Separatists

Separatists

vs. vs.

PuritansPuritans

PuritanismPuritanismCalvinism Institutes of the Christian Religion

Predestination.

•Good works could not save those predestined for hell.

•No one could be certain of their spiritual status.

•Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.”

Puritans:

Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England.

Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

Separatist Beliefs:Separatist Beliefs:

Puritans who believed only “visible Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to church membership.admitted to church membership.

Because the Church of England Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.”churches with the “damned.”

Therefore, they believed in a total Therefore, they believed in a total break (HENCE SEPARTISTS) from the break (HENCE SEPARTISTS) from the Church of England.Church of England.

SeparatistsSeparatists

Sources of Puritan Migration

Sources of Puritan Migration

1620 1620 a group of 102 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] people [half Separatists]

Negotiated with theNegotiated with theVirginia Company to Virginia Company to settle in its settle in its jurisdiction.jurisdiction.

Non-Separatists Non-Separatists (STRANGERS) included (STRANGERS) included

Captain Myles Captain Myles Standish.Standish.

Plymouth Bay Way Plymouth Bay Way outside the domain of the Virginia outside the domain of the Virginia Company.Company.

Became squatters without legal right to Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a land & specific authority to establish a govt.govt.

The MayflowerThe Mayflower

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.

Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.

Signed by 41 adult males.

Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

Plymouth RockPlymouth Rock

Covenant TheologyCovenant Theology

“Covenant of Grace”: between Puritan communities

and God.

“Social Covenant”: Between members of Puritan

communities with each other.

Required mutual watchfulness.

No toleration of deviance or disorder.

No privacy.

That First Year….That First Year….Winter of 1620-1621

Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.

None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back.

Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.

1691 only 7,000 people

Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

William BradfordWilliam BradfordSelf-taught scholar.

Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in yearly elections.

Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society.

Wife disappeared mysteriously off the MAYFLOWER

Colonizing New England

Colonizing New England

Plymouth EconomyPlymouth Economy

1. Beaver Fur

2. Cod Fishing

3. Timber or Lumber

First Seal of Massachusetts Bay

First Seal of Massachusetts Bay

The Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony1629 non-Separatists got a royal

charter (and brought it with them) to form the Mass. Bay Co.

Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England.

They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “Catholic impurities.”

1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships

Established a colony with Boston as its hub.

“Great Migration” of the 1630s

Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.

Not all Puritans 20,000 came to Mass.(Most went to West Indies)

John WinthropJohn Winthrop

We shall be as We shall be as a a

city on a hill..city on a hill..

Well-off attorney and manor lord in England.

Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.

Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there.

Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

Land Division inSudbury, Mass: 1639-

1656

Land Division inSudbury, Mass: 1639-

1656

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Low mortality Low mortality average life average life expectancy was 70 years of expectancy was 70 years of age.age.

Many extended families.Many extended families.

Average 6 children per family.Average 6 children per family.

Average age at marriage:Average age at marriage: Women – 22 years oldWomen – 22 years old

Men – 27 years old.Men – 27 years old.

PatriarchyPatriarchy

Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household.

Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Young, popular minister in Young, popular minister in Salem.Salem.

Argued for a full break Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church.with the Anglican Church.

Condemned MA Bay Condemned MA Bay Charter.Charter.

• Did not give fair Did not give fair compensation to Indians.compensation to Indians.

Denied authority of civil Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious govt. to regulate religious behavior.behavior.

1635 1635 found guilty of preaching “ found guilty of preaching “newe & newe & dangerous opinions”dangerous opinions” and was exiled. and was exiled.

Roger Roger WilliamsWilliams

1636 1636 Roger Williams fled there. Roger Williams fled there.

MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.competing colony.

Remarkable political freedom in Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RIProvidence, RI

• Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage later later restricted by a property qualification.restricted by a property qualification.

• Opposed to special privilege of any kind Opposed to special privilege of any kind freedom of opportunity for all.freedom of opportunity for all.

RI becomes known as the “Sewer” RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters religious dissenters More liberal than More liberal than any other colony!any other colony!

Rhode IslandRhode Island

Intelligent, strong-willed,Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.well-spoken woman.

Threatened patriarchal Threatened patriarchal control.control.

AntinomialismAntinomialism [direct [direct revelation]revelation]

Means “against the law.”Means “against the law.”

Carried to logical extremes Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of Puritan doctrine of predestination.predestination.

Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.

Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man.either God or man.

