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Project SEPEMO-Build Contract No.: IEE/08/776/ SI2.529222 www.sepemo.eu

" SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat

pump systems in the building sector "

Project supported by

The European Commission Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE)

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The SEPEMO-Build project

"SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems in the building sector"

The project aims at overcoming market barriers to a

wider application of heat pumps, namely the lack of

robust data on the conditions “in real installations”

influencing reliability and seasonal efficiency, i.e. the

seasonal performance factor (SPF) of heat pump

systems across Europe. The main parameters

influencing systems efficiency are: a) efficiency of the

heat pump unit, b) quality of installation, c) design of

the system and temperature level of the heating

system, d) insulation level of the building envelope and

e) climatic condition where heat pump is employed.

One key requirement to achieve awareness about real

life performance is a universal methodology for field

measurement of heat pump systems SPF. Such

methodology requires a systems perspective

including not only the efficiency of the heat pump unit

but also the respective regional building standards and

climate conditions.

A key deliverable is the definition of systems boundaries

that include the devices (pumps, controls, heat pump

unit) whose energy demand will then be measured!

Connected to the development of this methodology the

projects seek to improve the understanding of key

parameters influencing the reliability and

efficiency of heat pump systems in residential

buildings. Reference is made to national and European

standards such as EN 14511, EN 255, prEN 15316 and

prEN 14825.

The objective is broader acceptance of heat pump

systems and improved quality assurance for heat pump

systems in the building sector.

The project focuses on the deployment of all types of

heat pumps (air, water and ground) in residential

buildings.

The project will be contributing to the overall goal of

realising the potential of heat pumps towards energy

savings and emissions reduction. Its success will

positively influence the EU’s climate and energy goals

and will provide a strong mean to develop sustainable

energy systems.

The work is divided into the following work packages:

WP#1 – Management

WP#2: Field measurement of air/water and

ground/water based heat pumps - In this WP, in

depth information will be gathered and analysed on

existing projects with ground source and air source HPs

in domestic buildings with hydronic distribution

systems. The WPL will together with the participants

assess and structure this information and make this

information available. That information together with

the information gained in the field measurements will be

used in WP4 and 5 as input for the development of a

common methodology and guidelines. In the second

phase of this WP an internal work meeting is foreseen,

in which the participants that will make field

measurements in the project discuss the results of the

first steps and discuss ideas on new field measurements

in which the definitions and monitoring methodology will

be used.

WP#3: Field measurement of air/air based heat

pumps – In this WP, information will be gathered and

analysed on existing projects with air/air source HPs in

domestic buildings. The WPL will together with the

participants assess and structure this information and

make this information available. That information

together with the information gained in the field

measurements will be used in WP4 and 5 as input for

the development of a common methodology and

guidelines. In the second phase of this WP an internal

work meeting is foreseen, in which the participants that

will make field measurements in the project discuss the

results of the first steps and discuss ideas on new field

measurements in which the definitions and monitoring

methodology will be used.

WP#4: Development of monitoring methodology -

In this WP a methodology is being developed as well as

definitions for monitoring the Seasonal Performance

Factor (SPF) of HP systems in buildings. A method to

compare HPs with other heating sources will also be

developed. This information will serve as a source for

creating a basis on international level for: a)

measurement methodologies, b) new demonstration

projects and c) increasing the performance of systems.

In a feed-back of these definitions and methodologies to

WP2 and 3 the findings of WP4 will be tested and

evaluated and used to increase the level of awareness

through communication under WP6 and to increase the

level of system quality under WP5.

WP#5: Development of basic heat pump system

quality - In this WP the findings of WP2, 3 and 4 are

further analysed and translated into guidelines for the

basic quality of high performance systems. These

guidelines will be used for training installers and

designers, making it able to use the experience for new

demonstration projects and monitor the effects. The

WPL will together with the participants assess and

structure this information and make this information

available. This information will thus serve as a source

for creating amongst others a basis on international

level for: a) Quality guidelines based upon system

performance in line with Annex VII of the RES directive

to fully exploit the potential of heat pump systems with

high efficiency in the domestic sector and b) Guidelines

for the certification of installers, in line with AnnexIV of

the RES directive, based upon quality guidelines.

WP#6 - Communication and Dissemination

WP#7: IEE Dissemination Activities - Common

dissemination activities are performed, mainly towards

EU.






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1. SYSTEM BOUNDARIES AND MEASUREMENT

EQUIPMENT

In the IEE project SEPEMO-Build a proposal for

system boundaries and corresponding Seasonal

Performance Factors (SPF) calculation models for

heating and cooling of heat pump systems have been

developed for use in field measurements. The

system boundaries stretch from the heat pump

refrigeration cycle to the whole heating system

boundary in heat pump systems and will lead to a

common system evaluation which allows for a

comparison of different measured systems. Defining

the system boundaries directly impacts on the

measurement equipment needed to measure the

parameters required for the calculation of the

different SPF.

System boundary description

For calculating the SPF for heating and cooling in

heat pump systems, the system boundaries have to

be set. Defining those boundaries directly impacts

the measurement equipment needed to measure the

required parameters for the calculation of the

different SPF. This SPF-calculation method also

facilitates the quantification of the impact of the

auxiliary devices like brine pumps and fans on the

performance of the heat pump system. It also

enables the comparison of heat pump systems and

other heating systems like oil or gas by allowing for

the calculation of the CO2- and primary energy

reduction potential. Furthermore the quantity of

renewable energy supplied by the heat pump system

can be calculated and used for EUROSTAT statistics.

The definition of the system boundaries influences –

in dependency on the impact of the auxiliary devices

– also the results of the SPF. Therefore the SPF

should be calculated according to different system

boundaries. Since the units can operate in heating

and/or cooling mode the system boundaries and the

SPF-calculation methodology is separated into

heating and cooling mode. According to the system

boundaries, the SPF can be calculated for cooling,

space heating and domestic hot water production.

For systems with an additional heating system other

than an electrical back up heater (e.g. oil, gas or

biomass) the quantity of heat and the energy

content of the fuel demand have to be determined

for the calculation of the SPF according to the system

boundaries. For any additional (solar) thermal

system, the electric auxiliary energy to run this

system has to be measured. With the heat energy

delivered to the heating system by the additional

heating, the energy supply ratio of the heat pump

system is calculated.

Comparison of the system boundaries as used

in standards and in the SEPEMO project

There are different existing standards and

regulations for calculating the SPF. These

calculation methodologies are mainly based on

input from the testing standard EN 14511. The

system boundaries of testing standards are

however focused on the heating or cooling unit

itself. In comparing test results, the system

integration is not taken into account. Therefore

these standards do not include the entire energy

consumption of the auxiliary drives on the heat sink

and heat source side.

Due to the different framework conditions, there

are differences between field testing and testing on

a test rig, which can’t be avoided due to reasons of

practicability. Those differences shall be pointed

out. The main difference in the evaluation

methodologies originates from the evaluation

subject. While testing on a test rig is focused on the

unit, the field measurements are determined by the

system. Hence, the system boundaries for testing

and field measurements will be slightly different

and therefore have to be considered when

comparing calculated and field measured SPF.

Within the project the following differences

concerning the nomenclature of SPF, COP, EER,

SCOP and SEER have been defined:

• SPF – evaluation of field measurement data

according to the defined system boundaries.

• COP/EER – measurements on test rigs

according to certain standards or regulations

e.g.: EN 15411, EHPA-Quality label.

Measurement equipment

In order to implement a common system

evaluation, it is not mandatory to use the same

measurement equipment, but it is obligatory that

during the measurements the same parameters

have been recorded, and with comparable

accuracy. The need for different measurement

equipment derives from the different system

boundaries, which also influence the measurement

of the electric energy input.






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Figure 1: Energy flow defined boundaries for a heat pump system in heating mode

Figure 2: Energy flow defined boundaries for a heat pump system in cooling mode

Therefore it is important to define what to measure in order to apply SPF calculations and to provide

information about the measurement quality that is needed (accuracy, sampling intervals, measurement

equipment quality (sensors), etc). Additionally for accurate measurement data, proper equipment

integration into the system is needed.

In the SEPEMO-Build project, a total number of approximately 45 field sites will be monitored for a calendar

year, using the methodology developed in the project. In addition, a number of other projects around

Europe have started to use the system boundaries developed, and Fraunhofer ISE plan to include measured

results from some of their field measurements in the evaluation process, using the methodology.






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2. CASE STUDIES

At the end of the project all case studies

(approximately 45) will be included in the Best

practice database of the project website

(www.sepemo.eu).

