the roots of the sanskrit language

The Roots of the Sanskrit LanguageAuthor(s): W. D. WhitneySource: Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896), Vol. 16 (1885), pp.5-29Published by: The Johns Hopkins University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935779 .

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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION,

I885.

I. - The Roots of thJe Sanskrit Language.

BY W. D. WHITNEY,

PROFESSOR IN YALE COLLEGE.

THE word root as used in this paper is taken in its ordinary and well-understood sense, the many questions and controver- sies that attach themselves to it being passed without notice. And the object of the paper is to set forth what, in this sense, the roots of Sanskrit really are: really, that is to say, as op- posed especially to the fictitious and false roots with which they have been mixed up by the native grammarians of India. It is now pretty generally known that the list of roots of their language as given by those authorities is wholly untrustworthy, and cannot be used in etymologic investigations. In fact, considerably more than half of those they include in the list have no right to be there, presenting neither verb-forms nor derivatives throughout the whole long history of the language; a great many of them, too, are of such form and ascribed mean- ing as show their artificiality. How the grammarians came to set up such a list, and where they got their false roots from, it is no part of our present object to inquire; the matter is one of extreme obscurity, and concerns the student of the Hindu science of grammar, and him alone; the facts of the case are too patent to be misunderstood or questioned. If there were a limited and moderate number of roots unauthenticated by traceable use, and if they were all homogeneous with the au-



thenticated roots, and to some extent supported by kindred words discovered in the other languages of the family, we should, as a matter of course, regard them as at least for the most part genuine, and only by accident unquotable. But, as things are, such an assumption is simply and utterly impos- sible; the mass and the character of the fictitious is over- whelming; and any root or roots in it can be regarded as genuine only when there is convincing positive evidence to that effect. In other words, the fact that a root of a certain form is given by the Hindu grammarians is of no value whatever; unless some other testimony to its authenticity can be brought forward, it must be discarded by the etymol- ogist as a figment.

But not the false roots of the grammarians alone are ex- cluded from use in Indo-European etymology; not a few of the real ones are equally unfitted for its purposes -those, namely, the time or manner (or both) of whose appearance in the records of the language shows them to be more or less probably of secondary origin, or to have taken on the semblance of roots in the course of the separate history of development of the Sanskrit itself. A root, for example, which makes its first appearance in the later language, is, unless in exceptional cases, no proper subject of comparison outside of India.

As intimated above, these truths with regard to Sanskrit roots have for some time past been coming to be realized, both theoretically and practically. And students of the his-

tory of Indo-European language have in good part learned that there is a trustworthy authority to which they may go in order to know whether an alleged root is genuine or not

-namely, the great Petersburg Lexicon of Bohtlingk and Roth. In that work are to be found the results of a sifting of the whole recorded language, ancient and modern, with

quotations and references to show the range and frequency of use; by its testimony one can judge the character of any- thing that is claimed to be Sanskrit. So nearly everything -and especially, so nearly everything that is ancient--has been gathered into its pages, that it must be deemed little short of complete and final, so far as the question of roots is

6 W. D. Whitney, [I885.



Vol. xvi.] The Roots of the Sanskrit Language.

concerned. But it is not accessible to all, nor conveniently so to any but a practised Sanskrit scholar; and even by the latter its evidence is often not to be brought to bear without much expenditure of time and labor upon a particular case.

During some years past, I have been preparing, partly from the Lexicon and partly from my own collections, a conspectus of all the verbal forms and primary derivatives that cluster about the quotable roots of the language, each item with des-

ignation of its chronological period, and it is now (July, 1885) just leaving the press at Leipzig.1 I have thought, then, that it would be a convenient and useful work to draw off from that volume a chronologically classified list of the quotable Sanskrit roots, with such brief statements regarding their use and the occurrence of their derivatives as should either satisfy the inquirer respecting them in any given case, or should pre- pare him to consult with more profit the fuller sources of information indicated above.

By way of introduction, it may be briefly pointed out here that the history of the Sanskrit language falls into two prin- cipal divisions, the earlier and the later. That the later period is mainly represented by the common or classical Sanskrit, the language of the great mass of the Sanskrit literature, hav- ing its usages defined and determined by the native science of grammar-while, however, the two great epics (Mahabha- rata and Ramayana) are in a measure free from the domina- tion of the grammarians' rules. That the earlier period is represented by the Vedic literature, taking the term Vedic in its widest sense, and falls-roughly, and not without some overlapping and mixture -into the three subdivisions of Veda, Brahmana, and Sutra, or metrical text, prose exposition, and ceremonial prescription.

The designation of historical periods, then, to be made in the following lists and statements, is fivefold, and will be made by means of the letters V. for Veda (including, as here used,

1 The Roots, Verb-Forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language: a Supplement to his Sanskrit Grammar, by W. D. Whitney. Leipzig, Breitkopf and Hartel; Boston, Ginn & Co. 8vo. Pp. xiv., 250. Also in a German trans- lation, by H. Zimmer.

7



only the Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda: RV., SV., AV.), B. for Brahmana, S. for Sutra, E. for epos, and C. for common or classical Sanskrit.

The classification of the roots, and their order as classified, will be as follows (putting first all the roots that are found in the earliest or Vedic period of the language, since these are most likely to be of Indo-European value):--

A. Roots found to occur at all periods, Vedic to classical (or V. +): 420.

B. Roots found throughout the older language, or in Veda, Brahmana, and Sftra (V. B. S.) : 38.

C. Roots found only in Veda and Brahmana (V. B.): 58. D. Roots found only in the Veda (V.): 62. E. Roots found from the Brahmana onward (B. +): 59. F. Roots found only in Brahmana and Sutra (B. S.): 8. G. Roots found only in the Brahmana (B.) : 24. H. Roots found from the Sutra onward (S. +) : 17. I. Roots found only in the Sutra (S.): 3. J. Roots found only in the later language, epic and classical (E. +):

55- K. Roots found only in the epics (E.): 4. L. Roots found only in the classical language (C.) : 72. M. Roots inferred only from derivatives: 25.

In all, 845 roots, but including not a few that are palpably variants of other roots, or evidently of secondary origin -or, in the latest period, artificial: that is to say, taken and made use of because they are given in the grammarians' root-lists. The last class, M., might of course have been considerably increased; only the most conspicuous cases have been in- cluded in it.

8 W. D. Whitney. [I885.



LIST OF SANSKRIT ROOTS.

A. Roots found in all Periods, Vedic to Classical.

1 aks, attain. Secondary, from 1 ag. Only spo-

radic cases. ac, afic, bend.

Hardly used after B. except in caus. and derivatives. Query whether -alc (pratyafic etc.) is this root or a suffix.

aj, drive. Hardly used after S. except in

derivatives. afij, anoint.

Rare in later lang., except pple, caus., and derivatives.

at, wander. Rare, pers. forms only in RV.;

compare at. ad, eat. an, breathe.

Rarer later; some deriv. common throughout.

arc, re, praise. arh, deserve, etc.

Grows more common later. av, favor.

Much rarer later, as also deriv., unless avi.

1 ag, aiig, attain. Compare 2 ag and 1 aks; little

used later. 2 ag, partake of.

Probably ultimately the same with 1 ag.

1 as, be. Abundant throughout. Few de-

rivatives. 2 as, throw. ah, say.

Only in four persons of perfect in- dicative.

ap, obtain. as, sit. 1 i, go. iiig, stir.

In earlier lang. only caus. (denom.?). No deriv. before S.

idh, indh, kindle. il, be quiet.

In earlier lang. (AV. to S.) only caus.; no derivatives.

1 is, seek. Probably the same with 2 is.

2 is, send. Apparently 1 is with caus. mean-

ing. iks, view.

Very rare in earliest lang., but rapidly gaining in frequency.

liikh, swing. Unusual at all periods.

Id, praise. Rare in later language.

ir, set in motion. Only caus., pple, and deriv. in later

language. i1, be master. 1 uks, sprinkle.

Few unquestionable derivatives. uc, be pleased.

Only ucita and okas after B. ud, und, wet.

