the simplefps planning domain: a pddl benchmark for proactive npcs
DESCRIPTION
Stavros Vassos, and Michail Papakonstantinou, In Proceedings of the Non-Player Character AI workshop (NPCAI-2011) of the Artificial Intelligence & Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE-2011) Conference, Stanford CA, USA, 2011. http://stavros.lostre.org/2011/09/12/simplefps-int4-2011/ Abstract: In this paper we focus on proactive behavior for nonplayer characters (NPCs) in the first-person shooter (FPS) genre of video games based on goal-oriented planning. Some recent approaches for applying realtime planning in commercial video games show that the existing hardware is starting to follow up on the computing resources needed for such techniques to work well. Nonetheless, it is not clear under which conditions real-time efficiency can be guaranteed. In this paper we give a precise specification of SimpleFPS, a STRIPS planning domain expressed in PDDL that captures some basic planning tasks that may be useful in a first-person shooter video game. This is intended to work as a first step towards quantifying the performance of different planning techniques that may be used in real-time to guide the behavior of NPCs. We present a simple tool we developed for generating random planning problem instances in PDDL with user defined properties, and show some preliminary results based on SimpleFPS instances that vary in the size of the domain and two well-known planners from the planning community.TRANSCRIPT
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The SimpleFPS Planning Domain:A PDDL Benchmark for Proactive NPCs
Stavros Vassos Michail Papakonstantinou
University of Athens, Greece
October 2011NPCAI-2011: AIIDE Workshop on Non-Player Character AI [email protected]
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Very brief introduction2
Focus on first-person shooter (FPS) games and the
non-player characters (NPCs) that act against the
human player.
Focus on goal-oriented action planning (GOAP) for
NPC behavior.
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Very brief introduction3
Focus on first-person shooter (FPS) games and the
non-player characters (NPCs) that act against the
human player.
Focus on goal-oriented action planning (GOAP) for
NPC behavior.
SimpleFPS is a first step towards evaluating how the
existing academic approaches for planning would
perform if directly applied in an FPS setting.
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Overview4
STRIPS planning and PDDL
The SimpleFPS planning domain
Preliminary results using award-winning planners
Conclusions and future work
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STRIPS Planning5
Given:
Initial State
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STRIPS Planning6
Given:
Initial State
Goal
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STRIPS Planning7
Given:
Initial State
Goal
Available actions
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STRIPS Planning8
Given:
Initial State
Goal
Available actions
Find:
A sequence of actions that satisfy the goal
E.g.: [Left, Down, Left, Up, …]
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STRIPS Planning9
Given:
Initial State
Goal
Available actions
Find:
A sequence of actions that satisfy the goal
Planner: Works for every initial state/goal
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STRIPS Planning10
Given:
Initial State
Goal
Available actions
Find:
A sequence of actions that satisfy the goal
Planner: Works for every initial state/goal, domain
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Planning Domain Description Language11
Language for specifying STRIPS planning problems
Formal syntax like a programming language
Initial State (:init …)
Goal (:goal …)
Actions (:action name:parameters (?from ?to ?dir):preconditions (…) :effects (…)
)
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Planning Domain Description Language12
Language for specifying STRIPS planning problems
Formal syntax like a programming language
Initial State (:init …)
Goal (:goal …)
Actions (:action name:parameters (?from ?to ?dir):preconditions (…) :effects (…)
)
Based on literals, e.g., bot-at(area1) (bot-at area1)
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Planning Domain Description Language13
Language for specifying STRIPS planning problems
Formal syntax like a programming language
Predicates (:predicates …)
Actions (:action name:parameters (?from ?to ?dir):preconditions (…) :effects (…)
)
Objects (:objects …)
Initial State (:init …)
Goal (:goal …)
Planning
Problem
Planning
Domain
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Planning Domain Description Language14
International Planning Competition 1998 – today
SAT Plan
TL Plan
FF
BlackBox
SHOP2
TALPlanner
…
Planning Domains in PDDL:
Blocks world, Storage, Trucks, …
Comparisons
Evaluation
Conclusions
Planning Problems in PDDL
for these domains
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Planning Domain Description Language15
International Planning Competition 1998 – today
SAT Plan
TL Plan
FF
BlackBox
SHOP2
TALPlanner
… Comparisons
Evaluation
Conclusions
Planning Domains in PDDL:
SimpleFPS
Domain
Planning Problems in PDDL
for SimpleFPS domain
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Motivation for SimpleFPS16
Planning in academia: extensively tested
Many PDDL planning domains and problems available
Many off-the-shelf PDDL planners available
Planning in FPS video games: not extensively tested
A few success stories but not clear if the same works
under different assumptions or what is the best approach
SimpleFPS: A PDDL domain for evaluating academic
planning techniques for NPCs in First-Person Shooters
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SimpleFPS17
SimpleFPS_PDDL_Domain.txt
SimpleFPS_PDDL_ProblemGenerator.c
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SimpleFPS18
SimpleFPS_PDDL_Domain.txt:
Specifies the predicates that can be used to describe
the initial state of the game-world and the goal
condition for the NPC.
