APPENDIX

The nationally funded Science and Enterprise Challenge (SEC)initiative reflects the 1997–2010 Labour Government’s desire toincrease the rates of innovative start-ups and stimulate a value-addedentrepreneurial climate (Warren 2006). To achieve this, SEC centreswere established in research-intensive universities to promote knowl-edge transfer, deliver business development support, encouragespin-out activities, create wealth and new jobs, and drive regional andeconomic growth (Delcloque and Auckland 2004; Handscombe et al.2008; Kothari and Handscombe 2007; Probert et al. 2003;SQW 2005a, 2005b; Warren 2006). For example, it helped tofund the following SEC centres: Cambridge Entrepreneurship Centre,University of Cambridge; White Rose Centre for Enterprise, York, Sheffieldand Leeds Universities; and Manchester Science and Enterprise Centre,University of Manchester (SQW 2005a, 2005b). The SEC centres activelyintegrated enterprise learning in the curriculum for existing students, pro-vided mentoring support for existing faculty and developed entirely stand-alone training programmes for nascent knowledge-driven entrepreneurs(SQW 2005a, 2005b). In particular, the Manchester Science andEnterprise Centre, University of Manchester launched a ‘bolt-on’ postgrad-uate enterprise course for nascent entrepreneurs, which included theembryonic process of prototyping and business launch in an enterpriselaboratory and business creation unit (Delcloque and Auckland 2004).

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The SEC initiative funded by the 1997–2010 Labour Government hasan enduring legacy across the UK (Enterprise Educators UK 2011).Moreover, SEC centres can be considered a precursor to recent targetedsupport by the 2010–2015 Coalition Government and currentConservative Government for high-potential and growth-oriented entre-preneurship such as Catapults, Innovation Centres, and Innovate UK Blog(BIS 2014; BIS/15/498, 2015b; House of Commons Library BriefingPaper 7363, 2015; Innovate UK C16/CO300, 2016). As the LordYoung (2015:33) report stresses, targeted support for high-potentialnew businesses and ‘opportunity rather than necessity’ self-employmentis a distinct policy shift in the UK. Knowledge-driven new businesses andactivities are essential for economic development, because they are char-acterised by innovativeness, creativity and risk taking (DeFillippi et al.2006; Florida 2002; Kirkels and Duysters 2010; Malecki 2004; Moseyet al. 2007; OECD 1996; Wennberg et al. 2011; Work Foundation2006).

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INDEX

AAccommodate, 65, 68Accuracy, accurate, 30, 46–48, 63,

64, 67, 75, 91, 95–97, 109,113–115, 117

Acquiesce, 63, 100Adler, P., 1, 2, 7, 11, 22, 30,

34, 35, 42, 43, 45, 53, 63,108, 112

Agency, 94, 119Anxiety, 3Approximation

in-group, 66, 90–91, 97out-group, 67, 100–101

Argyle, M., 62, 65–68Assertive, 80, 100–105, 114, 116Attune, 3–4, 69, 91, 108–110, 113Audience, 38, 76Ayoko, O.B., 5, 64–69, 69n2,

89, 90, 95, 109

BBarney, J., 23n1Benevolence, 32, 43Berger, J., 2, 11, 54–55, 57, 60–62,

75, 109

BIS, 112,Bonding, 3, 28, 29, 31–34, 41, 44–46,

48, 51Borgatti, S.P., 2, 8, 30, 31, 37,

39, 41, 108Bourdieu, P., 2, 8, 11, 14n2, 26–28,

55, 59Brass, D.J., 2, 3, 30, 39, 50, 54, 56,

62, 63, 69, 108, 109, 118Bricolage, 2, 5, 7, 108Bridge, 3, 6, 9–13, 35, 38, 41,

54, 63, 66, 69, 77, 80, 82,85, 86, 90–97, 100–105,108–110, 112–116, 118, 119

Bridging, 3–13, 28–29, 31, 35–42,44–46, 49–51, 53–70, 73–86,89–97, 99–105, 108–115,117–119

