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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 5The Skeletal System
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 5.1 – 5.77
The Skeletal System
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
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Cartilages
Ligaments
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal
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Movement due to attached skeletalmuscles
Storage of minerals (Ca and P) and fats
Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis
Bones of the Human BodyBones of the Human Body
The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of osseous - bone tissue
Compact bone
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Dense and Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-likepieces of bone
Many open spacesFigure 5.2b
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Bones are classifies according to shapeinto four groups:
Long bones
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Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
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Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Sesamoid bones – form within tendons
Examples: patella or kneecap
Classification of Bones on the BasisClassification of Bones on the Basisof Shapeof Shape
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Figure 5.1
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
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Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layerof spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
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Do not fit into other bone classificationcategories
Example: Vertebrae and hip
Classification of Bones on the BasisClassification of Bones on the Basisof Shapeof Shape
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Figure 5.1
Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
Shaft - length
Composed ofcompact bone
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compact bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly ofspongy bone
Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Periosteum
Outside covering ofthe diaphysis
Fibrous connectivetissue membrane
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Sharpey’s fibers
Secure periosteum tounderlying bone
Arteries
Supply bone cellswith nutrients
Figure 5.2c
Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Articular cartilage
Covers theexternal surface ofthe epiphyses
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the epiphyses
Made of hyalinecartilage
Decreases frictionat joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow
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Contains yellowmarrow (mostly fat)in adults
Contains red marrow(for blood cellformation) in infants
Figure 5.2a
Bone MarkingsBone Markings
Surface features of bones
Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,and ligaments
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
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Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Categories of bone markings
Projections or processes – grow out from thebone surface
Depressions or cavities – indentations
Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Osteon (Haversian System)
A unit of bone
Central (Haversian) canal
Opening in the center of an osteon
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Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
Canal perpendicular to the central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
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Figure 5.3
Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Lacunae
Cavities containingbone cells(osteocytes)
Arranged in
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Arranged inconcentric rings
Lamellae
Rings around thecentral canal
Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the
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Radiate from thecentral canal tolacunae
Form a transportsystem
Figure 5.3
Changes in the Human SkeletonChanges in the Human Skeleton
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyalinecartilage
During development, much of this cartilageis replaced by bone
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is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
Bone GrowthBone Growth
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of longbone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
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Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
Process of bone formation – ossification doneby bone-forming cells called osteoblasts
Bone GrowthBone Growth
Bones are remodeled and lengthened untilgrowth stops
Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width – appositional growth
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Bones grow in width – appositional growth
Growth due to growth hormones and sexhormones
Bones are remodeled continually in response to:
Calcium levels in blood and pull of gravity andmuscles on the bones
Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth
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Figure 5.4a
Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth
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Figure 5.4b
Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone Cells
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
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Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling andrelease of calcium
Bone remodeling is a process by bothosteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone FracturesBone Fractures
A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does notpenetrate the skin
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Open (compound) fracture – broken bonepenetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction andimmobilization
Realignment of the bone – either by physician’shands or surgery
Common Types of FracturesCommon Types of Fractures
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Table 5.2
Repair of Bone FracturesRepair of Bone Fractures
Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formeddue to broken blood vessels
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form acallus – cartilage matrix, bony matrix,
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callus – cartilage matrix, bony matrix,collagen fibers – capillaries also form again
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bonycallus made of spongy bone
Bony callus is remodeled to form apermanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a BoneStages in the Healing of a BoneFractureFracture
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Figure 5.5
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
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Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
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Figure 5.6
The SkullThe Skull
Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
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Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures –interlocking, immovable joints
Only the mandible is attached by afreely movable joint
The SkullThe Skull
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Figure 5.7
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
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Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Superior ViewHuman Skull, Superior View
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Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior ViewHuman Skull, Inferior View
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Figure 5.9
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surroundingthe nasal cavity
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Figure 5.10
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Functions of paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice
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Figure 5.10