Specifies a list of available actions that the NPC can
perform, along with their preconditions and effects in
terms of the predicates of the domain.
SimpleFPS_PDDL_ProblemGenerator.c:
A tool to generate problem instances, i.e., an initial
state of the game-world and a goal for the NPC.
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SimpleFPS domain19
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SimpleFPS domain20
Represent only very simple features:
Game-world consists of interconnected areas, each of
which has a number of points of interest (POIs).
A few types of items located at POIs (weapons, ammo,
med-kits, keycards).
NPC can perform basic actions (move between areas
or POIs, pick-up/use items, attack, take cover).
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A SimpleFPS problem instance21
(:init …)
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A SimpleFPS problem instance22
(:init …)
6 areas, some of them
connected through doors
and corridors:
(area a1)
(area a2)
(area a3)
(area a4)
(area a5)
(area a6)
a1a2
a6
a3
a4
a5
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A SimpleFPS problem instance23
(:init …)
6 areas, some of them
connected through doors
and corridors:
(poi door1 a1)
(waypoint door1)
(connected a1 a2 door1)
(closed door1)
(opens door1 keycard1)
a1a2
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A SimpleFPS problem instance24
a2
(:init …)
For each area a number
of POIs are listed along
with their properties:
(poi door1 a2)
(poi c1 a2)
(poi c2 a2)
(connected a2 a1 door1)
(cover-point c1)
(cover-point c2)
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A SimpleFPS problem instance25
(:init …)
a5
For each area a number
of POIs are listed along
with their properties:
(poi g1 a5)
(poi amm1 a5)
(gun g1)
(unloaded g1)
(ammo amm1 g1)
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A SimpleFPS problem instance26
(:init …)
a5
a1
a6
a3
a4
a2
For each area a number
of POIs are listed along
with their properties:
knife
med-kit
control-box
night-vision-gun
…
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SimpleFPS domain: Predicates27
NPC-related
(npc-at ?a)
(npc-close-to ?p)
(npc-covered)
(npc-uncovered)
(npc-holding ?o)
(npc-injured)
(npc-full-health)
(npc-aware)
(npc-unaware)
Area-related
(area ?a)
(conn ?a1 ?a2 ?w)
(waypoint ?w)
(lighted ?area)
(dark ?area)
(poi ?p ?a)
(control-box ?p)
(cover-point ?p)
(item ?p)
Item-related:
(med-kit ?m)
(knife ?k)
(gun ?g)
(loaded ?g)
(unloaded ?g)
(ammo ?i ?g)
(night-vision ?g)
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SimpleFPS domain: Actions28
(: action …)
a5
a1
a6
a3
a4
a2
Available NPC actions:
move-to-area
move-to-poi
pick-up-item
use-item
take-cover
un-cover
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SimpleFPS domain: move-to-point29
(:action move-to-point
:parameters (?area ?point)
:precondition (and
(npc-at ?area)
(point-of-interest ?point ?area)
)
:effect (and
(npc-close-to ?point)
)
)
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SimpleFPS domain: reload30
(:action reload
:parameters (?gun ?item)
:precondition (and
(npc-holding ?gun) (gun ?gun) (unloaded ?gun)
(npc-holding ?item) (ammo ?item ?gun)
)
:effect (and
(not (unloaded ?gun))
(loaded ?gun)
(not (npc-holding ?item))
)
)
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The SimpleFPS domain: Actions31
Location-related:
moving-to-patrol
moving-to-take-position
move-away-from-point
move-to-point
move-to-point-from-point
make-accessible
place-in-inventory
turn-on-lights
turn-off-lights
Attack-related:
make-contact
take-cover
uncover
use-med-kit
reload
attack-melee
attack-ranged
sneak-kill
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A SimpleFPS problem instance32
(:goal …)
a5
a1
a6
a3
a4
a2
NPC goals:
g1: (player-wounded)
g2: (npc-covered)
g3: (npc-full-health)
g4: (and g1 g2 g3)
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A SimpleFPS problem instance33
1. (move-to-point area0 door3-0)
2. (moving-to-patrol area0 area3 door3-0)
3. (move-to-point area3 control-box3)
4. (turn-on-lights area3 control-box3)
5. (move-to-point-from-point area3 ammogun3 control-box3)
6. (make-contact area3 p)
7. (place-in-inventory area3 ammogun3)
8. (move-to-point area3 gun3)
9. (place-in-inventory area3 gun3)
10. (move-to-point area3 firstaid1)
11. (reload gun3 ammogun3)
12. (attack-ranged area3 gun3 p)
