the solar system observing the solar system guide for reading how do the heliocentric and geocentric...
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The Solar System
Observing the Solar System
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Guide For Reading
• How do the heliocentric and geocentric description of the solar system differ?
• What did Kepler discover about the orbits of the planets?
• What two factors keep the planets in their orbits?
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Wandering Stars
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The Greeks called the five points of light that seemed to move among the stars ______, meaning “______”.
• planets• wanderers
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The ancient Romans later called these planets:
• Mercury• Venus• Mars• Jupiter• Saturn
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Greek Ideas: Earth at the Center
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Describe the ancient Greek beliefs of the solar
system.
• The ancient Greeks thought Earth was a stationary object and the sun, moon, and planets were on a rotating celestial sphere
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Checkpoint: What is a geocentric system?
• A geocentric system is one in which Earth is at the center of a system of revolving planets.
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Figure 2: Interpreting DiagramsWhere is Earth located in this illustration?
• The Earth is in the middle of the solar system
• The sun, moon, and a planet are orbiting Earth on a large circle, while moving on a smaller cirlce
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How is Ptolemy’s model of the solar system differ from the Greeks before him?
• The Greeks before Ptolemy thought the universe was unchanging and the sun, moon, and planets moved together on a celestial sphere (like a carousel). Earth was stationary
• Ptolemy introduced the idea of the sun, moon and planets rotating on little circles which rotate on bigger circles
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Copernicus’s Idea: Sun at the Center
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Heliocentric
• A description of the solar system which all planets revolve around the sun
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Guide For Reading: How do the heliocentric and geocentric descriptions of the solar system differ?
• In a geocentric system, Earth is at the center of the revolving planets.
• In a heliocentric system, Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
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Galileo’s Observations
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Checkpoint: What two discoveries made by Galileo supported the heliocentric description of the solar system?
• Jupiter’s four moons revolve around the planet.
• Venus goes through phases similar to those of Earth’s moon.
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Brahe and Kepler
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Brahe, a ______ ______, made much more accurate observations by carefully observing the positions of
the planets for almost _____ years.
• Danish astronomer• 20
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Guide For Reading: What did Kepler discover about the orbits of the planets
• Kepler had discovered that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse.
• Ellipse: an elongated circle or oval shape.
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Ellipse
• An elongated circle, or oval shape; the shape of the planets’ orbit
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Which planet’s orbit did Kepler calculate to discover that a planet’s orbit is not a circle?
• Mars
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Inertia and Gravity
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Inertia
• Inertia: tendency of a moving object to continue in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place.
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The more _____ an object has, the more ______ it has.
• mass• inertia
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Gravity
• Gravity: The attractive force between two objects; its magnitude depends on their masses and the distance between them.
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The strength of gravity depends on the ______ of the objects and the ______ between them.
• mass• distance
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Figure 5: Interpreting Diagrams -What would happen if a planet had no inertia?
• The planet would be pulled into the sun
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Figure 5: Interpreting Diagrams -What would happen if a planet had no gravity?
• The planet would continue to travel straight off into space
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Guide For Reading: What two factors keep the planets in their orbits?
• Newton concluded that two factors – inertia and gravity – combine to keep the planets in orbit.
• Inertia keeps the planets the moving• Gravity from the sun keeps the
planets from traveling off in space