Broker, 9, 13, 38–40, 46, 54, 78–80,87, 112–116

Brokerage, 3, 7–9, 12, 13, 14n1,37–41, 54, 63, 78–80, 87,108, 109

Burt, 2, 9, 11, 22, 37–40, 54, 78–80,107, 109

Business start-up, 74, 111, 115, 117

© The Author(s) 2017R. Lee, The Social Capital of Entrepreneurial Newcomers,DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59820-2

179

CCapitalistic, capitalism, 54, 59, 64, 69,

80–82, 114Castells, M., 2, 11, 20, 46, 48, 80, 89Centrality, 32, 65Change agent, 18Civic, 27, 29, 52n1Class, 27, 42, 59, 69n2Clique, 36Closed, closure, 32Code, coded, 5, 8, 10, 46,

47, 63, 65Cognition, 2–5, 7, 10, 14n1, 18,

48–50, 62–64, 69, 91–93,108–111, 117

Cognitive, 1–13, 30, 40, 46–49,53–70, 89–97, 99–105, 108–119

Cohesion, cohesiveness, 27, 28,30–34, 41, 44, 49, 50

Coleman, J.S., 11, 26, 27,31–32, 43, 44

Commitment, 19, 32, 33, 43, 50, 95Communication, 1, 3, 5–6, 8, 10–13,

30, 39, 46–49, 51, 62–66, 89–97,99–100, 102, 105, 108–116,118, 119

Communicationaccommodation, 5–6, 10–13,64–65, 69, 69n2, 89, 91, 99,108–110, 115

Communitarian view, 27Community, 20, 27, 30–32, 43, 45,

49, 50, 52n1, 59, 70n2Concise, concision, 13, 67, 95–97,

110, 114, 115Conflict avoidance, 101–103, 116Conform, 4, 34, 55, 58, 64, 85, 101Connection, 8, 9, 26, 29, 30, 38, 47,

50, 52n1, 112, 117Connectivity, 14n3, 27, 30, 33, 34Context, 5, 11, 21, 27, 33, 34, 48, 50,

57, 110, 111, 117

Control, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 19, 35, 39,56–60, 62, 63, 79, 80, 82, 84–86,91, 100, 109, 118

Convergence, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 65–67,89–97, 110–112, 114, 117, 119

Creativity, 4, 34, 39, 78, 112Credibility, 10, 49, 64, 66–67, 90, 91,

93, 94, 96, 111, 115–116Critical realism, 8, 14n2Cultural, culture, 8, 20, 29, 40, 56,

59, 63, 65, 67, 69n2, 91, 118

DData

hard, 7, 118soft, 7, 118

Deference, 3, 55, 103, 111Democratic, democracy, 29, 52n1Dense, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 42, 45Density, 31, 33Desirable characteristics, qualities, 109Direct, 38, 42, 43–45, 68, 79, 91,

100–103, 113, 114, 116Disadvantaged, 33Disrupt, 18, 73, 111Distance, distant, 3, 6, 13, 28, 35, 38,

46, 58, 59, 66, 67, 77, 86, 92, 93,96, 100, 102, 110, 115, 116

Divergence, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 28, 65,67–69, 99–105, 110–112, 114,116, 117, 119

Downward, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 65, 67, 69,99–100, 110, 112–114, 116, 119

Drucker, P., 18–20Durkheim, E., 27

EEC, 111–113Economic, 2, 7, 11, 18, 20, 23, 29,

45, 55, 58–60, 95, 98, 111

180 INDEX

Ego, 13n1Elite, 29, 35, 54, 55, 58, 59, 64, 66,

77, 79, 90, 91, 109Embeddedness, 17–23Emotion, 63, 68, 80, 82, 86, 92, 94,

96, 103–105, 114, 116Enterprise, 6, 12, 33, 51, 60, 62, 86, 90,

92, 97, 102, 104, 105, 116–117Entrepreneurship, 1, 5, 11, 18–21, 23,

25–52, 75, 107–108, 111–113Epistemology, 8Equalitarian, equal, 28, 31Equilibrium, 18, 73ESec, 7Ethnic, 21, 34, 56, 69n2Evaluator, 63, 66, 69Excluded, 34Expressive, 42, 43, 45, 50

