eunice found
their way to Rush County by 1837 at the latest, when they
bought 80 acres in Rushville Township from Eunice’s brother,
Paul.148 The land was in Posey Township in a section adjacent to
148 Rush County Deed Book H, p. 287
121
one of the sections that Zaccheus acquired in Shelby County by
federal land patent, although Zaccheus and Elizabeth may
already have moved to Fayette County by 1837. In the 1840
census, Eli and Eunice were enumerated in Posey Township.
In 1841, Eli and Eunice sold their land in Rush County149 and
bought 120 acres nearby in Shelby County.150 They bought and
sold several parcels in Shelby County, including a purchase of
the last of Zaccheus’ land in 1853. A map of their acquisitions in
Shelby County is shown below, super-imposed on the map of
Zaccheus’ Shelby County properties, shown in red.
Eli’s 1841 purchase is shown outlined in black in Section 33. In
1850 he bought 101 acres in Section 4 from Tristram Macy,151
which Tristram had bought from Zaccheus in 1842152 plus an
149 Rush County Deed Book M, pp. 6-7 150 Shelby County Deed Book M, p. 356. 151 Shelby County Deed Book KK, p. 465. 152 Shelby County Deed Book K, p. 262
122
addition 34 acres that Tristram Macy had acquired, but which
had previously belonged to Zaccheus. Thus Eli then owned
almost the entire portion of Section 4 originally acquired by
federal land patent by Zaccheus. In 1853 Eli bought from
Zaccheus the 40 acre parcel in Section 31 outlined in green for
$300.153 I haven’t yet figured out how Zaccheus acquired it.
During their time in Union, Rush, and Shelby Counties, Eli and
Eunice had seven children that survived infancy:
Alexander 1833
Oscar 1835
Martetia 1836
Dilwin 1839
Samantha 1841
Anderson 1843
Lydia 1845
Eunice died in March, 1850 at age 39 in Union Township, Shelby
County. She is buried at the Little Blue River Friends Cemetery
in Manilla, in Rush County.
In the 1850 census Eli was living with his seven children in
Union Township of Shelby County. In the same census we find
Elizabeth Gardner, a cousin of Eunice, living in Center Township
in Union County, the township in which the original five Stanton
brothers had located when they moved to Union County in the
1810s. Elizabeth’s paternal grandfather was Isaac Gardner of
Nantucket, who was also Eunice Barnard’s maternal
grandfather. Elizabeth, age 36, was living with her parents and
three unmarried sisters. She married Eli Stanton in 1851 and
was promptly disowned by the Salem Monthly Meeting.
153 Shelby County Deed Book FF, p. 416.
123
Eli and Elizabeth had three children, all born in Union
Township, Shelby County:
Luzena 1855
Eunice 1858
Abraham Lincoln 1860
In the 1860 census, Eli and Elizabeth had these three children
living with them, along with Dilwin, Samantha, Anderson, and
Lydia from Eli’s first marriage. They were still living in Union
Township, Shelby County.
In 1863 Eli Stanton was a delegate from Union Township to the
Shelby County Union Convention (that would have been
impossible had he still been a Quaker). The Union Party had
developed in a few border states, like Indiana, with the sole
platform of restoring the Union, so that Democrats could join
without having to support Republican policies they disagreed
with. The advantages of this approach were so great that
Abraham Lincoln ran for the presidency in 1864 as a candidate
of the National Union Party, not as a Republican.
In short order, three of Eli’s children married children of Randall
Rutherford, of Shelby County. Oscar married Martha Rutherford
in 1859, Dilwin married Eliza Rutherford in 1860, and Samantha
married McHenry Rutherford in 1861.
In 1863 Eli filed a lawsuit against his son-in-law, McHenry
Rutherford, but I have yet to discover what this suit dealt with
or what the outcome was.
In 1864, Eli and Elizabeth decided to move back to Union
County. They sold their land in Shelby County and purchased
124
two parcels totaling 57 acres in Liberty Township, about a half
mile southwest of Dunlapsville and even closer to Quakertown
to the south. They also bought a 6.45-acre parcel in Quakertown
itself, which is probably where they lived. They sold off the
farmland in Liberty Township over the next few years in smaller
lots.
The property they bought in Quakertown consisted of two
distinct lots, one of which corresponds to part of the 6.36 acre lot
owned in 1884 by T. C. Macy in the map below. The other part is
harder to pin down, but probably included the grist mill
pictured in the map, because around this time Eli Stanton, in
partnership with Paul Gardner, his brother-in-law, started the
enterprise Quakertown Mills. The company was not related to
Quaker Oats, which was founded in Ohio by non-Quakers.
