the science behind tobacco taxation
TRANSCRIPT
1
The Science BehindTobacco Taxation
Frank J. ChaloupkaUniversity of Illinois at Chicago
National Conference on Tobacco or HealthFundamentals of Tobacco Tax Increases: Science,
Methods, and Messaging Kansas City MO, August 16, 2012
2
Overview
Overview of tobacco taxation
Impact of taxes/prices on tobacco use, consequences of use
Industry price marketing
Earmarking tobacco tax revenues for tobacco control programs
Counterarguments – Myths & Facts
3
Overview of Tobacco Taxation
4
Why Tax? Efficient revenue generation
• Primary motive historically and still true in many countries today
• Very efficient sources of revenue given: Historically low share of tax in price in many countries Few producers and few close substitutes One of many goods/services that satisfies the “Ramsey
Rule”
• “This vice brings in one hundred million francs in taxes every year. I will certainly forbid it at once – as soon as you can name a virtue that brings in as much revenue” – Napoleon III on tobacco tax
5
Source: Tax Burden on Tobacco and author’s calculations
$6,000.00
$8,000.00
$10,000.00
$12,000.00
$14,000.00
$16,000.00
$0.15
$0.25
$0.35
$0.45
$0.55
$0.65
$0.75
$0.85
$0.95
$1.05
1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006
Rev
enue
s (M
illio
n Ju
ne 2
012
dolla
rs)
Tax
Per
Pac
k (J
une
2012
dolla
rs)
Year
Federal Cigarette Tax and Tax RevenuesInflation Adjusted, 1955-2011
Federal Tax Tax Revenues
6
Why Tax? Promote public health
• Increasingly important motive for higher tobacco taxes in many high income countries
• Based on substantial and growing evidence on the effects of tobacco taxes and prices on tobacco use Particularly among young, less educated, and low income
populations
• “… We [] have a package of six policy measures, known as MPOWER, that can help countries implement the provisions in the Convention. All six measures have a proven ability to reduce tobacco use in any resource setting. But tobacco taxes are by far the most effective.” Director General Dr. Margaret Chan, WHO, 2008
7
Taxes, Prices and Health: US, 1980-2005
8
Why Tax? Cover the external costs of tobacco use
• “Pigouvian” tax• Less frequently used motive• Account for costs resulting from tobacco use
imposed on non-users Increased health care costs, lost productivity, caused
by exposure to tobacco smoke among non-smokers• Can also include “internalities” that result from
addiction, imperfect information, and time inconsistent preferences
9
Sources: CDC/SAMMEC, CTFK, Tax Burden on Tobacco, and author’s calculations
$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 $200
Tax
Rev
enue
s
Publ
icly
Fina
nced
Hea
lth C
are
Cos
tsEc
onom
icCos
ts
Billion Dollars
Economic Costs & Tax RevenuesUnited States
Federal Tobacco Taxes • Federal cigarette tax
– Specific (per unit) excise tax– initially adopted in 1864– Raised during war time/lowered during peace
time– Set at 8 cents per pack in 1951– Doubled to 16 cents per pack in 1983– Eventually raised to 39 cents per pack in 2002
• Less than 60% of inflation adjusted value of 1951 tax– Significant increase – 61.66 cents – April 1,
2009• Earmarked for S-CHIP expansion
Federal Tobacco Taxes• Specific federal excise taxes on most
other tobacco products, including• cigars: $1.0066 per pack on small cigars;
52.75% of price for low priced cigars; cap of 40.26 cents per cigar for high priced cigars
• chewing tobacco: 3.1 cents per ounce• moist snuff: $1.51 per pound• roll-your-own tobacco $24.78 per pound• pipe tobacco: $2.83 per pound• rolling papers: 1.26 cents per pack
–Until latest increases, most were lower than cigarette tax; more equivalent now
–Similarly infrequent increases in taxes
State Tobacco Taxation
• State cigarette taxes– First adopted by IA in 1921; NC last to adopt in
1969– Specific excise tax in all states– Currently: 17.0 cents/pack (MO) to $4.35/pack
(NY)– Average $1.49 per pack (48.5 cents in tobacco
growing states; $1.63 in other states)• Several proposing additional increases
State Tobacco Taxation
• State taxes on other tobacco products–All but PA tax other tobacco products–Mostly ad valorem taxes, but increasing
movement towards specific taxes– Typically applied to wholesaler/distributor
price– Highest taxes include:
– Wisconsin – 100%; Washington - 95% – Lowest taxes include:
– South Carolina – 5%; Tennessee 6.6%– Average about 35%– Generally below equivalent rate on cigarettes
Local Taxation in the U.S.