Only pple and deriv. after S. ubh, confine.

Only umbhita after S. us, burn.

Apparently a differentiated form of 1 vas, 'shine.'

1 iu, remove. Doubtless a differentiated form of

vah, 'carry.' 2 iuh, consider.

Probably 'carry in mind,' and same with 1 ih and vah.

r, rch, go. 1 rj, rfij, arj, direct, stretch, attain.

Generally reckoned as two roots. The first two forms only in older language.

rd, ard, stir, dissolve. rdh, thrive.

Compare vrdh and radh. ej, ij, stir.

Of rare occurrence. edh, thrive.

Compare rdh. kam, love.

No simple present-system. Com- pare kan, ka.

kas, scratch. Not in RV.



10 W. DL.

kas, open. Not in RV.

kag, appear. kup, be angry.

Rare till E. kui, design.

Not RV., exc. derivatives. kuij, hum.

Not RV. kid, kil, burn.

A very few sporadic cases; caus. conjugation.

1 kr, skr, make, do. 2 kr, kir, scatter.

The forms with s rare and late. 1 krt, cut. 2 krt, spin.

Only caus. after S. kr2, be lean.

Only caus. and deriv. after B. krs, drag, plough.

By some divided into two roots. klp, shape, adapt. krand, cry out. kram, stride. kri, buy. krLd, play. krudh, be angry. krug, cry out. ksan, wound.

No pres.-syst. in V.; no deriv. in earlier language.

ksap, be abstinent. Only an isolated case or two in

earlier language; not in RV. ksam, endure. ksar, flow. 2 ksi, destroy. ksip, throw. ksud, crush.

Pres.-syst. only in RV. ksudh, be hungry. ksubh, quake.

In RV., only derivatives. khan, kha, dig. khad, chew. khid, tear. khya, see.

No pres.-syst. in earlier language. gam, gach, go. garh, chide.

Only an instance or two in earlier language.

Whitney, [1885.

1 ga, go. Pres.-syst. found only in V. B.

2 ga, sing. gah, plunge. gup, guard. gur, greet.

Doubtless a secondary form of I gr.

guh, hide. 1 gr, sing. 2 gr, gir, gil, swallow. 3 gr (j agr), wake.

Only in reduplicated and intensive forms.

grdh, be greedy. grath, granth, tie. grabh, grab, seize. gras, devour. gla, be weary. ghas, eat.

After S., only desid. and derivatives.

ghus, sound. ghr, ghar, drip.

After B., only ghrta and caus. and derivatives.

ghra, smell. caks, see. car, move. cal, stir.

Secondary form of car. Not in RV., except redupl. derivatives.

1 ci, gather. 2 ci, note, observe.

Perhaps the same with the preceding.

cit, perceive, know. In later lang., only pple, second.

conj., and derivatives.

cud, impel. After V., only caus. and deriva-

tives.

cest, stir. Not in RV.

cyu, move, stir. 1 chad, cover.

Exc. channa and deriv., only causative.

chand, 2 chad, seem, please. cha, cut up.

Rare; not in RV. chid, cut off.

rTT I

i




1 jaks, eat. Reduplicated form of ghas.

jan, ja, give birth, be born. The form ja only in pres.-syst.,

pple, and derivatives. jambh, jabh, chew up, crush. jas, be exhausted.

After V., only caus. and derivatives.

1 ji, conquer. jiv, live. jus, enjoy. jiu, be swift.

Probably related with jiv; only caus. in later language.

I jr, waste away. jrmbh, gape. jira, know. taks, fashion. tad, beat.

In earlier lang., only deriv. (and tadhi ?).

1 tan, stretch. tap, heat. tam, faint.

In V., only deriv. and one form (tamat).

tij, be sharp. In later lang., only desid, caus.,

and derivatives. tud, thrust. tus, be content.

Before S., only caus. (and tuis- nim ?).

tr, pass, cross. trd, bore, split.

After S., hardly exc. in derivatives. trp, be pleased. trs, thirst.

After B., only pple and derivatives.

tyaj, forsake. Only one occurrence before S.

tras, be terrified. tra, rescue. tvar, hasten.

Not in RV.; related with tr, tur. tvis, be stirred up.

Only in RV., exc. in derivatives (and a single verb-form in C.).

daig, dag, bite. dam, control. day, share.

Secondary form of 2 da.

das, das, waste. After S., only dasta and deriva-

tives. dah, burn. 1 da, dad, give. 2 da, divide, share.

In later lang., only pple and derivatives.

3 da, bind. After B., only pple and deriva-

tives. dig, point. dih, smear. diks, be consecrated.

Not in RV.; before B., only pple and deriv.; certainly secondary.

dip, shine. In RV., only causative.

1 div, play. No connection with the so-called

root div, 'shine.' du, 1 di, burn.

Not in RV. dus, spoil.

In V., only caus. and derivatives. duh, milk, derive. 1 dr, pierce, split. drp, rave, talk big. drg, see.

Lacks a pres.-system. drh, drfh, make firm.

In later lang., only pple, caus., and derivatives.

dyut, shine. 1 dra, run.

Only sporadic in later language. 2 drl, sleep.

Before B., only pple (not RV.) and derivative.

dru, run. druh, be hostile. dvis, hate. dham, dhma, blow. 1 dha, dadh, put. 2 dha, suck.

Related with dhi. 1 dhav, run.

Compare dhan, dhanv, dhav. 2 dhlv, rinse.

Related with dhii, or else with 1 dhaLv.

dhi, didhi, think. In later lang., only pple and deriv-

atives.

II



W. D. Whitney,

dhf, dhu, shake. Deriv. almost wanting in later lang.

Compare 2 dhav. dhr, hold.

Simple pres.-syst. almost wanting. dhrs, dare. dhvafis, dhvas, scatter. dhvan, sound.

Divided by BR. into 1 dhvan and 2 dhvan, 'cover.'

dhvr, dhur, dhru, injure. After B., only pple (dhfirta).

nad, sound. nand, rejoice.

Doubtless the same with nad. nam, bend, bow. 1 nag, be lost. nab, tie.

Exhibits in some forms and deriv. the form nadh.

nath, seek aid. Has the form nadh in V. B.

nij, wash. nind, nid, revile. ni, lead. 1 nu, nu, praise. nud, push. nrt, dance. pac, cook. I pat, fly, fall. pad, go. 1 pag, spag, see.

spag (exc. spasta, pple) only in older lang.; of pag, only a pres.- system.

1 pa, drink. 2 pa, protect. pi, pi, swell, fatten.

After B., only pple and derivatives.

pig, adorn. After B., only pple and derivatives.

pis, crush. pid, press.

No pres.-syst. except causative. pus, thrive. pui, cleanse. 1 pr, fill. 2 pr, pass. pro, mix.

Mainly limited to the earlier language.

pya, fill up. A secondary form of pi, pi.

prach, prag, ask. prath, spread. pri, please. plu, float.

Doubtless the same with pru. phan, spring. banh, make firm.

Only pple, except caus. (in B.) and derivatives.

bandh, bind. badh, oppress. budh, know, wake. 1 brh, make big or strong. bru, say.

Only pres.-syst.; hardly any derivatives.

bhaks, partake of, eat. Doubtless secondary, from bhaj.

bhaj, divide, share. bhanj, break. bharts, revile.

Not in RV.; sporadic, and doubtless secondary.

bhas, devour. Compare psa.

bha, shine. Compare bhan and bhas.

bhas, shine. Doubtless secondary, from bha.

bhiks, beg. Desid. formation, from bhaj.

bhid, split. bhi, bhi., fear. 1 bhuj, bend. 2 bhuj, enjoy. bhi, become, be. bhius, attend upon, adorn.

Secondary, from bhi. bhr, bear. bhrjj, roast.

No deriv. in V. bhrafig, bhrag, fall. bhraj, shine. mafih, mah, be great or liberal, be-

stow. majj, sink. math, manth, shake. mad, mand, exhilarate. man, think. 1 ma, measure. 2 ma, exchange.

Sporadic; doubtless a specialization of 1 ma.