13. (place-in-inventory area3 firstaid1)
14. (move-to-point area3 coverpoint1)
15. (use-medikit firstaid1)
16. (take-cover area3 coverpoint1)
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SimpleFPS problem generator34
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SimpleFPS problem generator35
Takes as input:
-a number of areas,
-c the probability that two areas are connected
-n total number of points of interest
-g the goal condition as one of g1, g2, g3, g4
-l the number of instances to be generated
Generates problem instances also using some rules:
Card-keys are added for locked doors
Ammo is added for guns that are unloaded
…
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS36
Used the tool to generate 3 datasets:
5 areas
7 areas
10 areas
For each dataset we generated 10 instances with:
10 items
…
100 items
For each of the 4 goals:
g1, g2, g3, g4
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS37
Used three award-winning planners in these datasets:
BlackBox (Kauts and Selman 1999)
FastForward (Hoffman 2001)
FastDownward (Helmert 2006)
Laptop specs
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS38
BlackBox, FastForward: Two graphs in the paper
Problems planners always return an answer within 1.5sec
BB: up to 5 areas/50 POIs FF: up to 10 areas/70 POIs
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS39
BlackBox, FastForward: Two graphs in the paper
Problems planners always return an answer within 1.5sec
BB: up to 5 areas/50 POIs FF: up to 10 areas/70 POIs
Different planning techniques
make a lot of difference
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS40
FastDownward:
Always returns an answer within ~0.25sec
FF: up to 10 areas/70 POIsFD: 10 areas/100 POIs/g4
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS41
FastDownward:
Always returns an answer within ~0.25sec
FF: up to 10 areas/70 POIsFD: 10 areas/100 POIs/g4
Planning techniques and planners
get better over time
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS42
FastDownward:
Uses up to ~6.5MBs
FD: Running time FD: Memory
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS43
Relatively small-sized problems wrt FPS games:
7 areas/100 POIs
The planner takes a lot of resources:
A lots of time: ~7 frames to respond using 100% of
the CPU resources of a laptop
A lot of memory: ~6.5MB
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS44
Relatively small-sized problems wrt FPS games:
7 areas/100 POIs
The planner takes a lot of resources:
A lots of time: ~7 frames to respond using 100% of
the CPU resources of a laptop
A lot of memory: ~6.5MB
Different assumptions in academia and FPS games
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Preliminary results with SimpleFPS45
Relatively small-sized problems wrt FPS games:
7 areas/100 POIs
The planner takes a lot of resources:
A lots of time: ~7 frames to respond using 100% of
the CPU resources of a laptop
A lot of memory: ~6.5MB
Different assumptions in academia and FPS games
Plan length up to 20 actions
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Conclusions46
BB, FF, FD more or less perform as expected:
One of them performs poorly
One of them is slow but not too slow
One of them is good but not good enough for real-time
planning
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Conclusions47
BB, FF, FD more or less perform as expected:
One of them performs poorly
One of them is slow but not too slow
One of them is good but not good enough for real-time
planning
But this is not necessarily bad news as these
planners are designed to fulfill different needs:
Find complete solutions as long lists of actions
Optimal
Aim for speed using memory at will
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Future work48
Search for plans that are:
not optimal
not complete
Take advantage of “propositionalization”
6.5 MBs is too much for 1 character but how about 100?
Combine with non-planning approaches for NPCs
along with minimal planning capabilities
The Golog family of languages
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The SimpleFPS benchmark49
Available at http://stavros.lostre.org/sFPS
SimpleFPS_PDDL_Domain.txt
SimpleFPS_PDDL_ProblemGenerator.c
Datasets with 5 areas, 7 areas, 10 areas
Feel free to download and experiment!
Any feedback is mostly appreciated!
Email: [email protected]