125
In the 1870 census the household consisted of Eli and Elizabeth,
with children Luzena, Eunice, and Abraham. Also in the
household were Alphia Bond, age 2, and Kate Parvis, age 18,
listed as a domestic servant. Alphia is a bit of a puzzle. She was
also listed in the household of Eli’s son, Alexander, who was
living with his wife and children in Marion County, Indiana. The
census was taken on June 13 at Alexander’s residence and on
July 14 at Eli’s. More on Alphia later. Eli’s occupation was listed
as farmer, despite his participation in the mill operation.
In 1871 the Salem Monthly Meeting had a major discussion on
the topic of whether it had a duty to cast off members, following
which disownment became very rare.154 It is thus not a
coincidence that shortly thereafter, Eli and Elizabeth applied to
be reinstated as members and in May, 1872, were accepted.
There is no mention of their children in the Salem records, thus
they probably never joined the Quakers.
In 1876 Eli dissolved his partnership with Paul Gardner in the
Quakertown Mill, leaving the latter as the sole owner of the
mill.155 Eli and Elizabeth sold one of their lots in Quakertown to
Paul Gardner (it must have been the one with the mill) and
bought a small tract closer to the Salem church, in a section
belonging to Liberty Township that would have been in Center
Township if the lines had been drawn straight. Eli and Elizabeth
moved to this farm,156 shown below when it still belonged to the
Hayden family. It is about one mile east of Roseburg.
154 Pauline B. Cheek, A Flame Still Burns. The Story of Salem Friends’ Meeting, 1992, unpublished (copy found in Union County Public Library), p. 35. 155 Liberty Herald, March 23, 1876, p. 3. 156 Liberty Herald, May 11, 1876, p. 3.
126
In the 1880 census Eli and Elizabeth were still in Union County,
but not on the old Hayden farm. Their location was listed as
Dunlapsville, the major town near Quakertown, which means
that they were back in Quakertown, living on the two acres that
remained after the sale to Paul Gardner. Eli’s occupation was
listed as miller, from which we may assume that he was still
working at the Quakertown Mills, even if he wasn’t running it
any longer. With Eli and Elizabeth was their son, Abraham, and
Alphia Bond. She was listed as a granddaughter. In the 1870
census (but not the 1880), the family enumerated directly after
Eli Stanton’s was that of Levi Bond, age 36, also a miller,
presumably also working at the Quakertown Mills at that time.
The Bonds had four children between 1 and 8. If you want to
take a guess about what went on with Alphia, it will probably be
better than mine.
In 1886 Eli and Elizabeth applied for a certificate of removal to
the Indianapolis Monthly Meeting, which was accepted in March
of that year. Where they went is a mystery. They are not listed in
the 1886 or 1887 Indianapolis city directories, so they were
presumably living with a relative. None of their children, male
127
or female, is listed in these directories, so perhaps it was one of
Elizabeth’s relatives.
After some time in Indianapolis, Eli and Elizabeth returned to
Union County and rejoined the Salem Monthly Meeting. Just
when is not clear, because evidently there was a transcription
error in one of the records. The Indianapolis meeting records
state that they were granted certificates of removal to the Salem
Monthly Meeting in July, 1889, while the Salem meeting records
say that Eli and Elizabeth were “received on certificate” from
Indianapolis in August, 1887.
In either case, Eli and Elizabeth lived the rest of their lives in
Union County, Indiana. They sold the two acre lot they were
living on in Quakertown in 1894, possibly moving in with one of
their children. Eli died in 1895 and Elizabeth in 1899. They are
both buried in the Salem Friends Cemetery near Liberty, as are
all four of their parents.
128
129
Dilwin Stanton (1839 – 1927)
Dilwin Stanton was born while Eli and Eunice were living in
Posey Township, in Rush County. He grew up in Union
Township in Shelby County. His parents having been disowned,
neither Dilwin nor any of his brothers and sisters was raised a
Quaker.
Dilwin was one of the three children of Eli and Eunice to marry a
Rutherford. The Rutherfords were a slaveholding family from
Wythe County, Virginia, from whence Randolph moved to
Shelby County in the 1830s and bought land in the section
adjacent to that occupied by Zaccheus, and later Eli, Stanton.
Randolph himself had not owned slaves in Virginia and, in fact
in Shelby County there is a record showing that in 1851
Randolph Rutherford, a resident of Shelby County, bought a
slave named William Cox from his brother Calvin in New
Orleans for $400, and promptly manumitted him. William Cox
was one of five slaves that Calvin inherited upon his father’s
death in 1841. Randolph also inherited a slave named Andrew,
whom we can presume he freed.
Dilwin married Eliza Rutherford in August, 1860. They lived in
Union Township, probably with Eli and Elizabeth at first. When
130
Eli and Elizabeth moved back to Union Township in 1864 and
sold the last of their property in Shelby County the same year,
Dilwin and Eliza evidently moved a few miles north to Hanover
Township, occupying land that Eliza had inherited from
Randolph Rutherford.
