the spe foundation through member donations and a … · 13-remaining oil -no distribution field...
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Primary funding is provided by
The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe
The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their professionals to serve as lecturers
Additional support provided by AIME
Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl 1
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Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl
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Development of Mature Oil Fields: Enhanced Oil Recovery Option
Tayfun BabadagliProfessor and NSERC-IRC in Unconventional Oil Recovery
University of Alberta
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•What is a mature field?
•How much oil is left and where it is
•Recovery of remaining oil: Tertiary recovery
•Laboratory scale
•Field scale
•Key points and suggestions
OUTLINE
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What is a Mature Field?
qbbl/day
Time, years
? ?
?
?
?
• Rate: Producing but declining • Recovery Factor: 50% - 60 years (99% water cut)• Recovery Factor: 10% - 60 years (0% water cut)
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Giant Field Discoveries
OIL FIELDS IN THE WORLD: 30,000
020406080
100120140160180200
1868
-99
1900
-09
1910
-19
1920
-29
1930
-39
1940
-49
1950
-59
1960
-69
1970
-79
1980
-89
1990
-99
2000
-09
2010
-12
Num
ber o
f Fie
lds
Time, years
Oil giants Gas giants
TOTAL RESERVES: 150 MMMm333 Fields: 50%
OIL FIELDS IN THE WORLD: 30,000
OGJ, Feb. 3, 2014
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OIL FIELDS IN THE WORLD: 30,000
50-70% left behind!!!
Additional reserves are from new discoveries or existing fields?
020406080
100120140160180200
1868
-99
1900
-09
1910
-19
1920
-29
1930
-39
1940
-49
1950
-59
1960
-69
1970
-79
1980
-89
1990
-99
2000
-09
2010
-12
Num
ber o
f Fie
lds
Time, years
Oil giants Gas giants
Giant Field Discoveries
OGJ, Feb. 3, 2014
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Stages In Mature Field Development
WELL ENHANCEMENTo Optimization of lifto Well stimulationo Re-visiting wells
DRILLINGo Verticals / Horizontalso Multilaterals / Side-trackingo Infills
SECONDARY RECOVERYo Pressure maintenanceo Waterfloodingo Gas (immiscible) injection
TERTIARY RECOVERY o Gas (CO2, hydrocarbon-rich)o Chemical (surfactant, micellar)o Thermal (air)
BROAD SUBJECT
Well Reservoir
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AdvantagesData and experience gained
HistoryModern technologies
Development of Mature Fields
DisadvantagesCost
EfficiencyTime to start the project
•Incremental OIL (How much)•Recovery TIME (How fast)
•COST (How expensive)•Company Size
•Long/Short Term
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What is Mature Field?
qbbl/day
Time, years
TERTIARY vs. SECONDARYRecovery is lower - Investment is higher
Company’s cut-off limit for cost: $10, $30, $50/bbl?Your target is residual oil reduction rather than rate?
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Elements of Mature Field Development (Tertiary Recovery)
How much oil is left and where it is
Tertiary recoveryLaboratory
Field
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Determination of Remaining Oil Saturation
•Core Analysis•Logs•Reservoir Engineering Studies•Production Data•Chemical Tracers•Well Testing (with core analysis)
log(t)
P
Pkhqtq DD
2)(
tdit
ieqq
oigspop NBBRRBN ])([
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Remaining Oil Saturations – Different Methods(33 sandstone fields)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Res
idua
l Oil,
%
Sample 32
Material Balance
Resistivity Logs
PulsedNeutronCapture
Log-Inject-Log
Water-OilRatio Relative
Permeabilities
Determination of Residual Oil Saturation, Bond, Hocott, Poettmann (Eds.), Interstate Oil Compact Comm., 1978
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-Remaining Oil -No Distribution
Field
RESIDUAL OIL SOLUTION
Material Balance(% PV)
Tracer Test(%PV)
1 16 12 No tertiary oil recovery More wells between producers
2 40 29 Tertiary oil recovery
3 44 12 Oil in isolated pockets Infill
Determination of Residual Oil Saturation, Bond, Hocott, Poettmann (Eds.), Interstate Oil Compact Comm., 1978
-Remaining Oil -Distribution
Remaining Oil Saturations – Different Methods
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Oil: From 34 to 253 bbl/d
Water: Completely stopped
Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Logs-Nuclear logs (Neutron,C/O) : Not reliable
-New tool for resistivitythrough metal casing
Cement squeeze
Re-perforate
28 ft
OWC 2012
OWC 1978
1 10 100 1000
RT CHFR2002
RLLD1978
(Petrophysics, 2004 no.4)
Remaining Oil
Remaining Oil
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Remaining Oil Saturation: Yates Field
•Discovered in 1927•1.3 billion barrel produced
•Strongly heterogeneous mixed wet carbonate•1100 producers - 57 injectors (1992)
SOLUTION : NMRAlternative to resistivity saturation.
