the secret of life! dna. 2/4/20162 something happens gene protein
DESCRIPTION
Sing to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat” We love DNA, Made of nucleotides. Sugar, phosphate, and a base Bonded down one side. Adenine and thymine Make a lovely pair. Cytosine without guanine Would feel very bare.TRANSCRIPT
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The Secret of Life!DNA
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05/03/23 2
SOMETHINGHAPPENS
GENE
PROTEIN
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Sing to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”
We love DNA, Made of nucleotides.Sugar, phosphate, and
a baseBonded down one side.
Adenine and thymineMake a lovely pair.Cytosine without
guanineWould feel very bare.
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The Central Dogma
DNA carries the genetic information which is transcribed to mRNA and then translated into proteins.
DNA RNA Protein
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DNA
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Nucleotides
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Nitrogenous Bases
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Protein Synthesis Video
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The Genome• Total genetic content of an organism• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5LzKup
eHtw• Amount of DNA does NOT correlate to
complexity• Tulips - 10x the amount of DNA as humans• One species of amoeba - 100x as much
DNA as humans• Our genome is full of extra DNA
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Human DNA• Humans have about 1013 cells – each with the same amount of
DNA – 3.2 x 109 base pairs – a little over 3 billion
• About 20,000 genes (Defining a gene problematic -small genes difficult to detect, one gene may code for several proteins, some genes code only for RNA, two genes can overlap, etc.)
• Average gene is about 3000 bases
• 99.9% of all nucleotide sequences the same in all people
• Identical DNA but unique cell types and specialties – umm, I wonder how?
• Less than 2% of nucleotides used in making proteins
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Genes• Gene-dense "urban centers" mainly composed of
DNA building blocks G and C.
• Gene-poor "deserts" rich in DNA building blocks A and T.
• GC- and AT-rich regions – light/dark bands on chromosomes.
• Genes concentrated in random areas along the genome, with vast expanses of noncoding DNA between.
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Genes, con’t.
• Stretches of up to 30,000 C and G bases repeating over and over often occur adjacent to gene-rich areas, forming a barrier between the genes and the "junk DNA." These CpG islands are believed to help regulate gene activity.
• Chromosome 1 has the most genes (4316), and the Y chromosome has the fewest (344).
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Genes, con’t.• Coding regions (exons) and non-coding
regions (introns). • Junk DNA - sequences with no apparent
function • Some non-coding regions allow for DNA
binding proteins that control replication and transcription (regulatory sequences).
• Some non-coding regions produce miRNA• Some DNA sequences are chromosome
structures (telomeres and centromeres)
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Gene to Protein – click on picture to access video of spliceosomes
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• The intron-exon structure of some genes allows alternative splicing of pre-mRNA so different proteins can be made from the same gene.
• 20,000 human genes encode about 100,000 proteins.
• Some non-coding DNA represents pseudogenes - may serve as raw genetic material for creation of new genes. For example, by duplication of short DNA regions- the major form of genetic change in the human lineage
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Gene Regulation• Transcriptional control
– Which genes will be transcribed? • Posttranscriptional control
– How is mRNA processed and how fast?• Translational control
– How long does mRNA last in cytoplasm and what changes are made before it is translated?
• Posttranslational control– How is the protein reconfigured to be functional?
DNA binding proteins determine cell specialization.
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Regulation – Lac Operon
Lac Operon video
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REGULATION - Eukaryotes
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120069/bio06.swf
• http://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/animations/ch14p01.htm
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Repeated sections of DNA
• Repeated sequences about 50% of genome.• Repetitive sequences thought to have no direct
functions, but over time, they reshape genome by rearranging it, creating entirely new genes, and modifying and reshuffling existing genes.
• During the past 50 million years, a dramatic decrease seems to have occurred in the rate of accumulation of repeats in the human genome.
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Transposons - Jumping Genes or Selfish DNA
• Barbara McClintock and corn jumping genes – Nobel Prize
• Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements or MITES
• 40% of human genome is retrotransposons (copy DNA from RNA) - HIV works this way
• 21% of genome is Long interspersed elements (LINES)
• SINES – short interspersed elements Alu elements – over 1 million copies in human
genome – about 300 base pairs per element
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Transposons, con’t
• Diseases that are often caused by transposons include hemophilia, SCID, porphyria, cancer predisposition, and DMD.
• Transposons may have been co-opted by the vertebrate immune system as a means of producing antibody diversity
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Consider…
• 100 million species on the planet – all using the same alphabet!
• But the order of the “chemical letters” varies and so each species has their own unique characteristics
• Various regulatory factors determine how this code is expressed
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DNA Music?
• DNA Vibration Music• Genetic Music
• http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html