The Silk Road The Silk Road

Early GlobalizationEarly Globalization

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road

►The The Silk RoadSilk Road, is an , is an interconnected series of interconnected series of ancient trade routes through ancient trade routes through various regions of the Asian various regions of the Asian continent, mainly connecting continent, mainly connecting Xi'an in China, with Asia Minor Xi'an in China, with Asia Minor and the Mediterranean.and the Mediterranean.

Ancient Trade Routes Ancient Trade Routes

►The ancient peoples of the The ancient peoples of the Sahara imported domesticated Sahara imported domesticated animals from Asia between animals from Asia between 7500 and 4000 BC.7500 and 4000 BC.

Western ExpansionWestern Expansion

►The first major step in opening The first major step in opening the Silk Road between the East the Silk Road between the East and the West came with the and the West came with the expansion of Alexander the expansion of Alexander the Great’s empire into Central Great’s empire into Central Asia.Asia.

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great 356-323 356-323 BCBC

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great 356-323 356-323

BCBC ►AlexanderAlexander, was an ancient Greek king and , was an ancient Greek king and

was undefeated in battle. By the time of his was undefeated in battle. By the time of his death, he had conquered most of the world death, he had conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks. known to the ancient Greeks.

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great 356-323 356-323 BCBC

►Alexander Alexander integrated integrated foreigners into foreigners into his army, leading his army, leading some scholars to some scholars to credit him with a credit him with a "policy of "policy of fusion.”fusion.”

Numerical SymbolsNumerical Symbols

Historical GlobalizationHistorical Globalization

Where did our number system Where did our number system come from?come from?

Find the similarities.Find the similarities.

Hindu-Arabic NumeralsHindu-Arabic Numerals

►The symbols for 1 to 9 in the The symbols for 1 to 9 in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system Hindu-Arabic numeral system evolved from the Brahmi evolved from the Brahmi numerals. Buddhist inscriptions numerals. Buddhist inscriptions from around 300 BC.from around 300 BC.

Hindu-Arabic NumeralsHindu-Arabic Numerals

►The European acceptance of The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing by the invention of the printing press, and they became press, and they became commonly known during the commonly known during the 15th century.15th century.

MercantilismMercantilism““Economic system that operated Economic system that operated

between the 16th and 19th between the 16th and 19th century which encouraged nations century which encouraged nations

to keep Gold in the country by to keep Gold in the country by purchasing few products from purchasing few products from

other nations. Most international other nations. Most international business was sponsored by the business was sponsored by the

Crown ( the monarchs) and Crown ( the monarchs) and involved importing natural involved importing natural resources from the nations resources from the nations

Colonial holdings. Contributed to Colonial holdings. Contributed to Imperialism”Imperialism”

Economic TermsEconomic Terms

►““Tariff” and “traffic” are Arabic Words.Tariff” and “traffic” are Arabic Words.►A tax on imported goods. It is also A tax on imported goods. It is also

called a customs duty. Tariffs may be called a customs duty. Tariffs may be distinguished from other taxes in that distinguished from other taxes in that their predominant purpose is not their predominant purpose is not financial but economic—not to financial but economic—not to increase a nation's revenue but to increase a nation's revenue but to protect domestic industries from protect domestic industries from foreign competitionforeign competition

MercantilismMercantilism

►Mercantilism suggests that the Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should ruling government should advance these goals by playing a advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the protectionist role in the economy, by encouraging economy, by encouraging exports and discouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the imports, especially through the use of tariffs. use of tariffs.

MercantilismMercantilism

►Mercantilism is a Eurocentric Mercantilism is a Eurocentric phenomenon, that is, it placed phenomenon, that is, it placed the benefits of Europe above the benefits of Europe above all else. all else.

The Dutch East India The Dutch East India CompanyCompany

►The Dutch East The Dutch East India Company India Company was established was established in 1602, when the in 1602, when the States-General of States-General of the Netherlands the Netherlands granted it a 21-granted it a 21-year monopoly to year monopoly to carry out colonial carry out colonial activities in Asia.activities in Asia.