FFace-threat tolerance, 116Face-to-face, 52n1Family, 21, 31–35, 38, 44, 59Faust, K., 8, 9, 14n3Finance, financial, 7, 18, 29, 34, 36,

51, 55, 69, 77, 80, 82Fit-in, 4, 90, 108, 116Formal, 7, 14n3, 20, 46, 49–51, 54,

62, 65, 66, 91–94, 110, 114–116Foucault, M., 2, 60Friend, 21, 28, 31, 33–35, 38, 50, 59Fukuyama, F., 11, 29, 35, 42–43, 45, 54Functional, 49–51, 91–94, 115–116

GGatekeeper, 39, 63, 92Ghoshal, S., 2, 8, 11, 19, 22, 30, 42,

43, 46–48, 57, 114Giddens, A., 2, 55, 94

GII, 111, 112Giles, H., 5–6, 12, 13, 64–69, 69n2,

89–91, 94, 99–101, 109–110Goffman, E., 2, 65Government, 6, 12, 29, 113, 117Granovetter, M., 20, 28, 29Graph

brokerage, 9signed, 8, 9status, 9, 82triadic, 9, 31, 32, 38, 78, 79

Growth, 2, 6, 18, 20, 21, 36, 37, 41,48, 51n1, 74–76, 80, 111

HHargie, O., 62, 65–68, 70n3Harpham, T., 3, 11, 22, 28, 35, 51n1,

53, 75, 108Health, 26, 51n1Heterogeneous, 22, 28–29, 35–37,

40, 42, 66, 67, 69n2, 78, 95High growth, 2Homogeneous, 13, 28, 31, 34, 42Honest, honesty, 43–45Horizontal, 31, 32, 37, 42, 49Humanistic, 7, 94

IIdentity, 26, 31, 50, 66, 68, 81Immaterial, 19, 54, 73Immigrant, 21, 31, 34Indigenous, 34, 45, 62, 109Indirect, 37, 41, 42Industry, 23, 51, 69, 77, 79, 80, 82,

90, 92–96, 102, 113, 117Information, 2, 4, 18, 21–22, 27, 32,

35, 37–41, 47, 48, 57–58, 74, 77,79, 85, 93, 96, 105, 111,115–116

INDEX 181

Innovation, innovative, 4, 6, 18–21,26, 30, 33–36, 39–41, 44, 48, 57,73–76, 78, 80, 86, 87, 94, 96, 97,110–112, 117

Institution, 14n2, 20, 27, 29, 43, 50,76, 112

Instrumental, 35, 38, 42, 50, 58, 59,63, 75, 92, 101

Intangible, 1, 19, 22, 23, 74, 75Intergenerational, 69n2, 94Interpretation, 14n3, 118Interpretive, 9–10, 47, 93Interrupt, 65, 68, 99–105, 114Interview, 6–8, 12, 13, 13n1, 14n2,

14n3, 67, 118

JJudgement, 2, 3, 10, 47, 63, 93, 96,

101, 111, 116

KKilduff, M., 2, 3, 5, 8, 14n2, 47, 50,

57, 62, 63, 69, 107–110, 118Know-how, 74, 111, 112Knowledge, 3, 4, 18–22, 30, 32–33,

36–41, 43–51, 55–57, 64, 74, 77,84, 92, 105, 111, 113, 114, 117

Knowledge-driven, 6, 7, 12, 20, 32,65, 90, 117

Know-who, 111–112Krackhardt, D., 39, 58, 63Kwon, S., 1, 2, 11, 22, 30, 33–36, 42,

43, 45, 53, 63, 108

LLanguage, 2, 5, 6, 8, 47–50, 59, 66,

89–94, 97, 115Leader, 56, 67, 79, 90, 91, 95,

101–103, 110

Legitimacy, 4, 22, 63, 87, 98, 115Limitation, 111–112, 116–119Lin, 11, 22, 26, 28, 29, 75Line, 9, 31, 38, 78, 79, 111, 115

MMalecki, E., 2, 7, 20, 22, 30, 34–36,

51n1, 108Management, 1, 2, 11, 23, 25–51, 69Material, 14n2, 55, 58, 73, 76, 77, 87McCann, R.M., 5, 64, 65, 66, 68,

