the role of water in city center, through location of

Procedia Engineering 117 ( 2015 ) 849 – 858

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SPbUCEMF-2015doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.151

ScienceDirect

International Scientific Conference Urban Civil Engineering and Municipal Facilities, SPbUCEMF-2015

The Role of Water in City Center, through Location of “Rakitje”

Svetislav Popovi a,*, Sanja Vlahovi a, Nikolai Vatinb

aFaculty of Architecture, University of Montenegro, 81 000 Podgorica, Montenegro bSt. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Politekhnicheskaya, 29, Saint-Petersburg, 195251, Russia

Abstract

Development of river waterfront is reflected on the natural resources of cities with particular characteristics and it is one of the most important factors that influence on the growth and image of cities. Guidelines presented in this study are based on the idea that human citizens of Podgorica and its visitors can experience the continuity of movement, poor motorized traffic along the river course Mora a and Ribnica, as well as connecting parts of the city over them. This role of urban rivers have a significant impact on urbanization and modernization. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SPbUCEMF-2015.

Keywords: Jarun, development of river waterfront, the history of the city, the continuity.

1. Introduction

Multidisciplinary relationship, which is based on a professional approach in the field of urban planning, when speaking about resolving the problems of the river corridors of the Croatian capital is the theme of this paper. The scientific aim of the research is to assess the problems of the forgotten and devastated coastline area of Zagreb, and on the basis of explanation of the current situation provides guidelines and conclusions that could be implement through future planning documents in order to create a space that will be close to inhabitants of the city, because public space without users and their activities do not fulfills essence of its existence.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +38269101747; fax: +382 20 269-317 E-mail address: [email protected]

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SPbUCEMF-2015

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850 Svetislav Popović et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 ( 2015 ) 849 – 858

Based on the integration of the area of rivers and other water areas in the urban core, the reason for their existence is more justified. Understanding the water, as an element of nature, understanding the space in which it is located, makes it easy overcoming the same as an obstacle.

2. Methodology

Models of international approaches of the development of the rivers (buildings, blocks and urban zones), with emphasis on examples from urban planning and planning practices, direct towards the creation of a wide range of approaches of design in its own model city.

The elaboration of the basic ideas and problems of resolving cases studies, is based on the historical (chronological) method- monitoring zone along the river through planning documentation, contact zones and important directions in planning documents that influence the development of coastal areas; comparative method- comparison of social events in two dimensions: time and space; statistical method- using data from the past and compare them with the existing situation.

3. Regulation of the river Sava

What was the fear of the development of Zagreb along the river, speaks distancing location of the old town Gradac two kilometers of the Save. The boundaries of the city were laid out to the present square and the main street Ilica, after which there was a lot of swampy terrain.

Ivo Maroevi observes that the main cause of creating "barriers"1 between the city and the river is the construction of the railway station, which was for a long time the southern boundary of the city, while her position has influenced the expansion of the city and usurping the slopes of Medvednica to the north, although by all planning documents, city was designed to spread to the river.

Bogdanovic indicates to the similar problem observing the railway station as the greatest enemy of coastal territory, which violates the most attractive parts of the city.

Fig. 1. Regulatory foundation of the city of Zagreb from 1889.


An essential prerequisite for the further construction and defining the area along the river Sava had the

administrative unification of the city based on planning documents in 1850 (the earliest regulatory plan from 1865, 1878 ï. 1887).

Milan Lenuci (1849-1924), Zagreb's urban planer, the author of the "Green horseshoe", for a long time thought that the space between the railway line to the coast of Save is rough terrain unsuitable for residential construction. Thereby, by this plan, the area along the river Sava gains the purpose of the industrial zone, and the Sava is the threshold of the further development of the city.

Fig. 2. Milan Lenucija Urban plan, Zagreb, 1907. godina

Also, in future plans, Sava does not obtain its real character, and by planning documents, this area is being avoided.

Fig. 3. Blueprint of the city of Zagreba from 1923. godine,


With the Plan from 1936., the city crosses the river, where the axes of the city continue on the right shore.