12 [i885.




1 mi, fix. Doubtless a side-form of 1 ma.

mith, alternate, altercate. In later lang., only gerund and de-

rivatives. mis, wink. mih, mingere. 2 mi, ml, damage. mil, wink. muc, moks, release. mud, be merry. mus, steal. mul, be crazed. mrirch, thicken.

Not in RV. 1 mr, die. mrks, stroke.

Doubtless secondary, from mtj. mrj, wipe. mrd, be gracious. mrd, rub, crush. mrg, touch, feel. mrs, not heed. med, be fat,

After B., only caus. and derivatives.

mruc, mlue, mlup, go down, set. mli, relax.

In V., only pple and causative. yaj, offer, sacrifice.

yaks, press on (?). Only in RV., exc. (doubtful) deriv,

and one verb-form in E. yat, stretch. yabh, futuere. yam, yach, reach. yas, yes, be heated. ya, go.

Doubtless a secondary form of i. yac, ask. 1 yu, unite.

In later lang., only verbals and derivatives.

yuj, join. yudh, fight. raks, protect. raj, rafij, color. radh, randi, be or make subject.

After B., only caus. and derivatives.

rabh, 1 rambh (labh), take hold. ram, be or make content.

1 ra, 2 rrs, give. Sporadic in later lang., exc. ver-

bals and derivatives. raj, be kingly.

Probably secondary, from rj. radh, succeed. ric, leave. riph, snarl.

Not in RV.; rare. ribh, sing.

Hardly in use after B., exc. in a deriv. or two.

ris, be hurt. 1 ru, cry. ruc, shine. ruj, break. rud, weep. 2 rudh, obstruct. rus, be vexed.

Sporadic in older language. ruh, ascend. lap (rap), prate. labh (rabh), take. likh (rikh), scratch.

Not in RV. lip, limp (rip), smear. 1 11, cling. lup (rup), break.

Not in RV. lubh, be lustful.

Only caus. in RV. vac, speak. vafic, move crookedly. vad, speak. vadh, badh, slay. van, 3 vi, win.

In later lang., only pple and derivatives.

vand, greet. Doubtless the same with vad.

1 vap, strew. vam, vomit. valg, spring.

Not in RV., exc. valgu. vag, be eager. 1 vas, shine.

In later lang., only pple and derivatives. Compare us.

2 vas, clothe. 3 vas, dwell. vah, carry.

Compare 1 and 2 ill. 1 va blow.

I3



W. D. Whitney,

2 va, vi, 2 u, weave. vWfich, desire.

In older lang., only a pres.-system. vag, bellow. 1 vic, sift. vij, tremble. 1 vid, know. 2 vid, find.

Doubtless originally the same with 1 vid.

1 vidh, worship. Hardly occurs in later language.

vip, vep, tremble. vig, enter. vis, be active. vist, vest, wrap.

In RV., only pple. 1 vr, cover. 2 vr, choose.

Probably ultimately the same with 1 vr.

vrj, twist. vrt, turn. vrdh, grow. vrs, rain. vrh, 2 brh, tear. vyath, waver. vyadh, 2 vidh, pierce. vya, 2 vi, envelop. vraj, proceed. vragc, cut up. gaiis, praise. gak, be able. gat, cut in pieces.

Not in RV.; only caus. in older lang.; called by grammarians the caus. of 2 gad.

gap, curse. 2 gam, be quiet. gas, 2 gas, cut. ga, gi, sharpen. 1 gis, 2 gis, order.

gifij, twang. Probably imitative; quite rare.

1 gis, leave. 2 gi, lie down. guc, gleam. gudh, gundh, purify. gubh, gumbh, beautify. 1 gus, dry. Qi, gva, gvi, swell.

After B., only pple and derivatives.

1 gr, crush. grdh, be defiant.

Sporadic in later language. gout, drip. gya, 3 gi, coagulate. grath (glath), slacken. gram, be weary. gra, 2 gri, 2 gr, boil.

In later lang., only caus. and pple. gri, 3 gr, resort. gru, hear. glis, gris, clasp. gvas, 2 gus, blow, breathe. sthiv, spew.

Not in RV. saj, safij, hang on. sad, sit. sas, sleep.

Hardly found after B. sah, prevail. 1 sa, 1 si, bind.

sadh, sadh, succeed. Only second. verb-forms in later

language. sic, pour out. 1 sidh, repel. 2 sidh, succeed.

Apparently related with sadh. siv, syi, sew. 1 su, press out.

Related with su. sfi, 2 su, generate, enliven, impel.

Compare 1 su. sud, put in order.

After V., only caus. and derivatives.

sr, flow. srj, send forth. srp, creep. sev, attend upon. skand, leap. skambh, skabh, prop.

Compare stambh. stan, thunder. stambh, stabh, prop.

Seems another form of skambh. 1 stu, praise. stubh, praise.

In later lang., only caus. and derivatives.

str, strew.

stha, stand.

[I885. I4




sna, bathe. snih, be sticky.

In earlier lang., only caus. and derivatives.

spand, quiver. sprdh, spirdh, contend. sprg, touch. sprh, be eager. sphirj, rumble. sphr, sphar, sphur, sphul, jerk, etc. smi, smile. smr, remember. syand, syad, move on. srans, sras, fall. sru, flow. svaj, svafij, embrace. svad, svad, sweeten. svan, sound. svap, sleep.

svar, sound. In later lang., only caus. and de-

rivatives. svid, sweat. han, smite. 1, 2 ha, go forth, leave. hi, impel.

Probably related with ha. hins, injure.

Perhaps abbreviated desid. of han. hid, hel, be hostile.

In later lang., only helama.na and derivatives.

hu, sacrifice. hu, hva, call. 1 hr, take. hrs, be excited. hes, whinny. hnu, hide. hri, be ashamed. hvr, hur, hru, be or make crooked.

B. Roots found throughout the older Language, or in Veda, Brahmana, and Sitra.

2 aks, mutilate. Only with prefix nis, 'out.'

ubj, force. Deriv., B. 4-

rs, rush, push. Generally divided into two roots.

Deriv., V. -

kan, ka, be pleased, enjoy. Deriv., V. -

ksa, burn. Perhaps secondary, from ghas;

deriv., V. + ksnu, whet. khud, futuere. grabh, seize.

The earlier form of grah; gar- bha, V. +

crt, bind. One deriv., V. -

2 ji, jinv, quicken. jya, ji, overpower, injure.

Doubtless related with 1 ji. tsar, approach stealthily.

Deriv., V. 4- 2 di, didi, shine.

didhiti is found S. + nabh, burst.

Deriv. (doubtful), V. +

2 nu, move.

pinv, fatten. Secondary, from pi, pi.

pru, flow. Older form of plu; one deriv. (?),

V. +

pruth, snort. Deriv., V. +

mig, miks, mix. Deriv., V. +

miv, mii, push. One deriv. (?), C.

mrc, injure. mrdh, neglect.

One deriv., V. + 2 yu, yuch, separate.

Perhaps ultimately the same with 1 yu.

yup, obstruct. Deriv., V. 4

raih, hasten. Deriv., V. 4-

ri, ri, flow. Deriv., V. 4-

rih, lick. Older form of lih.

vaj, be strong. Denom.-caus.; deriv., V. +

5



W. D. Whitney,

2 vap, shear. Doubtless the same with 1 vap;

deriv., V. + vid, make strong.

Only caus., and one derivative. vli, bli, crush.

In RV., only one (doubtful) derivative.

2 gad, fall. Not in RV.; deriv., V. +

1 gam, gim, labor. 1 gl, fall.

Perhaps related with 2 Qi. sagh, be equal to.

Probably another form of sah. san, 2 sa, gain.

Deriv., V. + spr, win.

C. Rootsfound only in Veda and Brahmana.

am, injure. dhuirv, injure. Deriv., V. + Secondary form of dhvr; no de-

2 i, inv, in, send. rivatives. Deriv., V. +. Doubtless identical dhraj, dhraj, sweep, float.

with 1 i. naks, attain. is, es, move. Secondary form of 2 nag.