•Many localities add additional cigarette tax–Typically a few cents/pack; some exceptions:
»$1.50 in New York City»$2.68 in Chicago/Cook county
–Sales tax applied to tobacco products in most states– Usually, but not always, applies to price
inclusive of excise taxes
15
AZ
WY
ORID
MT
UTNV
WA
CA
TX
AROK
ND
LA
KS
IANE
SD
CO
NM
MO
MN
TN
AL
KY
OH
MS
MI
IN
GA
FL
PA
ME
NY
WV VA
NC
SC
VT
D.C.
NJ
MDDE
NHMA
IL
WI
AK
50-99 cents per pack
$1.00-$1.49 per pack
$1.50-$1.99 per pack
$2.00-$2.99 per pack
<50 cents per pack
Chicago$3.66
NYC$5.85
CTRI
State Cigarette Excise Tax Rates –2012
≥ $3.00 per pack
Anchorage$3.45
HI
Source: Burden on Tobacco and author’s calculations
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
Cigarette Taxes & PricesInflation Adjusted, United States, 1954-2012
Federal Tax State Tax MSA Costs Industry Price
17
Impact of Tax and Price on Tobacco Use
18
Prices and Tobacco Use Increases in tobacco product prices:
• Induce current users to try to quit Many will be successful in long term
• Keep former users from restarting
• Prevent potential users from starting Particularly effective in preventing transition from
experimentation to regular use
• Reduce consumption among those who continue to use
• Lead to other changes in tobacco use behavior, including substitution to cheaper products or brands, changes in buying behavior, and compensation
19
Source: Tax Burden on Tobacco and author’s calculations
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
$5.00
$5.50
$6.00
14300
16300
18300
20300
22300
24300
26300
28300
30300
1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006
Pric
e (A
pril
2012
dol
lars
)
Sal
es (m
illio
n pa
cks)
Year
Cigarette Prices and Cigarette SalesInflation Adjusted, United States, 1970-2011
Sales Price
20Source: NHIS, Tax Burden on Tobacco, 2009, and author’s calculationsNote: green data points for prevalence are interpolated assuming linear trend
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
$5.00
$5.50
19
23
27
31
35
1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
Pric
e P
er P
ack
(Apr
il 20
12 d
olla
rs)
Adu
lt P
reva
lenc
e
Year
Cigarette Prices and Adult Smoking Prevalence,
United States, 1970-2011, Inflation Adjusted
Prevalence Price
210
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2004 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009
Monthly Quit Line Calls, United States11/04-11/09
4/1/09 Federal Tax Increase
1/1/08 WI Tax Increase
Source: BRFSS, Tax Burden on Tobacco, 2010, and author’s calculations
y = 0.0283x + 43.083R² = 0.371
45
50
55
60
65
70
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
% E
ver
Sm
oker
s W
ho
Hav
e Q
uit
Average price (in cents)
Cigarette Prices and CessationUS States & DC, 2009
Source: BRFSS, Tax Burden on Tobacco, 2010, and author’s calculations
y = 0.0219x + 16.737R² = 0.2306
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
% o
f S
mok
ers
that
Sm
oke
Som
e D
ays
Average price, (in cents)
Cigarette Price and Less than Daily Smoking Prevalence, Adults, US States
&DC, 2009
24
Source: YRBS, Tax Burden on Tobacco, 2010, and author’s calculations
y = -0.0129x + 25.34R² = 0.1721
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
Pre
vale
nce
l
Average price (in cents)
Cigarette Prices and Youth Smoking Prevalence US States & DC, 2009
25
Source: MTF, Tax Burden on Tobacco, and author’s calculations
5.5
10.5
15.5
20.5
25.5
30.5
35.5
$2.50
$3.25
$4.00
$4.75
$5.50
$6.25
1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
Sm
okin
g P
reva
lenc
e
Pric
e pe
r pac
k (8
/11
dolla
rs)
Year
Cigarette Price and Youth Smoking PrevalenceInflation Adjusted, United States, 1991-2011
Cigarette Price 12th grade prevalence 10th grade prevalence 8th grade prevalence
26
Taxes, Prices and Health: US, 1980-2005
27
Industry Price Marketing
28
Source: author’s calculations from data reported in FTC (2011)
$0.0
$2,000.0
$4,000.0
$6,000.0
$8,000.0
$10,000.0
$12,000.0
$14,000.0
$16,000.0
1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Million
Dollars
Cigarette Company Marketing Expenditures,
by Type, 1975-2008
Advertising Pub.Entertainment Placement Price Merchandise Other
Tobacco Industry Efforts to Offset Tax Increase
On February 4th, 2009, the Federal Government enacted legislation to fund the expansion of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) that increases excise taxes on cigarettes by 158%.