The Dutch East India The Dutch East India CompanyCompany

►It was the first It was the first multinational multinational corporation in corporation in the world and the world and the first the first company to company to issue stock.issue stock.

CapitalismCapitalism

Salve lucrum! Lucrum Salve lucrum! Lucrum gaudium!gaudium!

--Ancient Roman sayingAncient Roman saying

What values underlie What values underlie capitalism?capitalism?

►Salve lucrum! Lucrum gaudium!Salve lucrum! Lucrum gaudium!►““Hail profit! Profit is joy!”Hail profit! Profit is joy!”

CapitalismCapitalism►CapitalismCapitalism refers to an economic refers to an economic

system in which the means of system in which the means of production are privately owned production are privately owned and operated for profit, and are and operated for profit, and are determined through the operation determined through the operation of a market economy. of a market economy.

Adam Smith (1723-1790)Adam Smith (1723-1790)

► The Wealth of The Wealth of NationsNations, provided , provided one of the best-one of the best-known intellectual known intellectual rationales for free rationales for free trade and capitalism. trade and capitalism.

► Self-interest alone Self-interest alone can lead to socially can lead to socially beneficial results. beneficial results.

Ie. Ie. The invisible hand.The invisible hand.

Key Ideas Behind CapitalismKey Ideas Behind Capitalism

1)1) Individual initiative and the desire for Individual initiative and the desire for profit motivate people to work.profit motivate people to work.

2)2) People compete for their own self People compete for their own self interest.interest.

3)3) Individuals have the right to own Individuals have the right to own property and to accumulate wealth.property and to accumulate wealth.

4)4) Production and ownership of the goods Production and ownership of the goods of a country should be in the hands of of a country should be in the hands of private individuals and companies.private individuals and companies.

Flaws in CapitalismFlaws in Capitalism

►Who would have pushed for laws Who would have pushed for laws supporting capitalism?supporting capitalism?

►What are some alternative economic What are some alternative economic system to capitalism?system to capitalism?

►What countries or figures are linked to What countries or figures are linked to these systems?these systems?

Alternative Economic Alternative Economic SystemsSystems

►CommunismCommunism: an economic system in : an economic system in which all people work for government-which all people work for government-owned and run enterprises.owned and run enterprises.

►Communistic theory suggests that the Communistic theory suggests that the governmentgovernment should act as a protector should act as a protector to its citizens to avoid to its citizens to avoid exploitationexploitation (the (the use of a person or group for selfish use of a person or group for selfish purposes).purposes).

Karl Marx Karl Marx

►Marx believed that Marx believed that capitalism would capitalism would be displaced by be displaced by radical socialism radical socialism which in turn which in turn would develop into would develop into a communism - a a communism - a classless society.classless society.

► The Communist The Communist ManifestoManifesto

John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)(1806-1873)

►Although Mill Although Mill believed in free believed in free markets, he also markets, he also believed that believed that government government should enact should enact laws to protect laws to protect workers.workers.

Communism in PracticeCommunism in Practice

► Communist countries:Communist countries: RussiaRussia ChinaChina CubaCuba

► For the Chinese “Jumping into the sea” is an For the Chinese “Jumping into the sea” is an expression that means leaving a safe, expression that means leaving a safe, government job for high-paying but risky one.government job for high-paying but risky one.

► Many experts believe communism has failed, Many experts believe communism has failed, why do you think this is so?why do you think this is so?

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

►The Industrial Revolution was a period in The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

► In the later half of the 1700s the In the later half of the 1700s the manual labour based economy of Great manual labour based economy of Great Britain began to be replaced by one Britain began to be replaced by one dominated by industry and the dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery.manufacture of machinery.

► It started with the mechanization of the It started with the mechanization of the textiletextile industries. industries.