One deriv., C. 2 nag, nafig, attain. rt, art, pursue. One deriv. also in S.

Mutilated form of vrt; sporadic. ndh, seek aid. krp, lament. Same as nath.

Deriv., V. - 2 pat, rule. ksad, divide. Doubtless denom. of pati. 1 ksi, possess. pan, admire.

Deriv., V. + Deriv, V.n + pibd, be firm (?). gu, sound. Only an occurrence or two.

Only intensive. ply, abuse. cat, hide (?). pr, f.

pr., fill. cay, note, observe. Secondary, from 1 pr; one deriv.

Secondary form of 2 ci. Deriv., also in S. V. + prus, sprinkle.

2 jaks, laugh. One deriv., V. 4 Reduplicated form of has; spo- psi, devour.

radic. Doubtless secondary, from bhas; tais, tas, shake. one deriv., C.

Deriv., V. + bham, be angry. turv, tfirv, overcome. Doubtless really denominative.

Specialized form of tr. bhres, totter. trh, crush. Doubtless related with bhraig. daks, be able. One deriv., B. +

Deriv., V. - 3 ma, bellow. dagh, reach to. Probably imitative. Deriv., V. +

One deriv., V. - 2 mr, mrn, crush. dabh, dambh, harm. Doubtless the same with 1 mr.

Deriv., V. - ranv, delight. dag, make offering. Doubtless secondary, from 1 ran.

One deriv., V. - rad, dig. 1 di, fly. Deriv., also C.

Earlier form of di. 1 ran, take pleasure. drfi, hurl (?). One deriv., V. +

Only two occurrences. rap, chatter. dhanv, run. Older form of lap.

Doubtless secondary, from dhan. 2 ra, bark.

i6 [i885.



Vol. xvi.] The Roots of the

rig, tear. Older form of lig.

2 ru, break. Sporadic and doubtful.

rup, break, pain. Probably the same with lup.

rej, tremble. 1 vi, enjoy, etc.

Perplexing variety of meanings; by some divided into two or three roots. Deriv., V. +

ven, long. vyac, 2 vie, extend.

One deriv., also S. 1 gri, 4 gr, mix.

Deriv., V. -

Sanskrit Language.

gvaflc, spread. In one text, gmaffc.

sac, accompany. Deriv., V. +

sap, serve. Deriv. (?), V. +

sarj, creak. sku, tear.

One deriv., S. sriv, fail.

Sometimes written qriv. 1 har, be gratified. 2 hr, be angry.

D. Roots found only in the Veda.

r, praise (?). tu, be strong. RV. only; very doubtful. Only RV.; deriv., V. +

1 u, proclaim. tuj, urge, thrust. RV. only; more than doubtful. One deriv. (?) in later language.

3 kr, commemorate. tug drip. One deriv. (kiti), V. + Divided by BR. into two roots.

kraks, crash. Apparently imitative. tvaks, fashion. gad parn, attach (imita .Only RV., once; deriv., V. + gadh, attach (?). Only pple and one deriv., in RV.; dais, be wondrous.

doubtful. Only RV., once; deriv., V. + giirdh, exalt (?). dan, straighten (?).

Once, caus., in RV.; doubtful. Only RV.; very doubtful forms. can, be pleased. dudh, stir up. RV. only; deriv., also V. +; com- Probably redupl. form of dhu;

pare kan. one deriv. (?), C. jajh. dhan, run.

One form, RV.; wholly doubtful. Only RV. jafli. cdhav, flow. Like jajh. Only RV. jurv, consume. nas, unite.

Doubtless secondary, from 1 jr. Only RV 2 jy, sing. niis, kiss. Secondary form of 1 gr. Sendary form of 1 gOnly RV.; one deriv., C. jeh, loll, pant.

Of doubtful character. n eriv., V. + Deriv., V. +- jri, go. ri

nl RVg paj, start (?). taOnlyk~ RushV. ~Deriv. (?), V. B. S.

Probably the same with tac; one pharOn scatter (?)V B

denyv., C. Only RV.; one deriv., V. B. 2 tan, roar. bhan, speak.

Apparently abbreviated from stan. Only RV. Probably related with bha; compare bhan.

tand, be weary. Only RV., once; deriv., V. + bhand, be bright.

tiv. Only RV.; deriv., V. + In AV., once; probably a false bharv, devour.

reading. Only RV.

I7



W. D. Whitney,

bhisaj, heal. Only RV.; deriv., V. -

bhur, quiver. Probably specialized form of bhr.

bhuraj. Only RV., once; belongs to bhrjj ?

bhyas, fear. Secondary, from bhl.

bhri, consume. Only RV., once.

myaks, be situated (?). Only RV.; probably the same with

miks. yad, unite (?).

Only RV.; one deriv., B. +

rapg, be full. One deriv., also B.

ramb, hang down. Older form of lamb; one de-

riv., B.

rikh, scratch. Another form of likh; only RV.,

once, and lekha.

rip, smear. Another form of lip; only RV.;

and one deriv., V. + 1 rudh, grow.

Apparently a side-form to rub.

vaks, 2 uks, increase. One deriv. (?), V. +

vat, apprehend. Only with prefix api.

vindh, lack. Only RV.; deriv. (?), V. +

vrad, vrand, weaken. Only RV.

vradh, stir up. Only RV.

vlag, vlaiig, pursue (?). Only RV., with prefix abhi; re-

lated with valg? 1 gad, prevail.

One deriv. (?), V. +- guj, swell (?).

Only RV., one form. Qcand, cand, shine.

Only RV.; deriv., V. + gnath, pierce.

Only RV. grus, hear.

Secondary, from gru; deriv., V. B. gvit, be bright.

Only RV.; deriv., V. + sridh, blunder (?).

Verb-forms, only in RV. has, go emulously.

Secondary, from ha.

E. Roots foundfrom the Brahmana onward.

Irsy, be jealous. 'ksal, wash. Secondary, prob. from denom. Doubtless the same with ksar.

irasy; deriv., AV. + ksu, sneeze. ih, be eager. Doubtless imitative. One deriv.

Deriv., V. - in AV.

kamp, tremble. gal, drop. Deriv. (?), V. Only one doubtful form in older

language. kal, drive, produce, etc. cam, sip.

Only caus. and deriv. Divided by Deriv. (?), V. BR. into two roots. , t.

cint, think. k.iaks, desire. Doubtless secondary, from cit.

Deriv., only in later language. chrd, spew, eject. kus, tear. jap, whisper.

The single occurrence in B. doubt- jalp, murmur, speak. ful. One deriv., also V.

kni, wet. jyut, shine. Sporadic. Another form of dyut; only one

klig, distress. doubtful occurrence in later language. Only a case or two before later jvar, be hot.

language. Compare jval, jr. Deriv., V. - kvath, boil. jval, burn, flame.

Deriv., only in later language. Another form of jvar.

I8 [i885.



Vol. xvi.] The Roots of the Sanskrit Language. I9

4 da, clarify. Probably specialization of 2 dLa

2 div, dev, lament. Only pple till later language.

2 dr, heed. Deriv., V. +

drbh, bunch. No verb-forms in later lang.; de-

riv., V. -

dhi, dhinv, nourish. Perh. a form of 2 dhl; no deriv.

dhyl, think. Secondary, from dhi; deriv., V. +

nard, bellow.

pat, tear, burst.

path, read. Hardly occurs till later language.

pan, bargain. Deriv., V. +

bhan, speak. Only once before C.

bhal, perceive. Only caus., B. and C.

bhAs, speak. Related with bha, bhHs, bhan.

bhram, wander. Only once in B.; deriv., V. +

mil, combine. Only once in earlier language.

mred, gratify (?). Only an occurrence or two in ear-

lier language. mlech, speak barbarously. ras, roar.

laks, mark. Really denom. of lalrsa, which

(with other deriv.) V. +

P. Rootsfound only in

tafic, tao, coagulate. Same with tak? One (doubtful) deriv. in AV.

path, go (?). No real root; denom. or error.

pity, stink. Deriv., AV. 4+

mrit, mlit, dissolve. Sporadic.

lag, attach. Only lagna (?) and liiga (?) in

earlier language. lajj, be ashamed.