As a result, you will see the price of all cigarettes, including ours, increase in retail stores.
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Thank You,
Philip Morris USA
30
Earmarking Tobacco Tax Revenues for Tobacco Control
Tobacco Industry is Outspending Prevention Efforts 22:1 —FY2012
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
(Dol
lars
(in
billi
ons)
State TobaccoRevenue
(taxes and settlementfunds)
$25.6 billion
State Tobacco Program Budgets
<$0.5 billion
Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, Federal Trade Commission, American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, SmokeLess States National Tobacco Policy Initiative
Total CDC-Recommended Spending Level
$3.7 billion
Tobacco Industry Marketing & Promotion
Expenditures (2008)
$9.9 billion
32
Comprehensive Programs Impact of state program funding
• Increased funding associated with: Reductions in overall cigarette sales Lower youth smoking prevalence Lower adult smoking prevalence Increased interest in quitting, successful
quitting
• Much of impact results from large scale mass-media anti-smoking campaigns
33
Source: ImpacTeen Project, UIC; YRBS
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
Per
cen
t C
urr
ent
Sm
okin
g
Tota
l Fu
nd
ing
$
Mill
ion
s (F
Y1
0 d
olla
rs)
Year
State Tobacco Control ProgramFunding and Youth Smoking
Prevalence
total state program funding high school prevalence
34
Common Oppositional Arguments
Myths & Facts
By J Scott Moody, 4/2/08, from an AP story:
AUGUSTA — “A coalition of health groups today urged lawmakers to increase the cigarette tax by a $1 per pack, saying the increase will encourage more people to quit smoking and generate more money for health programs.
Translation: Fewer people smoking equals more cigarette tax revenue? Someone needs a math lesson.”
Impact on Revenues
$0.0
$50.0
$100.0
$150.0
$200.0
$0.00
$0.05
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
$0.35
$0.40
1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Tax
Renues
(
Millions)
Tax
per
Pack
Cigarette Tax and Tax RevenuesGeorgia, 1965-2009
Tax Revenues (Millions) Tax per Pack
Positive Effect of Tax Increase on Revenue Results from:
Low share of tax in price:• state taxes account for about 25% of price• total taxes account for less than half of price• Implies large tax increase has much smaller impact on price
Less than proportionate decline in consumption:
• 10% price increase reduces consumption by 4%
Positive Effect of Tax Increase on RevenuesExample – with significant tax avoidance
• Price $4.00, State tax $1.00, Sales 500 million packs
• Revenues: = $500 million
• Double tax to $2.00; price rises to $5.00 • 100% tax increase; 25% price increase
• 25% price increase reduces sales by 20% (reduced consumption plus tax avoidance)
• new sales 400 million packs• 80% of original sales at double the tax increases revenues by 60%• new revenues = $800 million
Impact on JobsJULY, 14, 2010 – The Associated Press
• RICHMOND, Va. — The tobacco industry is running a full-court press ahead of a federal scientific panel's meeting to discuss how to regulate menthol cigarettes, a still-growing part of the shrinking cigarette market.