InventionsInventions

►The The development of development of the steam the steam engine was an engine was an essential early essential early element of the element of the Industrial Industrial Revolution.Revolution.

InventionsInventions

► British textile British textile manufacture was manufacture was based on wool which based on wool which was processed by was processed by individual artisans, individual artisans, doing the spinning doing the spinning and weaving on their and weaving on their own premises. This own premises. This system is called a system is called a cottage industrycottage industry..

The Effects on the Working The Effects on the Working PeoplePeople

Write in your notesWrite in your notes

►Q: How did Q: How did industrialization industrialization impact the lives impact the lives of average of average people?people? (Think about work (Think about work

and family and family relations)relations)

The Effects on the Working The Effects on the Working PeoplePeople

► ““the old relations between masters and workers the old relations between masters and workers disappeared, and a disappeared, and a cash nexuscash nexus (the exchange of (the exchange of money) was substituted for the human tie” In other money) was substituted for the human tie” In other words money and things became more important then words money and things became more important then people.people.

► Matthew Crabtree: Worked from age 8, 14-16 hrs/dayMatthew Crabtree: Worked from age 8, 14-16 hrs/day

Imperialism and Imperialism and EurocentrismEurocentrism

Q: Which Nations Q: Which Nations were at the were at the forefront of forefront of colonialism?colonialism?(Beware of teleological (Beware of teleological

thinking!)thinking!)

Colonialism Colonialism

►European colonialism began in European colonialism began in the 15th century, with Portugal's the 15th century, with Portugal's conquest of conquest of Ceuta Ceuta (Spain). (Spain).

►Q: What, do you think motivated Q: What, do you think motivated Spain to colonize Ceuta?Spain to colonize Ceuta?

CeutaCeuta

►The primary aims of the The primary aims of the conquest were to expel Muslim conquest were to expel Muslim influence from the area, influence from the area, further promoting Christianity. further promoting Christianity.

►Q: How can colonialism be Q: How can colonialism be linked to the crusades of the linked to the crusades of the middle ages?middle ages?

ColonialismColonialism

►Colonialism was led by Colonialism was led by PortuguesePortuguese and and SpanishSpanish exploration of the exploration of the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia. the Middle East, India, and East Asia. Despite some earlier attempts, it was Despite some earlier attempts, it was not until the 17th century that not until the 17th century that EnglandEngland, , FranceFrance and the and the NetherlandsNetherlands successfully established their own successfully established their own overseas empires.overseas empires.

"The Plumb-Pudding in "The Plumb-Pudding in Danger"Danger"

England (Pitt) and France England (Pitt) and France (Napoleon) carve up the world (Napoleon) carve up the world

18051805

►What are your first impressions of this cartoon?What are your first impressions of this cartoon?►What are the implied relationships among the What are the implied relationships among the

peoples of the world? peoples of the world?

Three Forms of ImperialismThree Forms of Imperialism

►1) 1) ColonyColony: a territory that belonged to : a territory that belonged to a European country; it was completely a European country; it was completely subject to that European country.subject to that European country.

Three Forms of ImperialismThree Forms of Imperialism

►2) 2) ProtectorateProtectorate: an area that : an area that maintained its own sovereignty but maintained its own sovereignty but was was guidedguided by a European country. by a European country.

Three Forms of ImperialismThree Forms of Imperialism

►3) 3) Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence: a region in : a region in which a European country attempted which a European country attempted to control both politics and economies.to control both politics and economies.

Aspects of GlobalizationAspects of Globalization

►These aspects of historical These aspects of historical globalization all combined to make globalization all combined to make imperialism possible:imperialism possible:

International tradeInternational trade MercantilismMercantilism CapitalismCapitalism IndustrializationIndustrialization

The World in 1900The World in 1900

HomeworkHomework

►Page 156Page 156►Question 3 (Answer four sub-Question 3 (Answer four sub-

questions)questions)