Fig. 4. The general Regulatory Plan of Zagreb from 1936.,

With its undefined space, Sava becomes "green-blue boundary between the two parts of the modern city". Due to the inability to overcom obstacles when crossing the river, even approaching the same, for a long period the city was not developed by the plan towards the east and the west, creating suburban areas, vacuumed by the city. Problems which architects of Zagreb tried to resolve were in stiffening of the Sava river, due her flooding. By the end of the 20th century, because of the above mentioned problem, spaces for further construction along its coast have not been numerous.

Fig. 5. Area along river Sava


4. The meaning if water

Urban water function, and its role in a inhabited place, throughout the ages has varied. Its initial role was to supply the settlers with water. This need to survive has spread, using watter in purpose of agriculture and livestock. Often the water was used for the transport of goods, information, and thereby the trade. These waters had a protective role in the urban structure. For an example: the fortress with water channels surrounded around them, with high walls in order to protect the inhabitants from the enemy. Researching its energy, water was used in commercial purposes. Today, the role of the river is more in the shaping of the city, creating as pleasant atmosphere, giving a visual and spatial characteristics of the city.

The presence of water in urban areas spoke of the richness of the city. Cities which had squares with fountains, baths, public baths, etc., were considered to be one of the more prestigious and more qualitative cities to live in, while introducing the public water supply systems through the aqueduct was considered progress.

What is the influenced of the water surface to our brain, speaks various projects for the introduction of water into the public landscape (public parks, squares, promenades, etc.), and even in private life (lakes smaller size within private courtyards, fountains and various streams in private premises , saunas, spas, etc.). The reason why the water is used in public places is because of its relaxing factor, thereby communication with the environment, and between people becomes more pleasant and comfortable, and the person becomes more productive in their private, business and social life (treatment "urban melancholic" -Zite). Consequently, the water today enhances the branch of the economy, affecting the development of the economy of a city (industry, manufacturing, agriculture, central activities, etc.).

Benefits of parks with water areas in urban agglomerations are reflected in the health impact on humans, ie. protection: noise (human need for peace, and running away from the sound of busy streets, which today represents a major threat to the human nervous system), poor hygiene (sufficient measure of green areas can absorb the city dust, smoke, odors, etc., that purifies the air and reduces air flow), the sun (in the hot summer days, with chilled water surface, green is the best way to protect from high temperatures, changing humidity), cramped (for different ages, a larger surface area provide more features and content). Based on the above, we can conclude that these spaces (serviced by greenery and water areas), usually are not situated by frequently roads. Even positive and negative consequences of water surfaces (erosion, flooding, groundwater, etc.,) give shape and form of the city, and make art out of it.

The advantage of the natural elements of the city is in its organic architecture, which itself is interesting. This advantage is reflected in the capabilities of spatial orientation which water provides in one town. This "three-member algorithm town water and man" , Bogdan Bogdanovic explained as a mathematical statement that can not be "confused" because "it actually is being lead by water".

5. Sports and recreation center of Jarun, Zagreb

As history shows, often major changes in the city structure, have occurred by plan, after natural disasters, war, the influence of the major powers. Changes due to the economic stagnation and the war can greatly disrupt the growth of the city in a positive or negative sense. In this example, the frequent changes in the water flow of the Sava River and a major flood in 1964, influenced the drastic changes of the same, and thereby on the division of the city in accordance with their capabilities. Accordingly, there is a planned separation of the former Lake Jarun as the armlet. To advance the development of conceptual design location, it was a planning document of a higher order (GUP Zagreb) that was important, so that the change the purpose of the space could be made. After the adoption of the amendment, location had its first planning concept, by the idea of architects and urban planners Fedor Wenzler, who is also an active rower. Throughout their masters thesis in 1952, under the mentorship of academician Joseph Seissel, Wenzler presented the project of the rowing course as rotated rectangular "basics", to which supplements are smaller ponds.


Fig. 6. Plan of SRC Jarun 1952.-1985.