Only once in older language. lamb, hang down.

Another form of ramb. lih, lick.

Compare the other root-form, rih. li, cut. lok, look.

Only once (and one deriv.) in older language.

valh, challenge. Only pple in later language.

gafnk, doubt. gligh, extol.

Only once in older lang., exc. a deriv. or two.

skhal, stumble. Only once, and one deriv., in older

language. styg, sti, stiffen.

Only B. and C.; deriv. (?), V. + snu, distil.

One deriv. (?) in RV. sphal, strike.

Hardly occurs in older language. spha, fatten.

Deriv., V. + sphut, burst open.

Deriv., only in later language. has, laugh.

Deriv., V. + hraid, make a noise. hlid, refresh.

Only once in older language; deriv., V. -

hval, go wrong. Another form of hvr.

Brahmana and Sitra.

red, deceive (?). Only in a single phrase.

lig, tear. Another form of rig; deriv., V. +

2 1i, be unsteady. Only in intensive forms.

sirky, heed.



W. D. Whitney,

G. Roos found only in the Brahmana.

krath, be jubilant. Only once; doubtful deriv., E. +

kri.d, thicken (?). Only in a single passage.

klath, turn (?). Only one occurrence.

ksvid, hum. Perhaps imitative. Compare

ksvid. khad, be hard.

Only once; doubtful deriv., V. +

gard, exult (?). Probably same as gfrd.

gurd, exult (?). In only one passage; one deriv.,

B. +- tat, clatter.

Only once; apparently imitative.

tay, stretch. A questionable side-form to tan.

til. A single very doubtful occurrence.

thlrv. A single very doubtful occurrence.

dram, run. Only a case or two; apparently

side-form to dra.

ned, flow. pay, cacare.

One doubtful occurrence; one deriv., B. +

pis, stretch (?). In a single passage.

pli. A single doubtful occurrence.

1 bal, whirl (?). A single intensive form.

mant. A single questionable occurrence.

mrch, perish. In only a single passage.

la, dissolve (?). One occurrence; prob. another

form of gra.

subh, sumbh, smother (?). One doubtful deriv., V.

sul. A single very doubtful occurrence.

stigh, mount. Found in one text only.

hiirch, fall away. Probably related with hvr.

H. Rools foundfrom the Sutra onward.

ufich, glean. mna, note.

kuc, kufic, shrink, curl. Secondary, from man.

Only once in S. rah, desert.

klid, be wet. Deriv., V. +

Deriv., also AV. laoigh, leap. gad, say. Only pple (and one deriv.) in S.

Deriv., B. + lud, stir up. gunth, cover up. Only verbals in S.

Only gerund in S. 3 gam, note. ghrs, rub. Doubtless a specialization of 2

Only gerund in S.; doubtful de- gam. riv., V. + carv, chew. gran, give.

carv, chew. Only with prefix vi. Only pple (cirna) before C. Only with prefix

~cyut, drip,~ pgrambh, trust.

A blundering variant of gout.One deriv. RV.

puj, reverence. hras, shorten. One deriv., also RV. Deriv., B. +

[I885. 20




L Roots found only in the Sutra.

kharj, creak. strh, crush. Deriv., V. + Only one occurrence; seems a va-

riant of trh. gulph, bunch.riant of trh

Doubtful; one deriv., AV. +

J. Roots found only in the later Language (Epic and Classical).

at, wander. tark, think. Later form of at. Deriv., B. +

ujh, forsake. tarj, threaten. Secondary, from h 4+ ud; deriv., tim, be quiet. B. + Apparently related with tam.

katth, boast. tul, lift, weigh. Seems a prakritized root-form. Deriv. B. - kutt, divide, crush. trap, be abashed.

Probably prakritized form of 1 krt. Doubtful deriv., V. kufrd, leap, exult. dal, burst.

Doubtless the same with gurd; Secondary, from 1 dr; deriv., B. + one deriv., S. 'one deny., S. dhuks, kindle.

klam, be weary. Only with prefix sam. Compare gram. puth, crush.

ksvid, hum. 3 pr, be busy. Later form of k~s.vid. , QOnly with prefix a; doubtless spe- ksvel, play. cialized form of 1 or 2 pr. khac, show through. plus, burn.

One doubtful deriv., V. B. khel, stagger. 1 phal, burst.

One deriv., V. - Deriv., V. + garj,

Deriv., V + garj, roar. ;2 phal, fruit. ghat, strive. One apparent deriv., V. +

Apparent deriv., V. + bhas, bark. ghatt, rub, etc. One deriv., B.

A prakritized root-form. mand, deck. ghut, turn (?). One deriv., B.

Only verbals, and one deriv., S. marg, chase. ghurn, waver. Really denom. of marga, 'track.'

One apparent deriv., S. + rac, produce. cakas, cakag, shine. rat howl.

Perhaps from kag. r. 1 ras, roar. care, repeat. One doubtful deriv., B. +

One apparent deriv., S. s rus, strew. cup

eu, sitir.. V B One very doubtful deriv., V. + One doubtful deriv., V. B..

, , .~ ~ lal, sport. cumb, kiss. la, sr.

las, desire. cur, steal. Almost only with prefix abhi

One deriv., B. (TA.) + las, be lively. chur, scatter. One doubtful deriv., B. +

Only pple in E. lufic, tear out. d3, fly. One deriv., B.

Later form of di. 2 luth, lunt.h, rob. dhauk, approach. lul, be lively.

Only pple in E. The same with lud.

21



22

loc, see, consider. The same with lok.

vuj, vyaj, fan. Perhaps from aj + vi.

vrih, brnih, roar. vri, be ashamed.

W. D. Whitney,

veil, stagger. Only pple in E.

stim, be stiff. Only pple; compare stya.

hres, neigh.

K. Roots found only in the Epics.

ksup, be startled (?). jam. No real root. Only once; artificial.

glah, gamble. ruth, torment. Doubtless from gra ; deriv., Only once; probably the same

AV. + with luth.

L. Roots found only in the Classical Language.

ang, move. Only once; doubtless artificial.

anth, visit. Probably artificial.

afch, pull, tear. Probably artificial.

kas, cough. Doubtless denom.; apparent de-

riv., AV. C. kufij, rustle.

Only once; probably bad reading or artificial.

kunth, dull. Doubtless denominative.

kuth, stink. One apparent deriv., B.

kun, shrink. kland, cry out.

Side-form to krand; one deriv., AV.

klav, stammer. Probably artificial.

kvan, sound. ksma, tremble.

Only once; probably artificial. khafij, limp. khall, be relaxed. galbh, dare.

With prefix pra; doubtless denom. of pragalbha (B. +).

gufij, hum. gumph, twine. cak, quake. cafic, dance. cat, be located (?). culump, suck in.

Once; artificial.

ciis, draw, suck. Deriv., also in E.

chut, chud, wrench.

jagh, devour (?). Only once.

jhat, confuse. Only once; probably artificial.

jhan, sound. Only once; probably artificial.

jhar, fall. Deriv., also in E.

tanik, cover (?). Probably denom. of tanka (E. +).

tal, be confused. Only once; probably artificial.

tik, trip. An occurrence or two, probably

artificial. dam, sound.

Only once; probably artificial. damb, mock.

Only with prefix vi. dval, mix.

Probably artificial. ti, crush.

Only once; probably a false reading.

trut, come to pieces. Probably denom. from truti

(E. +). tvailg, leap. dul, raise.

Probably denom. of dola (E. 4). dyu, attack.

Once; doubtless artificial.

dr.d, split. Once; doubtless artificial.

[I885.




nat, dance, play. Prakritized form of nrt; one de-

riv., also E. pard, pedere.

Though genuine and original, only quotable once.

put, wrap, etc. Probably denom. of puta (B. +).

phakk, swell (?). Only once; doubtless artificial.

bul, immerse. Only once; doubtless artificial.

bhat, hire. Denom. of the prakritized bhata

(E. +). mafic, cleanse (?).