Dilwin did not serve in the Civil War. After the national
conscription act was passed in 1863, he was registered for the
draft, which is how we know that he was living in Union
Township. Indiana only drafted 3,000 men, however, and Dilwin
was not one of them.
In 1868 Dilwin and Eliza sold the land Eliza had inherited in
Shelby County for $820.157 They purchased 60 acres in Johnson
County, the next county west, for $3,800.158 The farm was in
Pleasant Township, about two miles west of Greenwood. In 1880
they bought a lot in Greenwood itself and moved there. They
were enumerated in “Greenwood Village” in the 1880 census.
Dilwin and Eliza lived in Pleasant Township, mostly in
Greenwood, for almost 60 years. They had seven children, the
first three (or four) born in Shelby County:
Charles 1861
William 1863
Fannie 1866 (Frances)
Carrie 1868
Sallie 1872
Daisy 1879
Carl Ed 1884 (Edward Carl)
157 Shelby County Deed Book S, p. 472. 158 Johnson County Deed Book 5, p. 111.
131
After moving to Greenwood, Dilwin at first continued to farm.
He was, however, drawn into other occupations, and finally sold
the farm in 1890.159 They collected only $1,500 for it. Just the
year before, their residence in Greenwood suffered fire
damage:160
Grafton Johnson’s barn, at Greenwood, was burned by
incendiarism on Saturday night, and the flying sparks set fire
to the Baptist Church and D. B. Stanton’s residence, doing
considerable damage.
Dilwin apparently preferred to go by D. B., even in many official
documents, such as deeds.
Around 1890, Dilwin and Eliza moved to Southport, a town in
Perry Township in Marion County, about halfway from
Greenwood to Indianapolis. Now the Indianapolis suburbs
extend continuously out to Greenwood and beyond, but in 1895
Southport was still a separate town. All the children went with
them, with the probable exception of Charles, of whom I have
found no trace after the 1880 census, in which he was 19 years
old. Dilwin and Eliza returned to Greenwood a few years later,
probably around 1895.
The decennial censuses provide a few snapshots into Dilwin’s
life. He listed an occupation in every single census, even the
1920, when he was 81 years old. These are listed below (note that
the entire 1890 census was lost to fire):
1860 farmer (still living with parents)
1870 farmer
159 Johnson County Deed Book 24, p. 338. 160 Inidanapolis News, Dec. 30, 1889.
132
1880 farmer
1900 stock dealer
1910 field agent for canning factory
1920 stock buyer for dairy
Dilwin bought and sold lots in Greenwood, compiling even
more transactions in total than his father did, a total of 28 in his
lifetime. He did not make much profit on the turnovers, often
selling for the same price he bought the lot for, or even less.
Dilwin and Eliza stayed under the radar for most of their lives.
Two compendious histories were written of Johnson
County,161,162 neither one of which mentions Dilwin or Eliza. In
the newspapers of the time we learn that Dilwin was elected
president of the Greenwood Cemetery Association in 1918.163
They also appeared a few times in the society pages with
information such as:164
Mrs. Kitgeley and daughter, Miss Susie, of Dallas, Texas, were
entertained at dinner at the home of Mr. and Mrs. D. B.
Stanton, Tuesday evening. They are friends whom Mr. and
Mrs. Stanton met when they were visiting in the southwest
last year.
For several years in the 1910s, Dilwin was the president of the
Stanton family association, a group of those descended from the
six Stanton siblings that originally settled Union County,
Indiana: James, William, Latham, Zaccheus, and Aaron Stanton,
161 Elba L. Branigin, History of Johnson County, Indiana, Indianapolis, B. F. Bowen, 1913. 162 David Banta, History of Johnson County, Indiana, Chicago, Brant & Fuller, 1888. 163 Franklin (Indiana) Evening Star, April 11, 1918, p.2. 164 Franklin (Indiana) Evening Star, September 4, 1919, p. 2.
133
plus Sarah Gardner. The main business of the association was to
organize an annual reunion, sometimes in Liberty (Union
County), but more often in Indianapolis, which, because the
diaspora, was easier to reach for most people.165
165 Liberty Herald September 2, 1915 and September 14, 1916.
134
135
In 1920, Dilwin and Eliza celebrated their 60 th anniversary,
which was commemorated with a newspaper article. Their 65 th
was written up in the Indianapolis News.166 Edwin Stanton is
incorrectly referred to as a first cousin in this article, and a
similarly close relationship was propagated by family tradition.
The actual relationship is specified at the conclusion of this
narrative.
A story on Dilwin ran in the local paper on the occasion of his
87th birthday.167
D. B. Stanton is proudly announcing that he is 87 years of age
today and that just two weeks from today he and Mrs. Stanton
will celebrate their sixty-sixth wedding anniversary. Mrs.