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”

AnneAnneHutchinsonHutchinson

1638 1638 she confounded the Puritan she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.leaders for days.

Eventually bragged that she had Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.

Direct revelation was even more serious Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. than the heresy of antinomianism.

Puritan leaders banished her Puritan leaders banished her she & she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.her family traveled to RI and later to NY.

She and all but one member of her family She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.Westchester County.

John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

New England Spreads Out

New England Spreads Out

Connecticut• Founded in 1635 by Reverend Thomas

Hooker who disapproved of the requirement of church membership to vote

• Fundamental Orders basically a modern constitution with a democratic govern- ment Still in effect today

Fundamental Orders (1639}Fundamental Orders (1639}

New England Colonies, 1650

New England Colonies, 1650

Indians especially weak in New England Indians especially weak in New England epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.popul.

Wampanoags [near Plymouth] Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers.befriended the settlers.

Cooperation between the two Cooperation between the two helped by helped by SquantoSquanto..

1621 1621 Chief Massasoit signed Chief Massasoit signedtreaty with the settlers.treaty with the settlers.

Autumn, 1621 Autumn, 1621 both groups both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving.celebrated the First Thanksgiving.

Puritans vs. Native Americans

Puritans vs. Native Americans

The First Thanksgiving?

The First Thanksgiving?

In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving an official US holiday. FDR Thanksgiving an official US holiday. FDR

pushed it up a week during the Great pushed it up a week during the Great DepressionDepression

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637Pequots Pequots very very

powerful tribepowerful tribein CT river valley.in CT river valley.

1637 1637 Pequot PequotWarWar

Whites, withWhites, withNarragansettNarragansettIndian allies,Indian allies,attacked Pequotattacked Pequotvillage on Mystic village on Mystic River.River.

Whites set fire Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!to homes & shot fleeing survivors!

Pequot tribe virtually annihilatedPequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.peace lasted for 40 years.

A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637

Revenge of the PequotRevenge of the Pequot

FOXWOODS CASINO

(Ledyard, CT)

New England Confederation (1643)• Two colonies of CT & two

colonies of Massachusetts unite against Dutch, French and the Indians

• Also dealt with runaway servants and criminals

• Each colony had two votes• Rhode Island excluded• First step towards colonial

unity!

Only hope for Native Only hope for Native Americans to resist Americans to resist white settlers was to white settlers was to UNITE.UNITE.

MetacomMetacom [King Philip to [King Philip to white settlers]white settlers]

Massasoit’s son united Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged Indians and staged coordinated attacks coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New on white settlements throughout New England.England.

Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.Boston.

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

The war ended in failure for the IndiansThe war ended in failure for the Indians

Metacom beheaded and drawn and Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.quartered.

His son and wife sold into slavery.His son and wife sold into slavery.

Never a serious threat in New England Never a serious threat in New England again!!again!!

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

Population of the New England Colonies

Population of the New England Colonies

Dominion of New England (1686)

• Imposed by England (Not voluntary)• Included all of New England and

New York and New Jersey• Supposed to promote defense

agains Indians• Major purpose to administer better

the Navigation Laws (keeping colonies from trading with other countries)

• Ends “benign neglect” of colonies

Dominion of New Engalnd (Cont’d)

• Headed bySir Edmund

AndrosAndros angered colonist by putting restrictions on town meetings, the free press, the schools.

Taxed people without their consentEnded in 1689 following the Bloodless or Glorious Revolution

Andros fled in woman’s clothes but was caught!

New Netherlands (New York) Based on claims by Henry Hudson

Established by Dutch West India Company

Peter Minuit “bought” Manhattan Island for around $30

in trinkets Aristocratic “patroonships” Very cosmopolitan Taken without a shot by future

English King James

New Sweden (Delaware)

•Founded by Swedes who brought log cabins and Lutheran religion to America

•Conquered by Dutch in 1650s

•Later acquired by William Penn as refuge for his Quakers

Pennsylvania (1681)•Founded by Quaker William Penn as a refuge for his religion

•Land given by Charles II to pay of debt owed to Penn’s father Admiral Penn

•Quakers were universally disliked because of their refusla to pay church taxes, take oaths

•Quakers considered all people and all sexes equal and treated them so

•Was the “best advertised colony”

•Bought land from and enjoyed great relations with the Indians

•Very liberal (all property owners initially could vote, freedom of worship for all

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake