The Snowball Earth!

Cenozoic EraQuaternary Period

Ice Ages Focus

Jo’s Journeys wants you to take a trip back in time to…

Travel back in time with us to a period that began 2.588 million years ago and continues to the present day…

A time when glacial periods had a great effect on our Earth (mostly in

the northern hemisphere)…

And a time when there were warm, even tropical inter-glacial periods.

Ice Ages affect climates all over!

Ice, Snow (Precipitation)

Water Freezing & Thawing

Glaciations!

So what causes Ice Ages?

Possible reasons for Ice Ages:

Fainter early sunBiological changes

Variations in Earth’s orbit

There is evidence of more than 4 major glacial events and up to 40 smaller glaciations during the Quaternary Period – each lasting about 100,000 years.

Glacial intrusion on

North America

stretches down to

around 40 degrees latitude.

The good news is…

there should be no fear of moving too far due to Continental Drift.

The continents have moved less than 100 km during this period.

Wanna go to the Great Lakes region when you travel back?

Here’s what they are like during this time period.

So what do we know?

• During this period there is flooding, freezing & thawing ice, rising and falling seas, land bridges that form and disappear, lakes and bays form.

• Lots of activity happens during this period.

Wouldn’t you like to say youwitnessed it first hand?

Global warming back then?

• Coniferous & deciduous trees• Bushes and shrubs• Flowering Plants (angiosperms)• Ferns• Grasses• Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Take in the sights and smells of our “Continental Gardens” where

you will find (based on your vacation location):

Flowering Plants help insects flourish because of their

nectar.

See the megafauna

up close and

personal!

Megafauna are massive mammals that roam during this period – becoming extinct as the last Ice Age ends.Mammals during this period are larger and grew thicker coats to help them survive.Though very large, most of these large mammals are plant-eaters that feed on shrubs & grasses on the edges of the ice sheets.

These massive animals will become extinct as the climate warms. (It is also believed that humans may have over-hunted them.)

Giant ground

sloths as large as elephant

s!

Mastodons & woolly mammoths are some of the massive mammals around

during this time.

Let’s not forget the presence of the giant

woolly rhinos!

Are humans to blame for

the extinction

of the woolly

mammoths?

Other animals you may encounter on land are:

• Bison• Oxen• Cave bears• Saber-toothed cats• Some birds are over 7 feet tall!• Beavers that are over 7 feet long!• Elephants• Modern rhinoceroses• Hippos• Modern birds• Insects

Should you SCUBA dive to take in the underwater sights, you may

see the following in Earth’s seas…• Whales• Giant sharks• Otters• Seals• Giant fish• Modern fish• Squid• Crustaceans• Mollusks• Urchins• Plankton• Coral

Let’s not forget, the Quaternary Period is also called, “Age of

Humans.”• Homo erectus appeared in Africa

during the Cenozoic Era at the start of this period.

• They eventually develop bigger brains and more intelligence. (This means they can think and solve problems!)

• Modern humans spread out to Europe, Asia and then on to Australia and the Americas.

• The future of our planet will be greatly affected by the Age of Humans!

Extreme Temperatures

Rising & Falling Water Levels

Massive Mammals

There is a limited supply of plant material in areas affected by glaciations. This trip is not recommended for vegetarians.

Other Significant Dangers

Icefalls

Rock falls

AccommodationsTravel

accommodations will be made by “Ice

Walkers.”

We’ll show you the way

to get there today!

You will be staying in our exclusive “Ice House Hotel” designed with your needs in

mind.

An elegant reception desk…

All natural furnishings made from the purest frozen water

on Earth…

And shelter from the wind, weather, and predators.

Should you choose to stay longer and notice the ice beginning to thaw all around you, you may

need to stay in one of our hand-made huts.

Yes, I said “hand-made.”

Our huts are made of sturdy mammoth tusks, warm woolly fur, and are guaranteed to protect you

from the outside cold.

Friendly locals will welcome you to their frozen villages.

Sightseeing AdventuresAwait You!

Things you’ll need to make your stay more pleasant:

•Extra warm winter coat and warm clothing•Ear muffs/hat•Solid walking shoes and boots•Umbrella/rain gear•Blankets/sleeping bags (if making your own camp)•Hunting/fishing gear/clubs (for defense)•Mountain-climbing gear•Ice pick•Rope•Fire-starter logs•Axe•Bug spray•Baskets for hunting/gathering food•Lighter clothing for more tropical conditions after ice age ends

The

Quaternary

Period Our trip has even been the focus of

an article in TIME

magazine.

Call our office today at

1-800-ICE-AGES to make your

travel arrangements.