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The Shift to the American ____ This chart shows the percentage of total population living in locales with a population of twenty-five hundred or more. Note the slowing of the cityward trend from 1970 on.

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New Immigration The New Immigrants of the 1880s came from Southern and Eastern ______. They came from countries with little history of democratic government, where people had grown accustomed to harsh living conditions.

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Looking Backward Older immigrants, trying to keep their own humble arrival in America in the shadows, sought to close the bridge that had carried them and their ancestors across the Atlantic.

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Less Welcoming? Antiforeignism, or ________, arose in the 1880s with intensity. Organized labor was quick to show its negative attitude towards immigrants. Why? Immigrants were frequently used as strike- breakers.

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Tweed Ring New York City, run by William Marcy Boss Tweed _______, graft, fraudulent elections Stole as much as $200 million from the city Product of Tammany Hall Democratic political machine

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Can the Law Reach Him? 1872 Cartoonist Thomas Nast attacked Boss Tweed in a series of cartoons like this one that appeared in Harpers Weekly in 1872. Here Nast depicts the corrupt Tweed as a powerful giant, towering over a puny law force.

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Churches and the City __________ churches suffered significantly from the population move to the cities, where many of their traditional doctrines and pastoral approaches seemed irrelevant. A new generation of urban revivalists stepped into this spreading moral vacuum. Dwight Lyman Moody a Protestant evangelist, proclaimed a gospel of kindness and _________. He contributed to adapting the old-time religion to the facts of city life. The Moody Bible Institute was founded in Chicago in 1889 to carry out his work.

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Booker T. Washington The South lagged far behind other regions in public education, and African-Americans suffered the most. The leading champion of black education was ex-slave Booker T. Washington. He taught in 1881 at the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama. His self-help approach to solving the nation's racial problems was labeled ______________ because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy. Washington avoided the issue of social equality.

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Booker T. Washington (18561915) In a famous speech in New Orleans in 1895, Washington grudgingly acquiesced in social separateness for blacks. On that occasion, he told his largely white audience, In all things that are purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.

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W. E. B. Du Bois (18681963) In 1961, at the end of a long lifetime of struggle for racial justice in the United States, Du Bois renounced his American citizenship at the age of ninety-three and took up residence in the newly independent African state of Ghana.

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The Press Any Journalists? Joseph Pulitzer was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism in St. Louis.

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Post-Civil War Literary Leaders Horatio Alger was a Puritan-driven New Englander who wrote more than 100 volumes of juvenile fiction involving New York newsboys in 1866.

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Mark Twain (18351910) Born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, he was not only Americas most popular author but also a renowned platform lecturer. This photograph was taken at his house at Quarry Farm, near Elmira, New York, where he wrote major portions of both The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

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Families and Women in the City Urban life launched the era of _______. People in the cities were having fewer children because more children would mean more mouths to feed. In 1890, the National American Woman ________Association was founded.

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By Jacob A. Riis

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Street children

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Workers sleeping between shifts

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Woman in New England Cotton Mill

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Men in New England Cotton Mill

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Firefighters cleaning up after a tenement fire

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Jim Crow in the post- Reconstruction South Reconstruction ended in the South, white Democrats resumed their political power in the South and began to exercise their _________ upon blacks. Blacks were forced into sharecropping and tenant farming. Through the "crop-lien" system, small farmers who rented out land from the plantation owners were kept in ____ and forced to continue to work for the owners.

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Jim Crow in the post- Reconstruction South Eventually, state-level legal codes of segregation known as Jim Crow laws were enacted. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the South's segregation in the case of ______ v. ________ (1896), declaring that separate but equal facilities for blacks were legal under the 14 th Amendment.

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Federal Land Grants to Railroads The heavy red lines indicate areas within which the railroads might be given specific parcels of land. As shown in the inset, land was reserved in belts of various widths on either side of a railroads right of way. Until the railroad selected the individual mile-square sections it chose to possess, all such sections within the belt were withdrawn from eligibility for settlement. The time zones were introduced in 1883 (see p. 572), and their boundaries have since been adjusted.

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Union Pacific and Central Pacific The _____ Pacific Railroad was commissioned by Congress in 1862 to build a transcontinental railroad starting in Omaha, Nebraska. Many railroad workers, including Irish "Paddies", were forced to pick up their rifles and fight when Indians attempted to defend their lands. Rail-lying at the California end of the railroad was taken up by the _______ Pacific Railroad. The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, increasing trade with Asia and opening up the West for expansion.