One-family house in Brämhult, SWEDEN

This is a retrofitted house built in 1946. A 4.5 kW

ground source heat pump was installed in 2005

for floor and radiator heating. Together with a

solar collector the heat pump is also heating

sanitary hot water.

The household contains two adults and two

children. The house was built in 1946 as a 1 ½

storey building; now after extension it can be

counted as a 2 storey house. The house is poorly

insulated, but supplementary insulation of the roof

is made. The windows are 3-glass. The heating of

the house was probably handled by an oil boiler

before the heat pump installation was made in

2005.

A 4.5 kW ground source heat pump is heating the

house via floor and radiator heating. The heat

pump is also used to the preparation of sanitary

hot water together with a 6.6 m2 solar collector

installed in 2008. The size of the sanitary hot

water tank is 270 liters. The heat pump has an

electric backup heater of 8.8 kW installed.

One family-house in Marck (1), FRANCE

This single family house is located in the North of

France. The building has been constructed in 2009

and operates since June 2010. The brine/water

heat pump is for heating only and connected to a

vertical borehole heat exchanger.

The heated area of the building is 98 m2. The

installation is operated using no backup heating

system and is connected to the heat distribution

system without buffer storage. The specific heat

load of the building is 75 W/m2. The system has

been sized for a maximum supply temperature of

35 °C (with a return temperature of 30 °C). The

building is heated by a floor heating system in all

rooms.

The heat pump has a nominal heating capacity of

6.1 kW. The nominal COP of the heat pump is 4.3

for 0°C / 35 °C. The refrigerant is R410A with a

volume of 1.05 kg. The heat pump is equipped

with a scroll compressor.

The ground heat exchanger is a single borehole of

95 m with a double U-tube.

Hotel "Amalia" in Nea Tirintha, GREECE

Hotel "Amalia" with a total area of 8 980 m2 is

located in "Kaminia", Nea Tirintha near Nauplio in

Peloponese, Greece. The building was total

renovated during the years 2007-2008 and is

heated and cooled by an open-loop heat pump

system. The heating/cooling distribution system

into the building consists of fan-coil units (floor

standing type). The building heating and cooling

loads are 704 kWth and 566 kWc respectively.






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The GSHP system consists of two subsaline

groundwater supplying wells (60m depth each

one) and two reinjection wells (60m depth each

one), two titanium heat exchangers, two electric

water source heat pumps placed in cascade.

The two heat pump units (HAUTEC, Type HWW-

PN-294/4*), HP1 (of 352 kW nominal capacity)

and HP2 (of 352 kW nominal capacity), are both

water-to-water type and operate in bivalent mode

with electric energy, for heating and cooling

purpose as well. Both heat pumps use R407C as

refrigerant. The refrigerant has no ozone

destruction potential, is non-toxic and

incombustible.

At the “ground-source” side of the heat pumps the

supply/return temperatures for cooling are

22/26°C (HP1) and 25/29°C (HP2). For

heating the supply/return temperatures are

12/8°C (HP1) and 8/4°C (HP2). The operating

points for heating are 40°C and for cooling 7°C.”

After two years (2008-2009) the adopted

technological choices in the Hotel "Amalia" have

allowed important energy and economical savings.

The result has been positive in all respects: the

operating cost, the required maintenance, the

total independence from traditional fuels, and the

operation continuity.

The total investment cost of heat pump system

was 492 000 €.

More specific:

a) 4 water wells (60m depth each one) 30 000 €

b) 2 water source heat pumps (HAUTEC, Type HWW-PN-294/4*)

280 000 €

c) Downhole pumps - Circulators 20 000 €

d) Plate heat exchangers (Ti HAUTEC, Type T50M HV-23-CDS-10)

40 000 €

e) Pipes - expansion tank - electricity 90 000 €

f) Study - installation, electrician and hydraulic works

32 000 €

The total cost savings are 105 081 €. In addition,

the total CO2 savings are 323 328 kg CO2.

According to the aforementioned calculations, the

simple pay-back time is estimated to 4.68 years

with an expected life-time of the system of 30

years.

Pay-back time: 492 000 € / 105 081.1 € = 4.68

years.

Financial incentives:

The project was financially supported by the 3rd

Community Operational Framework -

“Development Law” (40%).

One-/two family-house in Mödling, AUSTRIA

The building has been built in the 1929 and was renovated in the year 2009 according to low energy buidling standards < 50 kWh/m²a. Due to this reason it was possible to integrate a heat pump system.