Insensitive to gas
Oil/water by diffusion coefficient
SPE 63216
PROBLEMS
Borehole filled with gas, no electromagnetic propagation
n and m between 1 and 5
(in space - time)
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Comparison: Remaining Oil Saturation (ROS)
ROS (Core, log, tracer) < ROS (Material balance)
ROS (Pulsed Neutron Capture) = ROS (Resistivity)
ROS (Single well tracer) < ROS (Logs)
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Tertiary Recovery – Field Applications
•Immiscible gas injection-Double displacement-Inert gas
•Miscible gas injection-HC gases-CO2
•Chemical (surfactant) injection
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Tertiary Gas Injection Applications
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Tertiary Chemical Injection Applications
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Surfactant Flood: Incremental Recovery
0102030405060708090
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Oil
Satu
ratio
n, %
Residual Oil After Waterflooding
Final Oil Saturation After Surfactant Flood
CORE FLOOD RESULTS
Loudon Field: 13 years primary, 38 years waterflooding.
Remaining oil: 50 % OOIP
SPE 20218
5-30%
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21JCPT
Jan-Feb 1990
P1T1
T2P2
Micellar Flood (Composition)
Type Oil (%) Brine (%) Surfactant (%) Co-Surfactant (%)
P1 64 20 12 4 (Isopropyl Alcohol)
T1 85 5 8.5 1.5 (Isopropyl Alcohol)
P2 6 84 7.5 3 (Cyclohexanol)
T2 2 93 4 1.5 (Cyclohexanol)
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Sequence of Methods
46th Annual Tech. Meet. of the Petroleum Society, Banff, Canada, 1995, Paper 65-95
0102030405060708090
100
Tertiary WAG Secondary Slug
InitialOil
Residual Oil(Waterflooding)
Residual Oil(Gas Injection)
Residual Oil(Blow Down)
Flue gas injection as water-alternating-gas (WAG)
14 oAPI Oil
Residual Oil(Extended
Waterflooding)
Oil
Satu
ratio
n, %
OO
IP
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Miscibility after waterflood
• Solvent invade only waterfilled pores.
• Oil may not be displacedfrom the smaller pores.
• Water film between solventand oil/grain
Tertiary Recovery by Hydrocarbon Solvent
Heptane
Grain Water Oil
200 microns
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Tertiary Recovery by Solvent
Solvent Water Water Solvent Water
Kerosene (2 cp)
RF=69% RF=47%
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Tertiary Recovery by Solvent
Solvent Water
Kerosene (2 cp) - Mixed Wet
Water Solvent Water
RF=85% RFfinal =64%RFwater =73%
RF=69% RFfinal =47%RFwater =66%Water wet
Mixed wet
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26SPE 77641
RF=30%
YIBAL FIELD
RF=40%
• Big field: 450 wells• Long term targets• High investment
• Chalky carbonate• Light oil (1cP)• Natural water influx
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05
101520253035404550556065707580859095
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27Experiments in ascending order
Water Injection Surfactant Injection After WaterfloodingContinued With Another Surfactant Surfactant Injection
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
OO
IP
WATER INJECTION ONLY = 75% SURFACTANT ONLY = 70%
Yibal Field (Chalk) Dilute Surfactant Performance
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SAHMAH FIELD
0
800
1600
2400
3200
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Oil
Rat
e, m
3 /day
Time, days
2002
• Sandstone • Oil: 45 oAPI, 1 cP• Natural water influx• Deep: 3,250m
-Small field: 20 wells
-Small company
-Short term targets
-Low investment
• Two sandstone layers: • Low permeability (1 mD), RF=10%• High permeability (150 mD), RF=70%
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Oil
Rec
over
y, d
ecim
al (O
OIP
)Injection Pressure, psi
Nitrogen injection into tight zone
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Oil
Rec
over
y, d
ecim
al (O
OIP
)Injection Pressure, psi
Water Injection (q=1 cc/min)
Nitrogen injection started
Nitrogen injection into waterflooded zone
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Field scale simulation
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time (days)
Base case
8250 psi
6750 psi
5250 psi
3750 psi
Oil
Prod
uctio
n, m
3 / d
ay
One converted injector
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Concluding Remarks•Locate the remaining oil
•Proper tertiary recovery method
•Small companies faster recovery (short term)
•Big companies higher ultimate recovery (long term)
•Laboratory experiments
•When to start tertiary recovery
•Role of water (or gas) saturation history
•Interaction with injectant to reduce residual oil saturation
•Injection design (sequence, WAG ratios, slug sizes)
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•Be proactive: Forecast the impacts a few decades ahead
•Reservoir characterization for optimal design
•Human factor: Experience and expertise
Further Suggestions
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No luxury of leaving ~50% of oil trapped in matureand marginal fields.
Bottom Line
The careful selection anddesign of technically andeconomically viable technique.
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Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl 35
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