Denom. of mafica (E. +), or artificial.

man, sound. Ungenuine.

mut, break. rang, rock.

Only once; doubtless artificial. 2 ran, ring. 2 rambh, roar.

An occurrence or two; probably artificial.

riiikh, riiig, creep. lad, move about.

Only once; probably artificial. lam, take pleasure.

A sporadic variant to ram. la, grasp.

The few cases probably artificial. lfich, mark.

Only pple and one derivative.

1 luth, roll. vat, crush.

Only once; probably artificial. vant, divide.

Only once; probably artificial.

val, turn. Deriv., also E.

va.h, press. No derivatives.

vyay, expend. Probably denom. of vyaya.

vran, sound. Only once; doubtless artificial.

vrud, sink. An occurrence or two doubtless

artificial.

gal, leap. Only with prefix ud; goes back

to gri, gr. gag, leap.

Doubtless denom. from gaga (V. +).

glath, slacken. Later form of grath.

sthag, cover. sphat, split.

One doubtful deriv., B. + had, cacare.

One deriv., also E. hikk, sob.

Probably imitative; one deriv., also E.

hind, be empty. Deriv., E. +

M. Roots inferredfrom Derivatives only. ai2h, be narrow or distressing. dvar, pass through.

Deriv., V. + Deriv., V. + i

D.+ nid, nest. Deriv., V. + Deriv., V. +-

2 rj, shine. Deriv., V. + nr, sport. D

v.Deri., V. rg, harm.

Deriv., V. +; one doubtful verbal 2 pag bind. form in B. Derv., V. +

kru, be rough or raw. prt, fight. Deriv., V. + Deriv., V. 4-

tuc, impel, generate. prT, prs, touch (?). Deriv., V. + Deriv., V. +

tvac, cover. 2 bal, be strong. Deriv., V. + Deriv., V. -

2 dui, be distant. yah, be quick (?). Deriv., V. + Deriv., V.

23



W. D. Whitney,

rafich, mark. Deriv., C.

raph, be miserable (?). Deriv., V.

rag, be straight (?). Deriv., V. +-

gip, be smooth. Deriv., V. +

2 si, si, hurl (?). Deriv., V. +

srk, be pointed. Deriv., V. 4

sta, be stealthy. Deriv., V. +

2 stu, drip. Deriv., V. +

2 har, hir, be yellow. Deriv., V. +

NOTE.

The following Index, like the classes of roots preceding, is arranged in the order of the Sanskrit alphabet: the vowels first, a a i i u fi r e ai o au; then the anusvara, or i; then the five classes of mutes, or k kh g gh ii, c ch j jh fi, t th d dh n, t th d dh n, p ph b bh m; then the semi- vowels, sibilants, and aspirate, or y r 1 v, g s s, and h. It is to be noted that the roots here written with the vowel r are often (e.g. by the Petersburg Lexicon) written instead with ar, thus: ar, kar, kart, instead of r, kr, krt; in a few cases, with ra, as krap instead of krp.

To each root is here added the letter designating the class as given above, also the page, and the column (a or b) where it may be found. It should be remembered that classes A, B, C, and D contain the roots which have the best chance to be Indo-European; the roots of the succeeding classes (except M) have that chance in a constantly decreasing proportion.

24 [I885.



Vol. xvi.] Index of Sanskrit Roots. 25

INDEX.

anQ A. gal i A. 9 b kutt J. 2 a 1 ksi C. 6 a aiih M.23a s C. 6 a kunth L. 22a 2 ksi A. o a 1 aks A. 9a h E. I8 a kuth L. 22 a ksip A. o a 2 aks B. I a 1 u D. 17 a kup A. o0 a ksu E. I8 b ang L. 22 a 2 u A. 14 a kus E. 8 a ksud A. Io a ac A. 9a 1 uks A. 9 b ku A. I a ksudh A. Io a

aj A. 9a 2 uks D.i8b kij A. o a ksup K. 22a afic A. a uc A. 9b kid A. Io a ksubh A. lo a afij A. 9 a ujh J. 2 a kun L. 22 a ksnu B. 15 a at J. 2 a ufich H. 20 a krd J. 2I a ksma L. 22 a anth L. 22 a ud A. 9b kll A. o a ksvid J. 2I a at A. 9a und A. 9b 1 kr A. o a ksvid G. 20 a ad A. 9a ubj B. 15a 2 kr A. o a ksvel . J. a an A. 9a ubh A. 9b 3 kr D. 7 a khac J. 2i a am C. 6 a us A. 9b 1 krt A. Io a khaiij L. 22 a arc A. 9 a 1 ih A. 9b 2 krt A. o a khad G. 20 a arj A. 9 b 2 h A. 9 b krp C. 16 a khan A. io a art C. 6 a r A. 9 b krg A. o0 a kharj I. 2i a ard A. 9 b rc A. 9 a krs A. I0 a khall L. 22 a arh A. 9 a rch A. 9b klp A. I a kh A. Io a av A. 9a 1 rj A. 9b knul E. 8 a khd A. Io a 1 aQ A. 9 a 2 rj M. 23 a kraks D. I7 a khid A. Io a 2 a A. 9 a rfij A. 9b krath G. 2oa khud B. 15 a 1 as A. 9 a rt C. 6 a krand A. Io a khel J. 2i a 2 as A. 9a rd A. 9b kram A. Ioa khya A. ioa ah A. 9 a rdh A. 9 b kri A. o0 a gach A. I0 a aifch L. 22 a rg M. 23 a krid A. Io a gad H. 20 a ap A. 9a rs B. 15 a kru M.23a gadh D. 17 a ar D. 17 a ej A. 9b krudh A. I a gam A. o a as A. 9a edh A. 9 b krug A. o a garj J. 21 a 1 i A. 9a es C. I6 a kruid G. 20a gard G. 20 a 2 i C. I6 a katth J. 2I a klath G. 20 a garh A. io a ifig A. a kan B. I5 a kland L. 22 a gal E. I8 b id M. 23 a kam A. 9 b klam J. 2 a galbh L. 22 a idh A. 9a kamp E. I8 a klav L. 22 a 1 ga A. Io b in, inv C. 16 a kal E. 8 a klid H. 20 a 2 ga A. Io b indh A. 9 a kas A. 9 b klig E. I8 a gah A. Io b il A. 9 a kas A. Io a kvan L. 22 a gir A. I b 1 is A. 9b kb B.15 a kvath E. 8 a gil A.0 ob 2 is A. 9b kfiks E. I8 a ksad C. I6a gu C. 16a Iks A. 9b kag A. o a ksan A. Io a gufij L. 22 a -inkh A. 9b kas L. 22 a ksap A. I0 a gunth H. 20 a ij A. 9b kir A. Io a ksam A. Io a gup A. I b id A. 9 b kuc H. 20 a ksar A. Io a gumph L. 22 a ir A 9b kufic H. 20a ksal E. 18 b gur A. iob irsy E. I8 a kufij L. 22 a ,ksa5 a gulph I. 2i a