Stanton, who will be 84 years of age the sixteenth of next
December, is in better general health than she has been for the
past year. She has not been able to get around as well as she
would like, but she is much improved in that respect also.
Mr. Stanton is as spry as a man twenty-five or thirty years
younger, and says he is enjoying better health than he has for
several years.
He says he promised Mrs. Stanton this morning that they
would have a real celebration of their wedding anniversary six
years from this coming August 26; that is their 72nd
anniversary.
Unfortunately, that was not to be. However, their 66 th
anniversary was again taken note of in Indianapolis:168
166 Indianapolis News, August 26, 1925. 167 Franklin (Indiana) Evening Star, Aug. 12, 1926. 168 Indianapolis News, August 26, 1926.
136
137
Eliza died a few months later, on January 6, 1927, and was
buried in the Greenwood cemetery. Dilwin died five months
afterwards and is buried next to her.
Dilwin left a will in which he specified that his property and
other assets be divided up among the four children still living.
He provided that the inheritance pass to the children of two of
the four living children, in case they died before he did, but did
not make provisions for grandchildren belonging to the other
two living children or the three deceased children (even Charles
Dilwin Myers, one of Sallie’s children). This may have had to do
with the financial situations of the various families.
I, DILWIN B. STANTON, late of Greenwood, Indiana, now
residing in the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, do hereby make,
publish and declare the following to be my last will and
testament, and by this will I do hereby forever revoke any and
all other wills at any time by me made.
I will and direct that as soon as practicable after my death that
my representatives hereinafter named shall proceed to pay my
funeral expenses, the expenses of my last sickness and all
other debts and obligations owing by me at the time of my
death.
I will, devise and bequeath unto my four children, Fannie
Green of San Diego, California, Carrie Noble of the city of
Greenwood, Indiana, Daisy Hogate and Carl Ed Stanton, both
of the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, all of my property, both
real and personal, share and share alike, and to their heirs
forever.
In the event that my daughter Fannie Green shall predecease
me, then I will, devise and bequeath the interest of my estate
hereinbefore devised and bequeathed to her, to her child,
Stanton Green and his heirs forever.
138
In the event that my daughter Daisy Hogate shall predecease
me, I will, devise and bequeath that interest in my estate by
this instrument I willed to her, to her daughter, June Hogate
and her heirs forever.
I nominate and appoint my daughter Carrie Noble as executrix
and my son Carl Ed Stanton as executor of this will, these two
to act jointly in all things in connection with the carrying out
of the provisions of this will.
In witness thereof I have hereunto this 12th day of April, 1927,
set my hand and seal.169
169 Indiana Wills and Probate Records, Marion County Wills, 1927-28, p. 101.
139
140
The California Stantons
141
Will Stanton (1863-1925)
Born William G. Stanton, and called Willie as a boy, later in life
he always referred to himself as Will, hence we will too.
Of course, Will was born and raised in Greenwood. When the
family moved a few miles north to Southport around 1890, he
went with them. It was there that he met Amelia Howland, who
went by the name Minnie when she was younger.
The Howlands of Perry Township were descended from Henry
Howland, who arrived in Plymouth in 1624, joining his brother,
John Howland, who had come on the Mayflower. Amelia’s
grandfather, Powell Howland, had emigrated to Indiana.
Powell Howland is a native of the Empire State. He was born
on the 16th of October, 1799, at the old town of Saratoga… and
there remained as a farmer until the 17th of October, 1839, at
which time he came to Marion County, and purchased of
Benjamin Purcell the farm on which he now resides,
containing then but one hundred and sixty acres. This farm is
situated four miles north of the city, on the Noblesville road
and Peru railroad. He added to this farm until it aggregated
three hundred and fifteen acres.
142
Mr. Howland was never a chronic office seeker, yet he was
selected as one of the county commissioners, and also
represented the county in the House of Representatives of the
State Legislature. Mr. Howland has sold one hundred and
twenty-one acres of his farm, fifty of which have been laid out
as suburban lots of the city.