• The union representing nearly 4,000 tobacco workers sent a letter to the Food and Drug Administration committee examining the public health effects of the minty smokes, warning that a ban could lead to "severe jobs loss" and black market cigarettes.
Impact on Jobs Tobacco excise tax will lead to decreased
consumption of tobacco products• Small loss of jobs in tobacco sector
Money not spent on tobacco products will be spent on other goods and services• Gains in jobs in other sectors
Increase in tax revenues will be spent by government• Additional job gains in other sectors
Net increase in jobs in most states
41
Tax Avoidance
Source, ITC project, US survey, Waves 1-8
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
Nov 02 - Dec02
May 03 - Sep03
Jun 04 - Dec04
Oct 05 - Jan 06Oct 06 - Feb 07 Sep 07 - Feb08
Oct 08 - Jul 09 Jul 10 - Jun 11
US Smokers, Last Purchase, November 2002-June 2011
Reservations Cross Border Direct Other
42
Tax Avoidance & Evasion Do NOT Eliminate Health Impact of Higher Taxes
Source: Tax Burden on Tobacco, 2008 and BRFSS
Cigarette Prices and Adult Prevalence, New York, 1995-2007
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Prev
alen
ce
$2.75
$3.25
$3.75
$4.25
$4.75
$5.25
$5.75
$6.25
$6.75
Pric
Prevalence Price (2008 dollars)
43
Cook County Cigarette Tax and Tax Revenues - FY01-FY06
$0.15
$0.35
$0.55
$0.75
$0.95
$1.15
$1.35
$1.55
$1.75
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Fiscal Year
Tax
per P
ack
$25,000,000
$45,000,000
$65,000,000
$85,000,000
$105,000,000
$125,000,000
$145,000,000
$165,000,000
$185,000,000
$205,000,000
$225,000,000
Tax
Reve
nues
Tax Revenues
Chicago tax risesfrom 16 to 48 cents
Chicago tax upto 68 cents, 1/1/06Chicago smoking ban, 1/16/06
Tax Avoidance & Evasion Do NOT Eliminate Revenue Impact of Higher Taxes
44
Combating Tax Evasion High-tech tax stamps Licensing of all involved in
distribution and sale Strong enforcement Swift, severe penalties Focus on large scale, criminal
activity Coordinated efforts
• NAAG efforts targeting Internet• Agreements with tribes
Impact on the PoorJuly 23, 2010 – San Francisco Examiner
• “Democrats are relying more heavily in their midterm 2010 election message that Republicans care nothing about the poor. Conveniently absent from this analysis is Republican opposition to President Barack Obama’s cigarette tax increase…… While higher cigarette taxes do discourage smoking, they are highly regressive. Analyzing a slightly less severe proposal in 2007, the Tax Foundation noted that ‘no other tax hurts the poor more than the cigarette tax.’” Peyton R. Miller, special to the Examiner.
46
Impact on the Poor Concerns about the regressivity of
higher tobacco taxes
• Tobacco taxes are regressive, but tax increases can be progressive Greater price sensitivity of poor – relatively
large reductions in tobacco use among lowest income populations, small reductions among higher income populations
Health benefits that result from tax increase are progressive
Source: Chaloupka et al., in progress; assumes higher income smokers smoke more expensive brands
Who Pays& Who BenefitsImpact of Federal Tax Increase, U.S., 2009
11.9%
20.7%
67.4%
46.3%
29.5%
24.2%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
<poverty line 1-2* poverty line >2* poverty line
Share of Tax Increase Share of Reduced Deaths
Impact on the Poor• Need to consider overall fiscal system
Key issue with tobacco taxes is what’s done with the revenues generated by the tax
Greater public support for tobacco tax increases when revenues are used for tobacco control and/or other health programs
Net financial impact on low income households can be positive when taxes are used to support programs targeting the poor
Concerns about regressivity offset by use of revenues for programs directed to poor
49
Summary
50
Summary Tobacco tax increases have significantly
reduced tobacco use in the US• Increased quitting• Prevented initiation• Reduced intensity
Taxes generate significant revenues and revenues increase when tax increases• Added reductions in use/consequences when revenues
earmarked for prevention/control efforts
Adverse economic impact false or overstated
