the science of algae -...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Science of Algae
SePRO Corporation SePRO Research and Technology Campus, 16013 Watson Seed Farm Rd., Whitakers, NC 27891
West Bishop Algae and Aquatic Research Scientist
Todd Horton
Aquatic Market Development Manager Email: [email protected] Phone: 864-‐561-‐3640
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The Algae • Diverse Classification (many kingdoms)
• Elaborate Characteristics
• No true roots, stems or leaves • Over 30,000 species • Identification – Important in determining management
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• Chlorophyta – Green algae
• Cyanophyta – Blue-‐green algae
• Charophyta – Plant like, erect
• Euglenophyta
– Flagellated, eye spot (some red)
Introduction to Algae Phyla
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Introduction to Algae Phyla
• Pyrrophyta – Dinoflagellates, transverse
flagellum
• Bacillariophyta – Diatoms, silica wall
• Chrysophyta – Yellow-‐green
• Haptophyta – Golden algae
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Algae Succession
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The good?
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The bad
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Problematic Algae
Algal impacts
Toxins /taste & odor compounds
Economic
Ecological
Water characteristics
Disrupt habitat/ Outcompete
Drinking/irrigation
Tourism
Property values
(Speziale et al. 1991; Falconer 1996; WHO 2003)
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Algae Impacts • Water quality and ecological – Oxygen demand – pH fluctuations – Densities
• Secondary Compounds – Toxins
• Microcystins “liver” • Saxitoxins “brain” • LPS “stomach” • Aplysiatoxins “skin”
– Taste and odor • Geosmin “dirty” • MIB “fishy”
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Proactive Management
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Sources of Nutrients
• Fertilizer • Pet waste • Wildlife • Livestock/agriculture • Municipal wastewater • Industrial effluent • Atmospheric deposition
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Phosphorus • Limiting nutrient in freshwater • Correlative to – Algae biomass – Increased bloom frequency – Harmful algae blooms (N:P) – Trophic status – 1 pound P supports 500 pounds algae
• Prevention approach (NPDES)
Phosphorus Chlorophyll Oligotrophic 12 ppb 0-‐2.6 Mesotrophic 12-‐24 ppb 2.7-‐20 Eutrophic 25-‐96 ppb 20-‐56 Hypereutrophic > 96 ppb > 56
P added
No P added
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Phosphorus (Evil P) Mitigation •External BMP’s critical •Internal accumulation (often a significant P fraction) -‐ TN:TP ratio 5:1 cyanobacteria overwhelmingly dominant artificially induced (Ghadouani et al. 2003) -‐ Low TN:TP cyanobacteria dominate (Lake Michigan) (Seale et al. 1987) -‐ TN:TP ratio 29:1, dominated by green algae (Smith 1983; 12 lakes throughout the world) -‐ Si:P < 25:1 Microcystis dominates, more silica more Asterionella (Holm & Armstrong 1981)
• Cyanobacteria use: carbon (use CO2 and CO3), Light (Phycocyanin), Temperature (>24C, not always), Moving water (Planktothrix, Anabaena planctonica)
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Paerl 1990; Paerl et al. 1991
Nitrogen Fixation
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
Heterocysts
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Phosphorus Management Options • Chemical – Lanthanum modified bentonite (Phoslock, specific, no buffer, permanent)
– Aluminum sulfate (Alum, non-‐specific, pH crash, release) – Algaecide/phosphorus remover (SeClear) – Polymers (Floc Log, Chitosan) – Iron (non-‐specific, release)/ Calcium (high pH only, release)
• Other – Aeration (oxygenate benthic layers) – Dredging – Bacteria?
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Phoslock Application Park Project using reclaimed water
Before Phoslock After Phoslock
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Park Lake Results
Soluble Phosphorus • Pre Treatment 0.062 mg/l • Post Treatment < 0.010 mg/l – Maintained low from November to
March – No cyanobacteria blooms seen
Total Phosphorus • Pre Treatment 0.082 mg/l • Post Treatment 0.037 mg/l
Secchi Disk • 0.25 to 4 feet
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Treated with Phoslock
No Phoslock Treatment
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Reactive
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• Action Options • Mechanical • harvesters, sonication
• Physical • dyes, aeration, raking
• Biological • bacteria, grass carp, Tilapia
• Chemical
Control Techniques
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USEPA Algaecides
• Diquat Dibromide • Endothal • Peroxides • Copper (Captain / SeClear) – Chelated v. free ion
• Adjuvants
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70% reduction in P
Neurotoxins/ Hepatotoxins/ Geosmin
305,000 cells/mL
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Field Site 1 Site Name: K Pond
Site Location: Galion, OH
Size: 1/3 acre 4 ft average depth
Water Character: pH 8.9 Alkalinity 44 Hardness 48
Dissolved Oxygen 7.5 Conductivity 87 Total Phosphorus 19
applied at 0.4 mg Cu/L on algal mats, ONE application (treated 7/16/11)
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Pre-‐treatment
“Worst ever filamentous mats”… “slimy, brownish”
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1 DAT
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4 DAT
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14 DAT
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30 DAT
WOW
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Field Site 2 Site Name: Golf Course Pond
Site Location: Coastal, NC
Size: 0.47 acre 3.5 ft average depth
Water Character: pH 7.4 Alkalinity 106 Hardness 114
Dissolved Oxygen 4.8 Conductivity 282 Turbidity 17.5
applied at 200ppb + 1% sufactant to ¼ of the pond on 7/21/11 After 2 applications (3 weeks apart) algae gone
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• From 75% to 5% coverage in one week
< 2% after three weeks • Total Phosphorus decreased from 1502 to 1018ppb after 5 treatments (32%)
After 2 applications of 200ppb Before SeClear
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Summary • Algae are diverse and widespread throughout water resources
• Algae can restrict uses of a water resource and pose threats to biota
• Phosphorus mitigation is a critical piece to algae management
• Algaecides can control nuisance algae and restore a balanced community
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Thank You