69n2, 91, 94, 100, 101, 109McEvily, B., 35Meaning, 8, 14n2, 46, 49, 65, 95, 96,

100, 118Migrant, 34Mind, 2, 26, 28, 31, 42, 87, 113Mixed-methods, 13n1Mutual, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32–34, 42, 44,

50, 109

NNahapiet, J., 2, 8, 11, 22, 30, 42, 43,

46, 47, 114Name generator, 13n1, 14n1Narayan, D., 11, 27–31, 35, 45, 51n1Narrative, 8, 47, 50Neighbour, 27, 29, 33Nesta, 111Network

diversity, 26, 31, 36extra, 35inter, 21, 26, 32, 49, 63intra, 32, 49range, 36, 42structure, 7–9, 11, 13, 14n2, 14n3,

22, 27, 44, 50, 95, 108, 115, 117ties, 1, 30–31, 42, 75, 85

Networks view, 27

182 INDEX

Newcomer, 3–7, 10, 12, 13,14n3, 17–23, 50, 55, 63,67, 68, 73–87, 89–98,99–106, 108–119

Node, 9, 31, 38, 78, 79, 115Norm, normative, 1, 22, 26–31,

42–43, 58, 70n3, 100

OObjective, 7Occupation, 27, 28OECD, 11, 21, 34, 51n1, 111–112Online, 37, 114Ontology, 8Open, 1–10, 28, 36, 37,

39, 40, 118Opportunity, 2, 9, 13, 18, 19, 21–22,

29, 30, 32, 33, 35–41, 43, 46,55, 56, 63, 74, 78–80, 93, 112,114, 116

Organisation, 11, 19, 22, 32, 35, 37,49, 50, 55–56, 62, 65, 66, 76, 77,89, 99, 107

Ostrom, E., 29Owner manager, 14n2, 23, 45, 49

PPenrose, E.T., 23n1Perception, 3, 9, 12, 18, 46, 47, 63,

64, 110Perceptual, 2, 10, 18, 30, 47, 48, 50,

63, 91, 92, 101, 109Performance, 20, 22, 23, 33–36, 39,

44, 49, 54–57, 66, 77, 108Personal, 27, 32, 36, 42,

44, 49–51, 92Pfeffer, J., 19, 57Physical, 14n2, 26Pipes, 30

Podolny, J.M., 30, 39, 54, 57Polanyi, K., 20Policy, 6, 12, 112–114Political, 29–30, 35, 50, 54, 65Portes, A., 11, 22, 26, 28Post-disaster, 52n1Power, 2–13, 14n2, 14n3, 22, 38, 50,

53–69, 73–87, 89, 91, 94, 96–98,102, 105–106, 116, 118

Practice, 22, 42, 49, 51, 59, 64, 82,100, 101, 111, 112, 114–116

Prestige, 55, 57, 110Professional, 6, 7, 29, 35, 49, 51, 55,

57, 66, 73–80, 85, 86, 90–97,100–105

Project, 20, 32, 40, 55, 110Psychological, 5, 47, 64Putnam, R.D., 3, 8, 11, 22, 26–29,

31, 32, 34, 35, 42–45, 50, 118

QQualitative, 7, 8, 12, 13, 13n1, 14n2,

117, 118Quantitative, 13n1

RRace, 27, 34Rational, 43, 54, 58, 63, 92, 118Reciprocity

direct, 43–45general, 29, 45, 46specific, 28, 43–45

Referral, 39, 46, 78–79, 115Regional, 40, 118Religion, 27Reputation, 3, 12, 20, 38, 43–45,

54, 55, 57, 70n3, 75, 76, 78–80,82, 86, 96, 100, 102, 103, 104,109, 115

INDEX 183

Resource acquisition, resources, 3, 4,12, 17–23, 26–31, 33–35, 39–43,48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 57–59, 67,73–77, 80, 82, 86, 91, 94–96,100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106,108–111, 113, 116