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Snow Sheds on the Central Pacific Railroad in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, by Joseph H. Becker, ca. 1869 Formidable obstacles of climate and terrain confronted the builders of the Central Pacific Railroad in the mountainous heights of California. Note the Chinese laborers in the foreground.

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The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Link at Promontory Point, Utah, May 10, 1869 Railroad financiers, dignitaries, spectators, and Chinese (Central Pacific) and Irish (Union Pacific) work gangs witnessed the historic joining that created the nations first transcontinental railroad. After the two locomotives chugged within a few feet of each other, Central Pacific chief and former California governor Leland Stanford tapped a golden spike into a prepared hole on the last tie with a silver-plated maul. The golden spike was whisked away to be preserved for posterity at the Stanford University Museum, but the iron one that replaced it was hardly ordinary

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Railroad Corruption With great wealth and prosperity came much _________. Railroaders, feeling they were above the law, abused the public by bribing judges and legislatures.

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Thomas Alva Edison Wizard of Menlo Park

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The Light Bulb

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The Motion Picture Camera

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Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)

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Alternate Current George Westinghouse

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The Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC December 7, 1903

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Model T Automobile Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product! Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product!

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Social Darwinism Adapted Darwins ideas from the Origin of Species to humans. Notion of Survival of the Fittest. Adapted Darwins ideas from the Origin of Species to humans. Notion of Survival of the Fittest. Herbert Spencer

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Rockefeller and Carnegie __________: Owned Standard Oil Employed horizontal integration ________: Owned US Steel Employed vertical integration Gospel of Wealth

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Standard Oil Co.

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New Type of Business Entities 2. Trust: Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller 2. Trust: Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller Vertical Integration: o Gustavus Swift Meat-packing o Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel Vertical Integration: o Gustavus Swift Meat-packing o Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel

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New Type of Business Entities

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William Vanderbilt (and the railroads) $ The public be damned! $ What do I care about the law? Haint I got the power? $ The public be damned! $ What do I care about the law? Haint I got the power?

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The Gospel of ______: Religion in the Era of Industrialization Russell H. Conwell $ Wealth is not bad. $ Viewed as a sign of Gods approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help the poor. $ Wealth is not bad. $ Viewed as a sign of Gods approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help the poor.

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Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

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Haymarket Riot (1886) On May 4, 1886 in Haymarket Square, _______ police advanced on a meeting called to protest alleged brutalities by authorities. A dynamite bomb was thrown and killed dozens of people. 8 anarchists were tried and convicted; 5 were sentenced to death while the other 3 were sent to jail. In 1892, the governor of Illinois, John P. Altgeld, pardoned the 3 who were in prison.

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Homestead Steel Strike (1892) The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers Homestead Steel Works

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Big Bill Haywood of the IWW Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

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In Union there is Strength Corporations sometimes compelled their workers to sign "ironclad oaths" or ______-___ contracts" saying that the workers would not join a labor union. Some corporations even owned the "company town," increasing the prices of basic living so that the company could gain wealth.

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Clash of Cultures on the Plains In the West, white soldiers spread cholera, typhoid, and _______ to the Indians. The whites also put pressure on the shrinking bison population by hunting and grazing their own livestock on the prairie grasses.

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Vanishing Lands Once masters of the continent, Native Americans have been squeezed into just 2 percent of U.S. territory. Source: Copyright 2000 by The New York Times. Reprinted by permission.

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Cattle and the Long-Drive The problem of bringing cattle meat to the East from Texas was solved with the introduction of the transcontinental ________ and the newly perfected refrigerator cars. The "Long Drive" consisted of Texas cowboys driving herds of cattle over unfenced plains until they reached a railroad terminal to where they could be sold.

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Cattle Trails

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Deflationbrutal for farmers The farmers of the West became attached to the one-crop economy - wheat or corn - and were in the same lot as the southern cotton farmers. In 1870, the lack of currency in circulation forced the price of crops to go ____. Thousands of farms had mortgages, with the mortgage rates rising ever higher.

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Unhappy Farmers The good soil of the West was becoming poor, and floods added to the problem of erosion. Beginning in the summer of 1887, a series of ________ forced many people to abandon their farms and towns. Farmers were forced to sell their low-priced products in an unprotected world market, while buying high- priced manufactured goods in a tariff-protected home market. Farmers were also controlled by corporations and processors.

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________ on the Horizon Farmers formed the Farmers' Alliance in Texas in the late 1870s in order to break the grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling. Out of the Farmers' Alliances the People's Party, also known as the Populists, emerged. It called for nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph, and instituting a graduated income tax. Populists also wanted the free and unlimited coinage of silver.