the science of blue cbcarbon dr. miguel boone kauffman...soil‐carbon for first meter ofdepthonly...
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TheThe ScienceScience ofofThe The ScienceScience of of BlBl C bC bBlue Blue CarbonCarbon
Dr. Boone KauffmanDr. Miguel CifuentesOregon State University/[email protected]
gCATIE, Costa Rica
Ecosystem services from coastal environments
Biodiversity is an important value of tropical wetlands
EcosystemEcosystem servicesservices ‐‐ FisheriesFisheriesyy75% of all tropical commercial fish species spend part of their lives in the mangroves, where they encounter:
• nursery grounds• shelter• shelter• food
CoastalCoastal protectionprotection,, educationeducation,, ecotourismecotourism,, sciencescience, and, and traditionaltraditionalCoastalCoastal protectionprotection, , educationeducation, , ecotourismecotourism, , sciencescience, and , and traditionaltraditionaland spiritual and spiritual valuesvalues are are alsoalso importantimportant servicesservices providedprovided byby coastalcoastalecosystemsecosystems.. Estero Damas, Costa Rica
Blue Carbon Blue Carbon Carbon sequestration
sinks include:
S dSeagrass meadows
Seagrass, Babeldoab Island, Palau
Mangro es (t ll & d f)Mangroves (tall & dwarf): Rhizophora spp., Pelliciera rhizophorae, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa
Estero Damas, Costa Rica
Reserva Biosfera Sian Kaan, MéxicoSalt marshes
Coastal ecosystems have high Coastal ecosystems have high
250carbon sequestration ratescarbon sequestration rates
ion
200
uest
rati
m‐2y‐1 )
100
150
n se
qunt
(gC
50
100
f ca
rbo
sedi
men
0
Rate
of
in s
R
Adapted from Laffoley& Grimsdich eds. 2009
Total ecosystem carbon stocks:Total ecosystem carbon stocks:Costa Rican upland forests vs mangrovesCosta Rican upland forests vs mangrovesCosta Rican upland forests vs. mangrovesCosta Rican upland forests vs. mangroves
1200
800
1000
)
Aboveground
Soils
600
800
(Mg/
ha)
200
400
mas
s (
0
200C
D M i t W t R i M
Kauffman, Cifuentes, et al. In prep
Dry Moist Wet Rain Mangrove
Coastal habitats protect significant Coastal habitats protect significant f bf b
Seagrasses
amounts of carbonamounts of carbon
Tidal Salt Marsh
SeagrassesSoil‐Carbon for first meter of depth only
Oceanic
Estuarine Mangroves
of depth only (Total depth = several meters)
Mangroves
All Tropical ForestsMean soil organic carbon Mean living biomass
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Sources: IUCN, Duke Nicholas Institute
Stocks of carbon (Mg/ha)
These ecosystems are being lost dlrapidly
AquacultureUpstream disruptions Aquaculture
Road development/ hydrological disruptions
Rice/Agriculture Pollution
Modeled fire emissionsModeled fire emissionsForest conversionForest conversion
1600
)
12001400
(Mg/ha
Aboveground CH4Aboveground CO2Soil CH4
6008001000
ns CO2e ( Soil CO2
200400600
Emission
0200
Amazon RF Mex. Dry Forest Brazilian Cerrado Mangrove
C E
Data are from Kauffman et al 2004, Steele 2000, de Castro 1996, and Donato et al. 2011Data from rainforest and methods to predict emissions from fires are from Guild et al. (2004) Ecol Apps 14:232‐246. Mangrove emissions are based on the assumptions of 1 the oxidation of top 30 cm of soils C.
Global carbon emissionsGlobal carbon emissions
• Global emissions from conversion: • Mangroves: 0.02 – 0.12 PgC yr‐1• Seagrass: 0.06 – 0.3 PgC yr‐1• Salt marshes: unknown
• Or as much as:• Or as much as:• 10 ‐ 23% of emissions from deforestation• 40% of peat swamp emissions% p p
1 terragram (Tg)= 106 Mg or 1012 g (1 million Mg)i (G ) 015 ( ) ( billi )1 gigaton (GT) = 1015g = 1 petagram (Pg) (1 billion Mg)
Pan et al. 2011Donato et al. 2011
Fourqurean et al. In prep.
Costa Rica: Costa Rica: d t tid t ti ititdemonstrationdemonstration sitesite
• REDD+ FCPF countryREDD+ FCPF country
• Technical and humancapacity
• Payment for ecosystemPayment for ecosystemservices system
S i i i li• Strong institutionality
• Political support and legal pp gframeworks
Térraba‐Sierpe, Costa Rica
SummarySummarySummarySummary
• Coastal ecosystems as important providers ofCoastal ecosystems as important providers of multiple environmental services
• They can play an important role in climatechange mitigation effortschange mitigation efforts– Large carbon stocks & high rates of accumulation– Threats to their persistance– Threats to their persistance
• Costa Rica as a blue carbon demonstration siteCosta Rica as a blue carbon demonstration site
¡Gracias!¡Gracias!¡Gracias!¡Gracias!Dr. Miguel Cifuentes
Dr. Boone KauffmanDr. Boone KauffmanOregon State University/CIFOR
Sunset at Térraba‐Sierpe National Wetland
Costa Rica