Given the fact that terrain along the Sava River was gravelness, eligibility for development of gravel at that time prevailed, until the time of implementation Wenzlerov's idea into reality (1961). As a result of separating watter sleeve from floaded river Sava, location was suitable for paddlers, swimmers, due to the consequence of now more calmer water surface. After building the embankments on Sava, and keeping her from further flooding, the project has started. Location for this sports and recreation center after that had a couple of modifications of urban plans (1970, 1975 and 1984), but its final appearance obtained after the Universiade in 1987, when the construction site still remains until the end of the event. The concept of the plan in 1987 remains the same: racing rowing path length is 2250 m was distanced by small islands from other more intimate spaces (beaches, tourist attractions, etc.). Primarily role from all facilities had a rowing club and other important facilities for rowing.

Fig. 7. Sport recreative center Jarun, master thesis Fedor Wenzlera, from 1961.


The former use of the area has greatly affected the purity of water today. However, as Wenzler alleged, construction of hydroelectric power plants in Slovenia, greatly affects the level of Jarun. How much they cared about protecting aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, describes the fact that at the location, in time of planning the area, there were laboratories for testing water temperature, bacteria ect. About capacity of sport recreative center, Wenzler says Jarun is already "overcrowded" . On the location, in the northern part they have positioned buildings with lower height, solid quality construction and proper urban matrix. His vision of the future of the area Jarun is only possible by adding a sports field, but no further construction. Draining of today's urban planning in this location he sees in architects, by allowing construction to reache and expend to the borders of location of 230 ha. Thereby, urban extensions shouldn't go towards the location, but from a wider circle of further locations.

During his work on this project, urban planner tried to merge beneficts of the city and beneficts of citizens - by deeepening Jarun and creating additional drain, and thereby not only brought the citizens a place for rest and entertainment, but also solved the technical problem of the river and flooding (due to inundaciju of river Sava, during the major floods, Jarun should take excessive water). During the the contest, which was held in Zagreb on the subject of the river Sava, Wenzler as an advisor of jury commented:

"Basically, the most valued work were the one who favored natural ambience around the river Sava. It is important to emphasize that it should be prevented the privatization of the river Sava. Coastal zones on both sides of the Sava River should remain accessible to all."

The reason why river Sava has seen as an area of sports and recreation, with green areas, it's because of its periodic flooding. Therefore, Wenzler does not see the convergence of the city to the coastin, in order to remaine an area which is necessary city, accessible to all citizens.

6. Location of Rakitje, Zagreb

Unlike architect's Fedor Wenzler area of sports and recreational center Jarun, whose graduate thesis has been the beginning that led to the executive design, urban planning and architectural design of location "Rakitje" Zagreb, (final degree thesis defended in 2010), remained at the level of planning solutions.

The location is situated in the western part of the city, surrounding Lake Rakitje. The similarities in both solutions are in the topography (the wetlands near the river Sava), its previous use (exploitation of gravel) and its future treatment (sports and recreation area). A higher percentage of the surface location falls within the territory of the factory for production of building materials: 170 ha. The location is surrounded by highways to the east and south (motorway towards Slovenia and Europe), and thereby well connected to the city center. For the future higher efficiency, throught Spatial Plan of the city of Zagreb, connecting the sites of the city have been increased by planning another bridge, in addition to the current two. Similarity of SRC Rakitje with solution that was made by architect Fedora Wenzler, is in the terrain configuration- both lakes were created artificially with smaller excavations (because of the proximity of groundwater).

In addition to the highways, western and northern street are the only streets that have two lanes, while streets, which are interspersed through location, are unclassified, one-way streets, incurred as a consequence of the need for excavation. Location does not count any street that has defined pedestrian or bicycle traffic, while parking traffic is only represented within the factory.

Building height of individual housing is mostly P+1, medium of solvency. There is no important object at the location, so the majority of construction of these sites (except housing) can be removed (though, it is a very small coefficient of development).

The area of water surfaces covers 112.70 ha of total location. Area is situated at a distance of 250 m of river Sava. Borders of the site are located 3km north of the sport airport "Lu ko", and 15 km west of the center of the city.