26 W. D. Whitney, [I885.

guh A. Iob cest A. Iob dam L. 22b tsar B. 15 a glrd G. 20 a cyu A. o b damb L. 22 b thirv G. 20 a gurdh D. 17 a cyut H. 20a di J. 21a daig A. ii a 1 gr A. Io b 1 chad A. iob dval L. 22 b dais D. 17 b 2 g A. 0 b 2 chad A. iob .dhauk J. 2 a daks C. 16 a 3 gr A.Iob chand A. iob tais C. 6 a dagh C. 16a grdh A. Iob ch A. ob tak D. 7 a dad A. I b grath A. iob chid A. iob taks A. ii a dadh A. I b granth A. o b chut L. 22 b tac F. 9 a dan D. 17 b grabh B. I5 a chud L. 22 b tafic F. 19 a dabh C. I6 a gras A. iob chur J. 2 a tat G. 20 a dam A. Ii a grah A. iob chrd E. 8 b tad A. II a dambh C. 16 a glah K.22 a jaks A. i a1 tan A. i a day A. x a gla A. o b 2 jaks C. i6 a 2 tan D. 17 a dal J. 21 b ghat J. 2 a jagh L. 22 b tand D. 17 a da A. ii a ghat J. 21 a jajh D. I7 a tap A. I a das A. b

ghar A. iobjafij D. 17 a tam A.I Ia dah A. i b

ghas A. iob jan A. ii a tark J. 2 b 1 da A. I b

ghut J. 2 a jap E. 18 b tarj J. 21 b 2 da A. I b

ghirn J. 2 a jabh A. i a tas C. 6 a 3 d A. I b

ghus A. ob jam K. 22 b tay G. 20 a 4 da E. 19 a

ghr A. iob jambh A. I a tUv D. 17 a dag C. I6 a

ghrs H.20 a jalp E. 8 b ti L. 22 b ds A. II b

ghra A.iob jas A. ii a tij A.I a dig A. IIb cak L. 22 a ji A. II a tim J. 21b dih A. I b

cakaq J. 21 a jagr A. io b til G. 20 a 1 di C. 6 a cakas J. 21 a 1 ji A. ii a tu D. 17 b 2 di B. 15 a caks A. Io b 2 ji B. 15 a tuc M. 23 a diks A. ii b calo L. 22 a jinv B. 15 a tuj D. 17 b did! B. 15 a cat L. 22 a j B. 15 a tud A. II a ddhi A. II b

cat C. 6 a jiv A. II a turv C. 16 a dip A. I b can D. 17 a jus A. Ii a tul J. 21 b 1 div A. i b cand D. 8 b ju A. iI a tug D. 17 b 2 div E. 19 a cam E. 8 b jurv D. 17 a tus A. II a du A. I b car A. ob 1 jr A. I a tfirv C. I6a dudh D. 17 b carc J. 21 a 2 jr D. 17 a tr A. I a dul L. 22 b

carv H. 20 a jrmbh A. ii a tyd A. i1 a dus A. I b cal A. ob jeh D. 17 a trp A. I a duh A. I b

cfy C. I6 a jia A. I a trs A. I a 1 du A. I b

1 ci A. Io bl jya B. 15 a trh C. 6 a 2 di M. 23 a 2 ci A. ob jyut E. I8 b tyaj A. Ii a 1 dr A. Ii b cit A. Iob jri D. 17 a trap J. 2 b 2 dr E. 19 a cint E. I8 b jvar E. I8 b tras A. I a drnih A. I b cud A. ob jval E. I8b tra A. xI a drp A. I b

cup J. 21 a jhat L. 22 b trut L. 22 b drbh E. 19 a cumb J. 21 a jhan L. 22 b tvaks D. 17 b dr A. I b

cur J. 21 a jhar L. 22b tvang L. 22 b drh A. I b

culump L. 22 a tafik L. 22 b tvac M. 23 a dev E. I9 a

cus L. 22 b tal L. 22 b tvar A. ii a dyu L. 22 b

crt B. 5 a tik L. 22 b tvis A. II a dyut A. iI b



Vol. xvi.] Index of Sanskrit Roots. 27

dram G. 20 a niis D. 17 b ' prg M. 23 b bhid A. 12 b

1 dra A. ii b niks D.17 b prs M. 23b bhisaj D. i8 a 2 dra A. IIb nij A. 2 a py A. I2 a bh A. 12 b drad L. 22 b nid A. 2 a prach A. 2 b bhs A. 2 b dru A. i b nind A.I2 a prath A. 2 b 1 bhuj A. 12 b druh A. ii b ni A. 12 a prag A. 2 b 2 bhuj A. Izb dri C. 16 a nid M. 23 b pr C. 6 b bhur D. 18 a dvar M. 23 b 1 nu A. 12 a pri A. 12 b bhuraj D. 18 a dvis A. I b 2 nu B. x5 b pr B. I5b bhu A. 12 b dhan D. 17b nud A. 12a pruth B. 5 b bhis A. 2 b dhanv C. I6 a ni A. 12 a pru C. i6b bhy A. 12 b dham A. ii b nr M. 23 b pli G. 20 bi bj A. 12 b dhav D.7 b nrt A.2a plu A. 2 b bhyas D. 8 a 1 dh A. iib ned G. 2 b plus J. 2Ib bhraig A. 12 b 2 dhi A. iib pac A. 12 a psa C. 6 b bhram E. 19 a 1 dhav A. IIb paj D. 7 b phakk L. 23 a bhra A. 12 b 2 dhav A. ii b pat E. 19 a phan. A. Iz b bhrj A. 2 b dhi E.19a path E.19 aphar D. 7b bhri D. 8a dhinv E. 9 a pan E. 19 a 1 phal J. 2 b bhres C. 6 b dhl A. Ii b1 pat A. 12 a 2 phal J. 2z b mank A. 12 b dhu A. 12a 2pat C. 6b baih A. I2b majj A. I2 b

dhuk, J. 2 b path F. I9 a badh A. 13 b maio L. 23 a dhur A. 12 a pad A. 12 a bandh A. 2 b man L. 23 a dhii A.12a pan C. i6b lbal G. 20b mant G. 2o b dhuirv C. 6 b pard L. 23 a 2 bal M. 23 b mand J. I2 b dhr A. 12 a1 pag A. I2 a bddh A. 12b math A. 12 b dh.s A. I2 a 2 pag M. 23b budh A. 12b mad A. 2 b dhma A. iib 1 p A. 2 a bul L. 23 a man A. I2 b

dhyS E. 19 a 2 pa A. 12 a brh J. 22 a manth A. 12 b

dhraj C. 6 b pay G. 20b 1 brh A. I2b mand A. 2 b

dhraj C. 6 b pi A. 2 a 2 brh A. 14 a mah A. 2 b dhru A. 2a pinv B. 5 b bru A. 12b 1 ma A. 2 b dhvans A. 12 a pibd C. I6b bli B. 16 a 2 ma A. 12 b dhvan A. 12 a pi A. 12 a bhaks A. 12b 3 ma C. x6b dhvas A. 12 a pi A. 2 a bhaj A.12 b mb rg J. 2 b dhvr A. 2 a pis G. 20b bhaij A. 12b 1 mi A. 13 a nani C. i6b pt A. 2a bhat L. 23a 2mi A. 13a naks C. i6 b pid A. 12 a bhan E. 19 a miks B. 15 b nat L. 23 a py C.6 b bhan D. 7 b mith A. 3 a nad A. 2a put L. 23 abhand D.7 b mil E. 9 a nand A. 12 a puth J. 2I b bharts A. I2b mig B. 15b nabh B. x5 a pus A. 12 a bharv D. 7 b mi A. 13 a nam A. 12 a pi A. 2 a bhal E. a mih A. 13 a nard E. I9 a pfj H. 20 a bhas J. 2I b mi A. 13 a 1 nag A. 12 a py F. 9 a bhas A. 2 b mil A.13 a 2 nag C. 6 b 1 pr A. 2 a bhi A. 2b miv B. J5b nas D. 17b 2 p A.I2a bham C. 16b muc A. 3a nah A. 12 a 3 pr J. 2 b bhs E. 19 a mut L. 23 a nath A. x2 a pro A. 12 a bhas A. 2 b mud A. 13 a nadh C. 6 b prt M. 23 b bhiks A. I2 b mus A. 13 a



W. D. Whitney,

raich rafij rat ranv rad radh 1 ran 2 ran randh rap rapg raph rabh ram ramb

M. 24 a A. 13 a

J. 21 b C. i6b C. i6b A. I3 a C. i6b L. 23 a A. 13 a C. i6b D. I8 a M. 24 a A. I3 a A. I3 a D. i8 a

1 rambh A. 13 a 9. -r-nmIh T o- ,

rag ras rah 1 ra 2 ra raj radh 1 ras 2 ras ri rikh riiikh ring ric rip riph ribh rig ris rnh ri 1 ru 2 ru rue ruj ruth rud 1 rudh 2 rudh rup rus ruh rus