Mr. Howland has ever taken a lively interest in horticulture as
well as agriculture, growing the finest varieties of fruits,
making a speciality of grapes and pears. His farm and farm
buildings are the pictures of thrift, industry and comfort. He
was the personal friend of the late Governor Joseph A. Wright,
who, with his family, for some time resided under his
hospitable roof.170
Powell’s eldest son, Morris Howland, dealt, as did Dilwin
Stanton at that time, primarily in livestock. The History of
Indianapolis and Marion County contains the following
biographical sketch:171
Mr. Howland, who is the grandson of Elisha Howland and the
son of Powell Howland, was born on the 30th of January, 1823,
in Saratoga County, N. Y., where he resided until sixteen years
of age, and received such advantages of education as the
neighboring schools afforded. His father having determined to
leave the Empire State for the unsettled West, his son Morris
started on the 25th of September, 1839, with a pair of horses
and a wagon for Indianapolis, reaching his destination after a
journey of forty two days. The family on their arrival located
in Centre township, where Morris remained four years, after
which he engaged in flat-boating at points between Cincinnati
and New Orleans. In 1844 he embarked in business near
170 John H.B. Nowland, Sketches of Prominent Citizens of 1876, Indianapolis, Tilford & Carlon, 1877. 171 B. R. Sulgrove, History of Indianapolis and Marion County, Indiana, Philadelphia, L. H. Everts, 1884, pp. 595-596.
143
Evansville, Ind., and on abandoning this enterprise made an
extensive tour by steamboat and on horseback through many
of the States of the Union, with a view to pleasure and an
intelligent comprehension of the extent and resources of the
country. On returning in 1845, he, on the 22d of January of that
year, married Miss Susan Marquis, of Perry township, Marion
Co., and settled in the last-named township, where he became
a farmer. The children of this marriage are Sarah (Mrs. F. S.
Turk) and Mary (Mrs. John Epler).
Mrs. Howland died in August, 1852, and he was again
married on the 22d of February, 1854, to Miss Jane Gentle, who
was of Scotch descent, and a resident of the same township.
Their children are Powell, Lida, and Minnie. Mr. Howland has
principally engaged in farming and stock dealing, in which he
has been signally successful. He has been actively interested in
developing the resources of his county and township, and
constructed the first gravel road in the county, of which he is
still president. He is a member of the Wool-Growers'
Association, and of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, and
actively interested in the subject of horticulture. He was in
politics a Democrat until the introduction of the Kansas-
Nebraska bill in 1854, when a disapproval of the measures
adopted by the party induced him to cast his vote with the
Republicans. He has been actively interested in the success of
his party, and participated in various local campaigns, though
not an aspirant for the honors which it confers. Though
repeatedly declining official positions of importance, he has
held various offices in the township, among which may be
mentioned that of justice of the peace. He is a member of the
Masonic fraternity, and connected with Southport Lodge, No.
270, of that order. Mr. Howland is an active member and one
of the founders of the Southport Methodist Episcopal Church,
in which he has been successively steward, class-leader, and
trustee. His influence and active labor in the cause of
temperance have accomplished a salutary work in Perry
township, and given it a decided moral strength in the county.
144
Will had presumably been engaged in raising and selling
livestock on Dilwin’s farm in Greenwood (although one source
states that he was a clerk for a few years) and, continuing his
activities in Southport, it would be natural to become acquainted
with Morris Howland. Will may even have worked for him. In
any case, he met Minnie, and they were married May 6, 1891.
They had two children in fairly short order:
(Margaret) Jean 1893
Charles 1894
There were no further children.
Around 1895, Dilwin and Eliza moved back to Greenwood. Will
went to work for a newly formed livestock trading firm in
Southport, Jeffery, Fuller & Company. One description of the
company in 1897 includes the following:172
Mr. George W. Fuller … has had many years experience in the
handling and sale of hogs; enjoying an intimate acquaintance
among the leading buyers for both local packing and
shipment; he is assisted by W. J. Shinn, who has been actively
connected with the stock yards for the past eighteen years. Mr.
F. F. Churchman is the financial man of the house. Mr. Wm. E.
Deer looks after the sale of sheep, and Mr. Will Stanton
handles the hogs which arrive by wagon, both being well
qualified for the transaction of business in their departments.
After several generations of Stantons had remained within a
small corner of Indiana, in 1902 Will and Minnie (who began to
use her given name, Amelia) moved to Los Angeles, where Will
engaged took up the real estate and insurance business. The
172 Max R. Hyman, Ed., Hyman’s Hand Book of Indianapolis, 1897. The same description appears in the 1898 edition.
145
following clipping was from a newspaper article on the various
real estate agents in Los Angeles, written in such a style as to
arouse the suspicion that it was paid for by the agents whose
businesses were described in the article.173
Taking advantage of his experience with livestock, Will almost
immediately added to his real estate activities that of livestock
auctioneering in the Imperial Valley, just beginning in 1902 and
1903 to attract farmers and ranchers. He had immediate success
at this. In 1903, the Live Stock and Dairy Journal reported the
following:
173 Los Angeles Herald
146
Will Stanton, the Imperial Valley at Calexico, officiated on
block recently at a sale of dairy stock Company. The stock
averaged $135 per head for cows. The sale was well attended,
as they all are when the smiling Mr. Stanton presides…
Breeders would do well to communicate with Mr. Stanton, as
he is in a position to place high-grade stock.174
A biographical sketch that appeared in 1910 reads as follows:175
There are few business men in the Imperial Valley who do not
enjoy a personal acquaintance with Will Stanton, the genial
auctioneer and stock broker of Calexico, a man who, though
deeply engrossed in the concerns of a large and growing
business, has found time to cultivate his social nature and to
enjoy the pleasures of companionship with his fellow men.