As well as the location Jarun, Rakitje in its present condition represents the location quite indefinite and unclassified (from the purpose of the area, as well as infrastructure-transport etc.). Largely devastated area, with a huge potential, given the closeness of the city, practically small low of development and the vast area (358 ha), according to the Regional Plan for the City of Zagreb, gets the new treatment- sport and recreation- water sports park.

The concept of work was based on the idea of connecting the water surface and the possible contents of the coast,


as well as connecting the city with the location. Thereby, the solution divides the whole area for a couple of segments, closely related, which are consisted of the following purposes: sports (golf courses, biking, water sports-kayaking, rowing, hockey, fishing), scientific research center (test sites on the territory Rakitje, as it was the case with the SRC Jarun), tourism facilities (camping areas, hotels, restaurants, the island of bungalows) and other recreation areas.

Given the fact that the gravelness of the field is in favor of the idea, just as was the case with SRC Jarun, shaping of the water surface becomes less demanding job, which gives the possibility for better and more creative design. Gravel layers have been the idea for organizing of golf courses in the eastern part of the site, where are presently found open warehouses and factories for the production of building materials. According to the opinion of Fedor Wenzler for project SRC Jarun10, the existing purpose of largely gravel plant can positively affect the purity of the water, thereby financial outflows in terms of environmental protection are reduced.

While developing ideas, the primary goal of this paper was in connecting points of opposite shores of the lake. Thereby, in addition to its purpose (allocate public platforms, "finish" towers and further respect for the rules in sports games), merging distant zones across the water surface, gives even more charm to the lake ambient. Solution, guided by the words of the architect Milos Perovic11,, creates rhythm in the possibility or impossibility of connecting segments of locations, over bridges, or boat, just visually connecting certain dots, creating the character of the area, public or private, where it is needed.

According to the plan parameters, of total area of the project (358 hectares), the largest percentage take sports and recreational are (88,82%), then the area of individual housing-4,74%, the area of a golf course with a golf club-7.26%, area for hotel and environment-10,05%, the area of the island with bungalows- 2.48%, while the area form the camp and autocamp is 0.36% of the territory.

The connection is made by merging the furthest point of the lake, which were also the highest elevation sites, but also the most attractive. Those points were most often towers, lookouts, the starting and ending points of rowing track. On interlaced grid of referral points, were built upon the zones, which complemented their importance in their dimension.

The axes of the water surface on which is campsite zoned, visually over a small tower, adds to the finish tower of the island, which is then linked to the research center (which on its top floor has an observatory), and the same adds to public platforms of the hockey club on smaller lakes, where the network continues to lead to the hotel. The concept of this area and harmonization of line movement, weight and purpose, caused the shape of objects/buildings. Ejecting the landmark points in a water mirror, formes a public space, which enhances contrast and compliance of natural and artificial.


Fig. 8. Conceptual design of locations around Lake Rakitje

This paper was led by primary thesis which is to create opportunities for better organization of city life in a pleasant and natural atmosphere, which city has in certain segments, but in the inadequate extent. Picture of a cultural landscape represents the design of an urban river section, which is reflected in the improvement of public spaces and different approaches to resolve them.

7. Conclusions

The basic morphological characteristics of cities on the water are just defined by liquid form and its position. The line connecting the water and land educates their natural forms and thereby positions public place, which also affects the morphological picture of a city on the water. Public spaces on the the river bank represents a place of socialization and encounters space for people to interact with nature. Thereby, morphological analysis becomes more complex by introducing actors in the area, which continues to affect the character of the area, cultural and its social identity. Further impulse of connecting two elements (the river and the city), is expanding on urban image of the city (development of core array), as well as the architectural form (typological characteristics of the architecture).

This urban project of Lake Rakitje, received a new development center, a city linked to the water surface, and by plan of regulation, this project dismisses suburban parts of the city. The project indicates major problems of development of city on watter, specifically location "Rakitje", and it observes key elements/ spaces ("watchtower")12 of social events, some of which can start the further development and establishment of mutual interconnections, and therefore it raises awareness and traditions. The project provides further guidance in the area of urban planning and architecture for certain segments on this subject.


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the role of water in city center, through location of

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