At the moment 150 m² of the buidling is heated

and used, but in future 290 m² of the building will

be heated, therefore the system was designed for

the final use of the building.






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The heat sink includes floor, wall and radiator

heating. The floor and wall heating is also used for

passiv cooling mode in summer. The system was

prepared for future integration of solar panels and

a wood stove. Furthermore PV panels 9,946 kWp

are integrated in the roof of the building.

The heat pump system consits of 3 borehole heat

exchangers, the heat pump and a combind buffer

tank for space heating and domestic hot water

production. Additionally the heat pump system

can be used for passiv cooling in summer.

Multi family-house in Zoetermeer, THE

NETHERLANDS

Oosterheem Heemburgh is part of a new housing

estate project in Zoetermeer, The Netherlands.

The total project consists of 8800 family dwellings

together with schools and buisinesses. This part of

the project consists of 57 one-family dwellings and

158 appartments. For this part of the project,

space heating and cooling is provided by a

collective heat and cold storage system and heat

pumps. The 57 one-family dwellings use individual

heat pumps. Since the system is in use, the need

for continuous monitoring is raised due to

unexpected low energy-efficiencies of the

collective heat pumps.

All heat pumps are ground source heat pumps

with a collective open source recirculation system

designed for cold and heat storage. The ground

source consists of 2 sources and 3 infiltration

sources.

Design capacities:

Heating source capacity: 2037 MWht at 7,5oC and

a water flow of 500.000 m3.

Cold source capacity: 2037 MWht at 20,0oC and a

water flow of 200.000 m3.

The project consits of collective heat pump system

for 158 appartments and individual heat pumps

with collective ground source for 57 one-family

dwellings.

The collective heat pump installation is built into 4

technical rooms and has two roofcollectors for

regenerating the heat source. Gasboilers are used

for the peak demand and for distribution of DHW.

TR1: 1 collective hp. Techneco, Ochsner of

75 kW.

2 gas boilers of 85 kW


75 kW.


Roofcollector for regeneration


75 kW.

4 gas boilers of 3 x 85 kW and 1 x 65 kW

Roofcollector for regeneration


75 kW.


In the one family dwellings two types of individual

combi heat pumps generating space heating and

DHW with storage tank.

- Techneco Toros TTBW5.7 with a heating

capacity of 5.1 kW.

- Techneco Toros TTBW9.7, with a heating

capacity of 7.9 kW .

References

• Karytsas C., Paskalis A. (2007). "Installation of heating and cooling geothermal system in

the Hotel "Amalia" in place Kaminia,

Municipality of Nea Tirintha, Prefecture of

Argolis". Feasibility study.

• Zottl A., Nordman R. (2010). “SEPEMO-

System boundaries and measurement

equipment”. European Heat Pump NEWS,

Issue 11, No 2, p. 2, August 2010.

• Nordman R. (2010). “SEPEMO build. Field

test sites in Europe”. European Heat

Pump NEWS, Issue 11, No 3, p. 4,

November 2010.

• Polyzou O. (2010). “SEPEMO measurements

in Greece. Installation sites in Greece with

measurements ready to proceed”. European

Heat Pump NEWS, Issue 11, No 3, p. 5,

November 2010.

• Project website: www.sepemo.eu





The European Commission

Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE)

Project Co-ordinators: Technical Research Institute of Sweden (SP) SWEDEN

Agentschap NL – AgencyNL NETHERLANDS

Center for Energy and Processes, Mines ParisTech FRANCE

European Heat Pump Association (EHPA) BELGIUM

Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) AUSTRIA

Fraunhofer Institut Solare Energiesysteme GERMANY

Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB) FRANCE

EDF - Departement ENERBAT FRANCE

FIZ Karlsruhe GERMANY

Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES) GREECE

Author Dr. Olympia Polyzou CENTRE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND SAVING - CRES GREECE Telephone:+30.210.660.3300 Email: [email protected] Editor Dr. Olympia Polyzou CENTRE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND SAVING - CRES GREECE Telephone:+30.210.660.3300 Email: [email protected]

Date: 2011 EC Contract IEE/08/776/ SI2.529222

www.sepemo.eu Project co-ordinator SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Box 857, 501 15 Borås SWEDEN www.sp.se Dr. Roger Nordmann Tel.: +46 (0)10 516 55 44 [email protected]

Disclaimer The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The authors and the European Commission are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

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