Few men are sufficiently versatile or are possessed of the
peculiar ability to successfully follow the occupation of
auctioneer, but Mr. Stanton, having the happy faculty of being
able to please both buyer and seller, has attained unquestioned
eminence in his line, and is carrying on transactions with some
of the leading business firms of the west. Mr. Stanton was born
in Indiana in 1863, and is a son of D. B. and Elizabeth
(Rutherford) Stanton, natives of the Hoosier state where both
at present reside. Mr. Stanton's father is a well-to-do farmer,
who carries on extensive operations and deals largely in stock.
The family consisted of seven children, Will being the second
in order of birth, and besides whom one other, Mrs. Williams,
lives in California.
Will Stanton received the advantages of a common school
education and was reared to agricultural pursuits. Naturally
he took up the business of stock raising, both from training
and inclination, and for nine years he followed that occupation
in company with his father, with the exception of several years
174 The Live Stock and Dairy Journal, 1903. London, Forgotten Books, p. 187. 175 Robert J. Burdette, Ed., American Biography and Genealogy, California Edition Vol. 2, Chicago, Lewis Publishing Company, 1910, p. 1102.
147
during his young manhood which were spent in clerical
pursuits. The year 1902 saw his advent in the west when he
moved to Los Angeles, and after he had spent some years in
the real estate business he located in the Imperial Valley,
desirous and determined to share in the success that was
awaiting those of industrious habits and progressive ability.
He was not particular as to the nature of his work, save that it
be honest, as he was ready to grasp any opportunity that
presented itself, and in 1909 he took up auctioneering, in
which he had previously had considerable experience. Mr.
Stanton was the pioneer auctioneer in the valley, and his
efforts met with immediate success. Although others have
followed where he led, it is generally conceded that none have
had his ability nor met with such universal approval. His sales
are always largely attended, the ready wit and constant good
nature of the auctioneer assuring the prospective purchasers of
entertainment, while they may also be just as confident of
receiving exceptional value for their money. He is universally
popular among his fellow citizens and deservedly so. All the
sales of the C. M. Company, a concern that controls 1,000,000
acres of Imperial Valley land, are carried on by Mr. Stanton,
and he also does a large business as a stock broker, his office
being located in the Calexico Hotel building. In addition he
has leased two dairy ranches adjoining the city on the north,
his herd consisting of one hundred head of Jersey and
Holsteins, but this ranch is operated by his son, Mr. Stanton's
other interests demanding all of his time and attention.
In 1891 Mr. Stanton was married to Miss Amelia H.
Howland, and to this union there have been born two
children: Margaret J., who married W. Swerdferger; and
Charles H., who is an alert and enterprising young business
man now conducting his father's dairy ranch.
According to the biography, Will and Amelia moved their family
first to Los Angeles in 1902,176 and then to Calexico sometime in
176 One family story says it was in April, 1900; see Philip Miller, Recollections. available from the author at [email protected].
148
the decade of the 1900s; however, the statement that Will first
took up auctioneering in 1909 is directly contradicted by the
report quoted above from the Live Stock and Dairy Journal of 1903.
After moving to Calexico, Will continued with business activities
in Los Angeles, and the Stantons maintained a home there.
At times, Will would offer his services gratis, one example being
an auction for the Purebred Livestock Breeders association in
1922:
Plans are progressing rapidly for a sale of some of the best of
southern California’s purebred livestock to Imperial valley
farmers Saturday, April 15. A meeting was held last Saturday
in the farm bureau office in El Centro and attended by W. W.
Van Felt, secretary of the Southern California Purebred
Livestock Breeders association, C. C. Jenkins, manager of the
Imperial valley fair, D. L. Zinn, who with W. L. Stanton and
Wachtel Bros. will auctioneer the sale…
[The] auctioneers, Wachtel brothers, W. L. Stanton and D. L.
Zinn, had been interviewed and had generously offered to cry
the sale for nothing, all of them realizing the immense benefits
to the valley of getting in a lot of purebred livestock.
One of the more interesting episodes in Will’s life revolved
around his identification of “Bluebeard”, a serial murderer who
married as many as 22 women under false names, took their
money, and disposed of most of them. The report below, one of
several in California newspapers, is from the Santa Ana Register
on May 8, 1920:
149
Harvey (one of many aliases) was on
his way to San Quentin exactly two
days later:177
Justice was certainly swifter back then.
What happened was that James
Watson/Charles Harvey (and many
other aliases) had committed murders
in the state of Washington, where he
thought he would be rapidly executed.
He figured he could work a deal for life
in prison in exchange for a guilty plea
in California, which is what happened.
He died in San Quentin in 1939.178
In Los Angeles, Will and Amelia’s house was at 1419 S. New
Hampshire Ave.179 In Calexico, Will’s ranch was called the
Weeping Willow Ranch and was one-half mile northwest of the
city limits of Calexico at the time.180
177 San Jose Evening News, May 10, 1920. 178 Maria Bovsun, My husband Bluebeard, New York Daily News, May 4, 2008. 179 1905 Los Angeles City Directory 180 Thurston’s Imperial Valley Directory, 1916.
150
Will Stanton died in the city of Los Angeles on January 5, 1925.
Several years after his death he was remembered in a memorial
volume on the Imperial Valley:181
Everybody in Imperial Valley knew Will Stanton, the
genial auctioneer and stock broker. His genial personality
enabled him to please both buyer and seller and he
attained unquestioned eminence in his line. He came to
Imperial Valley and went into ranch work and took up
auctioneering as a side line. Later he moved to El Centro,
where for some time he was in partnership with D. L.
Zinn, and then again was in the brokerage business for
himself. Two children, Margaret Jean and Charles H.,
came to the Stanton home. Mr. Stanton died a few years
ago, and Mrs. Stanton lives in Los Angeles. Margaret is
the wife of Wilmer Swerdfeger, a successful rancher in the
Valley.
After Will’s death, Amelia went to live with her daughter, Jean
Swerdfeger, in Meloland, near El Centro. She was active for
several years in the Meloland Ladies’ Social Club. Both club
activities and ordinary social events frequently adorned the
social pages of the San Diego Union, just two examples of which
are shown below.
181 Otis B. Tout, The First Thirty Years 1901-1931, a History of Imperial Valley, Imperial County Historical Association, 1931, p. 81.
151
Around 1930 Amelia moved to Los Angeles, where she died in
1937.
152
153
Charles Stanton (1894-1980)
Charles Howland Stanton was born while the family was living
in Southport, Indiana. On his Selective Service registration forms
(WWI and WWII), he listed Indianapolis as his birthplace. He
moved to Calexico with his family when he was about 8 years
old.
This section will be quite brief, because there exists a quite
detailed account of Charles Stanton’s life, written by a grandson
who knew him well.182 In short, Charles attended schools in both
Los Angeles and in Imperial County.183 He met Josephine
Mayhew in Los Angeles and they married in 1915. After a failed
attempt to homestead in Utah, they returned to California. In
1917, when Charles registered for the draft, his occupation was
listed as motor truck driver for the Imperial Irrigation District.
Philip Miller recalls that Charles leased and bought land in
Imperial Valley, farming successfully for a while, but eventually
182 Philip N. Miller, Recollections, available from the author at [email protected]. 183 Their home on New Hampshire Ave. in Los Angeles was a block away from the Berendo St. School, discussed in Philip Miller’s Recollections.
154
failed when prices fell and sold out to his brother-in-law, Wilmer
Schwerdfeger, in 1921.184 Charles and Josephine moved with
their family to Long Beach, where Charles worked in the oil
fields.
I will only add what I have been able to find out about the
origins of his wife, Josephine Mayhew, which are shrouded in
mystery and conflicting family lore. Josephine was born in Fort
Wayne on May 30, 1895, a matter of no dispute. She was
adopted. The name of her natural parents was Hanson or
Hansen or Johanssen or Johnson. She did or did not have a twin.
This twin (or someone else) once showed up at a family picnic in
Long Beach. Or the L.A. County Fair in Pomona. After being
adopted, Josephine’s family went to Idaho. Or she was given to
someone else who went to Idaho. Or she somehow got to
Oregon and it was there, in Medford, that she was adopted.
When Charles Stanton met her, she was living with “Auntie
May” in Los Angeles.
Here is what we know. On Charles and Josephine’s marriage
certificate, Josephine Mayhew’s parents are listed as Allen
Mayhew and Mary Poorman. Mary was 21 years old when
Josephine was born. I could not find Allen Mayhew in either the
1900 or 1910 census, however 1899 articles in newspapers
throughout the state of Indiana related how he, a resident of St.
Joseph Township near Fort Wayne, killed a neighbor’s cat after it
had raided the eggs in his chicken coop too many times.185 In
1901 Allen and Mollie Mayhew bought property in Allen County
(in which Fort Wayne is located) from Mary’s parents. In the
1900 census, however, Mary was living by herself in Fort Wayne,
without her husband and, most importantly, without Josephine.
184 Ibid. 185 Fort Wayne Sentinel, August 10, 1899, p. 3.
155
There is a birth record in Fort Wayne showing that Josephine
Hanson was born May 30, 1895. Hers was the only birth I could
find on that date (though the births are not always in
chronological order). However, I have corresponded with
Jeanette Sherbondy, who has found a birth record dated May 30,
1895 for a Georgia Kratzsch. In any case, Josephine’s record
shows the following information for the child and for the
parents:
Child: born in Fort Wayne, legitimate
Father: Jacob Hanson; age, occupation, birthplace not
listed
Mother: name and maiden name not listed; age 32,
residence Fort Wayne, birthplace Fort Wayne,
had two previous children
Despite the hints, I have not been able to discover anything more
about either parent.
The birth certificate does not state which hospital she was born
in. However, we do know (from the city directory) that in 1895
Mary Mayhew was a nurse in Hope Hospital in Fort Wayne, and
her sister, Nancy, was superintendent of the hospital. Allen
(listed as a laborer in the directory) was their brother.
I have never found Josphine Mayhew in the 1900 census,
anywhere in the United States, just as I have failed to find Allen
Mayhew and Jacob Hanson. In the 1910 census, however,
Josephine was living in Los Angeles with none other than Nancy
Mayhew, the nurse superintendent who apparently passed
Josephine under the table to Allen and Mary Mayhew. She was
the “Aunt May” of family lore.
156
But what about the picnic in Long Beach, which must have taken
place in the early 1950s, when a female relative came and was
embraced by Josephine. Was it her biological twin or biological
sister? Was it someone from a family she had been living with
during the “lost” years from 1896 to 1910? Was it her adoptive
mother Mary, who divorced and remarried (Willis Gooch) and
moved to Stockton sometime before 1920? Mary Gooch lived in
Stockton until her death in 1958.
Philip Miller, Charles and Josephine’s grandson, has clarified
some of this.186 The woman who appeared at the picnic was in all
probability “Aunt Marian”, Marian Harris, with whom Philip
was well acquainted. To members of Philip’s family, “Aunt
Marian” was Josephine’s twin sister. According to the family
story, which is probably true, Marian and Josephine did meet by
chance at a Los Angeles county fair, after not having seen each
other for many years.
In fact, Marian was born Marian Purcell and was three years
older than Josephine. She was not Josephine’s sister, though it is
conceivable that Josephine lived with the Purcell family in Fort
Wayne for a time. That time would not have included 1900, since
Josephine was not listed in the Purcell household on the 1900
census. Marian’s father, Frank Purcell, was a manager at the
Hotel Rich in Fort Wayne. The Purcell family moved to Los
Angeles a few years later and is recorded on the 1910 census
(without Josephine).
It seems that a lot of Fort Wayne residents did exactly the same
thing and, furthermore, stayed in contact in L.A. In 1911 there
was a newspaper account in a Fort Wayne newspaper about a
picnic of Fort Wayne ex-pats in Los Angeles, listing all of the
186 Philip N. Miller, op. cit.
157
numerous attendees. Among them were Marian Purcell and
Josephine and Nancy Mayhew.187
Thus we can assume that Josephine and Marian knew each other
well as children, but after Josephine and Charles married and
they moved away from Los Angeles, Josephine and Marian lost
contact. After Charles and Josephine moved to Long Beach, the
chance encounter took place at the county fair, and the
relationship was reestablished.
187 Fort Wayne Journal Gazette, September 11, 1911, p. 5
158
Final Thoughts
There were several questions we wanted to answer about the
Stanton heritage:
1. When did the Stantons cease being Quakers?
It wasn’t a clean break, because Eli, who, along with his two
wives, was disowned, rejoined the Friends in his 60s. He lived
among the Quakers his whole life, even though he did not
participate for much of it. His children, however, were not
Quakers, and Dilwin in particular was a lifelong member of the
Greenwood Christian Church.
2. How was Charles Howland Stanton related to Edwin Stanton,
Lincoln’s secretary of war?
Charles Stanton has to go back 6 generations to find a common
ancestor, John (I) Stanton. Said another way, Edwin Stanton was
Zaccheus Stanton’s third cousin. Thus Charles Stanton was
Edwin Stanton’s third cousin four times removed. Dilwin
Stanton, whose newspaper biography claimed that he was a first
cousin to Edwin Stanton, was actually a third cousin, twice
removed.
3. How was Charles Howland Stanton related to Elizabeth Cady
Stanton’s husband, Henry Brewster Stanton?
They weren’t related. At least not within the American
continent. Henry’s lineage traces back to Thomas Stanton of
Connecticut. It is possible that he was a brother of Robert
Stanton of Rhode Island, but this has never been verified. That
159
didn’t stop Eli Stanton’s son Anderson from naming one of his
daughters Elizabeth Cady Stanton.