M. 24 a E. I9 a H. 20 b A. I3b C. i6b A. I3 b A. 13 b J. 2I b A. 13 b B. i5b D. i8 a L. 23 a L. 23 a A. 13 b D. i8 a A. 13b A. 13 b C. 7 a A. 13 b B. I5b B. 15b A. 13 b C. 17 a A. I3b A. 13 b K. 22 b A. 13b D. I8 a A. 13 b C. 7 a A. I3b A. 3 b J. 21 b

28

muh mu miirch 1 mr 2 mr mrks mrc mrch mrj Mrn mrd mrn mrd mrdh mrg mrs med moks mna myaks mrit mruc mred mla mlit mluc mlup mlech yaks yach yaj yat yabh yam yas yah ya yac yad 1 yu 2 yu yuch yuj yudh yup yes ranh raks rang rac raj

A. I3 a B. I5b A. 13 a A. I3 a C. I6b A. I3 a B. 5 b G. 20 b A. 13 a A. 13 a C. i6b A. I3 a B. 5 b A. 13 a A. 13 a A. 13 a A. I3 a H. 20 b D. I8 a F. 19 a A. I3 a E. 9I a A. 3 a F. Ig a A. 13 a A. I3 a E. Ig a A. I3 a A. I3 a A. I3 a A. I3 a A. I3 a A. 13 a A. I3 a M. 23 b A. I3 a A. 13 a D. I8 a A. 13 a B. 5 b B. i5b A. 13 a A. 13 a B. I5b A. 13 a B. I5b A. 13 a L. 23 a

J. 21 b A. I3 a

rej red laks lag lafigh lajj lad lap labh lam lamb lal las las

lafich likh lip limp lig lih 1 1I 2 11 luiic 1 luth 2 luth lud lunth lup lubh lul lu lok loc vaks vac vaj valic vat vant vat vad vadh van vand 1 vap 2 vap vam val valg

C. 17 a F. Igb E. I9 a E. 9gb H. 20 b E. Igb L. 23 a A. I3b A. I3b L. 23 a E. Igb J. 21 b J. 21 b J. 21 b L. 23 a L. 23 a A. 13 b A. I3 b A. I3 b F. 9 b E. Igb A. 13 b F. I9 b J. 21 b L. 23 b J. 21 b H. 20 b J. 21 b A. 3 b A. 3 b

J. 21 b E. Igb E. 9 b J. 22 a D. i8b A. I3b B. I5b A. I3b L. 23 b L. 23 b D. i8b A. 13 b A. I3b A. x3b A. 13 b A. 13 b B. i6a A. I3b L. 23 b A. 13 b

[i885.

E. 9gb A. 3 b A. 13 b A. 3 b A. 3 b A. 13 b A. I3 b A. 14 a A. I3b A. 14 a A. 14 a L. 23 b A. 14 a A. 14 a C. 17 a A. I4 a A. 14 a A. 14 a A. 14 a A. 14 a D. I8b A. I4 a A. I4 a A. 14 a A. I4 a C. 17 a A. 14 a J. 22 a B. I6a A. 14 a A. I4 a J. 22 a A. I4 a A. 14 a A. 14 a A. 14 a A. I4 a C. 17 a A. I4 a J. 22b A. I4 a C. 17 a J. 22 a A. 14 a A. 14 a L. 23 b A. 14 a A. 14 a D. i8b L. 23b

valh vag 1 vas 2 vas 3 vas vah 1 va 2 va 3 va vafich vag vah vi 1 vic 2 vic vij 1 vid 2 vid 1 vidh 2 vidh vindh vip vig vis vist 1 vi 2 vi vij vid 1 vr 2 vr vrfih vrj vrt vrdh vrs vrh ven vep veil vest vyac vyaj vyath vyadh vyay vya vraj vrad vran

, - -.3 "



Index of Sanskrit Roots.

vrand vragc vrfdh vrid vrud vlag vlaiig vli gans gak gaiik gat 1 gad 2 qad qap 1 gam 2 gam 3 gam gal gag gas ga 1 gas 2 gas gi

gQiij gip gim 1 gis 2 gis 1 gi 2 gi 3 gi guc guj gudh gundh gubh gumbh 1 gus 2 gus qu 1 9g 2 gr 3 gr 4 gr Qrdh gcand gcut

D. I8b A. 14 a D. i8b

J. 22 a L. 23 b D. i8 b D. i8b B. I6a A. I4 a A. 14 a E. Igb A. 14 a D. I8b B. i6 a A. 14 a B. I6b A. 14 a H. 20 b L. 23 b L. 23 b A. I4 a A. I4 a A. 14 a A. I4 a A. I4 a A. 14 a M. 24 a B. i6b A. I4 a A. 14 a B. i6b A. 14 a A. 4 b A. I4 a D. i8b A. I4 a A. 14 a A. 14 a A. 14 a A. I4 a A. 14 b A. 14 a A. 14 b A. 14 b A. 14 b C. 17 a A. 14 b D. I8b A. 14 b

gnath gya grath gran gram grambh gra gri

gris

2 gri gru grus glath gla glagh glis gvafic gvas Qva Qvi gvit sthiv sagh sac saj safij sad sadh san sap sarj sas sah 1 sa 2 sa sadh 1 si 2 si sic 1 sidh 2 sidh si siv 1 su 2 su subh sumbh sul

D. i8 b A. 14 b A. 14 b H. 20 b A. 14 b H. 20 b A. 14 b A. 14 b A. 14 b C. 17 a A. 14b A. 14 b D. I8b L. 23 b G. 20 b E. I9 b A. 14 b C. 17 b A. 14b A. I4 a A. I4 a D. 8 b A. 14b B. I6b C. 17 b A. 14 b A. 14b A. 14 b A. 14b B. I6b C. I7 b C. 17 b A. 14 b A. 14 b A. 14b B. I6b A. 14 b A. 14b M. 24 a A. 14 b A. 14 b A. 14 b M. 24 a A. 14 b A. 14 b A. 14 b G. 20 b G. 20 b G. 20 b

sui slid surks sr srk srj srp sev skand skabh skambh sku skr skhal stan stabh stambh sta stigh stim sti 1 stu 2 stu stubh str strh stya sthag stha sna snih snu spand spag spfrdh spr sprdh sprS sprh sphat sphal sphar spha sphut sphur sphul sphirj sphy smi

A. 14b A. 14b F. Igb A. 14b M. 24 b A. 14b A. 14 b A. 14 b A. 14 b A. 14 b A. 14 b C. I7 b A. Io a E. 9gb A. I4b A. I4b A. 14 b M. 24 b G. 20 b J. 22b E. 9gb A. 14 b M. 24 b A. 14b A. 14 b I. 21 b E. Igb L. 23 b A. 4 b A. I5 a A. 15 a E. 9 b A. 5 a A. 12 a A. I5 a B. I6b A. 15 a A. 15 a A. 15 a L. 23 b E. 9gb A. 15 a E. 9 b E. 9gb A. 15 a A. 15 a A. I5 a A. 15 a A. 15 a

smr syad syand syu srans sras sridh sriv sru svaj svafij svad svan svap svar svad svid had ban 1 har 2 har has ha has hi hifis hikk hind hir hid hu hur hf hufrch 1 hy 2 hy hrs hel hes hnu hras hrad hrl hru hrep hlfid hval hva hvr

A. I5 a A. 15 a A. is a A. 14 b A. I5 a A. 15 a D. i8b C. 17 b A. i5 a A. 15 a A. 15 a A. 15 a A. 15 a A. I5 a A. 15 b A. 5 a A. I5b L. 23b A. I5b C. 17 b M.24b E. 9gb A. 5 b D. i8b A. I5b A. 15b L. 23 b L. 23 b M. 24b A. 15 b A. 1sb A. I5b A. 5 b G. 20 b A. I5b C. 7 b A. I5b A. i5b A. 15b A. I5b H. 2ob E. Igb A. I5b A. I5b J. 22b E. I b E. g b A. 1sb A. I5b

Vol. xvi.] 29



the roots of the sanskrit language

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