Resource based view, 23n1Risk, 10, 18, 41, 101, 102,

104, 111, 116Ritual, 4, 5, 13, 46, 48, 59, 65, 85, 92,

93, 95, 98, 118Rodan, S., 31, 38, 40Role, 2, 6, 8, 27, 29, 30, 39, 54, 60,

65, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117Routine, 8, 14n2, 47, 48, 51, 56, 61,

64, 92, 94, 96, 116Rule, 29, 30, 42, 58, 63, 65,

67, 70n3, 85Rural, 21, 33, 41, 118

SSample, sampling, 6, 7, 10, 12,

116–117Schema, 4, 47Schuller, T., 11, 22, 26, 27, 28, 42, 45Schumpeter, J.A., 18–20Scott, J., 8, 9, 14n3Script, 4, 46, 47, 90, 92, 93, 96–98,

112, 118SEC, 6, 7, 12, 13n1, 116, 117Self-efficacy, 18Self-identity, 14n2, 94Sensemaking, 18, 93Shane, S., 4, 18, 19, 111Sign, 60, 80, 83–85Social capital

cognitive social capital, 2, 5, 6,8–13, 47, 48, 53–69, 108–110,112–115, 118

relational social capital, 42, 108structural social capital, 31

Social standing, 3, 8, 11, 38, 54, 57,58, 76–80, 82, 84, 89–93, 96,100, 103, 105, 109, 112, 113,116, 118

Social structure, 14n2, 22, 26, 33, 35,41, 55, 63, 64, 95

Society, 27, 28, 29, 31,35, 45, 59, 60

Socioeconomic, 7, 27, 31Staber, U., 2, 23, 30, 38, 41, 108Status, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8–13,

19, 31, 38, 42Status cue, marker, 54–55Stories, story, 50Storytelling50Stranger, 22, 37, 43Strong, 28, 31–35, 40–42, 49, 63Structural holes, 37–41, 46, 78, 79,

80, 108, 113, 116, 118Subjective, 9, 14n3, 118Submissive, submit, 6, 100, 101, 106Subordinate, 6, 56, 63, 65, 66, 69n2,

110, 116Supervisor, 56, 69n2, 92, 99Svendsen, G. T., 8, 11, 28, 31,

33, 34, 118

TTangible, 19, 74, 86Task, 7, 12, 48, 49, 56, 65,

66, 67, 90–93Team, 18, 23, 32, 44, 45, 48,

49, 57Technical, 7, 50, 67, 73–80, 82,

85–87, 90–98, 100–106Technology, 7, 21, 41, 50Thye, S. R., 2, 8, 9, 54–55, 57, 60,

69n1, 75, 80, 109Title, 14n2, 55, 75, 77,

80, 82, 84, 86Tonnies, 54

184 INDEX

Trustgeneral, 43, 45particular, 43, 44thick, 28, 31, 43–46thin, 29, 32, 43, 45–46

Tsai, W., 8, 14n2, 30, 42, 118

UUpward, 5, 6, 10, 13, 35,

42, 51, 54, 65–67, 69,89, 97, 98, 109, 110,112–115, 119

US MLB, 56US NASCAR, 57US NBA, 55US NFL, 57US PGA, 57Uzzi, B., 21, 32, 115

VValue, 8, 9, 11, 26–28, 31, 32, 36, 37,

39, 48, 54, 60, 63, 66, 75, 76, 77,82–86, 106, 112, 115

Vertical, 3, 11–13, 28, 35, 37, 42, 46,53, 54, 57, 62, 63, 69, 75, 86,100, 108, 112, 116

Virtual, 45, 49, 52n1

WWasserman, S., 8, 9, 14n3Weak, 28, 29, 35–37, 41, 42, 108,

109, 118Wealth, 8, 28, 42, 54, 58, 59, 76, 80,

111Weber, Max, 2, 11, 29, 44, 54, 58, 59Westlund, H., 2, 36Willemyns, M., 5, 8, 64–68, 89–91,

95, 99, 100, 103, 110Woolcock, M., 11, 26–29, 31, 35Work Foundation, 112Workgroup, 44, 48, 56, 66, 67,

99, 110

ZZaheer, A. B., 35, 39, 43, 63, 69, 108Zahra, S. A., 18, 37, 43, 117

INDEX 185