The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone
The only bone that doesnot articulate with anotherbone
Serves as a moveable
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Figure 5.12
Serves as a moveablebase for the tongue and asan attachment point forneck muscles that raiseand lower the larynx whenwe swallow and speak
The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
The infant’s face isvery small comparedto the size of thecranium
The fetal skull is large
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The fetal skull is largecompared to theinfants total bodylength
Skull is unfinished atbirth Figure 5.13
The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
Fontanelles – fibrousmembranes connectingthe cranial bones
Soft spots
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Soft spots
Allow the brain to growand for easier delivery
Convert to bone within24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column –– SpineSpine
Vertebrae separated byintervertebral discs
The spine has a normalcurvature
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Each vertebrae is givena name according to itslocation
Before birth 33 : then 9fuse
Figure 5.14
Structure of a Typical VertebraeStructure of a Typical Vertebrae
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Figure 5.16
Regional Characteristics of VertebraeRegional Characteristics of Vertebrae
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Figure 5.17a, b
Regional Characteristics of VertebraeRegional Characteristics of Vertebrae
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Figure 5.17c, d
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
Forms acage toprotect major
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protect majororgans
Figure 5.19a
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
Made-up ofthree parts
Sternum
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Ribs
Thoracicvertebrae
Figure 5.19a
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones of the:
Limbs (appendages)
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Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
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Figure 5.6c
The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone and Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have
exceptionally free movement due to:
Slide 5.50
Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeletonat only one point
Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slideback and forth against the thorax as muscles act
The glenoid cavity is shallow, and the shoulder jointis poorly reinforces by ligaments
Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
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Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
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Figure 5.20c, d
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
The arm isformed by asingle bone
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single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
• The forearmhas two bones
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• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
The hand
Carpals – wrist
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Metacarpals –palm
Phalanges –fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones
Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
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Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine
The PelvisThe Pelvis
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Figure 5.23a
The PelvisThe Pelvis
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Figure 5.23b
Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
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Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh hasone bone
Femur – thigh
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Femur – thighbone
The heaviest andstrongest bone inthe body
Figure 5.35a, b
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
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Fibula
Figure 5.35c
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
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Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
Arches of the FootArches of the Foot
Bones of the footare arranged toform three strongarches
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arches
Two longitudinal
One transverse
Figure 5.26
JointsJoints
Articulations of bones
Functions of joints
Hold bones together
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Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
Functional Classification of JointsFunctional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
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Amphiarthroses – slightly moveablejoints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints
Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints
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Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints
Freely moveable
Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Examples
Sutures in skull
Syndesmoses
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Syndesmoses
Allows moremovement thansutures becausefibers are longer
Example: distalend of tibia andfibula Figure 5.27d, e
Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous Joints
Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
Pubic
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Figure 5.27b, c
Pubicsymphysis - pelvis
Intervertebraljoints – spinal column
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
Articulatingbones areseparated by ajoint cavity
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joint cavity
Synovial fluidis found in thejoint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
Features of Synovial JointsFeatures of Synovial Joints
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)covers the ends of bones
Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrousarticular capsule
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articular capsule
Have a joint cavity filled with synovialfluid
Ligaments reinforce the joint
Structures Associated with the SynovialStructures Associated with the SynovialJointJoint
Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
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Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint and common whereligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rubtogether
Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
The Synovial JointThe Synovial Joint
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Figure 5.28
Types of Synovial Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based onShapeShape
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Figure 5.29a–c
Types of Synovial Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based onShapeShape
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Figure 5.29d–f
Inflammatory Conditions AssociatedInflammatory Conditions Associatedwith Jointswith Joints
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually causedby a blow or friction to the knee
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths -sprain
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sprain
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseasesof joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in theUnited States
Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis – wear-and-tear arthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Rheumatoid arthritis
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Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune systemattacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation ofcertain joints
Often leads to deformities
Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis
Gouty Arthritis - Gout
Inflammation of joints is caused by an
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Inflammation of joints is caused by anaccumulation in blood and deposition ofurate crystals (uric acid) from the blood
Usually affects only one joint
Can usually be controlled with diet